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Advanced Machining
Processes
Manufacturing Design and Technology Series
Series Editor
J. Paulo Davim
PUBLISHED
Advanced Machining Processes: Innovative Modeling Techniques
Angelos P. Markopoulos and J. Paulo Davim
Additive Manufacturing and Optimization: Fundamentals and Applications
V. Vijayan, Suresh B. Kumar, and J. Paulo Davim
Technological Challenges and Management: Matching Human and Business Needs
Carolina Machado and J. Paulo Davim
Drills: Science and Technology of Advanced Operations
Viktor P. Astakhov
Advanced Machining
Processes
Innovative Modeling Techniques
Edited by
Angelos P. Markopoulos
J. Paulo Davim
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particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB ® software.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Markopoulos, Angelos P., 1976- author. | Davim, J. Paulo, author.

Title: Advanced machining processes : innovative modeling techniques /
Angelos P. Markopoulos, J. Paulo Davim.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor &
Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic
division of T&F Informa, plc, [2017] | Series: Manufacturing design &
technology | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017026510| ISBN 9781138033627 (hardback : acid-free paper)
| ISBN 9781315305271 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Machine-tools--Numerical control | Machining--Data processing.
Classification: LCC TJ1189 .M289 2017 | DDC 671.3/5011--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017026510
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Contents
List of figures �� vii
List of tables �� xvii
Preface ��xix
Editors ��xxi
Contributors �� xxiii
Chapter 1 A particle finite element method applied to modeling

and simulation of machining processes ................................ 1
Juan Manuel Rodríguez, Pär Jonsén, and Ales Svoboda
Chapter 2 Smoothed particle hydrodynamics for modeling

metal cutting .............................................................................. 25
Mohamed N.A. Nasr
Chapter 3 Failure analysis of carbon fiber reinforced polymer

multilayer composites during machining process ............. 51
Sofiane Zenia and Mohammed Nouari
Chapter 4 Numerical modeling of sinker electrodischarge

machining processes ................................................................ 81
Carlos Mascaraque-Ramírez and Patricio Franco
Chapter 5 Modeling of interaction between precision

machining process and machine tools ............................... 107
Wanqun Chen and Dehong Huo
Chapter 6 Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of

nanomachining ....................................................................... 141
Stefan J. Eder, Ulrike Cihak-Bayr, and Davide Bianchi
v
vi Contents
Chapter 7 Multiobjective optimization of support vector

regression parameters by teaching-learning-based
optimization for modeling of electric discharge
machining responses............................................................ 179
Ushasta Aich and Simul Banerjee
Chapter 8 Modeling of grind-hardening ............................................ 211

Angelos P. Markopoulos, Emmanouil L. Papazoglou,
Nikolaos E. Karkalos, and Dimitrios E. Manolakos
Chapter 9 Finite element modeling of mechanical

micromachining .................................................................... 245
Samad Nadimi Bavil Oliaei and Murat Demiral
Chapter 10 Modeling of materials behavior in finite element

analysis and simulation of machining processes:
Identification techniques and challenges ........................ 281
Walid Jomaa, Augustin Gakwaya, and Philippe Bocher
Index �� 319

List of figures
Figure 1.1 Remeshing steps in a standard PFEM machining
numerical simulation �� 6
Figure 1.2 2D plane strain PFEM model of orthogonal cutting:
(a) initial set of particles and (b) initiation of the chip �� 19
Figure 1.3 Intermediate stages of the chip formation: (a) time
8�04 × 10−4 s and (b) time 1�6 × 10−3 s �� 19
Figure 1.4 Cutting force and feed force for test case no� 4 �� 20
Figure 1.5 Effective plastic strain rate �� 21
Figure 1.6 Temperature distribution�� 22
Figure 1.7 Von Mises stress field �� 22
Figure 2.1 Deformation zones in metal cutting, with the shear
plane angle (φ) shown �� 27
Figure 2.2 Concept of FEM� (a) Cantilever beam (physical case)
and (b) finite element of a cantilever beam �� 28
Figure 2.3 Lagrangian versus Eulerian meshes—material under
shear loading �� 29
Figure 2.4 Orthogonal (2D) cutting models, using different FE
formulations� (a) Eulerian model, (b) Lagrangian
model, and (c) ALE model �� 31
Figure 2.5 SPH versus FEM (linear elements)—geometrical
representation�� 33
Figure 2.6 Smoothing/support domain �� 34
vii
viii List of figures
Figure 3.1 Boundary condition and geometry of the

tool−workpiece couple �� 54
Figure 3.2 Progressive failure analysis of the chip formation
with 3D model for 45° fiber orientation� (a) Primary
rupture� (b) Secondary rupture and complete chip
formation� (c) Experimental result of Iliescu et al� �� 63
Figure 3.3 Progressive failure analysis of chip formation with 3D
model for 90° fiber orientation� (a) Primary rupture�
(b) Secondary rupture and complete chip formation�
(c) Schematization of the experimental chip formation
process by Teti �� 64
Figure 3.4 Progressive failure analysis of chip formation with 3D
model for −45° fiber orientation� (a) Primary rupture�
(b) Secondary rupture and complete chip formation�
(c) Schematization of the experimental chip formation
process �� 65
Figure 3.5 Cutting force Fc obtained during FE simulation
for different fiber orientations with unidirectional
composite compared with experimental results
(Vc = 60 m/min, ap = 0�2 mm, α = 0°) �� 65
Figure 3.6 Depth of damage dm obtained during FE simulation
for different fiber orientations with unidirectional
composite (Vc = 60 m/min, ap = 0�2 mm, α = 0°) �� 66
Figure 3.7 Effect of tool rake angle on machining forces,
V = 60 m/min, ap = 200 µm, R = 15 µm, γ = 11° �� 67
Figure 3.8 Effect of tool rake angle on the chip formation process
during cutting of CFRP composites and for fiber
orientation at 45°: (a) by shear α = 10°, and (b) by
buckling α = −5° �� 68
Figure 3.9 Illustration of the bouncing-back phenomenon �� 69
Figure 3.10 The effect of clearance angle on machining forces,
V = 60 m/min, ap = 200 µm, α = 10°, rε = 15 µm�� 69
Figure 3.11 The effect of tool edge radius on machining forces,
V = 60 m/min, ap = 200 µm, α = 10°, γ = 11° �� 70
Figure 3.12 Cutting depth effect on machining forces,
V = 60 m/min, rε = 15 µm, α = 10°, γ = 11°�� 71
Figure 3.13 Cutting depth effect on chip size, V = 60 m/min,
rε = 15 µm, α = 10°, γ = 11° �� 72
List of figures ix
Figure 3.14 Size chip measurement: fiber orientation 45°,

