The Taliban Reader: War, Islam and

Politics in their Own Words Alex Strick

Van Linschoten
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Calthrop, 184;
of Radiolaria, 83
Calycophorae, 300 f. 305
Calymma, 79, 82
Calymma, 420
Calymmidae, 420
Calyptoblastea, 275 f.
Calyx, of Echinus esculentus, 513;
of Echinarachnius parma, 545;
of Pelmatozoa, 579;
of Crinoidea, 580, 588 f.;
of Carpoidea, 580;
of Cystoidea, 580, 598;
of Blastoidea, 580, 599;
of Holopus, 592;
of fossil Crinoidea, 595
Camerata, 595
Campanularia, 280
Campanulariidae, 280
Campascus, 52;
test of, 55
Camptolithus, 346
Camptonema, 70, 73
Canalaria, 201
Canals, "feeding," afferent, or replenishing of contractile vacuole
system in Ciliata, 14, 143, 146;
of Stylonychia, 139 f.;
of Stentor, 156
Cannopora, 283
Cannopylaea (= Phaeodaria), 76
Cannotidae, 278
Capillitium of Myxomycetes, 90 f., 92
Capnea sanguinea, 383
Capria, 321
Caravella, 308
Carbohydrates, formation of, 33
Carbon dioxide, attracts Paramecium, 23;
 excretion of, 8, 13 f.;
secreted by Arcella, etc., 53
Carchesium, 138;
feeding of, 145, 158
Carinal ossicle of Asteroidea, 436
Carlgren, 378 n.
Carmarina, 295
Carpenter, P. H., on the classification of the Crinoidea, 589
Carpenter, W. B., classification of Foraminifera, 58;
on their true nature, 62;
on their structure, 63 f.;
on Arenacea, 65 f.;
on the nervous system of Antedon rosacea, 585
Carpoidea, 580, 596 f.
Carter, on Protozoa, 45;
on Sponges, 167, 180, 208, 237 n.;
on fossil Hydrozoa, 270 n.
Caryophyllia, 386, 398
Cash, on Rhizopoda, 58 n.
Cassidulidae, 554
Cassidulina, 59
Cassiopea, 324
Cassiopeidae, 324
Castellani, on Trypanosomic fever and sleeping sickness, 120
Catabolic, catabolism, 13 f., 24
Cataclysmal metamorphosis of Dipleurula, 613
Catallacta, 89
Catostylidae, 325
Cattle, Trypanosomic diseases of, 119 f.
Caudal cirrhi, 139 f.
Caudina, 575
Caullery and Mesnil, on Actinomyxidiaceae, 98 n.
Cavernularia, 359, 364;
C. obesa, 364
Cell, 3 f.;
definition of, 3;
nutrition of, 15 f., 35 f.;
 -membrane of ovum of Sea-urchin, 7;
-wall, 3;
in Flagellates, 109, 113;
in Dinoflagellates, 130;
-boundary in Flagellates, 113;
-division, 24 f., 25, 27;
Spencerian division, 31 f.;
-unions in Volvox, 126, 127;
collar-, of Choanoflagellates, 121, 122;
of Sponges (= choanocytes), 171, 176, 186
Cellular relationship explained, 10
Cellulose, 37;
cell-wall of holophytic Flagellates, 113;
in Dinoflagellates, 130
Central blood plexus—see Heart
Central capsule, 49, 76, 77, 82, 84;
its functions in regeneration, 35;
of Collozoum inerme, 76
Centrifugal force, stimulus of, 19 f.
Centriole, 25, 27
Centripetal canals, 289
Centro-dorsal ossicle, of Crinoidea, 580;
of Antedon rosacea, 582;
of Actinometra, 588, 594;
of Atelecrinus, 594
Centrogenous (used of spicules = meeting in a common centre and
growing outwards), 76
Centropyxis, 51;
test of, 55;
C. aculeata, reproduction of, 57
Centrosome, 19, 26 f.;
of Heliozoa, 72;
(= blepharoplast) in Flagellates, 115
Centrosphere, 25 f., 27
Centrostephanus, 522, 539;
C. longispinosus, 522, 532, 539
Cephalis (= uppermost chamber of monaxonic Radiolarian shells),
83
Cephalodiscus, 617
Cephalont of Gregarines, 98
Cephalopoda, erroneous reference of Foraminifera to, 62
Cephea, 325
Cepheidae, 324
Ceratella, 263, 271;
C. fusca, 271
Ceratellidae, 271
Ceratium, 110;
habitat of, 131
Ceratosa, 211, 220
Cercomonas, 116 n., 119;
