Electrical Rooms Dimension

In the initial design steps, Electrical rooms estimated dimensions are requested. Here, we will
know how to estimate the dimensions of the following electrical rooms:

1. Electrical Panel Board Room,

2. Transformer Room,
3. Generator Room .

1- Electrical Panel Board Room

After the stage of estimating electrical loads and determining the initial number of electrical
panels will be used, the Electrical Panel Board Room dimensions will be estimated by the
following steps:

Step#1:

The dimensions of the electric panels are estimated either from previous projects or in
accordance with the catalogs of the manufacturers.

to read more: ABB Low Voltage Consumer Units& Distribution Boards

Step#2:

After determining the number of electricity boards and their approximate dimension, the
working space should be taken into consideration. According to NEC Cod minimum depth of
working space is:

In a simple way:
 2- Transformer Room

Dimensions of transformer room depend on:

1- The project country and the specifications of the installation according to the electricity
company. Room dimensions must be approved from electrical company first.

2 - Is there are any low voltage or medium voltage panels in the transformer room or not?

** If the room include only one transformer we can select the room dimension according to
the manufacturer catalog for example:

using the catalog of DRY - Transformers "Elsewedy Egypt"

Case#1: For indoor substation "1 transformer "
Case#2: For indoor substation "1 transformer with HV switch-gear "
Case#3: For indoor substation "2 or 3 transformer "
 3- Generator Room

The dimensions of Generator room can be found Easier, through manufacturer catalogs, for
example:

by using Cummins catalog:

 How to Read and Interpret Single Line Diagram – Part Two

Today, we will explain the following:

 Voltage Regulators Data,

 Transformers Data,
 Switchgear data.

Interpreting Single-Line Diagram – Part Two

The interpretation of single-line diagrams is explained in this section under the following
major subject headings:

1. Informational Elements
2. Details Variations
3. Relationships between one-line diagrams and associated reference documents.

D.1- Informational Elements

The following informational elements of a single-line diagram are explained in this section:
 1. Point of connection to the utility company,
2. Identification of buses, substations, generators, motors and other equipment,
3. Ring Main Units data,
4. Automatic voltage regulator data,
5. Power transformer data,
6. Switchgear data,
7. Protective device ratings,
8. Instrument transformer data,
9. Metering, relaying, and control device data,
10. Available short circuit current data,
11. Switch or breaker status,
12. Key interlock systems,
13. Protective relay trip logic,
14. Generator data,
15. Load bank data,
16. Connected load data,
17. Cable ratings,
18. Bus ratings,
19. Future installation.

We will use the below single-line diagram throughout these articles for explaining how to interpret
this type of electrical diagrams. You can download a PDF copy of this single-line diagram by following
the link.
 Fig.1

D.1.4 Voltage Regulators Data

Function:

The automatic voltage regulator (AVR) is a device designed to regulate voltage

automatically – that is, to take a fluctuating voltage level and turn it into a constant
voltage level

Why would we need a voltage Regulator?

Variation of voltage can have detrimental effects on Utilities and their customers so; we
use AVR to prevent customer complaints, loss of revenue due to sub-normal voltage, and
increased costs due to higher line losses.

Types:

Generally, AC automatic Step-Voltage Regulators applied in the utility’s distribution systems

are two distinct types as follows:

1. Medium-voltage (mechanical)
2. Low-voltage regulators (mechanical or electronic).

The difference in their operation and design clearly demonstrate that their applications are
not the same as follows:

1. The medium-voltage regulators, which are primarily used by the electric utility to
compensate for the voltage drop in the feeders or distribution systems, the term step-
voltage regulator is often used to refer to utility AVR.
2. The Low-voltage regulators are intended to protect end-user devices from
overvoltage and under-voltage conditions.

AVR Regulation range

 A voltage regulator may also perform a voltage step up or step down function
whereby the nominal incoming voltage is transformed to a different output voltage level.
 Utility step-voltage regulators usually allow a maximum voltage regulation range of
±10% of the incoming line voltage in 32 steps of 5/8% or 0.625%. That makes 16 steps each
for buck and boost – 5/8% x 16 steps = 10%. For a voltage regulator with step up or step
down capability, the input and output voltage ranges are usually applied to the input and
output voltages.

AVR units connection Arrangements with supply and loads:

Automatic voltage regulators can be designed for single-phase or three-phase AC

applications as per the following arrangements:
A- Single phase AVR with 3-phase Supply& Three phase Loads

It is common for utilities to use single phase automatic voltage regulators ganged together
to provide voltage regulation for three phase. These are often “can-type” units pole-
mounted outdoors.

B- Single phase AVR with 3-phase Supply & single phase Loads

Single phase automatic voltage regulators may also be used where a three phase source is
used to supply three single phase loads.

C- Three phase AVR with 3-phase Supply & single phase Loads

Most three phase AVRs may also be used to feed single phase loads.

Notes:

 For three phase loads, it is usually more cost effective to use a three phase AVR.
 A three phase automatic voltage regulator might regulate all three phases together
or it might regulate each phase independently, depending on the design of the AVR.
 When dealing with three phase power, it is not uncommon to find that one phase has
a “high” voltage level while another has a “low” voltage level. In this situation, being
limited to regulating the voltage level of all three phases together, up or down the same
amount, may not produce satisfactory results.
 Independent phase regulation is often the preferred method since it typically
provides better phase-to-phase voltage level balance. Large differences in voltage levels
from phase-to-phase can cause premature failure of electrical devices due to overheating
or vibration.

Single phase AVR units power connection

The single phase AVR units can be connected as a single phase or 3- phase circuit as per the
following connection diagram:
3 nos. of single phase AVR units can be connected as Delta or Y bank as shown in the above
connection diagram.

Notes:

 Before connecting AVR units, proper grounding, surge arrestors and bypass switching
devices suitable for the line current must be used.
 When AVRs are Y- connected, the neutral of the regulator bank must be effectively
connected to the system neutral, preferably by the fourth wire.

AVR data:

 Type: pole mounted or station pad mounted,

 Voltage Range,
 KVA rating,
 BIL rating,
 Regulation percentage.

On Fig.1, the following information is noted:

 Type: pole mounted
 Voltage Range: 13.8 KV
 KVA rating: 125 KVA
 Regulation percentage: ±10%
 D.1.5 Transformers Data

Function:

A transformer is a device that converts electrical power in an AC system from one voltage
or current into another voltage or current.

Principle of operation:
 Transformers operate on the principle of induction as shown in below figure. When
the magnetic field of a conductor that carries a current (the primary coil) moves across
another conductor (the secondary coil), a voltage is produced in the second conductor by
induction.
 Transformers can "step-up" or "step-down" voltage, depending on the ratio of
primary to secondary coils. Step-up means that the output voltage (secondary) is higher
than the input. Step-down means the output voltage is less than the input voltage.