V = 60 m/min, rε = 15 µm, α = 10°, γ = 11° �� 72
Figure 3.15 Cutting depth effect on the damage depth,
V = 60 m/min, rε = 15 µm, α = 10°, γ = 11° �� 73
Figure 3.16 Velocity effect on cutting forces for fiber orientation
at 45°: ap = 200 µm, α = 10° �� 73
Figure 3.17 Two adjacent layers with interlaminar interface �� 74
Figure 3.18 Damage of the interface between two adjacent
layers, showing the delamination process for four
configurations: (a) 45°/0°, (b) 45°/45°, (c) 45°/−45°, and
(d) −45°/90°�� 75
Figure 3.19 Steps of hole drilling (a) contact between the tool
and the workpiece, (b) material removal, and (c) hole
completely drilled �� 76
Figure 3.20 Comparison between experimental and 3D
simulation thrust forces �� 77
Figure 3.21 Drill entry delamination: (a) simulation result and
(a′) experimental result� Drill exit delamination:
(b) simulation result and (b′) experimental result �� 78
Figure 4.1 Schematic representation of the sinker EDM process �� 84
Figure 4.2 Different states of plasma channel during the EDM
process�� 85
Figure 4.3 Examples of scanning electron microscope (SEM)
images for workpiece and electrode in the EDM
process: (a) Stainless steel workpiece and (b) copper
electrode�� 85
Figure 4.4 Different phases of the EDM processes: (a) Voltage
diagram and (b) current intensity diagram �� 87
Figure 4.5 Heat input distribution on the workpiece surface
during the EDM process�� 88
Figure 4.6 Basic diagram of conduction heat transfer �� 90
Figure 4.7 Dielectric fluid turbulence around the workpiece
surface �� 91
Figure 4.8 Convection heat transfer throughout the dielectric
fluid in EDM processes �� 92
Figure 4.9 Example of simulation mesh for an EDM process �� 93
x List of figures
Figure 4.10 Diagram with the concept of equivalent temperature �� 95

Figure 4.11 Variation of equivalent temperature at the node of
study from heat transfer with adjacent nodes �� 95
Figure 4.12 Examples of heat transfer at different nodes of the
simulation mesh �� 96
Figure 4.13 Example of end points in the workpiece meshing �� 97
Figure 4.14 Variable duration of the discharge and cooling cycles �� 99
Figure 4.15 Planes defined for a 2D/3D simulation �� 103
Figure 4.16 Example of equivalent temperature matrix to define
the progressive mesh �� 104
Figure 5.1 Flowchart of the integrated method��110
Figure 5.2 Establishment of state space model based on the FE
model ��111
Figure 5.3 The topography requirements of the KDP crystal ��116
Figure 5.4 Nano-indentation experiment� (a) Nano-indentation
experiment system and (b) the curve of
load-displacement sampled on the KDP crystal
surface�� 117
Figure 5.5 The FE cutting simulation model �� 120
Figure 5.6 The simulated cutting force� (a) Cutting force in
y direction and (b) cutting force in z direction �� 121
Figure 5.7 Fly-cutting machining� (a) Schematic diagram of the
fly-cutting machining process, (b) the fly-cutting
machining path, and (c) cutting force profile �� 122
Figure 5.8 Cutting force of the three typical parts (a) A′, (b) B′,
and (c) C′ ��123
Figure 5.9 The configuration of the fly-cutting machine tool �� 124
Figure 5.10 The FE model of air spindle �� 125
Figure 5.11 Outline of the dynamic modeling approach for the
aerostatic bearing �� 126
Figure 5.12 Triangular element �� 127
Figure 5.13 Meshing principle for the modeling method based on
the pressure distribution �� 130
List of figures xi
Figure 5.14 Finite element distribution of the bearing�

(a) Finite element distribution of the axial bearing�
(b) Finite element distribution of the radial bearing�� 130
Figure 5.15 Generation of the spring element group� (a) The
pressure distributions of the gas film� (b) The spring
element group �� 131
Figure 5.16 The FE model of the fly-cutting machine tool �� 132
Figure 5.17 Dynamic modes of the machine tool: (a–h) 1st to 8th
order modes vibration of the machine tool �� 133
Figure 5.18 Tool tip response comparison between the FE method
and the integration method �� 133
Figure 5.19 Flow chart of the IMPMTS of the KDP crystal
fly-cutting machining �� 134
Figure 5.20 Typical cutting force response of (a) part A, (b) part B,
and (c) part C �� 135
Figure 5.21 The surface generation by the proposed simulation
method�� 136
Figure 5.22 The tested result of the machined surface �� 137
Figure 6.1 The Lennard−Jones potential for ε = 1 and σ = 1�� 144
Figure 6.2 (a) The initial 3D Voronoi construction that serves
as the basis for the isotropic polycrystalline MD
model of the workpiece� (b) Top view of the random,
fractal, Gaussian surface, with topographic shading
(dark = low/high, light = mid) �� 147
Figure 6.3 Six examples of abrasive particle geometries
obtained by cleaving bcc crystals along {1 0 0} and
{1 1 1} planes� The large particle in the top left is the
plate-shaped type used in the examples throughout
this chapter� The other types (counterclockwise
from left) are cubic, octahedral, rod-shaped,
cubo-octahedral, and truncated octahedral �� 150
Figure 6.4 Gaussian size distribution (a) and random lateral
placement and orientation (b) of 60 plate-shaped,
abrasive particles �� 150
Figure 6.5 Fully assembled system consisting of a rough,
polycrystalline workpiece about to be machined by
xii List of figures
60 plate-shaped, hard, abrasive particles� Shading