C. dujardini, gametes of, 116 n.
Cereactis (family Actiniidae, 381);
C. aurantiaca, 378
Cerianthidea, 367, 373, 377, 409
Cerianthus, 328, 366, 409;
nematocyst of, 247;
C. americanus, 411;
C. bathymetricus, 411;
C. lloydii, 411;
C. membranaceus, 370, 410, 411;
C. oligopodus, 411;
C. vogti, 411
Cestidae, 420
Cestoidea, 413, 414, 416, 420
Cestus, 420;
C. pectenalis, 420;
C. veneris, 417, 420
Chaetetidae, 346
Chalarothoraca, 71
Chalina, 217, 223
Chalk, Foraminifera, etc., in, 69 f.
Challengeridae (a family of Phaeogromia, 79);
shells, skeleton of, 84, 85
Chambered organ, of Antedon rosacea, 584;
of Pentacrinidae, 592
Chambers, of Foraminiferal shell, 62
Chapman, on Foraminifera, 58 n., 70
Charistephane, 417
Charybdea, 311, 314, 319;
C. xaymacana, 310, 319;
C. marsupialis, 319;
C. grandis, 319
Charybdeidae, 318
Cheilostomella, 59
Cheilostomellaceae, 59
Chela (a complex microsclere derived from a sigma and consisting
of a curved shaft bearing recurved processes), 234
Chemical, reactions, of protoplasm and of vacuoles, 13;
substances in solution, 19, 22 f.;
rays of spectrum in relation to plant pigments, 36 n.
Chemiotaxy, 23;
its rôle in syngamy, 34;
of Coccidians, 100
Chirodropidae, 319
Chirodropus, 319
Chironephthya, 349;
C. variabilis, 338
Chiropsalmus, 319
Chitin, 37
Chlamydomonadidae, 111, 125, 126;
brood-division of active, 115
Chlamydomonas, 111, 125 f.;
barotaxy of, 20;
conjugation of, 115 f.;
Dill on, 119 n.
Chlamydophora, 71
Chlamydophrys, 52;
C. stercorea, reproduction of, 57;
habitat of, 57 f.
Chloramoeba, 110
Chloromonadaceae, 110;
trichocysts in, 113 n.
Chlorophyll, 36 n.;
in Flagellates, 115 n.;
bodies of Euglenaceae, 124 f.
Chloroplasts (= chlorophyll bodies), of Eutreptia viridis, 124 f.
Choanocytes, 171, 176, 186, 200, 237
—see also Collar-cells
Choanoflagellata, Choanoflagellates (= Craspedomonadidae, 111),
121, 122 f.;
in relation to Sponges, 41, 171, 181
Choanophrya, 159 f., 162;
C. infundibulifera, 162
Choanosome, 170
Chondrilla, spicules of, 233
Chondrioderma, 90;
C. diffusum, 93
Chondrocladia, 216
Chondrophoridae, 301, 308
Chone, 213, 214
Choristida, 212
Chromatin, 6 f.;
function of, in cell-division, 24 f.;
of ovum of Sea-urchin, 7;
of Radiolaria, 81;
-granules, 7, 24
Chromatophore, 13, 21, 36 f., 113, 115;
of Sphaerella, 126
—see also Chromoplastid, Chlorophyll, Plastid
Chromidia, 30;
of Rhizopoda, 51;
of Foraminifera, 67 f.
Chromoplastid, 21, 36 f.;
of Zooxanthella, 86
—see also Chromatophore
Chromosomes, 25 f., 27;
functions of, 28 f.
Chromulina, 110
Chrysamoeba, 110
Chrysaora, 312, 315, 316, 323;
C. isosceles, 311, 314, 323
Chrysogorgia, 355
Chrysogorgiidae, 355 (= Dasygorgiidae, 333)
Chrysomitra, 302, 309
Chrysomonadaceae, 110;
external plasmic layer of, 113;
symbiotic, 86, 125
Chun, 197 n., 300, 307 n., 308, 414 n.