Method of classifications:

Transformers are identified with symbols according to their function as per the above figure
and are classified according to:

1. Method of cooling
2. Number of phases
3. Purpose
4. Insulation between windings
5. Method of mounting
6. Service

For more information about transformer construction, classifications and types, please
review our course “EP-3: Electrical Procurement – Transformers Course”

Where the following topics were/will be explained:

 Transformer design,
 Transformer types,
 Transformer components,
 K-factor Transformer,
 Transformer accessories,
 Transformer paralleling,
 Transformer protection,
 Transformer ratings,
 Transformer nameplate data,
 Transformer testing,
 Transformer troubleshooting,
 Transformer dictionary.

Power Transformer Data

For each power transformer symbol that appears on a one-line diagram, the following
information is printed next to the symbol:

 A note that distinguishes whether the single transformer symbol represents a bank
of three single-phase transformers, a three-phase transformer, or a single-phase
transformer,
 The kVA ratings with corresponding designations of cooling class,
 The primary and secondary voltage ratings,
 The percent impedance,
 A winding polarity diagram.

On the below Figure, the following information is noted:

 The circuit is 3-phase, 4 way having 60 Hz frequency.
 There is a transformer symbol with the following data 3.750 MVA identifies this
transformer as having a capacity of 3.750 MVA
 The high-voltage winding is rated 13.8 line to- line kilovolts (kV) and The low-
voltage winding is rated 380Y line-to-line volts / 220 line-to-neutral volts.
 The transformer is connected high-voltage delta, low-voltage wye, and the low-
voltage neutral terminal is grounded.
On the below Figure, the following information is noted:

 The circuit is 3-phase, 4 way having 60 Hz frequency.

 there is a transformer symbol with the following data 15/20 MVA OA/FA, identifies
this transformer as having a capacity of 15 MVA when using its class OA (oil and air) cooling
equipment, and a 20 MVA capacity when using its FA (fans and air) cooling equipment.
 The high-voltage winding is rated 69 line to- line kilovolts (kV) and The low-voltage
winding is rated 13.8 line-to-line kilovolts.
 The note, Z=7.6%, indicates that the impedance of the transformer is 7.6%. Unless
otherwise noted, the impedance shown on a one-line diagram is based on the transformer’s
OA rating.
 The polarity diagram indicates that the transformer is connected high-voltage delta,
low-voltage wye, and the low-voltage neutral terminal is grounded.

D.1.6 Switchgear data

Definition:

Switchgear is a generic term. The industry uses it to cover “assemblies of switching and interrupting
devices, along with control, metering, protective and regulating equipment.”

Function:

 The switchgear is used mainly for:

 Electrical protection,
 Safe isolation from live parts,
 Local or remote switching.

Types:

Switchgear can be divided to many types according to many classification factors like these included in
the below image.
The most important classifications are as follows::

1- According To Their Voltage Level:

 Medium voltage switchgear: range of 1000 volts to 38 kV.

 Low Voltage switchgear: below 1000 volts.

2- According To Their Location:

 Indoor switchgear,
 Outdoor switchgear.

3- According To Their Function:

 RMU,
 MV Distributors,
 LV Distributors,
 MCC (motor control center),
 Load center (MDB, SMDB& DP),
 Control and/or monitoring,
 PFC (Power Factor correction),
 Synchronization,
 Charging,
 ATS automatic Transfer Switches,
 Lighting control,
 Feeder pillars.

Construction of Switchgear

First: Medium Voltage Switchgear

A typical medium voltage switchgear assembly has:

 Removable medium voltage circuit breakers

 Separate compartments for main bus
 Separate compartments for incoming/outgoing line connections
 Separate compartments for circuit breakers, control equipment and other auxiliary equipment
 Insulated main bus and connections
 Metal barriers separating each vertical structure and each compartment within each
structure.
 Metal-Clad Medium Voltage Switchgear

Metal-Clad vs. Metal-Enclosed Medium Voltage Switchgear

 Metal-Clad Medium Voltage Switchgear: the structures (and compartments within each
structure) are physically separated from each other by grounded metal barriers.
 Metal-Enclosed Medium Voltage Switchgear: (often associated with low voltage equipment)
encloses the equipment in separate metal vertical structures. However, compartments are not
separated from one another with metal barriers.
 Second: Low Voltage Switchgear

The low voltage switchgear can all be used as service entrance electrical distribution
equipment or as a load center or that is feeding power to a number of smaller circuits. It is
divided to:

1. switchgear,
2. switchboards,
3. Panelboards.

1- Switchgear

Low voltage switchgear provides centralized control and protection of low voltage power equipment
and circuits in industrial, commercial and utility installations involving transformers, generators,
motors and power feeder circuits.

Low voltage switchgear

Low voltage switchgear features the following components:

 Low voltage drawout power circuit breakers,

 Circuit breaker compartments,
 Primary and secondary power connections,
 Secondary control compartments,
 Structures,
 Busbars (main and section)
 Customer termination areas.

Switchgear is generally installed at the highest level of the power system. Cables or conduits can be
used to feed power from the switchgear into other switchboards, panelboards or main loads.

2- Switchboards

For larger scale buildings or sites, a large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels can be used for
mounting the overcurrent switches and protective devices, buses and other equipment. These floor-
mounted, freestanding solutions are known as switchboards. Switchboards are most often accessible
from the front, mounted on the floor and close to the wall.
 Switchboards

The primary components of a switchboard include:

 The frame,
 Bus,
 Overcurrent protective devices,
 Instrumentation,
 Enclosures
 Exterior covers.

There are four main structure types common to all switchboards, but all switchboards do not use all of
these structure types:

A- The Main Switchboards Structure:

It contains the main disconnects or main lugs. It often contains surge protection, utility and/or
customer metering equipment.
B- The Pull Structure:

It is a blank enclosure containing empty space through which cabling can be pulled. It is commonly
used with service entrance switchboards where the utility feed comes through the floor. Service can
be fed from the top without any exposed conductors.

C- A Distribution Structure:

It divides and sends power to branch circuit protection devices and then to branch circuits to power
downstream loads. Power moves from the incoming structure to the distribution structure via cross
bus.

D- The Integrated Facility System (IFS) Switchboard Structure:

It includes panelboards, dry-type transformers, transfer switches and blank back pans for field
mounting other equipment. The IFS is helpful when panelboards and dry-type transformers are used
in the same room as switchboards as it can reduce the need for linear wall space and area required for
equipment. A key benefit of the IFS is that it significantly reduces the installation and wiring time and
the number of pieces of equipment to be handled.
Integrated Facility System (IFS) Switchboard
 3- Panelboards

A panelboard is a component of an electrical distribution system that divides an electrical power feed
into branch circuits while providing a protective fuse or circuit breaker for each circuit in a common
enclosure. In essence, panelboards are used to protect against electrical overloads and short circuits
while distributing electricity throughout a building or facility.

