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,.,,
<
s F.A.DAVIS
 ESSENTIALS OF
Nursing Leadership
& Management
SEVENTH EDITION
 Sally A. Weiss, EdD, APRN, FNP-C,
CNE, ANEF
Professor, Lead Faculty Graduate Program
Herzing University
Menominee Falls, Wisconsin

Ruth M. Tappen, EdD, RN, FAAN

Christine E. Lynn Eminent Scholar and Professor
Florida Atlantic University College of Nursing
Boca Raton, Florida

Karen A. Grimley, PhD, MBA, RN,

NEA-BC, FACHE
Chief Nursing Executive, UCLA Health
Vice Dean, UCLA School of Nursing
Los Angeles, California
F. A. Davis Company
1915 Arch Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103
www.fadavis.com

Copyright © 2019 by F. A. Davis Company

Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2010, 2007, 2004, 2001, 1998 by F. A. Davis Company. All rights reserved. This
book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmit-
ted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without
written permission from the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Acquisitions Editor: Jacalyn Sharp

Content Project Manager: Sean West
Design and Illustration Manager: Carolyn O’Brien
As new scientific information becomes available through basic and clinical research, recommended treat-
ments and drug therapies undergo changes. The author(s) and publisher have done everything possible
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The author(s), editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Weiss, Sally A., 1950- author. | Tappen, Ruth M., author. | Grimley, Karen A., author.
Title: Essentials of nursing leadership & management / Sally A. Weiss, Ruth M. Tappen, Karen A.
Grimley.
Description: Seventh edition. | Philadelphia : F. A. Davis Company, [2019] | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019000397 (print) | LCCN 2019001079 (ebook) | ISBN 9780803699045 | ISBN
9780803669536 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Leadership | Nursing, Supervisory | Nursing Services—organization & administra-
tion | United States
Classification: LCC RT89 (ebook) | LCC RT89 (print) | NLM WY 105 | DDC 362.17/3068—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019000397

Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific
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license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The fee code for users of the Transac-
tional Reporting Service is: 978-0-8036-6953-6/19 0 + $.25.
 Dedication

To my granddaughter, Sydni, and my grandsons, Logan and

Ian. Their curiosity and hunger for learning remind me how
nurturing our novice nurses helps them in their quest to seek
new knowledge and continue their professional growth.
—SALLY A. WEISS

To students, colleagues, family, and friends, who have taught

me so much about leadership.
—RUTH M. TAPPEN

To my kids, Kristina, Kathleen, Meagan, and Ian, for their

love and understanding during this lifelong pursuit of learning.
To my dad for teaching me that the only limits we face are the
ones we create and to my mom for instilling the value of a good
education.
—KAREN A. GRIMLEY

v
 Preface
We are pleased to bring our readers this seventh edition of Essentials of Nursing Leadership &
Management. This new edition has been updated to reflect the dynamic health-care environment,
new safety and quality initiatives, and changes in the nursing practice environment. As in our previ-
ous editions, the content, examples, and diagrams were designed with the goal of assisting the new
graduate to make the transition to professional nursing practice.
Our readers may have noticed that we have added a new author to our team: Dr. Karen A.
Grimley, Chief Nurse Executive at UCLA Health Center and Vice Dean of the School of Nursing
at UCLA. We are delighted to have her join us, bringing a fresh perspective to this new edition.
The seventh edition of Essentials of Nursing Leadership & Management focuses on essential lead-
ership and management skills and the knowledge needed by the staff nurse as a key member of the
interprofessional health-care team and manager of patient care. Issues related to setting priorities,
delegation, quality improvement, legal parameters of nursing practice, and ethical issues were also
updated for this edition.
This edition discusses current quality and safety issues and the high demands placed on nurses in
the current health-care environment. In addition, we continue to bring you comprehensive, practical
information on developing a nursing career and addressing the many workplace issues that may arise
in practice.
This new edition of Essentials of Nursing Leadership & Management will provide a strong foun-
dation for the beginning nurse leader. We want to thank all of the people at F. A. Davis for their
continued support and assistance in bringing this edition to fruition. We also want to thank our
contributors, reviewers, colleagues, and students for their enthusiastic support. Thank you all.
—SALLY A. WEISS
RUTH M. TAPPEN
KAREN A. GRIMLEY