Chunella, 360, 363
Chytridieae, movements and affinities of, 114 n.;
relations of, 40, 48, 119
Cidaridae, 530, 531, 532, 533, 558
Cidaris, 533, 534;
C. (Dorocidaris) papillata, 534
Cienkowsky, on Monadineae (= Flagellates and Proteomyxa), 40, 89;
on Radiolaria, 88;
on Zooxanthella, 86;
on Cystoflagellates, 135
Cilia, 17, 18;
of Protozoa, 47;
paroral, 156 n.;
preoral, 139;
of Trichonymphidae, 123;
of Opalina, 123;
of Maupasia, 124;
of Ciliata, 141;
organs formed of combined, 138, 141, 413;
sensory, of Stylonychia, 138;
Schuberg, A., on, 141 n.
Ciliary motion, 18;
mechanism of, 18 n.
Ciliata, 18, 41, 137 f., 181;
animal nutrition, 40;
conjugation, 149 f.;
contractile vacuole, 14 f., 143;
encystment, 147 f.;
 feeding, 145;
fission, 147 f.;
form of body, 141;
galvanotaxy, 22;
infested by Suctorian parasites, 160 f.;
gut, 146;
mouth, 145;
nuclear apparatus, 144 f.;
parasitic, 152;
pharynx, 145;
pellicle, 141;
regeneration, 35, 145;
relations to Metazoa, 41;
rheotaxy, 21;
Suctoria allied to, 159;
thigmotaxy of, 20;
tubicolous, 152;
Zooxanthella symbiotic with, 125
Ciliated, buds of Suctoria, 159, 160 f., 162;
epaulette, 607
Cilioflagellata (= Dinoflagellata, given by misinterpretation of
transverse flagellum), 130.
Ciliophrys, 75 n., 89
Cilium of Noctiluca, 133
Cinachyra, 212, 215;
C. barbata, 212
Cinclides, 369
Cinetochilum, 137
Ciocalypta, 225
Cirripathes, 408;
C. spiralis, 408
Cirrus, of Crinoidea, 430, 580;
of Antedon rosacea, 581, 585;
of Rhizocrinidae, 588, 590;
of Pentacrinidae, 588, 591, 592;
of Rhizocrinus, 591;
of Comatulidae, 594;
 of Actinometra, 594;
of Antedon, 594;
development of, in A. rosacea, 620;
of fossil Crinoidea, 595
Cladocarpus, 279
Cladocora, 373, 400
Cladocoryne, 272
Cladocrinoidea, 595
Cladonema, 266, 270;
C. radiatum, 267
Cladonemidae, 270
Cladopathes, 408
Cladophiurae, 491, 494, 502
Cladorhiza, 216
Cladotyle (a rhabdus on which one actine is branched, the other
tylote or knobbed at the extremity), 222
Claparède and Lachmann on Protozoa, 45;
on Suctoria, 162
Clark—see James-Clark
Classification, of Protozoa, 48 f., 50;
of Rhizopoda, 51 f.;
of Foraminifera, 58 f.;
of Heliozoa, 70 f.;
of Radiolaria, 76 f.;
of Proteomyxa, 90;
of Sporozoa, 97;
of Flagellata, 109 f.;
of Protomastigaceae, 111;
of Volvocaceae, 111;
of Infusoria, 136;
of Ciliata, 137;
of Suctoria, 159;
of Sponges, 183 f.;
of Coelenterata, 249 f.;
of Ctenophora, 417 f.;
of Eleutherozoa, 430 f.;
of Asteroidea, 459 f.;
 of Ophiuroidea, 491 f.;
of Echinoidea, 529 f.;
of Endocyclica, 532;
of Clypeastroidea, 548 f.;
of Spatangoidea, 552;
of Holothuroidea, 567 f.;
of Pelmatozoa, 580;
of Crinoidea, 589 f.
Clathria, 225
Clathrina, 186, 221, 231;
C. blanca, larva of, 227
Clathrinidae, 185 f.
