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Test Bank

for

Creating Literacy Instruction for All Students

Tenth Edition

Thomas G. Gunning,
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Chapter 1 The Nature of Literacy

1.1 Multiple Choice Questions

1) The ultimate goal of the Every Student Succeeds Act is to have all students
A) reach proficiency on national tests.
B) reach proficiency on state tests.
C) read to the best of their ability.
D) become college and career ready.

2) Which of the following is an example of a behavioral approach?

A) providing students with hands-on activities in which they assemble a toy to show that they have
comprehended a set of directions
B) giving students a choice of prizes when they are able to answer 80 percent of the comprehension
questions at their level
C) having students work in pairs so they can learn from each other
D) making sure that students are in the zone of proximal development

3) Which of the following teacher questions best incorporates a New Criticism approach?
A) Do you know anyone like the main character in the story?
B) How do you think the author’s early life influenced her writing?
C) What impact does the author’s word choice have on the poem?
D) If the author were writing today, what changes do you think he might make in his poem?

4) What is the zone of proximal development (ZDP)?

A) the amount of help that a student needs in order to experience maximal growth
B) the level of work that student can do when working on his or her own
C) the difference between what a student can do on his or her own and what the student can do with
help
D) the amount of growth that a student should attain in a year’s time

5) Which of the following is a top-down approach to reading?

A) teaching phonics after children have learned to read a number of words
B) teaching the letters of the alphabet and then their sounds
C) teaching phonics and then teaching students to apply this skill to real reading
D) teaching the sounds but not the names of the letters

6) Which of the following practices would most likely lead to an aesthetic response?
A) asking students if anything in a story reminded them of something that happened to them
B) discussing why the author might have written a story
C) having students create a diagram of the story
D) discussing the techniques that the author used to create suspense

7) Which processor does this activity neglect? The teacher has the students read a series of pseudo
words: riz, bup, crine, wumle. She explains that this will give them good practice in using their
phonics skills, since they will not have seen these fake words anywhere.
A) orthographic
B) meaning
C) letter-sound
D) phonological

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8) What does the sentence “We eated our lunch” spoken by a young child indicate about learning
language?
A) learning language is an imitative process
B) learning language is a constructive process
C) learning language is a straightforward process
D) not all children follow the same developmental path when learning language

9) According to Todd Risley, the most important thing parents can do to develop their children’s verbal
intelligence is to
A) provide a good preschool experience.
B) spend quality time with them.
C) take care of their physical and emotional needs.
D) talk to them.

10) What is the main difference between Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s approach to learning?
A) Vygotsky neglected direct experience.
B) Vygotsky stressed the importance of guidance from more knowledgeable others.
C) Vygotsky placed more emphasis on gradual development of children’s cognitive ability.
D) Vygotsky questioned the importance of the learning environment for cognitive development .

11) Which of the following is the best example of a teaching technique that is functional and contextual?
A) teaching the /s/ sound of c after teaching the /k/ sound of c
B) demonstrating most of the consonant sounds before starting formal reading instruction
C) testing students to make sure they have mastered the consonant sounds
D) teaching the /s/ sound of c just before students read about Cindy who spends 50 cents in the city

12) How well are today’s elementary and middle school students reading?
A) about the same as in past years
B) worse than in past years
C) better than in past years
D) better than their grandparents but worse than their parents

13) According to research by Gambrell, Wilson, and Gantt (1981); Nation (2001); Schmitt, Jiang, and
Grabe (2011), students make the most progress when they are reading materials in which they know
________ percent of the words.
A) 99 to 100
B) 85 to 90
C) 95 to 98
D) 80 to 85

14) The true test of reading is whether a student can

A) construct meaning from text and answer questions about what was read.
B) read the words with reasonable expression and inflection.
C) apply context and other word-recognition skills while reading.
D) sound out all or most of the words in a selection.

15) According to Pressley, Allington, Wharton-McDonald, Block, & Morrow, what is the most
outstanding characteristic of highly effective teachers?
A) They stress skills and systematic instruction.
B) The use a wide variety of materials.
C) They manage their classrooms and have virtually no discipline problems.
D) They believe their students can learn and act accordingly.

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1.2 Essay Questions

1) What are some behavioral, cognitive, and cognitive behavioral practices that can be found in literacy
programs?

2) What is your approach to teaching literacy? Does it use elements of behavioral, cognitive, or
cognitive behavioral approaches? After describing it, explain how you might implement your
approach.

3) In what ways is literacy instruction top-down, bottom-up, or interactionist?

4) What impact is the Every Student Succeeds Act having upon literacy instruction?

5) What is the role of culture in the literacy program?

6) What is the role of the New Literacies in today’s reading programs?

7) What are the ten principles of teaching reading? Why is each important?

8) What are the key characteristics of an effective teacher?

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