Panelboards

The main components of a panelboard typically include:

 The enclosure,
 Interior,
 Circuit protection devices,
 Labels,
 Deadfront and trim,
 Filler plates.

Panelboards can be installed using one of two common approaches; flush mounted or surface
mounted. When flush mounted, the panelboard is placed in a recessed area between the wall studs.
When surface mounted, the panelboard projects out from the wall.
Panelboards are often categorized by their general application to:

1. lighting and appliances

2. power.

Lighting and appliance panelboards contain overcurrent protection and a means to disconnect
lighting, appliances, receptacles and other small load circuits. All other panelboards are used for
power and may also feed other panels, motors and transformers in the building’s or site’s overall
power distribution systems.

Switchgear Rating Data

The switchgear rating data that must appear on the Single-Line diagram will be as follows:

 Operation voltage,
 Busbar Rating,
 Short circuit capacity,
 Nos. of phases,
 Nos of wires,
 System frequency.

In our example, the following data are provided for Low voltage switchgear MCDS:
 Operation voltage = 380/220 V
 Busbar Rating = 6000 A
 Short circuit capacity = 100 KAIC
 Nos. of phases = 3
 Nos of wires = 4
As per the above switchgear definition, it can be break up to different parts as follows:

 “Control devices” check and/or regulate the flow of power.

 “Switching and interrupting devices” are used to turn power on or off.
 “Metering devices” are used to measure the flow of electric power.
 “Protective devices” are used to protect power service from interruption, and to prevent or limit
damage to equipment.

In the next article, we will explain the data required on a single lie diagram for each switchgear part from
the above list. So, please keep following.

The previous and related articles are listed in the below table:

Subject of Previous Article Article

1- Overview for the articles/courses that How to Read and Interpret Electrical Shop
give a preliminary explanation for the Drawings –Part One
different Types of Electrical drawings.

2- Electrical Drawings Glossary.

3- Resources used to Read and Interpret How to Read and Interpret Electrical Shop
Electrical Drawings. Drawings –Part Two

4- Electrical Symbols and Abbreviations How to Read and Interpret Electrical Shop
Drawings –Part Three
5- Electrical Abbreviations

6- Device Function Numbers

7- Drafting Practices Using Graphical

Symbols and abbreviations

8- Basic Elements of Electrical Drawings

9- Types of Electrical Drawings
 9.1- Electrical Diagrams
9.1.1- Single-Line /One-Line Diagram
A- Characteristics of Single-Line
Diagram
B- Purposes of Single-Line Diagram
C- Arrangement of Components on
Single-line Diagrams
D- Interpreting Single-Line Diagrams
D.1- Informational Elements
D.1.1 Point of Connection to the Utility
Company
D.1.2 Identification of buses,
substations, generators, motors and
other equipment
D.1.3 Ring Main Units data

How to Read and Interpret Electrical Shop Drawings –Part

Four

Today, we will explain the following:

 Basic Elements of Electrical Drawings,

 Types of Electrical Drawings,
 Single-Line /One-Line Diagram - Part one.

8- Basic Elements of Electrical Drawings

An electrical drawing is a type of technical drawing that shows information about power, lighting, and
communication for an engineering or architectural project.
Any engineering drawing consists of (6) basic elements (see above figure) as follows:

1. Title block
2. Revision block
3. Legends
4. Zoning
5. Notes
6. Field of the drawing.

Field of the drawing: it is the main body or main area of the drawing, excluding the title block, rev
block, and other drawing elements.

For reviewing each drawing element in above please click its name to open the link or review our
course “ED-1: Electrical Drawings Course” for more information.
 9- Types of Electrical Drawings

The electrical drawings can be categorized to many types according to the following:

1. According To The Stage Of Project,

2. According To The Drawing Purpose.

Note:

All types of electrical drawings are two dimensional drawings, the three dimensional
drawings (like the isometric drawings) are not common for using as electrical drawings.

First: According To the Stage of Project

There are many types of drawings that you will deal with during any project life as follows:

1. Design drawings
2. Construction drawings
3. Shop drawings: Part One - Part Two
4. As built drawings
5. Composite (Coordination) drawings
6. Record drawings

For reviewing each Electrical drawing type as per the stage of project in above please click its name to
open the link or review our course “ED-1: Electrical Drawings Course” for more information.

Also, in course “ED-1: Electrical Drawings Course”, You can review the following articles about the
electrical shop drawings:
 Shop Drawings Definition
 Shop Drawings importance
 Shop Drawing Stamps
 Important Notes for Shop Drawings approval
 Shop drawings submittals classifications
 Contractor's responsibility in shop drawing development
 Consultant/Engineer’s responsibility in shop drawings approval
 Improper Use of Shop Drawings
 Did the shop drawings affect the construction cost?
 Comparison between shop drawings and construction drawings

Second: According To the Drawing Purpose

There are many types of electrical drawings which range from the very simple to the very complex.
Each of these electrical drawings has a specific purpose and distinguishing features that set it apart
from the others.

You should be able to recognize the relationship between these various types, their distinguishing
features, and the purpose of each type of drawings.
Electrical drawings as per their purposes usually divide to main types as follows:

1. Electrical Diagrams,
2. Electrical Layouts (plans),
3. Electrical Schedules.

1- Electrical Diagrams

Diagrams show the electrical path, device wiring, and sequence of operation, device relationship, or
connections and hookups of the electrical installation.
Electrical diagrams include the following sub-types:

1. One-Line Diagram,
2. Three-Line Diagram,
3. Schematic Diagram, Or Elementary Diagrams,
4. Connection/Wiring Diagram,
5. Interconnection Diagram,
6. Block Diagram,
7. Logic Diagram,
8. Ladder Diagrams,
9. Riser Diagrams,
10. Pictorial Diagrams,
11. Terminal Diagram,
12. Combination Diagrams,
13. Electrical Arrangement Drawings,

Electrical symbol is a small picture or image called a pictogram used to represent

2- Electrical Layouts (plans)

The electrical layout/plan determine where each electrical device and piece of equipment is to be
located related to the architectural features of the area. It shows where and how the
conductors/conduits are to run. It helps locate the incoming service. Electrical plans are also used for
estimating installation and material costs. By examining a plan, you can take off, that is, count, the
number of switches, outlets, fixtures, feet of wire, etc., that may be required for a particular job.
Electrical layouts include:

1. Lighting and power Plan Drawings,

2. Cable and Raceway (Conduit) Drawings,
3. Ground Grid Plan,
4. Equipment Layout Drawings,
5. Low voltage systems Plan Drawings,
6. Utility (Site) Plan,
7. Underground Utility/Manhole Drawings,
8. Overhead Pole Line Layout Drawings,
9. Switchgear Layout Drawings,
10. Motor Control Center (MCC) Layout Drawings,
11. Installation Detail Drawings.
 3- Electrical Schedules

 An electrical schedule is a table that contains a list of electrical equipment and technical
notes.
 The purpose of a schedule, in general, is to provide a simple means (graphical or tabular
charts) of representing or recording necessary electrical data for various purposes (e.g., construction,
operations, maintenance).
 Electrical schedules are not only powerful time saving tools for draftsmen and engineers, but
they also save valuable time for technical specification writers and job site workers.