Clathrissa, 223
Clathrozoon, 277, 279;
C. wilsoni, 279
Clathrulina, 71, 73, 74
Clava, 272;
C. squamata, 263
Clavatella, 267, 270
Clavatellidae, 270
Clavidae, 272
Clavularia, 330, 334, 344;
C. viridis, 329, 337, 343 f., 344
Clavulariidae, 344
Clearing of tissues, physical explanation of, 11
Climacograptus, 282
Cliona, 219, 224
Clionidae, 218
Cloaca of Holothuria nigra, 563
Clypeaster, 548, 549
Clypeastridae (= Echinanthidae), 549
Clypeastroidea, 529, 542 f., 556, 559, 566
Clytia, 280;
C. johnstoni, 275, 280 f.
Cnidoblast, 247, 248
Cnidocil, 248
Cnidopod, 248
Cnidosac, 300
Coalescence of individual Rhizopods during bud-fission, 55
Coccidiaceae, 97, 99 f.;
relations to Trypanosoma, 120
Coccidiidae, 97, 99 f., 101
Coccidiosis, 102
Coccidium, 99 f., 101 f.;
C. cuniculi, 102;
C. lacazei, syngamy of, 101;
C. schubergi, 99 f., 101
Coccolithophora, 110
Coccolithophoridae, in Chalk, 70;
wall of, 114
Coccoliths, 83, 110, 114, 242
Coccoseridae, 346
Coccospheres, 83, 114
Cockroach, Lophomonas parasitic in gut of, 123
Codaster, 599
Codosiga, 111
Coelenterata, 243 f.;
definition, 245;
almost all immune from Gregarines, 99
Coeliac canal of Antedon rosacea, 586
Coelogorgia, 349
Coelogorgiidae, 349
Coelom (including body-cavity), 428;
of Asterias rubens, 437;
of arm of Ophiothrix fragilis, 480;
of Echinus esculentus, 516;
of Holothuria nigra, 562;
of Antedon rosacea, 585;
development of first rudiment in larva, 605;
subsequent development in Dipleurula, 608, 609;
in Asterina gibbosa, 611;
in Antedon rosacea, 618, 619
Coelomic nervous system, of Asterias rubens, 448;
of Ophiothrix fragilis, 488;
 of Echinus esculentus, 524;
of Holothuria nigra, 566;
of Antedon rosacea, 584, 585
Coeloplana, 412, 422;
C. mitsukurii, 422
Coeloplanidae, 422
Coenocyte, 30
Coenograptus, 282
Coenopsammia, 404
Coenosteum, 371, 387
Coenothecalia, 344
Cohn, Ferdinand, on cultures of Schizomycetes, etc., 44
Cold-blooded Vertebrates, as hosts of Haemosporidae, 102
Coleps, 137;
mail-like pellicle of, 141, 152;
C. hirtus, group feeding, 150
Collar, of Choanoflagellates, 121 f., 122;
of peristome of Vorticella, etc., 156
Collar-cells, in Choanoflagellates, 121 f., 122, 171, 237;
of Calcarea, 186;
of Non-Calcarea, 176, 200
—see also Choanocytes
Collencyte, 171
Colletocystophores, 320
Collida, 77 n.
Colloblasts, 414
Collodaria, 77
Colloidea, 77
Collosphaera, 77;
symbiotic Diatoms in, 86
Collosphaeridae, 85
Collozoidae, 85
Collozoum, 77;
C. inerme, 76
Collyritidae, 559
Colobocentrotus, 532, 542
Colonial, cells, 31;
 Protista, 31
Colony, 31;
of Collozoum inerme, 76;
-formation in Polycyttarian Radiolaria, 84 f.;
in Flagellata, 113;
of Choanoflagellates, 121, 122;
in Vorticellidae, 158;
of Volvocidae, 126 f.;
of Pandorina, 128 f.;
of Eudorina, 129
Colour, red, of lakes and ponds, often due to Dinoflagellata, 131
Coloured vegetal nutrition, 36 f.
Colouring matter of chromatophores of Flagellates, 115 n.
Colpidium, 137;
C. colpoda, diagram of conjugation, 149;
nuclear relations in conjugation, 151
Colpoda, 137;
C. cucullus, 153;
brood-fission in cyst, 147
Columella, 370, 385
Columnals, 619 (= Stem-ossicles, q.v.)
