Chapter 5: Introduction to Chapter

the Second
5: Introduction
Law of Thermodynamics
to the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Solution Manual for Principles of Engineering

Thermodynamics SI Edition 1st Edition Reisel
1285056485 9781285056487
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CHAPTER 5: INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND LAW OF

THERMODYNAMICS
5.1) Describe some of the characteristics that make the following processes
irreversible:
(a) liquid water flowing through a pipe;
(b) a block of lead being melted from the heat of a furnace;
(c) air being compressed isothermally in a piston-cylinder assembly;
(d) hydrogen and oxygen reacting to form water.

Solution:

Some features which make each case irreversible:

(a) Friction between the water and the pipe; viscosity of the water resulting in internal
frictional losses
(b) Heat transfer over a finite temperature difference; phase change of the lead
(c) Heat transfer over a finite temperature difference (heat must be removed during
compression to keep the process isothermal; friction between the piston and the cylinder.
(d) Mixing process between the hydrogen and oxygen; chemical reaction which will
release heat; heat transfer over a finite temperature difference (between water and
surroundings)

5.2) Describe some of the characteristics that make the following processes
irreversible:
(a) liquid water at 101 kPa being heated and vaporized to steam at 101 kPa and
200oC;
(b) carbon dioxide gas being mixed with nitrogen gas;
(c) a ball rolling down an inclined plane;
(d) air escaping a popped balloon.

Solution:

Some features which make each case irreversible

(a) Heat transfer over a finite temperature difference (source must be at least 200oC,
while boiling is at 100oC); friction in expansion.

165
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Chapter
the Second
5: Introduction
Law of Thermodynamics
to the Second Law of Thermodynamics

(b) Mixing process between gases

(c) Friction between ball and surface; Friction between ball and air
(d) Unrestrained expansion of a gas

5.3) Provide some suggestions as to how the following processes could have lower
degrees of irreversibility:
(a) a piston sliding against a cylinder wall;
(b) condensing water vapor at 101 kPa;
(c) heating a metal to its melting point in a furnace.

166
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Chapter
the Second
5: Introduction
Law of Thermodynamics
to the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Solution:

(a) Friction between the piston and the cylinder wall could be reduced by using a
lubricant or by machining the surfaces to a smoother finish.
(b) Use a coolant temperature whose temperature is below, but close to 100oC, to
minimize the temperature difference across which heat transfer occurs.
(c) Keep the furnace temperature just above the melting point temperature of the metal.
Slowly preheat the metal with heat from sources closer in temperature to the metal
temperature – for instance, pass the furnace exhaust gases over the metal in a counter-
flow fashion.

5.4) Provide some suggestions as to how the following processes could have lower
amounts of irreversibility:
(a) liquid water flowing through a pipe;
(b) steam expanding through a turbine;
(c) the tire of an automobile rolling down a road.

Solution:

(a) Smooth the walls of the pipe, and minimize any bends in the pipe. Insulate the pipe.
(b) Insulate the turbine, minimize the amount of liquid in the turbine, smooth turbine
blades.
(c) Smooth the road and the tire to reduce friction.

5.5) A reversible heat engine operates between temperatures of 1200 K and 350 K.
The heat engine produces 150 kW of power. Determine the rate of heat input from the
high-temperature reservoir, and the rate of heat rejected to the low-temperature reservoir.

Given: TH = 1200 K; TC = 350 K; W = 150 kW

Solution:

For a reversible heat engine, η = ηmax = 1 – TC/TH = 0.708

So, Q = W/η = 150 kW / (0.708) = 212 kW
For a cycle, such as this heat engine, Wcycle = Qcycle
There are two heat transfers and one power, so Q =Q +Q =W
So, Q = 150 kW – 212 kW = -62 kW

5.6) A reversible heat engine receives 250 kW of heat from a high-temperature

reservoir at 600 K and produces 140 kW of power. What is the temperature of the low-
temperature reservoir?

167
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 5: Introduction to Chapter
the Second
5: Introduction
Law of Thermodynamics
to the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Given: TH = 600 K; Q = 250 kW; W = 140 kW

168
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 5: Introduction to Chapter
the Second
5: Introduction
Law of Thermodynamics
to the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Solution:

For a heat engine, η = = 0.560

As this is a reversible heat engine, η = ηmax = 1 – TC/TH = 0.560

Solving for TC = 264 K

5.7) A reversible heat engine receives 7.4 kJ/s of heat from a high-temperature
reservoir at 610 K and produces 3.1 kW of power. What is the temperature of the low-
temperature reservoir?