is according to a grayscale version of the hybrid
scheme proposed in Eder et al�, where the surface
has topographic (dark = low/high, light = mid) and
the bulk crystallographic (dark = grains and white =
grain boundaries) shading� The abrasives are shown
in mid-gray� �� 151
Figure 6.6 How to determine which atoms are currently
considered removed material (dark, attached to
abrasives), substrate (dark, at bottom), or within the
shear zone (light, in between), depending on the
atomic advection velocity v� The abrasives move at a
constant speed of v(abr) �� 154
Figure 6.7 Affiliating the chips of removed matter with the
abrasives that caused them at normal pressures
of 0�1 GPa (a) and 0�4 GPa (b) using a partly
knowledge-based clustering algorithm� Different
shades represent different abrasives �� 156
Figure 6.8 Substrate tomographs with EBSD-IPF grain
orientation shading of the initial system configuration
(a)� Abrasives are mid-gray� In the IPF triangle legend
in (b), the individual grain orientations within the
workpiece are superimposed as black clusters �� 160
Figure 6.9 Exemplary atomic displacement tomograph with
normalized vector lengths� The shading corresponds
to atomic drift velocities ranging from 0 m/s to
8 m/s to resolve the slow displacements within the
workpiece (lightest shading = 4 m/s)� Removed
matter and shear zone have saturated to dark
shading� Abrasives are mid-gray ��161
Figure 6.10 After 1 ns of nanomachining: (a) σ z = 0.1 GPa,
(b) σ z = 0.4 GPa, and (c) σ z = 0.7 GPa� Shading scheme
identical to Figure 6�5�� 163
Figure 6.11 Substrate tomographs after 5 ns of grinding at 0�1 GPa
(a and b), 0�4 GPa (c and d), and 0�7 GPa (e and f)�
Abrasives are mid-gray� (a,c,e) Shading according
to grain orientation (EBSD-IPF standard, see legend
below)� (b,d,f) Shading according to temperature (see
bar below, the removed matter in (f) is the hottest) �� 164
List of figures xiii
Figure 6.12 Mean wear depth hw (a), mean shear zone thickness
hshear (b), arithmetic mean height zsubst (c), and
root-mean-square roughness Sq (d) over time �� 165
Figure 6.13 Mean shear stress σ x (a), final wear depth h w
(b), mean normalized real contact area Ac/Anom
(c), final arithmetic mean height zsubst (d), final
root-mean-square roughness Sq (e), mean contact
temperature Tc (f), and final mean shear zone
thickness hshear (g) over normal pressure σ z ��167
Figure 6.14 Detail tomographs of slice no� 9 located at y = 28.5 nm
after 5 ns of machining at 0�5 GPa� Abrasives are mid-
gray� (a) EBSD-IPF grain orientation shading (see SST
legend in Figure 6�11), and (b) temperature shading
(dark = 300 K/450 K and light = 375 K) �� 169
Figure 6.15 Detail tomographs of slice no� 15 located at
y = 46.5 nm after 5 ns of machining� Abrasives are
mid-gray� Left: 0�4 GPa, center: 0�5 GPa, and right:
0�6 GPa� (a–c) EBSD-IPF grain orientation shading
(see SST legend in Figure 6�11), (d–f) advection
velocity shading (dark: 〈 vx 〉 = 0 m/s or 80 m/s, light:
〈 vx 〉 = 40 m/s), (g–i) atomic displacement vector plots
(arrow shading according to equivalent velocities
ranging from 0 m/s to 8 m/s), and (j–l) temperature
shading (dark = 300 K/450 K and light = 375 K) �� 170
Figure 6.16 (a) Shear stress σ x and (b) final wear depth hw(end)
over the normalized contact area Ac /Anom with
Anom = 3595 nm 2 �� 171
Figure 7.1 Schematic of electrical discharge machining process �� 183
Figure 7.2 Nonlinear SVM regression model �� 185
Figure 7.3 ε-Insensitive loss function �� 186
Figure 7.4 Sequence diagram of modified TLBO to search
optimum unique set of C, ε, and σ by simultaneous
minimization of MATE1 and MATE2 �� 200
Figure 7.5 Changes in MATE in the estimation of MRR (MATE1) �� 201
Figure 7.6 Changes in MATE in the estimation of ASR (MATE2) �� 201
Figure 7.7 Change of SR ratio along C, ε, and σ during
simultaneous minimization of MATE1 and MATE2 �� 202
xiv List of figures
Figure 7.8 Steps for concurrent estimation of MRR and ASR

from unified structure of SVM regression learning
system �� 202
Figure 7.9 Effect of current and pulse-on time on MRR at
pulse-off time 125 µs �� 204
Figure 7.10 Effect of current and pulse-off time on MRR at
pulse-on time 125 µs �� 204
Figure 7.11 Effect of pulse-on time and pulse-off time on MRR at
current 10�5 A �� 204
Figure 7.12 Effect of current and pulse-on time on ASR at
pulse-off time 125 µs �� 205
Figure 7.13 Effect of current and pulse-off time on ASR at
pulse-on time 125 µs �� 205
Figure 7.14 Effect of pulse-on time and pulse-off time on ASR at
current 10�5 A �� 205
Figure 8.1 AISI D2 and AISI O1 temperature-dependent material
properties �� 227
Figure 8.2 Specific heat capacity of steel �� 228
Figure 8.3 Workpiece temperature field of xz plane for cutting
parameters uw = 0�195 m/sec and ae = 0�3 mm �� 231
Figure 8.4 Workpiece with the adjusted mesh �� 232
Figure 8.5 Temperature field for AISI O1 workpiece, when the
20th node is activated for depth of cut ae = 0�3 mm
and feed speed (a) 0�195 m/s, (b) 0�2815 m/s, and
(c) 0�3765 m/s �� 233
Figure 8.6 Temperature field for AISI O1 workpiece, when the 90th
node is activated for depth of cut ae = 0�3 mm and feed
speed (a) 0�195 m/s, (b) 0�2815 m/s, and (c) 0�3765 m/s �� 234
Figure 8.7 Temperature time variation �� 236
Figure 8.8 Comparison of maximum temperature by using or
not using grinding fluid �� 241
Figure 8.9 Comparison of HPD by using or not using grinding
fluid �� 241
Figure 9.1 Different cutting scenarios based on undeformed chip
thickness value (a) tu < hmin, (b) tu ≅ hmin, and (c) tu > hmin ��249
List of figures xv
Figure 9.2 Cutting and thrust forces for different edge radii �� 257
Figure 9.3 Effective stresses and chip morphology at different
edge radii�� 258
Figure 9.4 Micromachining-induced stress distributions of
effective stresses with respect to depth beneath the
machined layer at different edge radii �� 259
Figure 9.5 Temperature distributions at two different edge radii�� 260
Figure 9.6 Average cutting and thrust forces at different cutting
speeds �� 260
Figure 9.7 Chip morphology at different cutting speeds and
edge radii �� 261
Figure 9.8 Comparison of measured and predicted
micromachining forces for different frictional conditions�� 262
Figure 9.9 Velocity field in front of the cutting edge at two
different edge radii �� 263
Figure 9.10 Laser scanning microscope image of BUE �� 264
Figure 9.11 Modified geometry of the cutting edge including BUE ��264
Figure 9.12 Finite element simulations of chip morphology and
effective stresses for different frictional conditions�� 265
Figure 9.13 Micromachining force predictions at different
frictional conditions (uncut chip thickness of 1 µm
and cutting speed of 62 m/min) �� 267
Figure 9.14 Dimensions and orientations for orthogonal
machining of single-crystal workpiece material �� 271
Figure 9.15 Evolution of cutting forces for different cutting
directions of (1 1 0) plane �� 272
Figure 9.16 Chip morphologies at cutting length of 0�5 µm for
different rotation angles of (1 1 0) plane �� 273
Figure 10.1 Finite element model: geometry and mesh �� 302
Figure 10.2 Predicted chip curling for material models:
(a) JCP1, (b) JCP2, (c) JCP3, (d) JCP4-1, (e) JCP4-2,
and (f) JCP4-3 after 0�012 s machining time, and
(g) experimental result �� 305
Figure 10.3 Comparison of chip characteristics �� 305
Figure 10.4 Comparison of cutting force signals �� 306
xvi List of figures
Figure 10.5 Comparison of thrust force signals �� 307

