Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

LSPU Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course EEE 2 - Power Systems – Distribution System and Supply
Sem/AY First Semester/A.Y. 2023-2024
Module No. 5
Lesson Title Voltage Regulators
Week
11-12
Duration
Date October 30- November 3
November 6-10

Description This lesson will tackle the distribution line voltage regulation and its methods. It also
of the includes the relationship of voltage drop, line efficiency and the voltage regulation.
Lesson

Learning Outcomes
Intended At the end of the course, you should be able to meet the following learning outcomes:
Learning
a. Familiarize with the methods of voltage regulation and the equipment used as regulators.
Outcomes b. Know the methods of finding voltage regulation
Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Objectives ● Describe the differences between methods of voltage regulation, their advantages and
disadvantages
● Understand the meaning of the term voltage regulation

Student Learning Strategies

Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet/Zoom Meeting

(Synchronous/ You will be directed to attend in a Three-Hour class discussion on Voltage
Regulators. To have access to the Online Discussion, Zoom Meeting or
Asynchronous) Google Meet link will be send two days before the actual class discussion
probably October 28, 2023 and November 4, 2023@ 08:00am.

The online discussion will happen October 30- November 3, 2023 and
November 6-10, 2023, from 07:30AM-10:30AM.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: EEE 2 - Power Systems – Distribution System and Supply
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the
schedule of activities for this module).

B. Learning Guide Questions:

1. What is a distribution line voltage regulation and its methods?

Note: additional scores are given during the class discussion

Lecture Guide

Voltage regulation is defined as the change in terminal voltage expressed

as a fraction of full load rated voltage when the load at a given power factor is removed
while keeping the speed and field current constant. It is a measure of change in
the voltage magnitude between the sending and receiving end of a component, such as
a transmission or distribution line.

Percent Voltage Drop:

𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑟
% 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100%
𝑉𝑟

Voltage drop – the difference between the sending-end and the receiving-end voltages
Offline Activities a line.
(e-Learning/Self-
Nominal Voltage – the nominal value assigned to a line or apparatus or a system of a
Paced) given voltage class.

Rated Voltage – the voltage at which performance and operating characteristics of the
apparatus are referred.

Service Voltage – the voltage measured at the end of the service entrance apparatus.

Utilization Voltage – the voltage measured at the end of an apparatus.

Base Voltage – the reference voltage.

Voltage Quality and Standards

The performance of distribution systems and quality of the service

provided are measured in terms of freedom from interruptions and maintenance of
satisfactory levels at the costumer’s premise that is within the limits appropriate for
this type of service. Due to economic considerations, an electric utility company cannot
provide each customer with a constant voltage matching exactly the nameplate voltage

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: EEE 2 - Power Systems – Distribution System and Supply
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
on the customer’s utilization apparatus. Therefore, a common practice among the
utilities is to stay within the preferred voltage levels and ranges. Depending on law and
local practice, actual service voltage within a tolerance band such as ±5% or ±10% may
be considered acceptable.
In general, too high steady-state voltage causes reduced light bulb lifespan, reduced life
of electronic devices and a premature failure of some types of apparatus. On the other
hand, too low steady-state voltage causes dimming of light, shrinking of TV picture, slow
heating of heating apparatus, difficulties in motor starting that may cause overheating
or burning out of motors.
To minimize the impact of such voltage variations and in order to maintain voltage
within tolerance under changing load conditions, various means are traditionally
employed to regulate the voltage. These are the following:

1. Use of generator voltage regulator

2. Application of voltage-regulating equipment in the distribution substation such
as:
a. a load tap changer (LTC) at the substation transformer, which changes the turns
ratio in response to load current and thereby adjusts the voltage supplied at the
sending end of the feeder;
b. voltage regulators, which are essentially transformers with tap changers to
adjust the voltage along the feeder, so as to compensate for the voltage drop
over distance; and
c. Capacitors, which reduce the voltage drop along the feeder by reducing current
flow to loads consuming reactive power.
d. Solid state technology.

3. Increasing the feeder conductor size

4. Balancing of the loads on the primary feeders
5. Changing of feeder sections from single-phase to multi-phase
6. Transferring of loads to new feeders
7. Installing of new substations and primary feeders
8. Application of voltage regulators on primary feeders
9. Application of shunt capacitors on primary feeders
10. Application of series capacitors on primary feeders

Take a look at the illustration of the voltage drop in the primary feeder.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: EEE 2 - Power Systems – Distribution System and Supply
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

The selection of a technique or techniques depends on the particular system

requirement. However, automatic voltage regulation is always provided by
a. bus regulation at the substation
b. individual feeder regulation in the substation
c. supplementary regulation along the main regulators mounted on poles.

Voltage regulating apparatus are designed to maintain automatically a predetermined

level of voltage that would otherwise vary with the load.

