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1.
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SYLLABUS
RANCHI UNIVERSITY
FYUGP Under NEP 2020 w.e.f. 2022-26
SEMESTER – II
ENGLISH COMMUNICATION
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UNIT – I
Introduction: What is Language? What is Communication? Types
of Communications: Verbal and Non – verbal Communication;
Barriers to Communication
Introduction: What is Language?
1. What is language in the context of English communication?
a) A form of dance
b) A means of communication using words
c) A type of art
d) A mode of transportation
Answer: b) A means of communication using words
2. Which of the following best defines language?
a) The study of rocks
b) A system of communication using symbols and sounds
c) A type of computer programming
d) The art of painting
Answer: b) A system of communication using symbols and
sounds
3. In the context of English communication, what is the primary
purpose of language?
a) Entertainment
b) Expression of emotions
c) Effective communication
d) Physical exercise
Answer: c) Effective communication
4. What role does language play in English communication?
a) Minimal role
b) Passive role
c) Central and active role
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d) Supporting role
Answer: c) Central and active role
5. What is the fundamental unit of language?
a) Letters
b) Words
c) Phrases
d) Sentences
Answer: b) Words
6. Which of the following is NOT a component of language?
a) Vocabulary
b) Grammar
c) Syntax
d) Geography
Answer: d) Geography
7. What does syntax refer to in language?
a) The study of sounds
b) Word order and sentence structure
c) Word meanings
d) Punctuation marks
Answer: b) Word order and sentence structure
8. What is semantics concerned with in language?
a) Pronunciation
b) Meaning of words and sentences
c) Grammar rules
d) Writing style
Answer: b) Meaning of words and sentences
9. How do humans acquire language skills?
a) Through genetics only
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b) Writing
c) Facial expressions
d) Texting
Answer: c) Facial expressions
14. What is the importance of paralanguage in communication?
a) It is irrelevant to communication
b) It conveys meaning through tone, pitch, and volume
c) It is only related to written communication
d) It is the study of parallel languages
Answer: b) It conveys meaning through tone, pitch, and
volume
15. What does the term "linguistic relativity" propose?
a) Language has no impact on thought
b) Language influences thought and perception
c) Thought is independent of language
d) Language is static and unchanging
Answer: b) Language influences thought and perception
16. What is a lingua franca?
a) A type of pasta
b) A common language used for communication between speakers of different
native languages
c) A specific dialect
d) A type of dance
Answer: b) A common language used for communication
between speakers of different native languages
17. Which branch of linguistics studies the sounds of human speech?
a) Syntax
b) Phonetics
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c) Semantics
d) Morphology
Answer: b) Phonetics
What is Communication?
18. What is communication in the context of English communication?
a) A form of transportation
b) A means of exchanging information and ideas
c) A type of art
d) A mathematical concept
Answer: b. A means of exchanging information and ideas
19. Which of the following best defines communication?
a) The study of stars and planets
b) The process of sending emails
c) The exchange of information between individuals through speech, writing, or
other means
d) A method of cooking
Answer: c. The exchange of information between individuals
through speech, writing, or other means
20. What is the primary purpose of communication in English?
a) Entertainment
b) Expression of emotions
c) Conveying messages effectively
d) Physical exercise
Answer: c. Conveying messages effectively
21. How does communication play a role in English language use?
a) Minimal role
b) Passive role
c) Central and active role
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d) Supporting role
Answer: c. Central and active role
22. What is the basic unit of communication?
a) Letters
b) Words
c) Phrases
d) Sentences
Answer: b. Words
23. Which of the following is NOT a component of communication?
a) Sender
b) Receiver
c) Channel
d) Geography
Answer: d. Geography
24. What does feedback refer to in communication?
a) The noise in the background
b) The response or reaction to a message
c) The size of the audience
d) The language used
Answer: b. The response or reaction to a message
25. What is nonverbal communication?
a) Communication without using any technology
b) Communication using only written words
c) Communication without spoken words
d) Communication in a foreign language
Answer: c. Communication without spoken words
26. How can effective communication be achieved?
a) By using complicated language
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b) Written words
c) Hand gestures
d) Eye contact
Answer: b. Written words
31. In the context of communication, what is the role of culture?
a) No role at all
b) It has a minor impact
c) It significantly influences communication styles and norms
d) It only affects written communication
Answer: c. It significantly influences communication styles
and norms
32. What does the term "communication barriers" refer to?
a) Physical structures hindering communication
b) Obstacles that impede the effective exchange of information
c) Security measures in place during communication
d) The speed of communication
Answer: b. Obstacles that impede the effective exchange of
information
33. What is the purpose of interpersonal communication?
a) To communicate with oneself
b) To communicate with a large audience
c) To communicate between different countries
d) To communicate between two or more people
Answer: d. To communicate between two or more people
34. Which communication model includes the elements of sender,
message, channel, receiver, and feedback?