Figure 10.6 Comparison of experimental and predicted average
force values �� 307
Figure 10.7 Predicted temperature distribution for material
models: (a) JCP1, (b) JCP2, (c) JCP3, (d) JCP4-1,
(e) JCP4-2, and (f) JCP4-3 after 0�012 s machining time �� 308
Figure 10.8 Comparison of predicted cutting temperature
history at 10 µm beneath the machined surface �� 309
Figure 10.9 Comparison of predicted stress−strain curves at
10 µm beneath the machined surface�� 309
Figure 10.10 Comparison of predicted and experimental
stress−strain curves under (a) quasi-static and
(b) dynamic conditions ��310
4 Advanced Machining Processes
of motion, to a sort of updated Lagrangian approach in which the advan-

tages of the standard FEM formulation for the solution of the incremental
problem are used�
1.2.1 The particle finite element method in solid mechanics

The PFEM is a set of numerical strategies that are combined for the solu-
tion of large deformation problems� The standard algorithm of the PFEM
for the solution of solid mechanics problems contains the following steps:
1� Definition of the domain(s) Ωn in the last converged configuration,

t = nt, keeping existing spatial discretization Ωn�
2� Transference of variables by a smoothing process from Gauss points
to nodes�
3� Discretization of the given domain(s) in a set of particles of infini-
tesimal size elimination of existing connectivities Ωn�
4� Reconstruction of the mesh through a triangulation of the domain’s
convex hull and the definition of the boundary applying the α-shape
method [9,10], defining a new spatial discretization Ωn�
5� A contact method to recognize the multibody interaction�
6� Transference of information, interpolating nodal variables into the
Gauss points�
7� Solution of the system of equations for n +1t = nt + ∆t �
8� Go back to step 1 and repeat the solution process for the next time step�
1.2.2 The particle finite element method in the numerical

simulation of metal cutting processes
The standard PFEM presents some weaknesses when applied in orthogo-
nal cutting simulation� For example, the external surface generated using
α-shape may affect the mass conservation, the chip shape, absence of
equilibrium on the boundary due to the introduction of artificial pertur-
bations, and generation of unphysical welding of the workpiece material
and the chip�
To deal with this problem, in this work the use of a constrained
Delaunay algorithm is proposed� Furthermore, addition and removal of
particles are the principal tools, which are employed for sidestepping the
difficulties that are associated with deformation-induced element distor-
tion and for resolving the different scales of the solution�
In the numerical simulation of metal cutting process, despite the
continuous Delaunay triangulation, elements arise with unacceptable
aspect ratios; for this reason, the mesh is also subjected to a Laplacian
smoothing algorithm to smooth the mesh� For each node in a mesh, a new
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President, I enter upon its administration appreciating the
great responsibilities which attach to this renewed honor and
commission, promising unreserved devotion on my part to their
faithful discharge and reverently invoking for my guidance the
direction and favor of Almighty God. I should shrink from the
duties this day assumed if I did not feel that in their
performance I should have the cooperation of the wise and
patriotic men of all parties. It encourages me for the great
task which I now undertake to believe that those who
voluntarily committed to me the trust imposed upon the chief
executive of the republic will give to me generous support in
my duties to 'preserve, protect and defend the constitution of
the United States,' and to 'care that the laws be faithfully
executed.' The national purpose is indicated through a
national election. It is the constitutional method of
ascertaining the public will. When once it is registered it is
a law to us all, and faithful observance should follow its
decrees.
"Strong hearts and helpful hands are needed, and fortunately

we have them in every part of our beloved country. We are
reunited. Sectionalism has disappeared. Division on public
questions can no longer be traced by the war maps of 1861.
These old differences less and less disturb the judgment.
Existing problems demand the thought and quicken the
conscience of the country, and the responsibility for their
presence as well as for their righteous settlement rests upon
us all, no more upon me than upon you. There are some national
questions in the solution of which patriotism should exclude
partisanship. Magnifying their difficulties will not take them
off our hands nor facilitate their adjustment. Distrust of the
capacity, integrity and high purpose of the American people
will not be an inspiring theme for future political contests.
Dark pictures and gloomy forebodings are worse than useless.
These only becloud, they do not help to point the way of
safety and honor. 'Hope maketh not ashamed.'
{681}
"The prophets of evil were not the builders of the republic,

nor in its crises have they saved or served it. The faith of
the fathers was a mighty force in its creation, and the faith
of their descendants has wrought its progress and furnished
its defenders. They are obstructionists who despair and who
would destroy confidence in the ability of our people to solve
wisely and for civilization the mighty problems resting upon
them. The American people, intrenched in freedom at home, take
their love for it with them wherever they go, and they reject
as mistaken and unworthy the doctrine that we lose our own
liberties by securing the enduring foundations of liberty to
others. Our institutions will not deteriorate by extension,
and our sense of justice will not abate under tropic suns in
distant seas.
"As heretofore so hereafter will the nation demonstrate its

fitness to administer any new estate which events devolve upon
it, and in the fear of God will 'take occasion by the hand and
make the bounds of freedom wider yet.' If there are those
among us who would make our way more difficult we must not be
disheartened, but the more earnestly dedicate ourselves to the
task upon which we have rightly entered. The path of progress
is seldom smooth. New things are often found hard to do. Our
fathers found them so. We find them so. They are inconvenient.
They cost us something. But are we not made better for the
effort and sacrifice, and are not those we serve lifted up and
blessed?
"We will be consoled, too, with the fact that opposition has
confronted every onward movement of the republic from its
opening hour until now, but without success. The republic has
marched on and on, and its every step has exalted freedom and
humanity. We are undergoing the same ordeal as did our
predecessors nearly a century ago. We are following the course
they blazed. They triumphed. Will their successors falter and
plead organic impotency in the nation? Surely after one
hundred and twenty-five years of achievement for mankind we
will not now surrender our equality with other Powers on
matters fundamental and essential to nationality. With no such
purpose was the nation created. In no such spirit has it
developed its full and independent sovereignty. We adhere to
the principle of equality among ourselves, and by no act of
ours will we assign to ourselves a subordinate rank in the
family of nations.
"My fellow citizens, the public events of the last four years
have gone into history. They are too near to justify recital.
Some of them were unforeseen; many of them momentous and far
reaching in their consequences to ourselves and our relations
with the rest of the world. The part which the United States
bore so honorably in the thrilling scenes in China, while new
to American life, has been in harmony with its true spirit and
best traditions, and in dealing with the results its policy
will be that of moderation and fairness.
"We face at this moment a most important question—that of the