The voltage variations in 33 kV and 11 kV feeders should not exceed the following
limits at the farthest end under peak load conditions and normal system operation
regime.
● Above 33kV (-) 12.5% to (+) 10%.
● Up to 33kV (-) 9.0% to (+) 6.0%.
● Low voltage (-) 6.0% to (+) 6.0%

Relationship of voltage regulation and efficiency of the line.

We already know that when a distribution line supplies a load current, there is a voltage
drop in the line due to the impedance, i.e., resistance and inductance (inductive
reactance) of the line. Therefore, receiving end voltage V R is generally less than the
sending end voltage VS as we discussed previously.
When the load is supplied there are line losses due to the impedance of the line
conductors. Therefore, the power received at receiving end is always less than the
sending end voltage. The line losses affected the efficiency of the line. The larger the
losses the lesser the line efficiency, and this line losses translated into voltage drop. This
voltage drop in the line is expressed as a percentage of receiving end voltage V R and is
called voltage regulation.
The ratio of receiving end power to the sending end power of a distribution line is called
the efficiency of the line express mathematically;

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: EEE 2 - Power Systems – Distribution System and Supply
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
𝑃𝑟
% 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝜂 = 𝑥 100%
𝑃𝑠

Ps = Pr + Plosses
Ps = 3VsIs cosθs
Pr = 3VrIr cosθr
Plosses = 3IL2RL

Where:
η = line efficiency
Ps = sending end power
Pr = Receiving end power
Plosses = power losses
IL = line current
RL = line resistance
cos θr = receiving end power factor
cos θs = sending end power factor

Sample problems:

1. A three-phase distribution line, 10 km long delivers a load of 5MW at 11kV and 0.8
pf lagging at the receiving end. The resistance of the line per km per phase is 0.1 ohm
and the reactance per phase per km is 0.2 ohm. Solve for the regulation of the line.
Given:
RL = 0.1 ohm/km/phase
XL = 0.2 ohm/km/phase
Pr = 5MW
VrLL = 11 kV
pf = 0.8 lagging, θ = cos-1 0.8 = 36.87°
L = 10 km (length of distribution line)

Solution:

𝑃𝑟 5 000 000 𝑊
𝐼𝑟 = = = 328.04 𝐴
√3 𝑉𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑝𝑓 √3 (11000 𝑉)(0.8)

𝑍𝐿 = (0.1 + 𝑗0.2)/𝑘𝑚/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒(10𝑘𝑚)

𝑍𝐿 = 1 + 𝑗2 = 2.236∠63.43°

𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑟 + 𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑟 + 𝐼𝑟 𝑍𝐿

11000 𝑉
𝑉𝑠 = ∠0° + 328.04∠ − 36.87°(2.236∠63.43°)
√3

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: EEE 2 - Power Systems – Distribution System and Supply
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
𝑉𝑠 = 6350.85∠0° + 733.50∠26.56°
𝑉𝑠 = 6350.85 + 656.06 + 𝑗328.03

𝑉𝑠 = 7006.91 + 𝑗328.03 = 7014.58∠2.68° 𝑉

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒;
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑟
%𝑉𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑉𝑟
7014.58 − 6350.85
%𝑉𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
6350.85
%𝑉𝑅 = 10.45%

2. A 3-phase, 3-wire distribution line having an impedance of 3.6 + j16 ohms per wire
is used to supply an inductive load of 100A at 0.70 pf and a capacitive load of 50A at
0.50 pf. The receiving end voltage is 4160 volts per phase. Find the percent regulation
of the line.
Given:
ZL = 3.6 + j16 ohms = 16.4∠77.32°
Ind. Load = 100 A, 0.707 pf
θ = cos-1 0.707 = 45°
Cap. Load = 50 A, 0.50 pf
θ = cos-1 0.5 = 60°
Vr = 4160 V
Capacitive loads are leading (current leads voltage), and inductive loads
are lagging (current lags voltage).

Solution:

𝐼𝑟 = 𝐼𝐼𝐿 + 𝐼𝐶𝐿
𝐼𝐿 = 100∠ − 45° + 50∠60°
𝐼𝐿 = 70.71 − 𝑗70.71 + 25 + 𝑗43.3
𝐼𝐿 = 95.71 − 𝑗27.41 = 99.56∠ − 15.98°

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: EEE 2 - Power Systems – Distribution System and Supply
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
𝑉𝑠 = 𝑉𝑟 + 𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑟 + 𝐼𝑟 𝑍𝐿
𝑉𝑠 = 4160∠0° + 99.56∠ − 15.98°(16.4∠77.32°)

𝑉𝑠 = 4160∠0° + 1632.73∠61.34°

𝑉𝑠 = 4160 + 783.08 + 𝑗1432.69

𝑉𝑠 = 4943.08 + 𝑗1432.69 = 5146.51∠16.16° 𝑉

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒;
𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑟
%𝑉𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
𝑉𝑟
5146.51 − 4160
%𝑉𝑅 = 𝑥 100%
4160
%𝑉𝑅 = 23.71%
3. A distribution line has a resistance of 4 ohms and a reactance of 12 ohms per wire
and distributes power to a concentrated load of 1 MVA, 13.2 kV, 3-phase, 60 Hz, 0.8 pf
inductive load. Find the PS, PR, Plosses and the line efficiency.