vii

JENNA L. BOOTHE, DNP, APRN, FNP-C
Assistant Professor
Hazard Community and Technical College
Hazard, Kentucky
Reviewers
CANDACE JONES, BSN, MSN, RN
Professor of Nursing
Greenville Technical College
Greenville, South Carolina

LYNETTE DEBELLIS, MS, RN SUSAN MUDD, MSN, RN, CNE

Chairperson and Assistant Professor of Nursing Coordinator, Associate Degree Nursing Program
Westchester Community College Elizabethtown Community & Technical
Valhalla, New York College
Elizabethtown, Kentucky
SONYA C. FRANKLIN, RN, EdD/CI, MHA,
MSN, BSN, AS, ADN DONNA WADE, RN, MSN
Associate Professor of Nursing Professor of Nursing
Cleveland State Community College Mott Community College
Cleveland, Tennessee Flint, Michigan

ix
 Table of Contents

unit 1 Professionalism 1

chapter 1 Characteristics of a Profession 3

chapter 2 Professional Ethics and Values 13

chapter 3 Nursing Practice and the Law 35

unit 2 Leading and Managing 55

chapter 4 Leadership and Followership 57

chapter 5 The Nurse as Manager of Care 71
chapter 6 Delegation and Prioritization of Client Care Staffing 81

chapter 7 Communicating With Others and Working

With the Interprofessional Team 99
chapter 8 Resolving Problems and Conflicts 117

unit 3 Health-Care Organizations 131

chapter 9 Organizations, Power, and Professional

Empowerment 133
chapter 10 Organizations, People, and Change 149
chapter 11 Quality and Safety 163
chapter 12 Maintaining a Safe Work Environment 181
chapter 13 Promoting a Healthy Work Environment 197

unit 4 Your Nursing Career 213

chapter 14 Launching Your Career 215

chapter 15 Advancing Your Career 235

xi
xii Table of Contents

unit 5 Looking to the Future 249

chapter 16 What the Future Holds 251

Bibliography 263

Appendices
appendix 1 Standards Published by the American Nurses Association 285

appendix 2 Guidelines for the Registered Nurse in Giving, Accepting,

or Rejecting a Work Assignment 287

appendix 3 National Council of State Boards of Nursing Guidelines

for Using Social Media Appropriately 293

®
appendix 4 Answers to NCLEX Review Questions 295

Index 321
 unit 1
Professionalism
chapter 1 Characteristics of a Profession

chapter 2 Professional Ethics and Values

chapter 3 Nursing Practice and the Law

 chapter 1
Characteristics of a Profession
OBJECTIVES OUTLINE
After reading this chapter, the student should be able to: Introduction
■ Explain the qualities associated with a profession
Professionalism
■ Differentiate between a job, a vocation, and a profession
Definition of a Profession
■ Discuss professional behaviors
Professional Behaviors
■ Determine the characteristics associated with nursing as a

profession Evolution of Nursing as a Profession

■ Explain licensure and certification Nursing Defined
■ Summarize the relationship between social change and the The National Council Licensure Examination
advancement of nursing as a profession Licensure
■ Discuss some of the issues faced by the nursing profession
Licensure by Endorsement
■ Explain current changes impacting nursing ’s future
Qualifications for Licensure
Licensure by Examination
NCLEX-RN®
Political Influences and the Advance of Nursing
Professionals
Nursing and Health-Care Reform
Nursing Today
The Future of Professional Nursing
Conclusion