future relations of the United States and Cuba. With our near
neighbors we must remain close friends. The declaration of the
purposes of this government in the resolution of April 20,
1898, must be made good. Ever since the evacuation of the
island by the army of Spain the Executive with all practicable
speed has been assisting its people in the successive steps
necessary to the establishment of a free and independent
government prepared to assume and perform the obligations of
international law, which now rest upon the United States under
the Treaty of Paris. The convention elected by the people to
frame a constitution is approaching the completion of its
labors. The transfer of American control to the new government
is of such great importance, involving an obligation resulting
from our intervention and the treaty of peace, that I am glad
to be advised by the recent act of Congress of the policy
which the legislative branch of the government deems essential
to the best interests of Cuba and the United States. The
principles which led to our intervention require that the
fundamental law upon which the new government rests should be
adapted to secure a government capable of performing the
duties and discharging the functions of a separate nation, of
observing its international obligations, of protecting life
and property, insuring order, safety and liberty, and
conforming to the established and historical policy of the
United States in its relation to Cuba.
"The peace which we are pledged to leave to the Cuban people

must carry with it the guarantees of permanence. We became
sponsors for the pacification of the island, and we remain
accountable to the Cubans no less than to our own country and
people for the reconstruction of Cuba as a free commonwealth,
on abiding foundations of right, justice, liberty and assured
order. Our enfranchisement of the people will not be completed
until free Cuba shall 'be a reality, not a name—a perfect
entity, not a hasty experiment, bearing within itself the
elements of failure.'
"While the treaty of peace with Spain was ratified on February

6, 1899, and ratifications were exchanged nearly two years
ago, the Congress has indicated no form of government for the
Philippine Islands. It has, however, provided an army to
enable the Executive to suppress insurrection, restore peace,
give security to the inhabitants and establish the authority
of the United States throughout the archipelago. It has
authorized the organization of native troops as auxiliary to
the regular force. It has been advised from time to time of
the acts of the military and naval officers in the islands, of
my action in appointing civil commissions, of the instructions
with which they were charged, of their duties and powers, of
their recommendations and of their several acts under
Executive commission, together with the very complete general
information they have submitted.
"These reports fully set forth the conditions, past and
present, in the islands, and the instructions clearly show the
principles which will guide the Executive until the Congress
shall, as it is required to do by the treaty, determine 'the
civil rights and political status of the native inhabitants.'
The Congress having added the sanction of its authority to the
powers already possessed and exercised by the Executive under
the constitution, thereby leaving with the Executive the
responsibility for the government of the Philippines, I shall
continue the efforts already begun until order shall be
restored throughout the islands, and as fast as conditions
permit will establish local governments, in the formation of
which the full co-operation of the people has been already
invited, and when established will encourage the people to
administer them.
{682}
"The settled purpose, long ago proclaimed, to afford the

inhabitants of the islands self-government as fast as they
were ready for it will be pursued with earnestness and
fidelity. Already something has been accomplished in this
direction. The government's representatives, civil and
military, are doing faithful and noble work in their mission
of emancipation, and merit the approval and support of their
countrymen. The most liberal terms of amnesty have already
been communicated to the insurgents, and the way is still open
for those who have raised their arms against the government
for honorable submission to its authority.
"Our countrymen should not be deceived. We are not waging war

against the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands. A portion
of them are making war against the United States. By far the
greater part of the inhabitants recognize American
sovereignty, and welcome it as n guarantee of order and
security for life, property, liberty, freedom of conscience
and the pursuit of happiness. To them full protection will be
given. They shall not be abandoned. We will not leave the
destiny of the loyal millions in the islands to the disloyal
thousands who are in rebellion against the United States.
Order under civil institutions will come as soon as those who
now break the peace shall keep it. Force will not be needed or
used when those who make war against us shall make it no more.
May it end without further bloodshed, and there be ushered in
the reign of peace, to be made permanent by a government of
liberty under law."
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (March).

Rejection by the British government of the Interoceanic Canal
Treaty as amended by the Senate.
See (in this volume)

CANAL, INTEROCEANIC: A. D. 1901 (MARCH).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (March).

Death of Ex-President Harrison.
Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States 1889-1893,

died at his home in Indianapolis, on the afternoon of March
13, 1901, after an illness of a few days.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (March-April).

Capture of Aguinaldo, the Filipino leader.
His oath of allegiance to the United States.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1901 (MARCH-APRIL).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (April).

Organization of the enlarged regular army.
Its strength, 76,000 men.
A Press despatch from Washington, April 24, announced that the

Secretary of War had approved recommendations of
Lieutenant-General Miles for the organization of the army, not
raising it to the full strength of 100,000 men authorized by
Congress, but providing for a force of 76,787 enlisted men,
distributed as follows:
"Line of the army, 74,504;
ordnance department, 700;
signal corps, 760;
post quartermaster sergeants, 150;
post commissary sergeants, 200;
electrician sergeants, 100;
Military Academy detachment and band, 298;
Indian scouts, 75.
The cavalry is to be organized into fifteen regiments,

consisting of 12 troops of 85 enlisted men, which, with the
bands, will make a cavalry force of 15,840 men. The infantry
is to consist of 38,520 men, divided into 30 regiments of 12
companies each. The artillery corps will have a total of
18,862 men, of which the coast artillery will have 13, 734,
organized into 126 companies of 109 men each; and the field
artillery, 4,800 men, organized into 30 batteries of 150 men
each. The engineer battalions will consist of 12 companies
amounting to 1,282 men. This plan makes no provision for the
employment of Filipino natives, but this is explained by the
fact that the 12,000 authorized for the native military force
was made a distinctive feature of the Army bill by Congress
and separated from the Regular Army."
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (April).

Petition from the workingmen of Porto Rico.

PORTO RICO: A. D. 1901 (APRIL).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (May).