Given:
RL = 4 ohms per wire
XL = 12 ohms per wire
Sr = 1 MVA
VrLL = 13.2 kV
pf = 0.8 lagging, θ = cos-1 0.8 = 36.87°

Solution:
𝑆𝑟 1 000 000 𝑉𝐴
𝐼𝑟 = = = 43.74 𝐴
√3 𝑉𝑟𝐿𝐿 √3 (13 200 𝑉)

𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 3𝐼𝐿 2 𝑅𝐿 = 3 (43.74 𝐴)2 (4) = 22956 𝑊

𝑃𝑟 = 𝑆𝑟 𝑝𝑓 = (1 000 000 𝑊)(0.8) = 800 000 𝑊

𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝑟 + 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 800 000 𝑊 + 22 956 𝑊 = 822 956 𝑊

𝑃𝑟 800 000 𝑊
% 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝜂 = 𝑥 100% = = 97.21%
𝑃𝑠 822 956 𝑊

4. A 15 MW, 132kV, 80% pf, 3-phase load is to be served by a distribution line having
conductors whose resistance is 0.5 ohm/km. If the losses on the line shall not exceed
4.5%, how long must this line be?

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: EEE 2 - Power Systems – Distribution System and Supply
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
Given:
Pr = 15 MW
VrLL = 132 kV
pf = 0.8 lagging, θ = cos-1 0.8 = 36.87°
RL = 0.5 ohm/km
%Plosses = 4.5%

Solution:
𝑃𝑟 15 000 000 𝑊
𝐼𝑟 = = = 82𝐴
√3 𝑉𝑟𝐿𝐿 𝑝𝑓 √3 (132000𝑉)(0.8)

Ps = Pr + Plosses
Ps = Pr + %Plosses (PS)
Ps = Pr + 0.045(PS)
PS – 0.045 PS = Pr
0.955 PS = Pr
𝑃𝑟 15 𝑀𝑊
𝑃𝑠 = = = 15.71 𝑀𝑊
0.955 0.955
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = %𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 (𝑃𝑆) = 0.045(15.706) = 706 𝑘W
Plosses = 3IL2RL

𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 706000 𝑤
𝑅𝐿 = = = 35 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
3𝐼𝐿 2 3 (82)2

35 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = = 70 𝑘𝑚
0.5 𝑜ℎ𝑚/𝑘𝑚

Performance Tasks

Direction. In a separate bond paper. Solve the following problems. Show your complete solution and box your
final answer.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: EEE 2 - Power Systems – Distribution System and Supply
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited
1. A distribution line serves at its end an induction motor rated 500 hp, 0.88 pf, 0.9 efficiency at 2400 volts
phase to neutral. If the distribution line has a resistance of 1.5 ohms and a reactance of 2.4 ohms per phase,
solve for the voltage regulation of the line.
2. A 10 km, 3-phase distribution line delivers power to a load rated 2000 kW, 6.9 kV and at 80% lagging
power factor. The resistance and reactance of each line are 0.8 and 1.2 ohms respectively. What
percentage of power distributed is lost in the distribution line?
3. A 3-phase line has an impedance of 3 + j7 ohms, the receiving end load is 1950 kW, 0.65 lagging power
factor with the line voltage of 13.2 kV. Determine the percent regulation and line efficiency.

Understanding Directed Assessment

Rubric for Reflection Paper

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: EEE 2 - Power Systems – Distribution System and Supply
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Province of Laguna
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Learning Resources
Below are the lists of reference book
al., G. e. (2012). Power System Analysis and Design 5th Edition. Cengage Learnening.

Gupta. (2011). Power System Analysis. S.K. Kataria and Sons.

Whitaker, J. (n.d.). AC Power System Handbook, 3rd Edition.

This module is for educational purpose only. Under section Sec. 185 of RA 8293,
which states, “The fair use of a copyrighted work for criticism, comment, news reporting,
teaching including multiple copies for classroom use, scholarship, research, and similar
purposes is not an infringement of copyright. The unauthorized reproduction, use, and
dissemination of this module without joint consent of the authors is strictly prohibited and
shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including appropriate administrative
sanctions, civil, and criminal”

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: EEE 2 - Power Systems – Distribution System and Supply