Columnaria, 344
Comatula = Antedon, q.v.
Comatulidae, 594
Combs of Ctenophora, 141, 412
Comitalia, 201
Commensals, of Heliozoa, 73;
of Radiolaria, 80, 86 f.;
of Infusoria, 153 f.;
—see also Zoochlorella, Zooxanthella, and Symbiosis
Comminator muscles of Aristotle's lantern, 526
Commissure of radial cords of aboral nervous system of Antedon
rosacea, 585
Compasses (or radii) of Aristotle's lantern, 526
Conant, 319
Conaria larva, 302
Conchophtheirus, 137
Conchula, 380
Confervaceae, related to green Flagellates, 48
Confervoid form of Hydrurus, 113
Conjugatae, syngamy of, compared to certain Chlamydomonads,
126
Conjugation, 33 f.;
of Rhizopoda, 54, 56 f.;
of Trichosphaerium, 54, 56 f.;
exogamous, in Foraminifera, 68 f.;
of Heliozoa, 72, 73 f.;
of Sporozoa, 95 f.;
of Lankesteria, 95 f.;
of Monocystis, 96;
of Gregarines, 97, 100;
of Stylorhynchus, 99;
bisexual, of Sarcocystis tenella, 108 n.;
of Flagellates, 115;
of Bodo saltans, 117;
of Trypanosoma, 120;
by a fertilising tube in Chlamydomonas, 125;
of Volvocaceae, 127 f.;
of Volvox, 127 f.;
isogamous and endogamous, of Stephanosphaera, 128;
in Dinoflagellates, 131 n.;
of Noctiluca, 133;
of Ciliata, 148 f.;
of Paramecium caudatum, 148;
of Colpidium colpoda, diagram, 149;
of Peritrichaceae, 151 f., 157;
of Vorticella, 157;
of Suctoria, 161;
of meganucleus in Dendrocometes, 161, 162
—see also Syngamy, Fertilisation
Conoclypeus, 558
Constancy of type in Protista, 42 f.
Conte, 292 n.
Contractile vacuole, 5, 10, 14 f.;
 of Amoeba polypodia, 5, 10;
of fresh-water and brackish Protozoa, accessory spaces and
canals, 47;
of Rhizopods, 52;
of fresh-water Allogromidiaceae, 60;
of Microgromia socialis, 60;
of Heliozoa, 71, 72, 74;
of zoospore of Clathrulina, 74;
of Myxomycetes, 92;
of Flagellata, 110, 112, 115;
of Cryptomonas, 112;
of Diplomita, 112;
of Oikomonas, 112;
of Tetramitus, 112;
of Trachelomonas, 112;
of Bodo saltans, 117;
of Choanoflagellates, 122;
absent from Opalinidae, 123;
of Euglenaceae, 125;
of Volvox, 126;
of Ciliata, 143 f.;
in fission, 147;
of Stylonychia, 139 f.
of Stentor, 156;
of Vorticella, 157;
of Suctoria, 160 f., 162
Contractility, 8, 9;
muscular mechanism of, 14 f.
Contraction, of Amoeboid cell, 16 f.
Copepoda, infested by Epistylis, 158
—see also Cyclops
Coppinia, 280;
C. arcta, 280
Coprolites, Radiolaria in, 87
Copromyxa, 90
Coral, 326, 365;
Organ-pipe, 343;
 Precious (= Red), 326, 352;
Flexible (= various Alcyonaria), 326;
Stony (= Madreporaria), 326, 384 f.;
Brain-, 401;
Black (= Gerardia, 406, and Antipatharia, 407);
-Reefs, 390 f.;
Reef-, 389 f.
Coralliidae, 335, 352;
commercial importance, 328
Corallimorphidae, 383
Corallimorphus, 383
Corallium, 333, 350, 352;
C. boshuensis 352;
C. confusum, 352;
C. elatius, 352;
C. inutile, 352;
C. japonicum, 352;
C. johnsoni, 352;
C. konojoi, 352;
C. nobile, 340 n., 341, 352;
C. pusillum, 352;
C. reginae, 352;
C. stylasteroides 352;
C. sulcatum, 352
Corbula, 276
Cordylophora, 269, 272
Cormidia, 301, 305
Cornularia, 334, 344
Cornulariidae, 344
Cornuspira, 59;
shell of, 64
Corona, of Echinus esculentus, 504, 511;
of Endocyclica, 530;
of Cidaridae, 530;
of Echinothuriidae, 530, 535;
of Temnopleurinae, 539
Coronaster, 474
Coronata, 314, 321
Cortex, 190, 191, 213;
gastral cortex, 188
Corticata, 49 n.