Decision of the Supreme Court in the cases involving
questions touching the status of the new territorial
possessions of the nation.
The opinions of the Supreme Court in the cases before it known

as "the insular cases," involving questions touching the
relations of the government of the United States to the
insular possessions lately acquired (see above: A. D.
1900-1901), were announced on the 27th of May, as these sheets
of the present volume were about to go to press.
In the case of Elias S. A. De Lima et al. the opinion of the

majority of the Court, delivered by Justice Brown, was against
the claim of the government to duties on goods imported into
the United States from Porto Rico after the ratification of
the treaty of peace with Spain and before the passage of the
Porto Rican act of April 12, 1900.
See, (in this volume),

PORTO RICO: A. D. 1899-1900; and 1900, APRIL).
It was held in this decisive opinion that Porto Rico, at the

time the duties in question were collected, was not a foreign
country, but a territory of the United States. Said Justice
Brown: "If an Act of Congress be necessary to convert a
foreign country into domestic territory, the question at once
suggests itself, What is the character of the legislation
demanded for this purpose? Will an act appropriating money for
its purchase be sufficient? Apparently not. Will an act
appropriating the duties collected upon imports to and from
such country for the benefit of its government be sufficient?
Apparently not. Will acts making appropriations for its postal
service, for the establishment of lighthouses, for the
maintenance of quarantine stations, for erecting public
buildings, have that effect? Will an act establishing a
complete local government, but with the reservation of a right
to collect duties upon commerce, be adequate for that purpose?
None of these, nor all together, will be sufficient, if the
contention of the government be sound, since acts embracing
all these provisions have been passed in connection with Porto
Rico, and it is insisted that it is still a foreign country
within the meaning of the tariff laws. We are unable to
acquiesce in this assumption that a territory may be at the
same time both foreign and domestic. We are, therefore, of the
opinion that at the time these duties were levied Porto Rico
was not a foreign country within the meaning of the tariff
laws, but a territory of the United States; that the duties
were illegally exacted, and that the plaintiffs are entitled
to recover them back."
But in the case of Samuel B. Downes et al. a different set of

circumstances was dealt with, since the duties in question
were on goods imported from Porto Rico after the passage of
the Act of April 12 (called "the Foraker Act"). On the
question thus presented the majority of the Court sustained
the contention of the government, saying, in an opinion
delivered by Justice Brown:
{683}
"We are of opinion that the island of Porto Rico is a

territory appurtenant and belonging to the United States, but
not a part of the United States within the revenue clause of
the Constitution; that the Foraker act is constitutional so
far as it imposes duties upon imports from such island and
that the plaintiff cannot recover the duties exacted in this
case." The following general conclusions were held by Justice
Brown to be established:
"First—That the District of Columbia and the Territories are

not States, within the judicial clause of the Constitution
giving jurisdiction in cases between citizens of different
States.
"Second—That Territories are not States, within the meaning of

revised statutes, section 709, permitting writs of error from
this court in cases where the validity of a State's statute is
drawn in question.
"Third—That the District of Columbia and the Territories are

States as that word is used in treaties with foreign powers,
with respect to the ownership, disposition and inheritance of
property.
"Fourth—That the Territories are not within the clause of the

Constitution providing for the creation of a Supreme Court and
such inferior courts as Congress may see fit to establish.
"Fifth—That the Constitution does not apply to foreign

countries or trials therein conducted, and that Congress may
lawfully provide for such trials before consular tribunals,
without the intervention of a grand or petit jury.
"Sixth—That where the Constitution has been once formally

extended by Congress to Territories, neither Congress nor the
Territorial Legislature can enact laws inconsistent
therewith."
Five of the nine justices of the Court concurred in the decree

announced by Justice Brown; but three of them, viz., Justices
White, Shims and McKenna, placed their concurrence on
different and quite opposed grounds, in an opinion prepared by
Justice White. In their view of the case before the court,
"the sole and only issue is, had Porto Rico, at the time of
the passage of the Act in question, been incorporated into and
become an integral part of the United States?" and their
conclusion is reported to have been, that "the question when
Porto Rico was to be incorporated was a political question, to
be determined by the American people, speaking through
Congress, and was not for the courts to determine."
The minority of the Court, consisting of Chief Justice Fuller,

Justices Harlan, Brewer and Peckham dissented from the decree
rendered by the majority, and from the varying grounds on
which the two sections of that majority had rested it. As
summarized in press despatches of the day, their opinion,
delivered by the Chief Justice, "absolutely rejected the
contention that the rule of uniformity [that is, the
constitutional provision that 'all duties, imposts and excises
shall be uniform throughout the United States'] was not
applicable to Porto Rico because it had not been incorporated
into and become an integral part of the United States; the
word incorporation had no occult meaning, and whatever its
situation before, the Foraker act made Porto Rico an organized
Territory of the United States." "The concurring opinion of
the majority," said the Chief Justice, "recognized that
Congress, in dealing with the people of new territories or
possessions, is bound to respect the fundamental guarantees of
life, liberty and property, but assumes that Congress is not
bound in those territories or possessions to follow the rules
of taxation prescribed by the Constitution. And yet the power
to tax involves the power to destroy and the levy of duty
touches all our people in all places under the jurisdiction of
the Government. The logical result is that Congress may
prohibit commerce altogether between the States and
Territories, and may prescribe one rule of taxation in one
Territory, and a different rule in another. That theory
assumes that the Constitution created a government empowered
to acquire countries throughout the world, to be governed by
different rules than those obtaining in the original States
and Territories, and substitutes for the present system of
republican government, a system of domination over distant
provinces in the exercise of unrestricted power. In our
judgment, so much of the Porto Rican act as authorized the
imposition of these duties is invalid and plaintiffs were
entitled to recover."
Justice Harlan announced his concurrence with the dissenting

opinion delivered by the Chief Justice. He regarded the
Foraker act as unconstitutional in its revenue provisions, and
believed that Porto Rico, after the ratification of the treaty
with Spain, became a part of the United States. In conclusion,
Justice Harlan said: "The addition of Porto Rico to the
territory of the United States has been recognized by direct
action upon the part of Congress. It has legislated in
recognition of the treaty with Spain. If Porto Rico did not by
such action become a part of the United States it did become
such, at least, when Congress passed the Foraker act. I can
not believe that Congress may impose any duty, impost or
excise with respect to that territory and its people which is
not consistent with the constitutional requirement that all
duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the
United States."
No decision was rendered in the case of the Fourteen Diamond

Rings, which involved questions relative to the status of the
Philippine Islands in their relations to the government of the
United States.
----------UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: End--------
UNITED STATES OF CENTRAL AMERICA.

Its formation and dissolution.

CENTRAL AMERICA: A. D. 1821-1898.
UNITED STATES STEEL CORPORATION.

TRUSTS: UNITED STATES: THE CLIMAX, &c.
UNIVERSITIES.

EDUCATION.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA:
Expeditions to explore the ruins of Nippur.

ARCHÆOLOGICAL, RESEARCH: BABYLONIA: AMERICAN
EXPLORATION.
UNYORO:
British regulation of the kingdom.