3
4 unit 1 ■ Professionalism
Introduction
It is often said that you do not know where you
are going until you know where you have been.
More than 40 years ago, Beletz (1974) wrote
that most people thought of nurses in gender-
linked, task-oriented terms: “a female who per-
forms unpleasant technical jobs and functions as
an assistant to the physician” (p. 432). Interest-
ingly, physicians in the 1800s viewed nursing as
a complement to medicine. According to War-
rington (1839), “. . . the prescriptions of the best
physician are useless unless they be timely and
properly administered and attended to by the
nurse” (p. iv).
In its earliest years, most nursing care occurred
at home. Even in 1791 when the first hospital
opened in Philadelphia, nurses continued to care
for patients in their own home settings. It took
almost another century before nursing moved into
hospitals. These institutions, mostly dominated by
male physicians, promoted the idea that nurses
acted as the “handmaidens” to the better-educated,
more capable men in the medical field.
The level of care differed greatly in these early
health-care institutions. Those operated by the
religious nursing orders gave high-quality care to
patients. In others, care varied greatly from good to
almost none at all. Although the image of nurses
and nursing has advanced considerably since then,
some still think of nurses as helpers who carry out
the physician’s orders.
It comes as no surprise that nursing and health
care have converged and reached a crossing point.
Nurses face a new age for human experience; the
very foundations of health practices and thera-
peutic interventions continue to be dramatically
altered by significantly transformed scientific,
technological, cultural, political, and social realities
(Porter-O’Grady, 2003). The global environment
needs nurses more than ever to meet the health-
care needs of all.
Nursing sees itself as a profession rather than a
job or vocation and continues with this quest for its
place among the health-care disciplines. However,
what defines a profession? What behaviors are
expected from the members of the profession?
Chapter 1 discusses nursing as a profession with
its own identity and place within this new and
ever-changing health-care system.
Professionalism
Definition of a Profession
A vocation or calling defines “meaningful work”
depending on an individual’s point of view (Dik
& Duffy, 2009). Nursing started as a vocation or
“calling.” Until Nightingale, most nursing occurred
through religious orders. To care for the ill and
infirmed was a duty (Kalisch & Kalisch, 2004). In
early years, despite the education required, nursing
was considered a job or vocation (Cardillo, 2013).
Providing a definition for a “profession” or “pro-
fessional” is not as easy as it appears. The term is
used all the time; however, what characteristics
define a professional? According to Saks (2012),
several theoretical approaches have been applied
to creating a definition of a profession, the older
of these looking only at knowledge and expertise,
whereas later ones include a code of ethics, prac-
tice standards, licensure, and certification, as well
as expected behaviors (Post, 2014).
Nurses engage in specialized education
and training confirmed by successfully passing
the National Council Licensure Examination
(NCLEX®) and receiving a license to practice
in each state. Nurses follow a code of ethics and
recognized practice standards and a body of con-
tinuous research that forms and directs our practice.
Nurses function autonomously within the desig-
nated scope of practice, formulating and delivering
a plan of care for clients, applying judgments, and
utilizing critical thinking skills in decision making
(Cardillo, 2013).
Professional Behaviors
According to Post (2014), professional characteris-
tics or behaviors include:
■ Consideration
■ Empathy
■ Respect
■ Ethical and moral values
■ Accountability
■ Commitment to lifelong learning
■ Honesty
Professionalism denotes a commitment to carry
out specialized responsibilities and observe ethical
principles while remaining responsive to diverse
recipients (Al-Rubaish, 2010). Communicating
16 unit 1 ■ Professionalism
because of their values (Zimmerman & Zalta,
2014). Patients who have traumatic brain injuries
may overcome tremendous barriers because they