Corydendrium (family Tiaridae, 273);
C. parasiticum, 269
Corymorpha, 263, 265, 266, 273;
C. nutans, 273
Corymorphidae, 273
Corynactis, 372, 383;
C. viridis, 383
Coryne, 272
Corynidae, 272
Cosmiolithus, 346
Costae, 385, 387;
of Ctenophora, 413, 416 n.
Costia, 111;
C. necatrix, produces epidemics in fresh-water fish, 119
Cothurnia, 138, 158
Cotte, 218 n.
Cotton-spinner, 564
Cotylorhiza, 325
Coupled cell, 31, 33 f.;
in Flagellates, 116 f.
—see also Zygote
Covering-plates, of arms of Ophiuroidea, 491;
of arms of Crinoidea, 589;
of Hyocrinus, 589, 590;
of Rhizocrinidae, 589, 591;
of Pentacrinidae, 589;
of Antedon, 589, 594;
of Thecoidea, 596;
of Blastoidea, 599
Crambessa, 325
Crambione, 325
Craniella, 213, 213, 214;
C. cranium, 222
Craspedomonadidae, 111, 115 n., 121 f., 122;
transverse division in, 115 n.
—see also Choanoflagellata
Crescent (gametocyte of Laverania), 104 f.
Cretaceous firestone of Delitzet contains Peridinium, 132
Cribrella, 457, 462;
C. (Henricia) sanguinolenta, 462, 463;
C. laeviuscula, 462
Cribriform organs, 470
Cricket, Mole-, Lophomonas parasitic in gut of, 123
Crinoidea, 430, 580 f.;
development of, 617 f.
Crinorhiza, 212, 216
Cristellaria, 59
Crotalocrinus, 595;
C. pulcher, 595
Crustacea, small, rheotaxy of, 21
Cryptabacia, 404
Cryptogams, Higher, spermatozoa of, 38
Cryptoglena, shell of, 113
Cryptohelia, 284, 287;
C. ramosa, 285
Cryptomonadaceae, 110
Cryptomonas, 110
Cryptozonate, 454
Crystals, in isospores of Collozoum inerme, 76;
proteid, 37
Ctenocella, 357
Ctenodiscus, 458, 471
Ctenophora, 412 f.;
comb-plates of, 141
Ctenophoral plates, 141, 412
Ctenoplana, 416, 421
Ctenoplanidae, 421
Cubomedusae, 310, 316, 318 f.
Cucumaria, 573;
C. crocea, 573, 602;
 C. laevigata, 602
Cuénot, on Sporozoa, 94;
on reproduction of Monocystis, 96 n.
Culcita, 453, 472;
C. tetragona, 453
Culex, host of Haemoproteus or Proteosoma, 103;
intermediate host of a Trypanosoma, 120
Cultures, pure, 43
Cunanthidae, 296
Cunarcha, 296
Cunina, 296;
C. proboscidea, 296;
C. rhododactyla, 296
Cunoctantha, 296;
C. octonaria, 295
Cup (= theca), of Flagellates, 113;
of Salpingoeca, 122;
of Acineta, 159, 160
—see also Theca, Tube
Cupulita, 307;
C. sarsii, 304
Current, 169, 171, 234 f.;
electric, stimulus of, 19, 22;
in liquid, relation of protoplasmic movements to, 7, 19, 21
Cuticle, of Dinoflagellata, 130;
of Gregarines, 96;
of Noctiluca, 133
—see also Membrane, Pellicle
Cuticular shell of Flagellates, 113
Cuvier, 245, 246
Cuvierian organs of Holothuria nigra, 564
Cyanaea, 311, 312, 324;
C. capillata, 311, 324;
C. lamarcki, 324
Cyanaeidae, 324
Cyathaxoniidae, 394
Cyatholiths, 114