a) Linear communication model
b) Transactional communication model
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d) Eye contact
Answer: c. Clothing and accessories
51. How does the use of space impact non-verbal communication?
a) It is irrelevant
b) It conveys information about social relationships and power dynamics
c) It only affects written communication
d) It leads to misunderstandings
Answer: b. It conveys information about social relationships
and power dynamics
52. What is the primary difference between verbal and non-verbal
communication?
a) Verbal communication is only written, while non-verbal communication is
only spoken
b) Verbal communication uses words, while non-verbal communication
includes gestures, facial expressions, and body language
c) There is no difference
d) Verbal communication is more important than non-verbal communication
Answer: b. Verbal communication uses words, while non-
verbal communication includes gestures, facial
expressions, and body language
53. How does silence play a role in non-verbal communication?
a) It has no impact
b) It indicates confusion
c) It can convey various meanings such as agreement, disagreement, or
contemplation
d) It is a form of verbal communication
Answer: c. It can convey various meanings such as
agreement, disagreement, or contemplation
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UNIT – II
Comprehension, Note-making & Summarization
Comprehension
Passage:-
Once upon a time in a small village, there lived a curious young girl named Emily. She
was known for her love of reading and exploring the world around her. One day, while
wandering in the nearby woods, she stumbled upon an old, dusty book with a mysterious
cover. Excitement filled her as she opened the pages, revealing a magical world filled
with talking animals and enchanted forests.
Questions:
56. What is the passage about?
a) Emily's love for reading
b) A small village
c) A mysterious book and a magical world
d) Talking animals in the woods
Answer: c. A mysterious book and a magical world
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Passage:
The sun was setting, casting a warm glow over the city. People hurriedly made their way
home, and the streets became quieter. In a small cafe on the corner, a group of friends
gathered for their weekly book club meeting. Laughter and lively discussions filled the
air as they shared their thoughts on the latest novel.
Questions:
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Passage:
In the heart of the forest, a hidden waterfall sparkled under the moonlight. Its gentle
sound echoed through the trees, creating a tranquil atmosphere. A lone wolf sat by the
water, gazing at the shimmering reflections. As the night unfolded, the magical scene
embraced the beauty of nature.
Questions:
66. Where is the hidden waterfall located?
a) In the city
b) In the heart of the forest
c) Near a village
d) In the mountains
Answer: b. In the heart of the forest
67. What did the lone wolf do by the water?
a) Slept
b) Howled at the moon
c) Gazed at the shimmering reflections
d) Ran away
Answer: c. Gazed at the shimmering reflections
68. How is the atmosphere described in the passage?
a) Chaotic
b) Tranquil
c) Crowded
d) Noisy
Answer: b. Tranquil
69. What embraced the beauty of nature according to the passage?
a) The lone wolf
b) The shimmering reflections
c) The night
d) The hidden waterfall
Answer: c. The night
70. What is the significance of the moonlight in the passage?
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a) It causes chaos
b) It creates a tranquil atmosphere
c) It scares away the lone wolf
d) It makes the waterfall noisy
Answer: b. It creates a tranquil atmosphere
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92. What is the impact of not giving proper credit to the original source
in digital notes and summaries?
a) It enhances clarity
b) It promotes academic integrity
c) It constitutes plagiarism and academic dishonesty
d) It encourages collaboration
Answer: c. It constitutes plagiarism and academic dishonesty
93. How might artificial intelligence (AI) impact digital note-making and
summarization in the future of education?