value independence. Race car drivers may risk
death or other serious injury because they value
competition and winning.
Values also generate the standards by which
people judge others. For example, someone who
values work more than leisure activities will look
unfavorably on a coworker who refuses to work
throughout the weekend. A person who believes
that health is more important than wealth would
approve of spending money on a relaxing vacation
or perhaps joining a health club rather than invest-
ing the money.
Often people adopt the values of individu-
als they admire. For example, a nursing student
may begin to value humor after observing it used
effectively with patients. Values provide a guide
for decision making and give additional meaning
to life. Individuals develop a sense of satisfaction
when they work toward achieving values they
believe are important (Tuckett, 2015).
How Values Are Developed
Values are learned (Taylor, 2012). Ethicists attri-
bute the basic question of whether values are
taught, inherited, or passed on by some other
mechanism to Plato, who lived more than
2,000 years ago. A recent theory suggests that
values and moral knowledge are acquired much
in the same manner as other forms of knowledge,
through real-world experience.
Values can be taught directly, incorporated
through societal norms, and modeled through
behavior. Children learn by watching their parents,
friends, teachers, and religious leaders. Through
continuous reinforcement, children eventually
learn about and then adopt values as their own.
Because of the values they hold dear, people often
make great demands on themselves and others,
ignoring the personal cost. For example:
Niesa grew up in a family where educational
achievement was highly valued. Not surpris-
ingly, she adopted this as one of her own values.
Niesa became a physician, married, and had
a son, Dino. She placed a great deal of effort
on teaching her son the necessary educational
skills in order to get him into the “best private
school” in the area. As he moved through the
program, his grades did not reflect his mother’s
great effort, and he felt that he had disap-
pointed his mother as well as himself. By the
time Dino reached 9 years of age, he had devel-
oped a variety of somatic complaints such as
stomach ailments and headaches.
Values change with experience and maturity.
For example, young children often value objects,
such as a favorite blanket or toy. Older children
are more likely to value a specific event, such as
a family vacation. As children enter adolescence,
they place more value on peer opinions than those
of their parents. Young adults often place value on
certain ideals such as heroism. The values of adults
are formed from all these experiences as well as
from learning and thought.
The number of values that people hold is not as
important as what values they consider important.
Choices are influenced by values. The way people
use their own time and money, choose friends, and
pursue a career are all influenced by values.
Values Clarification
Values clarification is deciding what one believes
is important. It is the process that helps people
become aware of their values. Values play an
important role in everyday decision making. For
this reason, nurses need to be aware of what they
do and do not value. This process helps them to
behave in a manner that is consistent with their
values.
Both personal and professional values influ-
ence nurses’ decisions (McLeod-Sordjan, 2014).
Understanding one’s own values simplifies solving
problems, making decisions, and developing better
relationships with others when one begins to
realize how others develop their values. Kirschen-
baum (2011) suggested using a three-step model
of choosing, prizing, and acting with seven sub-
steps to identify one’s own values (Box 2-1).
You may have used this method when making
the decision to go to nursing school. For some
people, nursing is a first career; for others, a second
career. Using the model in Box 2-1, the valuing
process is analyzed:
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Steamships
and their story
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and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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Title: Steamships and their story

