Environmental Science

Additional Reviewer

Air Pollution - A condition in which the quality of air is degraded due to the presence of harmful
substances, particulate matter, and biological agents.

Primary Pollutants – The pollutants that are the ones directly emitted into the atmosphere from the source
and emitted in natural ways or due to human actions. Directly emitted to atmosphere by human activities.

Secondary Pollutants – formed when primary pollutants reacted in the air (acid rain)

Carbon monoxide- gas from burning fuels (cars)

Sulfur dioxide – A corrosive gas that cannot be seen or smelled at low levels but can have a “rotten egg”
smell at high level. Caustic, odourless in low concentration

Greenhouse gases –The gases that stay in the air for a long time and warm up the planet by trapping
sunlight. Traps sunlight (examples are CO, CO2, CH4, HFC5

Lead – toxic blue gray metal in different forms.

Ozone – A gas that can be found in two places, near the ground and its major part of smog. Gas found
near the ground and smog

Global Warming - It is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and other
human-caused emissions.

Climate Change - This effect of biodiversity and ecosystem when species change distribution, population,
sizes and migration.

Municipal Solid Waste - This refers to the trash generated by residents, businesses, institutions and
municipalities, but not including hazardous waste or either industrial by products is the first and largest
component of the solid waste stream.

Hazardous Waste - dangerous chemical or a mixture of substances whose physiochemical properties may
induce harm to humans and animals.

Industrial Waste - is characterized as waste generated by fabrication or industrial processes.

Residual Waste - are waste materials that are non-compostable and non-recyclable. It should be disposed
ecologically through a long-term disposal facility or sanitary landfill.

Universal Waste - This waste is generated from a large variety of sources and consists of products that
serve both commercial and personal use.

Radioactive Waste or nuclear waste - At high enough concentrations it can kill; in lower concentrations it
can cause cancers and other illnesses.
Surface Contamination - It is usually expressed in units of radioactivity per unit of area.

Airborne Contamination -

Chemical Contamination -

Topography – Has a great impact in the formation of soil, it determines runoff of water and its orientation
affects vegetation. physical features of an area, influences soil formation, vegetation, water runoff

Salinity Management – balancing water entering and exiting ground water system

Aridosol – A dry soil forming under the dessert conditions or in an arid or semiarid climate. Dry soil
formed in semi-arid climate

Entisol – It is found commonly on unconsolidated sediments like sand or in a recently formed soil with
minimal soil horizons. found on unconsolidated sediments like sand

Inceptisols – found in areas where erosion takes place

Histosol – primarily it contains organic materials

Clay – The result of chemical weathering which is the specific surface area of soil particles and the most
active in terms of soil bonding. Product of chemical weathering, active in soil bonding

Cover Cropping – These are effective at reducing soil erosion by leaving a cover over the soil which
reduces soil displacement associated with the impact of raindrops hitting soil particles.

Most world soils PH level – between 4 to 10.

Pedogenesis – It is a term for soil formation that describe the combination effects of biological, physical,
chemical, and process on soil parent material.

Plate tectonic – A scientific theoretical analysis about the earth’s surface. pinapaliwanag ng theory na
ito na ang mga lupa ng earth (earth’s crust) ay may mga hati hati na tinatawag na plates. Ang mga plates
ay nakapatong sa mantle, kaya ito ay gumagalaw. Ang mabagal na pagbabago at paggalaw ng mga plates
ang reason kung bakit tayo may mountains, earthquakes, volcanoes at iba pang geologic events.

Conservation Tillage - It is a field operations aimed at preserving soil aggregates, organic matter and
surface residue from previous crops. is any method of soil cultivation that leaves the previous year's
crop residue on fields before and after planting the next crop to reduce soil erosion and runoff. (Magiiwan
ng mga dating pananim para hindi maghiwahiwalay ang soil at maiwasan ang soil erosion)

Crop Rotation - It is a tool that enables farmers to increase soil organic matter content, soil structure and
rooting depth. the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area across a
sequence of growing seasons

Cumulose – substance from deposited organic materials

Dry Deposition – It happens when polluting particles and gases stick to the ground via dust and smoke in
the absence of precipitation. Particles adhere to ground in absence of precipitation.
 Primary water treatment – heavier solids sink, lighter solids float in water setting

Secondary water treatment – degrading biological content of waste through aerobic biological
process

Tertiary water treatment – removed of pathogens and can produce potable (drinking) water
Growth hormone and antibiotic treated livestock has side effect and toxic to humans

Transported – Materials are those that have been deposited organic material. Deposited organic materials

Point source pollution – pollution from single location

Non point pollution – pollution from many places

Species Diversity – The diversity that includes all the different species on earth.

Alien Species – Animals or plants from one region that have been introduced into a different ecosystem
where they do not belong.

Alpha Radiation – It is consist of helium – 4 nucleus and is readily stopped by a sheet of paper. Most
harmful with Helium – 4 nucleuses

Beta Radiation – less damaging to living tissue

Montreal Protocol - It is widely considered as the most successful environment protection agreement.

Kyoto Protocol - It has a mandatory targets on greenhouse – gas emissions for the world’s leading
economies which have accepted it.

Thailand – The country identified the laws about the National integrated Waste Management Plan 2007.
Identified the laws on National Integrated Waste Management Plan 2007

Europe – Increased risk of inland flash floods; more frequent coastal flooding and increased erosion from
storms and sea level rise. with increased risk of inland flash floods

Positive Impact - Humans acknowledge the importance of other species in the ecosystem as part of the
system for continued survival.

Toxins - It is when the livestock and poultry feeds contain antibiotics and hormones to accelerate animal
growth but has side effects to humans who eat the meat.

Incineration - A process of burning waste that includes the removal water from hazardous sludge, reduces
its mass and / or volume and converts it to a non burnable ash that can be safely disposed of on land.

Lead - A blue – gray metal that is very toxic and is found in a number of forms and locations.

Carbon Monoxide - A gas that comes from the burning of fossil fuels, mostly in cars.

Composting - Commonly described as controlled decomposition of organic matter by microorganisms,

mainly bacteria and fungi, into a humus-like product.
Avoidance - Buy only things you need and avoid items with heavy packaging.

5.5 and 7.5 - The range of pH values in soils is usually between 3 and 8 though most world soils are
between ______and _______.

Weathering - The breaking up of the earth’s surfaces by forces of the atmosphere such as air, water,
disintegration of rocks materials in the Earths uppermost layer.

Salinity Management - It involves striking a balance between the volume of water entering the ground
water system (recharge) and the volume of water leaving it (discharge).

Exfoliation - Common in warm areas, as the sun shines on rocks during the day it causes them to expand.