a) It has no impact on digital note-making and summarization
b) It may offer automated summarization tools and intelligent note-taking
assistance
c) It discourages the use of digital tools
d) It promotes manual summarization processes
Answer: b. It may offer automated summarization tools and
intelligent note-taking assistance
UNIT – III
Short compositions: Notices, Advertisements, Designing or
Drafting Posters, Messaging
Notices
94. What is a notice in the context of English communication?
a) A private letter
b) A public announcement or information
c) A poem
d) A novel
Answer: b. A public announcement or information
95. What is the primary purpose of a notice?
a) To entertain readers
b) To share personal experiences
c) To provide information or instructions to the public
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b) Present tense
c) Future tense
d) Conditional tense
Answer: b. Present tense
101. What should be included in the closing part of a notice?
a) Detailed explanations
b) Personal anecdotes
c) A call to action or contact information
d) Nothing specific
Answer: c. A call to action or contact information
102. What is the purpose of a notice board in public spaces?
a) To hide information
b) To confuse the audience
c) To display notices and announcements for the public
d) To discourage communication
Answer: c. To display notices and announcements for the
public
103. Which type of information might be included in a notice on a
community bulletin board?
a) Personal diary entries
b) Movie reviews
c) Local events, announcements, or requests
d) Fictional stories
Answer: c. Local events, announcements, or requests
104. What should the language of a notice be?
a) Highly technical
b) Complex and difficult to understand
c) Clear, concise, and easy to understand
d) Full of jargon
Answer: c. Clear, concise, and easy to understand
105. In a notice, what does the term "circulation" refer to?
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a) Physical movement
b) The act of reading
c) The distribution of copies to a specific audience
d) The closing part of the notice
Answer: c. The distribution of copies to a specific audience
106. What should be the tone of a notice?
a) Formal and impersonal
b) Informal and emotional
c) Confusing and unclear
d) Critical and judgmental
Answer: a. Formal and impersonal
107. When is it appropriate to use all capital letters in a notice?
a) Always
b) Never
c) For emphasis or headings
d) In the body of the notice
Answer: c. For emphasis or headings
108. What is the purpose of providing contact information in a notice?
a) To confuse the reader
b) To discourage communication
c) To allow readers to seek additional information or clarification
d) To hide information
Answer: c. To allow readers to seek additional information or
clarification
109. Which of the following is an example of a formal notice?
a) A personal diary entry
b) An invitation to a friend
c) An announcement from a school administration
d) A casual conversation
Answer: c. An announcement from a school administration
110. How should dates be presented in a notice?
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Advertisements
114. What is the primary purpose of an advertisement?
a) To confuse the audience
b) To provide entertainment
c) To promote a product, service, or idea
d) To discourage communication
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a) It has no impact
b) It confuses the audience
c) It enhances credibility and attracts attention
d) It discourages purchasing
Answer: c. It enhances credibility and attracts attention
129. What is the role of a unique selling proposition (USP) in an
advertisement?
a) To confuse the audience
b) To provide irrelevant information
c) To highlight a distinctive feature or benefit of the product or service
d) To discourage purchasing
Answer: c. To highlight a distinctive feature or benefit of the
product or service
130. What is the purpose of creating a sense of urgency in advertising?
a) To bore the audience
b) To entertain the audience
c) To encourage immediate action or purchasing
d) To discourage communication
Answer: c. To encourage immediate action or purchasing
131. Which of the following is an example of out-of-home advertising?
a) Social media ads
b) TV commercials
c) Billboards and posters
d) Radio jingles
Answer: c. Billboards and posters
132. What is the significance of market research in advertising?
a) It is irrelevant
b) It provides insights into the target audience and helps tailor advertisements
c) It confuses the audience
d) It discourages communication
Answer: b. It provides insights into the target audience and
helps tailor advertisements
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b) Fancy
c) Serif or sans-serif
d) Any font style works equally well
Answer: c. Serif or sans-serif
138. What is the purpose of using hierarchy in poster design?
a) To confuse the audience
b) To provide irrelevant information
c) To organize information based on importance and guide the viewer's
attention
d) To discourage purchasing
Answer: c. To organize information based on importance and
guide the viewer's attention
139. What should be the primary focus of the headline in a poster?
a) To confuse the audience
b) To provide detailed information
c) To capture attention and convey the main message
d) To discourage communication
Answer: c. To capture attention and convey the main message
140. What role does color play in effective poster design?
a) It has no impact
b) It confuses the audience
c) It evokes emotions, enhances visual appeal, and communicates information
d) It discourages purchasing
Answer: c. It evokes emotions, enhances visual appeal, and
communicates information
141. Why is it important to use high-quality images in a poster?
a) To save money
b) To confuse the audience
c) To enhance visual appeal and professionalism
d) To discourage communication
Answer: c. To enhance visual appeal and professionalism
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146. How does the use of a grid system contribute to effective poster
design?