Author: E. Keble Chatterton

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Language: English

Original publication: London: Cassell and company, ltd, 1910

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK

STEAMSHIPS AND THEIR STORY ***
 Transcriber’s Note
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clicking them and selecting an option to view them separately, or
by double-tapping and/or stretching them.
Additional notes will be found near the end of this ebook.
STEAMSHIPS AND THEIR
STORY
THE WHITE STAR LINER “OLYMPIC”
(Drawn by Charles Dixon, R.I.)
 STEAMSHIPS
AND THEIR STORY
BY
E. KEBLE CHATTERTON
Author of “Sailing Ships and Their Story”
WITH 153 ILLUSTRATIONS

CASSELL AND COMPANY, LTD.

London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne
1910
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
 PREFACE
The exceptionally kind reception on the part of both Press and
public which greeted the appearance of my history of the sailing ship
last year, and the numerous expressions of appreciation that have
reached me from so many parts of the world, have encouraged me
to attempt in a similar manner to set out the story of the steamship
from the earliest times to the present day.
I am by no means unaware that between the sailing ship and the
steamship there is a wide difference, as well in character as in their
respective development. But that is no reason for supposing that the
steamship is less interesting in her history or less deserving of
admiration in her final presentation. Around the sailing ship there
hovers eternally a halo of romance; that is undeniable even by the
most modern enthusiast. But, on the other hand, the sailing ship in
the whole of her career has not done more for the good of humanity
than the steamship within a century or less. It requires but a moment
of thought to realise the truth of this statement; and for that reason
alone, the history of the steamship makes its appeal not to a special
class of reader, but to all who interest themselves in progress, in the
development of their own country and empire, in the welfare of the
world generally, and the evolution from stagnation to beneficial
activity and prosperity. There are but few civilised people nowadays
who have not been brought into contact with the steamship in one
way or another. Perhaps sometimes it has been unwillingly, though
at other times to their great gain. In some of those moments which
have seemed to drag on wearily during the enforced idleness of a
voyage, the inquiring mind has over and over again exhibited a
desire to know something of the nature of the fine creature which is
carrying him from one distant country to another. He has desired to
know in plain, non-technical language, how the steamship idea
began; how it developed; how its progress was modified, and what
were the influences at work that moulded its character as we know it
to-day. Further, he has felt the desire to show an intelligent interest in
her various characteristics and to obtain a fair grasp of the principles
which underlay the building and working of the steamship. As a
normal being himself, with mind and sympathy, he has wished to be
able to enter into the difficulties that have been overcome so
splendidly by the skill and enterprise of others, both past and
present. If he talks to the professional sailor or marine engineer, they
may not, even if they have the inclination to unbend, be able easily
to separate their explanation from the vesture of technicality, and the
inquirer is scarcely less satisfied than before. It is, then, with a view
of supplying this want that I have aimed to write such a book as will
interest without, I trust, wearying, the general reader.
The plan on which I have worked has been to give the historical
continuity of the steamship from the most reliable and authoritative
material obtainable, and to supplement and correct a number of false
statements by comparison with the latest researches. At the same
time, my object has been not merely to ensure absolute historical
accuracy, but to show how in a special manner and peculiar to itself
the steamship is every bit as romantic, and equally deserving of our
affectionate regard, as her predecessor the sailing ship, whose
sphere of utility she has succeeded so materially in limiting. After
having been brought safe and sound through gales of wind, across
many thousands of miles of ocean, past cruel coast, and through
treacherous channels, until at last the fairway and the harbour of