Given: TH = 610 K; Q = 7.4 kW; W = 3.1 kW

Solution:

For a heat engine, η = = 0.419

As this is a reversible heat engine, η = ηmax = 1 – TC/TH = 0.419

Solving for TC = 354 K

5.8) A reversible heat engine receives 500 kW of heat from a reservoir at 750 K and
rejects 200 kW of heat to the low-temperature reservoir. What is the temperature of the
low-temperature reservoir?

Given: TH = 750 K; Q = 500 kW; Q = −200 kW

Solution:

For a heat engine, η =

For a cycle, such as this heat engine, Wcycle = Qcycle

There are two heat transfers and one power, so Q =Q +Q =W
So, W = 300 kW
Then, η = 300 kW/500 kW = 0.600
As this is a reversible heat engine, η = ηmax = 1 – TC/TH = 0.600
Solving for TC = 300 K

5.9) A heat engine operates between reservoirs at 700 K and 400 K. The heat engine
receives 1500 kW of heat from the high-temperature reservoir. What is the maximum
power that the heat engine can produce?

169
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 5: Introduction to Chapter
the Second
5: Introduction
Law of Thermodynamics
to the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Given: TH = 700 K; TC = 400 K; Q = 1500 kW

170
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 5: Introduction to Chapter
the Second
5: Introduction
Law of Thermodynamics
to the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Solution:

The maximum power will be produced by a reversible heat engine, so

η = ηmax = 1 – TC/TH = 1 – (400 K/700 K) = 0.429
Then, W =ηmaxQ = 643 kW

5.10) A heat engine produces 200 kW of power after receiving 550 kW of heat. The
temperature of the low-temperature reservoir is 350 K. What is the minimum allowable
temperature for the high-temperature reservoir?

Given: TC = 350 K; Q = 550 kW; W = 200 kW

Solution:

The minimum allowable temperature for the high-temperature reservoir corresponds to

that which is needed for a reversible heat engine to get the heat engine’s thermal
efficiency.
So, η = = 0.364

Setting η = ηmax = 1 – TC/TH for a Carnot heat engine, we find

TH,min = [(η-1)/(-TC)] = 550 K

5.11) A heat engine produces 110 kW of power after receiving 215 kJ/s of heat input.
The temperature of the low-temperature reservoir is 290 K. What is the minimum
allowable temperature for the high-temperature reservoir?

Given: TC = 290 K; Q = 215 kW; W = 110 kW

Solution:

The minimum allowable temperature for the high-temperature reservoir corresponds to

that which is needed for a reversible heat engine to get the heat engine’s thermal
efficiency.
So, η = = 0.512

Setting η = ηmax = 1 – TC/TH for a Carnot heat engine, we find

TH,min = [(-TC)/(η-1)] = 594 K

171
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 5: Introduction to Chapter
the Second
5: Introduction
Law of Thermodynamics
to the Second Law of Thermodynamics

5.12) A heat engine receives 650 kW of heat from a reservoir at 500 K and produces
200 kW of power. What is the maximum possible temperature of the low-temperature
reservoir?

172
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 5: Introduction to Chapter
the Second
5: Introduction
Law of Thermodynamics
to the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Given: TH = 500 K; Q = 650 kW; W = 200 kW

Solution:

The maximum possible temperature for the low-temperature reservoir occurs for a
reversible heat engine.
So, η = = 0.308

Setting η = ηmax = 1 – TC/TH for a Carnot heat engine, we find

TC,max = - (η - 1) TH = 346 K

5.13) A Carnot heat engine is to be used to produce 250 kW of power using a heat input
of 525 kW. For high-temperature reservoirs ranging in temperature between 500 K and
1000 K, plot the corresponding low-temperature reservoir temperatures.

Given: Q = 525 kW; W = 250 kW

Solution: As this is a Carnot (reversible) heat engine, η = ηmax = 1 – TC/TH = = 0.476

For the range of high-temperature reservoir temperatures, the low-temperature reservoir

temperatures are
600
500
400
TC (K)

300
200
100
0
500 600 700 800 900 1000
TH (K)

5.14) A Carnot heat engine receives 1000 kW of heat from a reservoir at 750 K. Plot the
power produced for temperatures of the low-temperature reservoir varying between 300
K and 600 K.