a) It encourages confusion
b) It provides irrelevant information
c) It helps maintain a consistent layout and alignment of elements
d) It discourages communication
Answer: c. It helps maintain a consistent layout and
alignment of elements
147. What is the role of contrast in poster design?
a) To confuse the audience
b) To provide irrelevant information
c) To emphasize differences in visual elements and enhance readability
d) To discourage communication
Answer: c. To emphasize differences in visual elements and
enhance readability
148. Which of the following is an example of an effective poster color
scheme?
a) Using random and unrelated colors
b) Utilizing a harmonious combination of colors that complement each other
c) Using only black and white
d) Using one color throughout the poster
Answer: b. Utilizing a harmonious combination of colors that
complement each other
149. What is the importance of considering the target audience in poster
design?
a) It is irrelevant
b) It helps in confusing the audience
c) It guides the design choices to appeal to the specific group the poster is
intended for
d) It discourages communication
Answer: c. It guides the design choices to appeal to the
specific group the poster is intended for
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Messaging
154. What is the primary purpose of messaging in English
communication?
a) To confuse the audience
b) To entertain readers
c) To convey information or exchange thoughts
d) To discourage communication
Answer: c. To convey information or exchange thoughts
155. Which of the following is a common form of written messaging?
a) Verbal conversations
b) Emails
c) Facial expressions
d) Hand gestures
Answer: b. Emails
156. In digital messaging, what does the acronym "SMS" stand for?
a) Social Media Service
b) Short Message Service
c) Save My Sentences
d) Secure Messaging System
Answer: b. Short Message Service
157. What is the primary advantage of asynchronous messaging over
synchronous messaging?
a) It allows real-time communication
b) It provides more time for thoughtful responses
c) It is less efficient
d) It discourages communication
Answer: b. It provides more time for thoughtful responses
158. Which platform is commonly used for instant messaging in real-time?
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a) Carrier pigeons
b) Smoke signals
c) WhatsApp
d) Handwritten letters
Answer: c. WhatsApp
159. What is the purpose of using emojis or emoticons in messaging?
a) To confuse the audience
b) To provide irrelevant information
c) To convey emotions or tone in a text-based message
d) To discourage communication
Answer: c. To convey emotions or tone in a text-based
message
160. What should be considered when choosing the tone for a professional
email message?
a) Use informal language
b) Be disrespectful
c) Adapt the tone to the context and maintain professionalism
d) Encourage confusion
Answer: c. Adapt the tone to the context and maintain
professionalism
161. Which of the following is an example of synchronous messaging?
a) Sending an email
b) Posting on social media
c) Participating in a live chat
d) Writing a letter
Answer: c. Participating in a live chat
162. What does the term "flaming" refer to in the context of online
messaging?
a) A pleasant conversation
b) Exchanging compliments
c) Sending aggressive or insulting messages
d) Encouraging communication
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UNIT – IV
Letter Writing: Business letters; Job applications; Orders and
Replies; Complaints, Claims and Adjustments; Invitations; Emails
Business letters; Job Applications
168. What is the purpose of a business letter?
a) To entertain the reader
b) To provide personal opinions
c) To convey formal information or make requests
d) To discourage communication
Answer: c. To convey formal information or make requests
169. Which of the following is an essential element of a business letter?
a) Personal anecdotes
b) Humorous content
c) Professional tone and format
d) Inconsistent font styles
Answer: c. Professional tone and format
170. What is the appropriate closing for a formal business letter?
a) Best regards
b) Sincerely
c) Cheers
d) Hey there
Answer: b. Sincerely
171. What does the term "letterhead" refer to in business letters?
a) The content of the letter
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d) To hide information
Answer: c. To confirm receipt and express understanding of
the issue
208. How should the tone of a response to a claim be characterized?
a) Informal and dismissive
b) Formal and apologetic
c) Rude and indifferent
d) Casual and aggressive
Answer: b. Formal and apologetic
209. What should be included in the acknowledgment section of a
response to a claim?