safety have been reached, no one who has any heart at all can step
ashore without feeling that he is parting from one of the noblest and
best friends that a man ever had. True, there are some people, as an
officer on one of the crack liners once remarked to me, who, as soon
as ever the big ship is tied up alongside the landing-stage, hurry
ashore from her as if she were a plague-ship. But such, let us hope,
are the few rather than representative of the majority who have been
brought into intimate relationship with the steamship.
Nor only to the history and the glamour of the great steam-driven
vessel have I confined myself. The sea is not merely a wide ocean,
but contains within its mighty bosom many smaller areas such as
channels and bays wherein the steamboat is able to ply as well for
pleasure as for profit; and besides the big, brave sisters with their
enormous displacement and their powerful engines, there are other
children which run across smaller sea-ways, and these, too, are not
to be passed over lightly. Then there are fleets of special steamships
which in a quiet, unostentatious manner do their noble work, and are
none the less efficient, even if they escape the limelight of general
publicity. I shall seek to show in the following pages not merely the
conditions which in the past have hindered or helped the ship-maker,
but to indicate the modern problems which have still to be faced and
overcome.
The difficulty that awaits an author who writes on a technical
subject for the benefit of the non-technical, average reader, is always
to make himself intelligible without being allowed the full use of the
customary but technical terms. In order that, as far as possible, the
present volume may be both a full and accurate account of the
steamship, in all times and in all the phases of her development,
whilst yet being capable of appreciation by those to whom
technicalities do not usually appeal, I have endeavoured whensoever
possible to explain the terms employed.
The story of the steamship may at the first mention seem to be
bereft of any interest beyond that which appeals to an expert in
marine engineering. Pipes and boilers and engines, you are told, are
not suggestive of romance. To this one might reply that neither were
sails and spars during the first stages of their history; and I shall
hope that after he has been so kind as to read the following pages,
the reader may feel disposed to withdraw the suggestion that the
steamship is a mere inanimate mass of metal. On the contrary, she
is as nearly human as it is possible to made a steel shell, actuated
by ingenious machinery; and, after all, it is the human mind and hand
which have brought her into being, and under which she is kept
continuously in control. It would be surprising, therefore, since she
has been and continues to be related so closely to humanity, if she
should not exhibit some of the characteristics which a human
possesses.
 It is fitting that the history of the steamship should be written at
this time, for if final perfection has not yet arrived, it cannot be very
far distant. It is but three or four years since the Lusitania and
Mauretania came into being, and only during the present year have
they shown themselves to possess such exceptional speed for
merchant ships. On the 20th of October, 1910, will be launched the
Olympic, whose size will dominate even the Mauretania. Much
further than a 45,000-ton ship, surely, it cannot be possible to go;
and the likelihood is that with the commercial steamship’s
manifested ability to steam at the rate of over thirty-one land miles
per hour, we are in sight of the limitations which encompass her. As
to the future of transport, changes happen so quickly, and possess
so revolutionary a character, that it is hardly safe to prophesy; but it
is significant that the week before this preface was written, an
aeroplane succeeded in flying, in perfect ease and safety, the 150
miles which separate Albany from New York; and thus, just a century
after Fulton had convinced the incredulous by traversing the same
course through water in his steamship, the latest means of travelling
from one place to another has caused to look insignificant the
wonderful record which Fulton, in his Clermont, was the first to set
up. If, then, as will be seen from this volume, the steamship has
done so much within a hundred years, what, we may legitimately
ask, will be accomplished by the airship or aeroplane before another