UGANDA: A. D. 1897-1898.
UR.
See (in volume 1)

BABYLONIA, PRIMITIVE;
See (in volume 4)

SEMITES;
and (in this volume)
ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: BABYLONIA.
{684}
URUGUAY: A. D. 1896-1899.
Revolutionary movement.
Assassination of President Borda.
Blancos and Colorados.
Restoration of tranquil government by the
Vice President, Cuestas.
In November, 1896, a movement for the overthrow of President

Borda was begun, with strong assistance from the neighboring
Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul. Months of civil war
followed, with varying fortunes, but the summer of 1897 found
the President parleying with the insurgents, endeavoring to
make terms. His original opponents had been the party called
that of the Blancos, or Whites; the Colorados, or Reds, had
supported him; but he seemed to be making enemies among them.
By an assassin of his own party he was shot, on the 25th of
August, as he came from a service in the cathedral at
Montevideo which commemorated the anniversary of Uruguayan
independence. Senor Juan Luis Cuestas, the President of the
Senate and ex-officio Vice President of the Republic, assumed
the administration of the government, made peace with the
insurgents, and prepared to deal with a faction in the
Chambers which is said to have made good government
impossible. "The Representatives had made themselves hated by
violence, corruption, and attacks on property. Senor Cuestas
accordingly removed all officials devoted to the Chambers,
called out a thousand National Guards, and being thus master
of the situation, on February 10th dissolved the Chambers and
declared himself provisional President. He then appointed a
'Council' of eighty prominent citizens of all parties,
invested them with the legislative power, and directed them to
elect a new President, and to settle the method and time of
the next elections. … According to the 'Times',
correspondent, the citizens of Monte Video of all parties
approved his action, not a stroke was struck for the Chambers,
and public securities rose at once by from eight to fourteen
points. Senor Cuestas, in fact, is trusted and competent."
The Spectator (London),

March 26, 1898.
In due time, the Provisional President had to deal with a

military revolt, which he effectually suppressed. Then, on the
1st of March, 1899, he was constitutionally elected President,
after resigning his dictatorial powers for a fortnight, in
order that the election might be freely held.
UTAH: A. D. 1895-1896.
Prohibition of polygamous marriages.
Proclamation of admission to the Union.
On the 4th of January, 1896, a proclamation by the President

of the United States, after reciting the provisions of the Act
of Congress approved July 16, 1894, and the action taken by a
convention of the people of Utah, held in accordance with the
said act, in March, 1895, which convention "did, by ordinance
irrevocable without the consent of the United States and the
people of said State, as required by said act, provide that
perfect toleration of religious sentiment shall be secured and
that no inhabitant of said State shall ever be molested in person
or property on account of his or her mode of religious
worship, but that polygamous or plural marriages are forever
prohibited," thereupon declared and proclaimed the creation of
the State of Utah and its admission into the Union to be
accomplished. The constitution of the new State has some
radical features, providing for an eight-hours labor-day, and
giving to women equal rights with men in suffrage and in
eligibility to public office.
V.
VASSOS, Colonel, in Crete.

TURKEY: A. D. 1897 (FEBRUARY-MARCH).
"VEGETARIANS," The.

CHINA: A. D. 1895 (AUGUST).
VENEZUELA: A. D. 1895.
Revolt suppressed.
An attempted rising, in the interest of Dr. Rojas Paul,

against the government of President Crespo, in the autumn of
1895, was quickly suppressed.
VENEZUELA: A. D. 1895 (July).

The question of the boundary of British Guiana taken up by the
government of the United States.
Despatch of Secretary Olney to Ambassador Bayard.
For a number of years the government of the United States had

been exerting itself to bring about the settlement of a long
standing dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela
concerning the line of boundary between the territory of
Venezuela and that of British Guiana. In 1895 the effort
became more resolute, as appeared in a lengthy despatch
addressed, on the 20th of July, by the American Secretary of
State, Mr. Olney, to the American Ambassador in London, Mr.
Bayard. In this despatch Mr. Olney reviewed the long
controversy which had been in progress, and recalled the
communications on the subject which had passed between the
governments of the United States and Great Britain since 1886.
He then summarised "the important features of the existing
situation" as represented in his recital, by the following
statement:
"1. The title to territory of indefinite but confessedly very

large extent is in dispute between Great Britain on the one
hand, and the South American Republic of Venezuela on the
other.
2. The disparity in the strength of the claimants is such that

Venezuela can hope to establish her claim only through
peaceful methods—through an agreement with her adversary
either upon the subject itself or upon an arbitration.
3. The controversy with varying claims on the part of Great

Britain has existed for more than half-a-century, during which
period many earnest and persistent efforts of Venezuela to
establish a boundary by agreement have proved unsuccessful.
4. The futility of the endeavour to obtain a conventional line

being recognized, Venezuela, for a quarter of a century, has
asked and striven for arbitration.
5. Great Britain, however, has always and continuously

refused, and still refuses, to arbitrate except upon the
condition of a renunciation of a large part of the Venezuelan
claim, and of a concession to herself of a large share of the
territory in controversy.
{685}
6. By the frequent interposition of its good offices at the

instance of Venezuela, by constantly urging and promoting the
restoration of diplomatic relations between the two countries,
by pressing for arbitration of the disputed boundary, by offering
to act as Arbitrator, by expressing its grave concern whenever
new alleged instances of British aggression upon Venezuelan
territory have been brought to its notice, the Government of
the United States has made it clear to Great Britain and to
the world that the controversy is one in which both its honour
and its interests are involved, and the continuance of which
it cannot regard with indifference."
Mr. Olney proceeds next to consider the rights, the interests

and the duty of the United States in the matter, and to what
extent, if any, it "may and should intervene in a controversy
between and primarily concerning only Great Britain and
Venezuela," and his conclusions on these points are founded on
the doctrine set forth by President Monroe, of resistance to
European intervention in American affairs. Quoting President
Monroe's celebrated Message on the subject, in 1823, Mr. Olney
remarks:
"The Message just quoted declared that the American continents

were fully occupied, and were not the subjects for future
colonization by European Powers. To this spirit and this
purpose, also, are to be attributed the passages of the same
Message which treat any infringement of the rule against
interference in American affairs on the part of the Powers of
Europe as an act of unfriendliness to the United States. It
was realized that it was futile to lay down such a rule unless
its observance could be enforced. It was manifest that the
United States was the only Power in this hemisphere capable of
enforcing it. It was therefore courageously declared, not
merely that Europe ought not to interfere in American affairs,
but that any European Power doing so would be regarded as
antagonizing the interests and inviting the opposition of the
United States.
"That America is in no part open to colonization, though the