a) Complaints about the claim
b) Acknowledgment of the claim, date, and any specific details
c) Personal opinions
d) A request for more information
Answer: b. Acknowledgment of the claim, date, and any
specific details
210. What is the purpose of providing a timeline for resolution in a
response to a claim?
a) To discourage communication
b) To confuse the recipient
c) To manage expectations and convey commitment to resolving the issue
promptly
d) To hide information
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Invitations; Emails
221. What is the primary purpose of an invitation in English
communication?
a) To discourage communication
b) To express gratitude
c) To request information
d) To invite someone to an event or activity
Answer: d. To invite someone to an event or activity
222. Which of the following is an essential element of an invitation?
a) Formal complaints
b) Personal opinions
c) Clear event details and RSVP information
d) Lack of specific details
Answer: c. Clear event details and RSVP information
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UNIT – V
Article, Speech, Dialogues, Debate and Presentation Skills
Articles, Speech
252. What is the primary purpose of an article in English communication?
a) To express gratitude
b) To discourage communication
c) To convey information, share opinions, or discuss a specific topic
d) To request information
Answer: c. To convey information, share opinions, or discuss
a specific topic
253. Which of the following is an essential element of an effective article?
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a) To discourage communication
b) To confuse the reader
c) To tailor the language, tone, and content to the interests and knowledge level
of the audience
d) To hide information
Answer: c. To tailor the language, tone, and content to the
interests and knowledge level of the audience
262. In an article, how should citations and references be handled?
a) Ignore them
b) Include them without providing details
c) Follow a specific citation style, providing clear references for sources used
d) Provide irrelevant information
Answer: c. Follow a specific citation style, providing clear
references for sources used
263. What is the purpose of avoiding overly complex language in articles?
a) To discourage communication
b) To confuse the reader
c) To ensure accessibility and understanding by a broader audience
d) To hide information
Answer: c. To ensure accessibility and understanding by a
broader audience
264. What should be the focus of the body paragraphs in an article?
a) Personal opinions
b) Random thoughts
c) Clear and well-supported points related to the main idea
d) Avoidance of any supporting evidence
Answer: c. Clear and well-supported points related to the
main idea
265. Why is it important to edit and revise an article before publication?
a) To discourage communication
b) To confuse the reader
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c) To ensure clarity, coherence, and eliminate errors for a polished final product
d) To hide information
Answer: c. To ensure clarity, coherence, and eliminate errors
for a polished final product
266. What is the significance of a strong headline or title in an article?
a) To discourage communication
b) To confuse the reader
c) To grab attention, convey the article's main idea, and encourage readership
d) To hide information
Answer: c. To grab attention, convey the article's main idea,
and encourage readership
267. How should the tone of a persuasive article be characterized?
a) Informal and dismissive
b) Formal and indifferent
c) Rude and aggressive
d) Convincing and assertive
Answer: d. Convincing and assertive
268. What is the purpose of including counterarguments in a persuasive
article?
a) To discourage communication
b) To confuse the reader
c) To address opposing viewpoints and strengthen the overall argument
d) To hide information
Answer: c. To address opposing viewpoints and strengthen
the overall argument
269. How does the use of examples contribute to the effectiveness of an
illustrative article?
a) It discourages communication
b) It provides irrelevant information
c) It clarifies and enhances understanding by providing real-life instances
d) It hides information
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a) To discourage communication
b) To confuse the audience
c) To establish a connection, convey confidence, and keep the audience
engaged
d) To hide information
Answer: c. To establish a connection, convey confidence, and
keep the audience engaged
279. What should be included in the conclusion of a speech?
a) Complaints about the speech
b) A call to action for additional speeches
c) A summary of key points, a restatement of the thesis, and a closing thought
d) A request for more information
Answer: c. A summary of key points, a restatement of the
thesis, and a closing thought
280. How does the use of appropriate language contribute to effective
speech delivery?
a) It discourages communication
b) It provides irrelevant information
c) It fosters clarity, engagement, and positive audience perception
d) It hides information
Answer: c. It fosters clarity, engagement, and positive
audience perception
281. What is the purpose of considering the audience's interests and
knowledge level when delivering a speech?
a) To discourage communication
b) To confuse the audience
c) To tailor the content to the audience's understanding and engage their
interests
d) To hide information
Answer: c. To tailor the content to the audience's
understanding and engage their interests
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a) To discourage communication
b) To confuse the participants
c) To support claims, enhance credibility, and strengthen the overall argument
d) To hide information
Answer: c. To support claims, enhance credibility, and
strengthen the overall argument
299. In a debate, why is it important to acknowledge the opposing side's
valid points?