 There is no standard for drawing any particular schedule. Many organizations standardize
their schedules, where practical. However, there are many types of electrical schedules as follows:

1. Cable and Raceway Schedules,

2. Panelboard Schedules,
3. Circuit Breaker Switchgear Schedule,
4. Motor Control Center (MCC) Schedule,
5. Equipment Schedules,
6. Lighting Fixture and Receptacle Schedules.
 1- Electrical Diagrams

1- Single-Line /One-Line Diagram

A- Characteristics of Single-Line Diagram

 A single-line or one-line diagram is the most commonly used diagram in an industrial power
system.
 This diagram uses single lines, standard graphical symbols, and standard nomenclature to
show the power paths of an electrical circuit or a system of circuits.
 A single-line diagram can be used to show essential components and their function in
simplified form.
 In a single-line diagram, the multiple conductors of power circuits and control circuits are
shown as single lines.

The below Figure shows an example of a single-line diagram.

Note:

 For maximum usefulness, the relative physical arrangement and orientation of the electrical
system should be shown on the one-line diagram.
 We will use the above single-line diagram throughout these articles for explaining how to
interpret this type of electrical diagrams. You can download a PDF copy of this single-line diagram by
following the link.

B- Purposes of Single-Line Diagram

A single-line diagram has multiple uses in the following cases:

1. Power System Studies,

2. Operations and Maintenance,
3. Construction.

1- Power System Studies

 The one-line diagram is most commonly used in the performance of power systems
studies. So, the following information should be provided, as a minimum, on the one-line
diagram, regardless of the type of power system study being performed:

1. Bus current and voltage ratings,

2. Short-circuit current available (optional),
3. Voltage and current ratios of instrument transformers,
4. Protective device (circuit breakers, fuses) ratings,
5. Functions of relays indicated by device numbers,
6. Ratings, type, and impedance of motors and transformers,
7. Connections (i.e. delta or wye) of transformers,
8. Number, length, size, and type of conductors and conduit.

 The final application of the drawing (short-circuit study, coordination study,

construction, etc.) will determine the exact information on the one-line diagram. For
example, impedance of a motor is required for a short-circuit study but not for a
coordination study. Relay and adjustable settings of circuit breakers are required for a
coordination study but are not required for a short-circuit study.

2- Operations and Maintenance

 The one-line diagram is also commonly used by technicians to operate and maintain
the plant electrical distribution system. For example, the one-line diagram is used to
determine which breakers or switches should be closed or opened to switch to alternate
sources of power due to a fault on the system.
 Another example is that the one-line diagram is used to perform “locking and
tagging” procedures when equipment is to be removed from service.
 Both of these uses of the one-line diagram point out that the diagram must be kept
up-to-date and accurate. Use of inaccurate data (one-line diagram) for a power systems
study could result in additional costs; use of inaccurate data for switching purposes or
locking and tagging procedures could result in loss of life.

3- Construction

 Probably the least common use of the one-line diagram is for construction purposes.
 Electricians usually will require more details to construct or install electrical
equipment than is available on the one-line diagram. Some of these “more detailed”
drawings will be described in the paragraph of Information elements required for
interpreting one-line diagrams.

C- Arrangement of Components on Single-line Diagrams

 On one-line power diagrams, components are usually arranged in order of

decreasing voltage levels. The highest voltage component is shown at the top right of the
drawing.
 In order to find out how power is supplied to a component, start at the component
and trace the flow of power backwards through the drawing. This method will be most
useful in locating the correct circuit breaker to isolate a component for maintenance.

D- Interpreting Single-Line Diagrams

The interpretation of single-line diagrams is explained in this section under the following
major subject headings:
1. Informational Elements,
2. Details Variations,
3. Relationships between one-line diagrams and associated reference documents.

D.1- Informational Elements

The following informational elements of a single-line diagram are explained in this section:

1. Point of connection to the utility company,

2. Identification of buses, substations, generators, motors and other equipment,
3. Ring Main Units data,
4. Automatic voltage regulator data,
5. Power transformer data,
6. Switchgear data,
7. Protective device ratings,
8. Instrument transformer data,
9. Metering, relaying, and control device data,
10. Available short circuit current data,
11. Switch or breaker status,
12. Key interlock systems,
13. Protective relay trip logic,
14. Generator data,
15. Load bank data,
16. Connected load data,
17. Cable ratings,
18. Bus ratings,
19. Future installation.
we will explain all the above points in the next paragraphs and next Articles.
 D.1.1 Point of Connection to the Utility Company

 The point in the power distribution system where it is connected to the utility
company is shown on a one-line diagram as a short horizontal line. This horizontal line is
accompanied by information concerning the nominal rated voltage and the values of fault
megavolt-amperes (MVA) of the utility company’s circuit. Because this point in the power
distribution system is the usual location for the utility company’s revenue meters, the point
of connection is sometimes called the metering point.
 As an example, the one-line diagram Fig. shows the point of connection to the utility
at the top of the diagram. The printed information indicates that the power circuit’s nominal
voltage rating is 13.8 kV, its frequency rating is 60 Hz, and that it is a three phase circuit.

Information needed from the Utility Company:

1. The three-phase fault MVA (MVAs.c),

2. The three-phase X/R ratio,
 3. The fault clearing time in sec.

D.1.2 Identification of buses, substations, generators, motors

and other equipment

 Buses, substations, generators motors and other equipment are identified with
alpha-numeric designations that match the designations on other diagrams, drawings, lists,
and equipment identification plates.
 The single line diagram in Fig. have equipment designations such as CB1, CB2, CB3,
CBA, 4-POLE ‘PSGE’, and 4-POLE ‘PSGU’.

D.1.3 Ring Main Units data

Function:

The RMU is a compact unit combining all MV functional units to enable connection, supply and
protection of one or two transformers on an open ring or radial network by one of the following
methods:

1. By a fuse-switch combination,
2. By a circuit breaker with self-powered protection unit,

Overview of RMUs
1- In an electrical power distribution system, a ring main unit (RMU) is a factory
assembled, metal enclosed set of switchgear used at the load connection points of a ring-
type distribution network.
This type of switchgear is used for medium-voltage power distribution, from 7200 volts to
about 36000 volts.