century has come to an end? Those who have the temerity to give
expression to their opinions, suggest that the steamship will
ultimately be made obsolete by the flying craft. If that be a true
forecast, it is perhaps as well that the steamship’s story should be
told here and now whilst yet she is at her prime.
Of the matter contained within this volume, much has been
obtained at first hand, but much has also been derived from the
labours of others, and herewith I desire to acknowledge my
indebtedness. I would especially wish to mention in this connection:
“A Chronological History of the Origin and Development of Steam
Navigation, 1543–1882,” by Geo. Henry Preble, Rear-Admiral U.S.N.
(1883); certain articles in the “Dictionary of National Biography”;
“Ancient and Modern Ships: Part II., The Era of Steam, Iron and
Steel,” by Sir George C. V. Holmes, K.C.V.O., C.B. (1906); “The
Clyde Passenger Steamer: Its Rise and Progress,” by Captain
James Williamson (1904); “The History of American Steam
Navigation,” by John H. Morrison (1903); “The History of North
Atlantic Steam Navigation,” by Henry Fry (1896); “The American
Merchant Marine,” by W. L. Martin (1902); “The Atlantic Ferry: Its
Ships, Men, and Working,” by Arthur J. Maginnis (London, 1893);
“Ocean Liners of the World,” by W. Bellows (1896); “Life of Robert
Napier,” by James Napier (1904); “Handbook on Marine Engines and
Boilers,” by Sir G. C. V. Holmes (1889); “The Royal Yacht Squadron,”
by Montague Guest and W. B. Boulton (1903); “The Rise and
Progress of Steam Navigation,” by W. J. Millar (1881); “Practical
Shipbuilding,” by A. Campbell Holms; “The Boy’s Book of
Steamships,” by J. R. Howden (1908); “The Steam Turbine,” by
R. M. Neilson (1903); “Our Ocean Railways, or Ocean Steam
Navigation,” by A. Macdonald (1893); “Life of R. Fulton and a History
of Steam Navigation,” by T. Wallace Knox (1887); “Life on the
Mississippi,” by Mark Twain; “American Notes,” by Charles Dickens;
“The Orient Line Guide,” by W. J. Loftie (1901); “The History of the
Holyhead Railway Boat Service,” by Clement E. Stretton (1901); the
“Catalogue of the Naval and Marine Engineering Collection in the
Science Division of the Victoria and Albert Museum, South
Kensington” (1899); “Catalogue of the Mechanical Engineering
Collection in the Science Division” of the above (1907); “The
Progress of German Shipbuilding” (1909); “Leibnizens und Huygens
Briefwechsel mit Papin,” by G. W. Von Leibnitz (1881); “British
Shipbuilding,” by A. L. Ayre (1910); “Lloyd’s Calendar.” In addition to
the above, I have laid myself under obligation to a number of articles
which have appeared at one time and another in the newspapers
and periodicals within the last century, and especially to certain
contributions in the Century Magazine, the Yachting Monthly, the
Engineer and in Engineering. For the rest, I have relied on material
which I have myself collected, as well as on much valuable matter
which has been courteously supplied to me by the various
shipbuilding firms and steamship lines.
My thanks are also due for the courteous permission which has
been given to reproduce photographs of many of the steamships
seen within these pages. To the authorities at South Kensington I am
indebted for the privilege of reproducing a number of the exhibits in
the Victoria and Albert Museum. I wish also to thank the City of
Dublin Steam Packet Company for permission to reproduce the
Royal William; Mr. James Napier for the illustration of the British
Queen; the Cunard Steamship Company for the various photographs
of many of their fleet; also the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company,
the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company, Messrs.
Ismay, Imrie and Co., Messrs. Anderson, Anderson and Co., the
American Line, the Norddeutscher Lloyd Company, the Liverpool
Steam Towing and Lighterage Company, Messrs. L. Smit and Co.,
the Ymuiden Tug Company, Messrs. Lobnitz and Co., Renfrew, the
Mersey Docks and Harbour Board, Liverpool, Sir W. G. Armstrong,
Whitworth and Co., Messrs. William Doxford and Sons, Sir Raylton
Dixon and Co., Messrs. Cochrane and Sons, Selby, the Fall River
Line, Messrs. A. and J. Inglis, Messrs. Thos. Rhodes and Co., the
Caledon Shipbuilding and Engineering Co., Messrs. Camper and
Nicholson, Messrs. Cammell, Laird and Co., the Great Western
Railway Company, the London and North Western Railway
Company, the London and South Western Railway Company, the
South Eastern and Chatham Railway Company, Messrs. Harland