proposition was not universally admitted at the time of its
first enunciation, has long been universally conceded. We are
now concerned, therefore, only with that other practical
application of the Monroe doctrine the disregard of which by
an European Power is to be deemed an act of unfriendliness
towards the United States. The precise scope and limitations
of this rule cannot be too clearly apprehended. It does not
establish any general Protectorate by the United States over
other American States. It does not relieve any American State
from its obligations as fixed by international law, nor
prevent any European Power directly interested from enforcing
such obligations or from inflicting merited punishment for the
breach of them. It does not contemplate any interference in
the internal affairs of any American State, or in the
relations between it and other American States. It does not
justify any attempt on our part to change the established form
of Government of any American State, or to prevent the people
of such State from altering that form according to their own
will and pleasure. The rule in question has but a single
purpose and object. It is that no European Power or
combination of European Powers shall forcibly deprive an
American State of the right and power of self-government, and
of shaping for itself its own political fortunes and
destinies. That the rule thus defined has been the accepted
public law of this country ever since its promulgation cannot
fairly be denied. …
"It is manifest that, if a rule has been openly and uniformly

declared and acted upon by the Executive Branch of the
Government for more than seventy years without express
repudiation by Congress, it must be conclusively presumed to
have its sanction. Yet it is certainly no more than the exact
truth to say that every Administration since President
Monroe's has had occasion, and sometimes more occasions than
one, to examine and consider the Monroe doctrine, and has in
each instance given it emphatic indorsement. … A doctrine of
American public law thus long and firmly established and
supported could not easily be ignored in a proper case for its
application, even were the considerations upon which it is
founded obscure or questionable. No such objection can be
made, however, to the Monroe doctrine understood and defined
in the manner already stated. It rests, on the contrary, upon
facts and principles that are both intelligible and
incontrovertible. That distance and 3,000 miles of intervening
ocean make any permanent political union between an European
and an American State unnatural and inexpedient will hardly be
denied. But physical and geographical considerations are the
least of the objections to such a union. Europe, as Washington
observed, has a set of primary interests which are peculiar to
herself. America is not interested in them, and ought not to
be vexed or complicated with them. …
"If, … for the reasons stated, the forcible intrusion of

European Powers into American politics is to be deprecated—if,
as it is to be deprecated, it should be resisted and
prevented—such resistance and prevention must come from the
United States. They would come from it, of course, were it
made the point of attack. But, if they come at all, they must
also come from it when any other American State is attacked,
since only the United States has the strength adequate to the
exigency. Is it true, then, that the safety and welfare of the
United States are so concerned with the maintenance of the
independence of every American State as against any European
Power as to justify and require the interposition of the
United States whenever that independence is endangered? The
question can be candidly answered in but one way. The States
of America, South as well as North, by geographical proximity,
by natural sympathy, by similarity of Governmental
Constitutions, are friends and allies, commercially and
politically, of the United States. To allow the subjugation of
any of them by an European Power is, of course, to completely
reverse that situation, and signifies the loss of all the
advantages incident to their natural relations to us. But that
is not all. The people of the United States have a vital
interest in the cause of popular self-government. … To-day the
United States is practically Sovereign on this continent, and
its fiat is law upon the subjects to which it confines its
interposition. Why? It is not because of the pure friendship
or good-will felt for it. It is not simply by reason of its
high character as a civilised State, nor because wisdom and
justice and equity are the invariable characteristics of the
dealings of the United States. It is because, in addition to
all other grounds, its infinite resources, combined with its
isolated position, render it master of the situation, and
practically invulnerable as against any or all other Powers.
{686}
All the advantages of this superiority are at once imperilled
if the principle be admitted that European Powers may convert
American States into Colonies or provinces of their own. The
principle would be eagerly availed of, and every Power doing
so would immediately acquire a base of military operations
against us. What one Power was permitted to do could not be
denied to another, and it is not inconceivable that the
struggle now going on for the acquisition of Africa might be
transferred to South America. If it were, the weaker countries

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Advanced Machining Processes:

Innovative Modeling Techniques 1st

Advanced machining processes of metallic materials :

Modeling and Optimization of Advanced Manufacturing

Physical Processes in Clouds and Cloud Modeling

Fundamentals of machining processes conventional and

Practical Multilevel Modeling Using R (Advanced

Reinventing ITIL® in the Age of DevOps: Innovative

Non-Traditional and Advanced Machining Technologies 2nd

Non-Traditional and Advanced Machining Technologies:

© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-03362-7 (Hardback)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Markopoulos, Angelos P., 1976- author. | Davim, J. Paulo, author.

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

and the CRC Press Web site at

Chapter 1 A particle finite element method applied to modeling

Chapter 2 Smoothed particle hydrodynamics for modeling

Chapter 3 Failure analysis of carbon fiber reinforced polymer

Chapter 4 Numerical modeling of sinker electrodischarge

Chapter 5 Modeling of interaction between precision

Chapter 6 Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of

Chapter 7 Multiobjective optimization of support vector

Chapter 8 Modeling of grind-hardening ............................................ 211

Chapter 9 Finite element modeling of mechanical

Chapter 10 Modeling of materials behavior in finite element

Figure 3.1 Boundary condition and geometry of the

Figure 3.14 Size chip measurement: fiber orientation 45°,

Figure 4.10 Diagram with the concept of equivalent temperature ������� 95

Figure 5.14 Finite element distribution of the bearing�

60 plate-shaped, hard, abrasive particles� Shading

Figure 7.8 Steps for concurrent estimation of MRR and ASR

Figure 10.5 Comparison of thrust force signals ����������������������������������� 307

of motion, to a sort of updated Lagrangian approach in which the advan-

1.2.1 The particle finite element method in solid mechanics

1� Definition of the domain(s) Ωn in the last converged configuration,

1.2.2 The particle finite element method in the numerical

"Strong hearts and helpful hands are needed, and fortunately

"The prophets of evil were not the builders of the republic,

"As heretofore so hereafter will the nation demonstrate its

"We face at this moment a most important question—that of the

"The peace which we are pledged to leave to the Cuban people

"While the treaty of peace with Spain was ratified on February

"The settled purpose, long ago proclaimed, to afford the

"Our countrymen should not be deceived. We are not waging war

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (March).

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (March).

Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States 1889-1893,

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (March-April).

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (April).

A Press despatch from Washington, April 24, announced that the

The cavalry is to be organized into fifteen regiments,

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (April).

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (May).

The opinions of the Supreme Court in the cases before it known

In the case of Elias S. A. De Lima et al. the opinion of the

See, (in this volume),

It was held in this decisive opinion that Porto Rico, at the

Figure 4.10 Diagram with the concept of equivalent temperature �� 95

Figure 10.5 Comparison of thrust force signals �� 307