2- Ring main units can be characterized by their type of insulation, air, oil or gas.
It includes in one unit two load break switches that can connect the load to either or both
main conductors, and it includes a fusible switch or circuit breaker that feed a distribution
transformer. The metal enclosed unit connects to the transformer either through a bus
throat of standardized dimensions, or else through cables and is usually installed
outdoors. Ring main cables enter and leave the cabinet from bottom.

3- The switch used to isolate the transformer can be a fusible switch, or may be a circuit
breaker using vacuum or gas-insulated interrupters. In case a circuit breaker is the
switching device, it is also equipped with protective relaying, either with a very basic self-
powered type or a more advanced one with communication capabilities.

4- All of the switching devices are of three-position design, having the possibility to close or open or
earth the feeder in question.

There are many combinations of RMUs as shown in below figure:

 The impotent data need for specifying the RMUs are:

Nominal system voltage,

 Corresponding highest system voltage,
 Frequency,
Number of phases,
Neutral earthing type,
Fault level (minimum),
 Max. Ambient air temperature.

In the next article, we will continue explaining the Interpreting Single-Line Diagrams. So, please keep
following.

The previous and related articles are listed in the below table:
 Subject of Previous Article Article

1- Overview for the articles/courses that How to Read and Interpret Electrical Shop
give a preliminary explanation for the Drawings –Part One
different Types of Electrical drawings.

2- Electrical Drawings Glossary.

3- Resources used to Read and Interpret How to Read and Interpret Electrical Shop
Electrical Drawings. Drawings –Part Two

4- Electrical Symbols and Abbreviations How to Read and Interpret Electrical Shop
Drawings –Part Three
5- Electrical Abbreviations

6- Device Function Numbers

7- Drafting Practices Using Graphical

Symbols and abbreviations

How to Read and Interpret Electrical Shop Drawings –Part

Three

Today, we will explain the Drafting Practices Using Graphical Symbols and abbreviations.

4- Electrical Symbols
 Electrical symbol

An Electrical symbol definition:

Electrical symbol is a small picture or image called a pictogram used to represent various
electrical and electronic devices (such as wires, batteries, resistors, and transistors) in a
schematic diagram of an electrical or electronic circuit.

Important notes:

 Electrical drawings use many different graphic symbols, Abbreviations and device
function numbers to represent the components being used in the electrical circuits. There
are many symbols in use. It is not possible to cover all of them in one article.
 Additionally, it is not practical for you to try to remember them all; however, you
should be aware that the symbols exist, and you should know where a description of their
meaning can be found.
 The important practice in using graphical symbols is not mixing electrical symbols
from different standards in one drawing. please see below paragraph for Comparison Of
Electrical Circuit Symbols of IEC Vs. ANSI / IEEE.

As we indicated in article “How to Read and Interpret Electrical Shop Drawings –Part
Two”, that we can find all the graphical symbols for electrical systems in the following
resources:

1- American National Standards Institute (ANSI):

 ANSI Y32.2: The American National Standard Graphic Symbols for Electrical and
Electronics Diagrams (Including Reference Designation Letters).
 ANSI Y32.9: American National Standard Graphic Symbols for Electrical Wiring and
Layout Diagrams Used in Architecture and Building Construction.

2- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE):

 IEEE 315: IEEE Standard, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams
 IEEE C37.2: IEEE Standard Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers and
Contact Designations.

3- Canadian Standards Association (CSA)

 CSA Z99: Canadian Standard, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams.

4- The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

 IEC 60617: IEC Standard, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams.

5- The British Standards (BS)

 BS 3939-2: Graphical Symbols for Electrical Power, Telecommunications and

Electronics Diagrams.

Again, you can download all the above standards from the following links:

 ANSI Y32.2- IEEE 315 - CSA Z99

 ANSI Y32.2 sup
 ANSI Y32.9
 IEEE C37.2
 IEC 60617
 Comparison Of Electrical Circuit Symbols of IEC Vs. ANSI / IEEE

The important practice in using graphical symbols is not mixing electrical symbols from different
standards in one drawing. So, for complying with this practice, we list here comparison of electrical
circuit symbols which is based on the following international/national specifications:

 IEC 60617 graphic symbol database (DIN EN 60617-2 to DIN EN 60617-12)

 NEMA ICS 19-2002 (R 2007), ANSI Y32.2/ IEEE 315/315 A, CSA Z99
The common electrical symbols can be downloaded from the following links:

Electrical symbols-1

Electrical symbols-2

Electrical symbols-3

Electrical symbols-4
 Electrical symbols-5

Electrical symbols-6

Electrical symbols-7

5- Electrical Abbreviations

KVA: Kilo Volt Ampere

An abbreviation definition:

Abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a
letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase.

Why we need to use these Abbreviations?

Generally, abbreviations are used due to the following reasons:

 Abbreviations can be used to give a different context to the world itself, such as (PIN
Number, wherein if the abbreviation were removed the context would be invalid).
 Abbreviations are used throughout several industries, including automotive,
construction, electricity wiring, electronic device repair and manufacturing, and telephony
for making short words for long process descriptions.
 Abbreviations are used for various circuits, conduits, sizes, standardized tools, and
more to represent them as short alphabets especially if there are many details need to be
represented in small size drawings.

Notes:

 Abbreviations should only be used when absolutely necessary and never be used
when the meaning will not be clear.
 Because electrical work involves significant cost and/or safety risks, understanding
these abbreviations and acronyms is important for all involved.

The following list of abbreviations is by no means considered comprehensive, so please

download all the files to complete your list of electrical abbreviations:

Abbreviations group #1

Abbreviations group #2

Abbreviations group #3

Abbreviations group #4

Abbreviations group #5
 6- Device Function Numbers

 A device function number, with an appropriate prefix and appended suffix is used to
identify the function(s) of each device installed in electrical equipment. This includes manual,
partial-automatic, and automatic switchgear. These numbers are to be used in drawings,
elementary and connection diagrams, instruction books, publications, and specifications. In
addition, for automatic switchgear, the device number may be physically placed on, or
adjacent to, each device on the assembled equipment. This will enable a device to be readily
identified.
 Device function numbers are used in electrical drawings, diagrams, instruction
books, and specifications. Device function numbers save space on a drawing or diagram
because they eliminate the necessity of printing descriptions of functions next to
diagrammatic symbols.
 A list of the most commonly used device function numbers from IEEE Standard C37.2
is included in below table.
ANSI Device Function Numbers
 7- Drafting Practices Using Graphical Symbols and abbreviations

The following Drafting Practices must be taken into consideration when Using Graphical Symbols:

 The orientation of a symbol on a drawing does not alter the meaning of the symbol. This is
true even if the symbol is drawn backwards. A symbol is made up of all its various parts.