a) To discourage communication
b) To confuse the participants
c) To show fairness, respect, and strengthen the overall debate
d) To hide information
Answer: c. To show fairness, respect, and strengthen the
overall debate
300. What is the appropriate way to handle questions from the audience
during a debate?
a) Ignore audience questions
b) Provide evasive answers
c) Address questions respectfully, provide clear responses, and invite further
discussion
d) Discourage audience participation
Answer: c. Address questions respectfully, provide clear
responses, and invite further discussion
301. How does the use of appropriate language contribute to effective
debating?
a) It discourages communication
b) It provides irrelevant information
c) It fosters clarity, persuasiveness, and positive audience perception
d) It hides information
Answer: c. It fosters clarity, persuasiveness, and positive
audience perception
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UNIT – VI
Reports (Newspapers and Events); Review (Books and Films);
Minutes of a meeting; Resume
Reports (Newspapers and Events)
316. What is the primary purpose of a news report in English
communication?
a) To express personal opinions
b) To provide objective information about current events
c) To discourage communication
d) To request information
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325. How does the use of visuals, such as images and infographics,
contribute to news reports?
a) It discourages communication
b) It provides irrelevant information
c) It enhances understanding, adds context, and engages the readers
d) It hides information
Answer: c. It enhances understanding, adds context, and
engages the readers
326. What is the primary purpose of an event report in English
communication?
a) To express personal opinions
b) To provide objective information about a specific event
c) To discourage communication
d) To request information
Answer: b. To provide objective information about a specific
event
327. Which elements are typically included in the introduction of an event
report?
a) Personal opinions
b) Key details such as what, when, where, and why
c) Irrelevant information
d) A call to action
Answer: b. Key details such as what, when, where, and why
328. What is the role of a summary in an event report?
a) To discourage communication
b) To confuse the readers
c) To provide a brief overview of the event and its highlights
d) To hide information
Answer: c. To provide a brief overview of the event and its
highlights
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d) Hiding information
Answer: c. Adding a personal touch, capturing interest, and
making the report more relatable
337. What is the purpose of considering the target audience when writing
an event report?
a) Discouraging communication
b) Confusing the readers
c) Tailoring the language and content to meet the interests and understanding of
the audience
d) Hiding information
Answer: c. Tailoring the language and content to meet the
interests and understanding of the audience
338. How does the use of a clear and descriptive title contribute to an
effective event report?
a) Discouraging communication
b) Providing irrelevant information
c) Grabbing attention, conveying the theme, and setting expectations for the
readers
d) Hiding information
Answer: c. Grabbing attention, conveying the theme, and
setting expectations for the readers
339. What role does the author's perspective play in an event report?
a) Discouraging communication
b) Providing irrelevant information
c) Presenting an objective viewpoint, avoiding personal bias
d) Hiding information
Answer: c. Presenting an objective viewpoint, avoiding
personal bias
340. What is the purpose of including background information in an event
report?
a) Discouraging communication
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364. How does the use of a clear and engaging writing style contribute to
an effective review?
a) To discourage reading and watching
b) To confuse the readers and viewers
c) To enhance readability, convey information efficiently, and maintain
audience interest
d) To hide information
Answer: c. To enhance readability, convey information
efficiently, and maintain audience interest
365. What role do personal preferences play in the creation of a review?
a) They should be the sole focus of the review
b) They should be entirely excluded from the review
c) They may influence the review but should not overshadow objective
evaluation
d) They should discourage readers and viewers
Answer: c. They may influence the review but should not
overshadow objective evaluation
366. Why is it important for reviewers to be aware of potential biases
when creating reviews?
a) To discourage reading and watching
b) To confuse the readers and viewers
c) To ensure fair and objective evaluations, minimizing personal biases
d) To hide information
Answer: c. To ensure fair and objective evaluations,
minimizing personal biases
367. What role does the reviewer's background knowledge and expertise
play in the quality of a review?
a) They are irrelevant and should be avoided in reviews
b) They are the sole focus of the review
c) They contribute to a reviewer's ability to provide informed insights and
analysis
d) They discourage readers and viewers
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