Given: TH = 750 K; Q = 1000 kW

173
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 5: Introduction to Chapter
the Second
5: Introduction
Law of Thermodynamics
to the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Solution:

As this is a Carnot (reversible) heat engine, η = ηmax = 1 – TC/TH, and

174
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 5: Introduction to Chapter
the Second
5: Introduction
Law of Thermodynamics
to the Second Law of Thermodynamics

W =ηmaxQ
For the range of low-temperature reservoir temperatures:

700

600

) 500
W
k( 400
re
w 300
o
P200

100

0
300 350 400 450 500 550 600
TC (K)

5.15) A reversible heat engine receives 19 kJ/s of heat from a reservoir at 700 K. Plot
the power produced for temperatures of the low-temperature reservoir varying between
200 K and 600 K.

Given: TH = 700 K; Q = 19 kW

Solution:

As this is a Carnot (reversible) heat engine, η = ηmax = 1 – TC/TH, and

W =ηmaxQ
For the range of low-temperature reservoir temperatures:

170
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 5: Introduction to Chapter
the Second
5: Introduction
Law of Thermodynamics
to the Second Law of Thermodynamics

16

14

12
] 10
W
k[
re 8
w
o
P 6
4

0
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
TC [K]

5.16) A proposed heat engine draws its input heat from a space at 1000 K and rejects
the heat to a space at 400 K. The engine is to produce 300 kW of power from a heat input
of 900 kW. Is this process possible?

Given: Proposed: TH = 1000 K; TC = 400 K; Q = 900 kW; W = 300 kW

Solution:

Compare the actual proposed efficiency to the Carnot efficiency for the heat engine:
ηproposed = = 0.333

ηmax = 1 – TC/TH = 0.60

As ηmax > ηproposed, the process is possible.

5.17) A proposed heat engine receives heat at 500 K and rejects heat at 350 K. The
engine is to produce 100 kW of power from a heat input of 150 kW. Is this process
possible?

Given: Proposed: TH = 500 K; TC = 350 K; Q = 150 kW; W = 100 kW

Solution:

Compare the actual proposed efficiency to the Carnot efficiency for the heat engine:
ηproposed = = 0.667

171
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Chapter 5: Introduction to Chapter
the Second
5: Introduction
Law of Thermodynamics
to the Second Law of Thermodynamics

ηmax = 1 – TC/TH = 0.30

As ηmax < ηproposed, the process is impossible.

172
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 5: Introduction to Chapter
the Second
5: Introduction
Law of Thermodynamics
to the Second Law of Thermodynamics

5.18) A proposed heat engine is to produce 95 kW of power while receiving 170 kJ/s of
heat. The engine receives heat at 780 K and rejects heat at 360 K. Is this process
possible?

Given: Proposed: TH = 780 K; TC = 360 K; Q = 170 kW; W = 95 kW

Solution:

Compare the actual proposed efficiency to the Carnot efficiency for the heat engine:
ηproposed = = 0.559

ηmax = 1 – TC/TH = 0.538

As ηmax < ηproposed, the process is impossible.

5.19) An engineer brings you a basic design for a steam power plant. The heat is input
to the plant from a source at 500oC, and heat is rejected to cooling water at 20oC. The
power plant is to produce 250 MW of power while receiving heat at a rate of 700 MW. Is
this process possible?

Given: Proposed: TH = 500oC = 773 K; TC = 20oC = 293 K; Q = 700 MW; W =

250 MW

Solution:

Compare the actual proposed efficiency to the Carnot efficiency for the heat engine:
ηproposed = = 0.357

ηmax = 1 – TC/TH = 1 – (293 K/773 K) = 0.621

As ηmax > ηproposed, the process is possible.

5.20) Following up on the work of the engineer in problem 5.19, another engineer
proposes adding several modifications to the steam power plant. He proposes in his
design that the heat be added to the steam at 550oC, that the heat still be rejected to
cooling water at 20oC, and that 300 MW of power will be produced from a heat input of
400 MW. Is this process possible?

Given: Proposed: TH = 550oC = 823 K; TC = 20oC = 293 K; Q = 400 MW; W =

300 MW

Solution:

173
© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter 5: Introduction to Chapter
the Second
5: Introduction
Law of Thermodynamics
to the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Compare the actual proposed efficiency to the Carnot efficiency for the heat engine:

174
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