 The weight (or width) of a line does not affect the meaning of the symbol. In some cases a
heavier line may be used for emphasis.
 Symbols are not drawn to scale. They can be drawn to any size compatible with the scale of
the drawing.
 Arrowheads can be drawn closed or open, except when showing a "protective gap" (a gap
placed between line parts and the ground which limits the maximum over-voltage that may occur.)
 The standard symbol for a terminal (o) can be added to any one of the graphic symbols where
connecting lines are attached. This added terminal symbol is not a part of the graphic symbol itself.
 In order to make a drawing simpler, graphic symbols for devices such as relays or contactors
may be drawn in parts. However, if this is done the drawing must show how the parts are related.
 Most often, it does not matter at which angle a connecting line is drawn to meet a graphic
symbol.
  Broken lines with short dashes: - - - - - - , may be used to show paths or equipment that will be
added to the circuit later, or those which are connected to the circuit but are not part of it.
 If details such as type, impedance, and rating are to be given, they should be drawn next to a
symbol. If abbreviations are used, they should be in accordance with the American Standard
Abbreviations for Use on Drawings. Letters that are joined together and use parts of graphic symbols
are not abbreviations.

How to Read and Interpret Electrical Shop Drawings –Part

Two

In article “How to Read and Interpret Electrical Shop Drawings –Part One”, we gave a fast overview for
the articles/courses that give a preliminary explanation for the different Types of Electrical drawings.
Also we listed the Electrical Drawings Glossary which will be a reference for all the terms and expressions
used throughout this course.

Today, we will explain the Resources used to Read and Interpret Electrical Drawings.

3- Resources used to Read and Interpret Electrical Drawings

The electrical installations in any building can be represented on drawings by the use of the
various applicable outlet and equipment symbols, together with interconnecting circuit or
feeder run lines, supplemented with necessary notations. Many standards were issued to
provide guidelines for graphical symbols, abbreviations and device function numbers which
will be the basis for reading and interpreting any electrical drawings. These standards are:

1- American National Standards Institute (ANSI):

 ANSI Y32.2: The American National Standard Graphic Symbols for Electrical and
Electronics Diagrams (Including Reference Designation Letters).
 ANSI Y32.9: American National Standard Graphic Symbols for Electrical Wiring and
Layout Diagrams Used in Architecture and Building Construction.

2- Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE):

 IEEE 315: IEEE Standard, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams
 IEEE C37.2: IEEE Standard Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers and
Contact Designations.
3- Canadian Standards Association (CSA)

 CSA Z99: Canadian Standard, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams

4- The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

 IEC 60617: IEC Standard, Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams

5- The British Standards (BS)

 BS 3939-2: Graphical Symbols for Electrical Power, Telecommunications and

Electronics Diagrams

A brief description and information about each above standard will be given in below, for
more information about each standard you need to download them from the shown
download links at the end of this article.

ANSI Y32.2 - IEEE 315 - CSA Z99

American National Standard Y32.2-1975 (IEEE Std 315-1975), with the modifications shown
in Section 100, has been approved as CSA Standard Z99. This action was proposed by the
Committee on Electrical Symbols, under the jurisdiction of the Sectional Committee on
Abbreviations, Definitions and Symbols and was formerly approved by these Committees.

ANSI Standard Y32.2 provides a list of graphic symbols and class designation letters for use
on electrical and electronics diagrams. This standard includes the following sections:

 Section 1- Qualifying Symbols

 Section 2- Graphic Symbols for Fundamental Items {not included in other sections}
 Section 3- Graphic Symbols for Transmission Path
 Section 4- Graphic Symbols for Contacts, Switches, Contactors, and Relays
 Section 5- Graphic Symbols for Terminals and Connectors
 Section 6- Graphic Symbols for Transformers, Inductors, and Windings
 Section 7- Graphic Symbols for Electron Tubes and Related Devices
 Section 8- Graphic Symbols for Semiconductor Devices
 Section 9- Graphic Symbols for Circuit Protectors
 Section 10- Graphic Symbols for Acoustic Devices
 Section 11- Graphic Symbols for Lamps and Visual-Signaling Devices
 Section 12- Graphic Symbols for Readout Devices
 Section 13- Graphic Symbols for Rotating Machinery
 Section 14- Graphic Symbols for Mechanical Functions
 Section 15- Graphic Symbols Commonly Used in Connection with VHF, UHF, SHF
Circuits
 Section 16- Graphic Symbols for Composite Assemblies
 Section 17- Graphic Symbols for Analog Functions
 Section 18- Graphic Symbols for Digital Logic Functions
 Section 19- Graphic Symbols for Special- Purpose Maintenance Diagrams
 Section 20- Graphic Symbols Commonly Used on System Diagrams, Maps, and Charts
(Communications Equipment)
 Section 21- Graphic Symbols Commonly Used on System Diagrams, Maps, and Charts
(Generating Stations and Substations)
 Section 22- Class Designation Letter
 Section 23- Referenced Standards
 Section 100- Canadian Standard
 Modifications to American National Standard Y32.2-1975
 Appendix A Cross Reference List of Changed Item Numbers
 Appendix B Reference Data-IEC Publication 117 Recommended Graphical Symbols
 Appendix C Revised or Deleted Symbols (ANSI Y32.2-1970)
 Appendix D Revised or Deleted Symbols (USAS Y32.2-1967)
 Appendix E Revised or Deleted Symbols (USAS Y32.2-1962 & Supplement USAS
Y32.2a-1964 or MIL-STD-15-1A)
 Appendix F Cross-Reference List of Class Designation Letters- IEC 113-2 vs. ANSI
Y32.2

The Quick Reference to Symbols of is ANSI Y32.2 as follows:

 ANSI Y32.9

The American National Standard Graphic Symbols for Electrical Wiring and Layout
Diagrams Used in Architecture and Building Construction (ANSI Standard Y32.9) provides
guidelines for:

1. Showing symbols in ways that represent the general physical location and
arrangement of a wiring system.
2. Using symbols that specify the physical requirements for materials that are needed
in the electrical installation of buildings.

Notes:

 Certain electrical symbols that are commonly used in making electrical system
layouts on drawings are not included in this standard because they are included in American
National Standard Y32.2-1970.
 Some examples of items for which symbols are not given in this standard are as
follows:
1. Electric motor
2. Electric generator
3. Power transformer
4. Pothead (cable termination)
5. Electric watt-hour meter
6. Circuit element, (for example, circuit breaker)
7. Fusible element
8. Single-throw knife switch
9. Double-throw knife switch
10. Ground
11. Battery

The most common ANSI Y32.9 standard graphic symbols used in electrical layout drawings
are included in the following images:
 IEEE C37.2

IEEE Standard C37.2, Standard Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers

American National Standard Institute, it contains Definitions and applications of the

following:

1. Standard device function number descriptions,

2. Device contacts,
3. Annex A (informative) Samples of device function numbers,
4. Annex B (informative) Bibliography.

Standard device function number descriptions

 A device function number, with an appropriate prefix and appended suffix is used to
identify the function(s) of each device installed in electrical equipment. This includes manual,
partial-automatic, and automatic switchgear. These numbers are to be used in drawings,
elementary and connection diagrams, instruction books, publications, and specifications. In
addition, for automatic switchgear, the device number may be physically placed on, or
adjacent to, each device on the assembled equipment. This will enable a device to be readily
identified.
 Device function numbers are used in electrical drawings, diagrams, instruction
books, and specifications. Device function numbers save space on a drawing or diagram
because they eliminate the necessity of printing descriptions of functions next to
diagrammatic symbols.