and Wolff, and Messrs. C. A. Parsons and Co. To the Right Hon. the
Earl of Stanhope, to the New Jersey Historical Society, and also to
the proprietors of the Century Magazine I wish to return thanks for
being allowed to reproduce certain illustrations connected with
Fulton’s early experiments in steam navigation, and to the Yachting
Monthly for permission to reproduce the diagrams of steam yachts
and lifeboats.
Finally, I have to apologise if through any cause it should be
found that in spite of extreme carefulness errrors should have found
their way into this narrative. The nature of the subject is necessarily
such that to have erred herein would have been easy, but I have
been at great pains to prevent such a possibility occurring.
E. Keble Chatterton.
June, 1910.
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
1. Introduction 1
2. The Evolution of Mechanically-Propelled
Craft 12
3. The Early Passenger Steamships 63
4. The Inauguration of the Liner 104
5. The Liner in her Transition State 145
6. The Coming of the Twin-Screw Steamship 165
7. The Modern Mammoth Steamship 183
8. Smaller Ocean Carriers and Cross-Channel
Steamers 215
9. Steamships for Special Purposes 233
10. The Steam Yacht 266
11. The Building of the Steamship 282
12. The Safety and Luxury of the Passenger 297
13. Some Steamship Problems 309
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
The “Olympic” Frontispiece
Hero’s Steam Apparatus 18
Jonathan Hulls’ Steam Tug Boat 30
The Marquis de Jouffroy’s Steamboat 40
Patrick Miller’s Double-hulled Paddle-boat 42
Symington’s First Marine Engine 42
Outline of Fitch’s First Boat 45
The “Charlotte Dundas” 46
The “Clermont” in 1807 46
Fulton’s design for a Steamboat submitted to the
Commission appointed by Napoleon in 1803 51
Fulton’s First Plans for Steam Navigation 57
Fulton’s design of Original Apparatus for determining
the Resistance of Paddles for the propulsion of the
“Clermont,” dated 1806 64
The Reconstructed “Clermont” at the Hudson-Fulton
Celebrations, 1909 70
Paddle-wheel of the Reconstructed “Clermont” 70
Fulton’s Preliminary Study for the Engine of the
“Clermont” 75
Fulton’s plans of a later Steamboat than the “Clermont-
North-River,” showing application of the square side
connecting rod Engine 77
The “Comet” 78
Engine of the “Comet” 78
S.S. “Elizabeth” (1815) 84
Russian Passenger Steamer (1817) 84
The “Prinzessin Charlotte” (1816) 90
The “Savannah” (1819) 90
The “James Watt” (1821) 94
Side-Lever Engines of the “Ruby” (1836) 94
The “Sirius” (1838) 96
The “Royal William” (1838) 96
The “Great Western” (1838) 100
Paddle-wheel of the “Great Western” 100
The “British Queen” (1839) 102
The “Britannia,” the First Atlantic Liner (1840) 102
The “Teviot” and “Clyde” (1841) 110
Side-lever Engine 110
Launch of the “Forth” (1841) 112
The “William Fawcett” and H.M.S. “Queen” (1829) 112
Designs for Screw Propellers prior to 1850 118
The “Robert F. Stockton” (1838) 120
The “Archimedes” (1839) 120
Stern of the “Archimedes” 122
The “Novelty” (1839) 122
The “Great Britain” (1843) 126
Propeller of the “Great Britain” 126
Engines of the “Great Britain” 128
Engines of the “Helen McGregor” 128
The “Scotia” (1862) 130
The “Pacific” (1853) 130
Maudslay’s Oscillating Engine. 132
Engines of the “Candia” 132
The “Victoria” (1852) 134
The “Himalaya” (1853) 134
Coasting Cargo Steamer (1855) 134
The “Great Eastern” (1858) 138
Paddle Engines of the “Great Eastern” 140
Screw Engines of the “Great Eastern” 140
The “City of Paris” (1866) 148
The “Russia” (1867) 148
The “Oceanic” (1870) 152
The “Britannic” (1874) 154
The “Servia” (1881) 154
The “Umbria” (1884) 158
The “Orient” (1879) 158
The “Austral” (1881) 162
The “Victoria” (1887) 162
The “Majestic” (1889) 162
The “City of Paris” (1893) (now the “Philadelphia”) 166
The “Ophir” (1891) 166
The “Lucania” (1893) 170
The “Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse” (1897) 174
The “Oceanic” (1899) 176
The “Cedric” 176
The “Celtic” 178
The “Kaiser Wilhelm II.” 180
Giovanni Branca’s Steam Engine (1629) 184
The Blades of a Parsons Turbine 185
The Parsons Turbine 186
The “Carmania” (1905) 188
Lower half of the fixed portion of one of the
“Carmania’s” Turbines 188
A Study in Comparisons: the “Magnetic” and “Baltic” 192
The “Mauretania” when completing at Wallsend-on-
Tyne 198
Stern of the “Mauretania” 200
The “Lusitania” 202
The “Adriatic” 206
The “George Washington” 208
The “Berlin” 208
The “Laurentic” on the Stocks 210
The “Mooltan” 216
The Starting Platform in the Engine Room of the
“Mooltan” 218