A list of the most commonly used device function numbers from IEEE Standard C37.2 is
included in below table.
 IEC 60617

IEC 60617 (also known as British Standard BS 3939).

Standard IEC 60617 consists of several parts as follows:

 Part 1: General information, general index. Cross-reference tables.

 Part 2: Symbol elements, qualifying symbols and other symbols having general
application. (For example: outlines and enclosures, qualifying symbols for kind of current and
voltage, variability, direction of force, motion and flow etc., mechanical controls, earth and
frame connections, ideal circuit elements.)
 Part 3: Conductors and connecting devices. (For example: conductors; flexible,
screened or twisted, coaxial conductor, terminals, junctions, plugs and sockets, cable sealing
ends.)
 Part 4: Passive components. (For example: resistors, capacitors, inductors, ferrite
cores, magnetic storage matrices, piezoelectric crystals, electret, and delay lines.)
 Part 5: Semiconductors and electron tubes.
 (For example: diodes, transistors, thyristors, electronic tubes, radiation detectors.)
 Part 6: Production and conversion of electrical energy. (For example: windings,
generators, motors, transformers, power converters.)
 Part 7: Switchgear, control gear and protective devices. (For example: contacts,
witches, temperature-, proximity- and touch-sensitive switches, switchgear and control gear,
motor starters, all-or-nothing relays, measuring relays, fuses, gaps, arresters.)
 Part 8: Measuring instruments, lamps and signaling devices. (For example: indicating,
integrating and recording instruments, thermocouples, telemetering devices, clocks, position
and pressure transducers, lamps, horn, bell.)
 Part 9: Telecommunications: Switching and peripheral equipment. (For example:
switching systems, selectors, telephone sets, telegraph and data apparatus, transducers,
recorders and reproducers.)
 Part 10: Telecommunications: Transmission.
 (For example: telecommunication circuits, antennas, radio stations, waveguides, one-
two or multi-part devices, masers, lasers, signal generators, changers, threshold devices,
modulators, demodulators, discriminators, concentrators, multiplexers, frequency spectrum
diagrams, fiber optics transmission lines and devices.)
 Part 11: Architectural and topographical installation plans and diagrams. (For
 example: generating stations and substations, networks, cabled distribution systems for
sound and television, installation symbols for switches, socket outlets, lighting outlets, etc.)
 Part 12: Binary logic elements. (For example: qualifying symbols, dependency
notation, combinative and sequential elements such as buffers, drivers, coders, arithmetic
elements, delay elements, bi-stable, mono-stable and a-stable elements, shift registers and
counters, memories.)
 Part 13: Analogue elements. (For example: amplifiers with qualifying symbols,
function generators, coordinate converters, electronic switches.)
you can download all the above 13 parts from the download links in below and check the
graphical symbols, abbreviations included in them.

Now, you can download all the above standards from the following links:

 ANSI Y32.2- IEEE 315 - CSA Z99

 ANSI Y32.2 sup
 ANSI Y32.9
 IEEE C37.2
 IEC 60617

In the next article, we will explain Drafting Practices Using Graphical Symbols and abbreviations. So,
please keep following.

How to Read and Interpret Electrical Shop Drawings –Part

One
 1- Introduction

This is the second course for Electrical drawings after our first course “ED-1: Electrical
Drawings Course”, Where we explain the following points:

1. Reading an electrical drawing,

2. Basic layout of a drawing,
3. Types and sizes of drawings,
4. Numbering system for drawings,
5. Positioning parts on drawings,
6. How to create a drawing,
7. How to check integrity of drawings,
8. Management of drawings.

Also in the course “EE-2: Basic Electrical Design Course – Level I”, Where we give a
preliminary explanation for the different Types of electrical diagrams and we focus on
the Single-Line Diagrams.

And in Course “HVAC-2: Electrical Wiring Diagrams and Calculations for Air-Conditioning
Systems” , Where we give a preliminary explanation for the different Types of Electrical
Wiring Diagrams for Air Conditioning Systems and we focus on How to read Electrical Wiring
Diagrams for Air Conditioning Systems.

In this course, we will start explaining the theoretical part of the shop drawing course which
is “How to Read and Interpret Electrical Shop Drawings”.

In the next course we will explain the practical part of the shop drawing course which
is “How to Make The Electrical Shop Drawings”.
 2- Electrical Drawings Glossary

As-Built Drawing An Engineering drawing that has been revised to reflect actual field conditions
after the completion of construction.

Drawings that show exactly how the facility or equipment was built.

Block Diagram A block diagram represents the principle parts of a system as annotated
geometrical figures that show the functions of the parts and their functional
relationships.
 Block Diagram

Cable Schedule A schedule that lists the specifications of cables, the cable’s terminations, and
the cable’s routes.

Cable And Conduit Drawings that show the approximate location and direction of the cables and
Drawings conduit run in an area or in a facility.
 Cable Schedule

Cable And Conduit A chart listing the cable and conduit numbers, identifying the type, size, length
Schedule and drawing showing the cable or conduit run.

Conduit Schedule A specific form of a raceway schedule that lists the routes, trade sizes, and
lengths of conduits.

Connection A connection diagram shows the electrical connections of component devices

Diagram and contains such detail as is needed to make and trace these connections.

Construction A drawing that shows an exact reproduction of the physical arrangements and
Drawing views of specific electrical equipment to enable assembly of the equipment.

Demolition Drawing Any existing drawing that shows the extent of the demolition work to be done.

Drawing Number An arrangement of eight alpha/numeric characters [prefix + size (separated by

dash „-„) + number] used to provide the unique identity for individual
Engineering Drawings.

Detail Drawing A drawing of a single item or portion of an electrical system that incorporates
all the distinct parts needed to show the worker what type of material is
required for the system installation.
Detail Shortened form of “detail drawing”. A detail drawing illustrates all of the
distinct parts of an electrical component that are needed for installation.

Detail

Diagram A drawing that is made for mathematical, scientific, or engineering purposes.

Drawing A representation of an object or a plan by means of lines.

Electrical Schedule A table that contains a list of electrical equipment and technical notes.

Elementary An elementary diagram is a special form of a schematic diagram that shows all
Diagram of the operational elements and all of the circuits of an electrical control
system. An elementary diagrams is often used to represent the complete
control circuit of a power substation.

A drawing that shows in straight line form the detail wiring of the circuit
without regard to physical relationships.

A diagram that shows the complete function and relationship of electrical

components in a circuit by means of graphical symbols.

Elementary Diagram
Electrical Area A drawing showing classified area where flammable vapors, liquids, gases or
Classification combustible dust and fibers may be present.
Drawing

Electrical Area Classification Drawing

Elevation A technical drawing that is constructed from the perspective of a side view.

Emergency Drawing An Engineering Drawing that has been designated by the Operating
Engineering Organization (OEO) as being critical to the plant's operations
during a disaster situation. These drawings are given top priority in every case.

Equipment Layout A drawing that shows electrical equipment in its physical location with respect
 to other components that are located nearby.

An equipment layout drawing shows how the major electrical equipment is

arranged to provide the necessary physical and electrical clearances from all
other components that are located in the vicinity.

Electrical A diagram that shows the placement or location of electrical components or

Arrangement devices.
Diagram
 Electrical Arrangement Diagram with BOQ

External Diagram An external wiring diagram represents the manufacturer’s recommended

arrangement of the circuits that should be connected to the terminals of an
electrical device.
Ground Grid A system of interconnected horizontal conductors that are buried beneath the
surface of the earth.

Ground Grid Plan A ground grid plan drawing shows the locations of the ground conductors,
ground electrodes, and ground connectors that are part of a ground grid.

Installation Print An installation print is a drawing that provides detailed instructions concerning
the installation of a component that cannot be included on layout drawing.

Interconnection A diagram that shows the connections between the terminals of different
Diagram control panels or the terminals of other electrical equipment such as motor or
auxiliary devices.

Internal Wiring An internal wiring diagram shows the internal wiring of an operational element
Diagram of an electrical control.

Key Drawings Engineering drawings designated as essential for continued facility operation
and maintenance. The Proponent Organization and Project Management
jointly determine Key Drawing status.

Layout (Drawing) A drawing that physically describes the location or assembly of electrical
equipment in a room or a prefabricated packaged assembly.

Ladder Diagram A special form of a schematic diagram that shows a top-down logical line
schematic: logical because it moves from power input at the top through
sequential operations. Sequential operation means that one function must be
complete before the next function can begin.

A ladder diagram is a special form of a schematic diagram that is specifically

designed for interpreting control system logic.
 Ladder Diagram

Logic Diagram A logic diagram shows the logic for a complex circuit, process, or device. A logic
diagram utilizes block-type symbols to represent highly complex functions that
are performed either by integrated processing modules or by individual
devices.

A logic diagram represents the logic elements of a control system or a control

device and their interconnections without necessarily representing physical
 construction or engineering details.

Logic Diagram Margin references are numerical addresses on ladder diagrams that allow a
Margin References relay’s output contact symbols to be located quickly and accurately.

One-Line Diagram A one-line diagram uses single lines, standard graphical symbols, and standard
nomenclature to show the power paths of an electrical circuit or a system of
circuits. A one-line diagram also shows the component devices or parts of a
power system. In a one-line diagram, the multiple conductors of power circuits
and control circuits are shown as single lines.

A drawing that indicates by means of single lines and symbols the

interconnection and component parts of an electrical circuit or system of
circuits.

A one-line diagram shows, by means of single lines and graphical symbols, the
course of an electric circuit or system of circuits and the component devices or
parts used therein.

Operational Elements that perform an operation in a control circuit, such as relays, meters,
Elements switches, pilot lights, diodes, heaters, arresters, transformers, and circuit
breakers.

Plan A technical drawing that is constructed from the perspective of an overhead

view.

Polarity Marks The marks that exist on instrument transformers and the diagrammatic
symbols of instrument transformers to identify the winding terminals that
reach positive peaks in voltages at the same time.

Print A print is a copy of a reproducible drawing. Note: In this training course the
words “print” and “drawing” are used interchangeably.

Raceway Any channel designed specifically for and used exclusively for holding electrical
 conductors.

Raceway Schedule A schedule that lists the routes, trade sizes, and lengths of raceways.

Riser Diagram A layout diagram that shows all panels, feeder circuits, switches, switchboards,
and other major components in relationship to a vertical section taken through
a building.

A drawing that indicates by means of single lines and simplified symbols, the
distribution of electrical systems in a multistoried structure.

Schedule A graphical or tabular chart of electrical data or equipment; for example, a

(Electrical) circuit breaker schedule or a conduit and wiring schedule.

Schematic Diagram A diagram that shows, by means of graphical symbols, the connections and
functions of an electrical circuit without necessarily representing the physical
size, shape, or location of the circuit components. A schematic diagram
facilitates tracing the circuit and understanding its functions

A drawing that shows the physical terminal arrangement and internal

connections for an electrical piece of equipment.

An elementary diagram showing the functions and relations of electrical

components in a circuit by means of graphical symbols.

Single-Line Diagram A diagram in which single lines are used to show component interconnections
even though two or more conductors are required in the actual circuit.
 Single-Line Diagram

Sectional Views Supplementary views or details that show additional information that is
required to communicate the intention of the designer.

Switch A switch development tables lists all possible positions of the operating handle
Development Table of a switch and indicates the expected open close states of all output contacts
for each handle position.

Terminal Blocks An insulating base (block) that has terminals for connecting control wiring.

Three-Line A diagram that provides detailed information pertaining to three-phase

(Diagram) circuitry that is not shown on a one-line diagram.
Title Block The reserved portion of a drawing containing information about the drawing,
project and plant.

Title Block

Vendor Drawing Any document developed by a manufacturer that supports the technical
requirements of material or equipment and received as part of a purchase
order.

Wiring Diagram Or A wiring diagram uses standardized symbols to show the physical devices of an
Connection electrical control panel and lines to show the wires that connect these devices
Diagram to each other.

A diagram that shows electrical equipment or components together with all

interconnecting wiring.

Wiring Diagram

Under-Floor Metal ducts of various forms and shapes that are laid onto a rough concrete
Raceways slab and then covered with finished concrete.

Underground Duct A conduit that consists of two or more ducts that is installed under the surface
Bank of the earth and is encased in concrete.
Utility Site Plan A utility site plan drawing shows the property lines and the nearest locations of
Drawing the electrical, water, gas, sewer and communication system utilities.

Winding Polarity A small diagram that accompanies a standard diagrammatic symbol for a
Diagram transformer and indicates the delta or wye connection of the transformer’s
windings.

Wireless A wireless connection diagram is a list of wire numbers, originations, and

Connection destinations of conductors. Rather than being represented by lines, wires and
Diagram connections are represented by the information on the list.

Wireway A wireway is a sheet metal trough with a hinged or removable cover for
housing and protecting wires and cables. The conductors are laid in place after
the wireway is installed as a complete system.