CHAPTER 7

 ×      
 ×  ∙      
   
           
          
118
  × 
 ∙           
  ×        
       



 ×
 ×

      
        
          
       
   

      
    
       

  



      
      
                 
 
               
          
       
      
    
     


       
     
      
     
        
 × 
      
        
         
     
  

     
    

        
            
     
         
              
 
 

      
          
              
                
 
      
        
                 
                  
          
                  
           
       
          
 
                         
       
                      
            
     
          
       
      
  ∙      
   

             


     
    

           
       
               
   
    
O
           
         

         
     
       
  
         


         

     


        
       
         
       
    

         
     
       
     
  
                 
  
           
 
                   
     
         
         
    
              

  
        
          
      

             119
      
  
           
             

7.1 Matrices, Vectors: Addition and Scalar Multiplication

                  
           
    
        
    
        
         

      
    
               
     
       
          
           
        
          
           
      
         
     

      
      
                ∙  ∙    
       
     
  
  ∙  ∙     
 ∙  ∙    
    
          

      
  
                   
    
                      
            

             
    
             
                         
       

           
   
  
 
                
 
  
            
   
               
            
    
  
  
   
       
            
   
            
            
  
  
    
   
     
  
         
         
  
             
         
 
 
  



   
   
   

          
 
          
          
         
  
             
         
       
     
            
       
            
                 
     
     
120            
     
           
     
 
 
 
  
  
  





     
      

     
  
 ×   × 
     

     

    

 

  

 ×
    

          

     
   

      
    
               

                  
             
    

      
    
              
                   
            
               
              
            
      
             
        
   

        
        

               
                 
                 
           
 
       
               
    
              
    

           
           
  
                
        

 
    
 

                 
        
     
   

   
    

   
 
    
 
 
   
   
  
     
   
   

   
        
     
                       

                       
        
                   
      
          
              
       
            121

                    
              
           

7.2 Matrix Multiplication

             

                   
        
  
       
             
     
                      
        

        
    
    
        
        
     
          
              
                         
          
              
          
  

 
           
  
    
 
      
          
         

                                  
               
     
                    
                   
            
 
         
            
    
 
    
 
               
     
               
 
    

                                   
                  
                        
                            
         
               

             
        

        
                   
             
        
          
           
             
  
      
       
          
         
          
                  
       
          
 
     
  
          
             
                  
    
                       
                   
                    
     
                 
                   
                 
        
       
        
          
 
 
          
       ⋯ 
                 ⋯ 
          
122               ⋯   
          
       ⋯  
              ⋯     ⋯ 
           
                ⋯  
           
  ⋯     ⋯ 
           
   ⋯ 
           
          
             
                    
        
           
    
      
       
          
         
            
             
          
             

           
                
                 
      
 
          
 
 
          
       
         
      
      
     
             

   
          
       
     
 

  

   
       

         
  

  

  

 


     
   cos   sin    sin   cos
       
     cos   sin   sin   cos
   
         
  sin   cos tan   
                  
   cos   sin       tan
 
          
               
  cos  sin
  
  sin cos 
          
  cos  sin
   
         sin cos 

        
  
         
 cos  sincos  sin cos   cos cos  sin sin
  
sin cos sin cos  sin   sin cos  cos sin
cos cos  sin sin  sin cos  cos sin

    
sin cos  cos sin  sin sin  cos cos

cos   sin  
         
sin  cos      
cos  sin 
           123
sin cos  

7.3 Linear Systems of Equations. Gauss Elimination

  
 
cos  sin cos  sin 
sin cos sin cos 
cos cos  sin sin  sin cos  cos sin 

sin cos  cos sin  sin sin  cos cos 

                        

→
        
→
       →      
                       
         
→    →       
                 
→
                     
                      
    
 →    
       
            
  
      →                

→     →       
            
        
          

→     →    
     
         
     →    
                           
                       
                   
     
 →       
          
              
→

→                 
      
               
             →        
  
    →                 
             
       
      
→      →       

→  
  →                 
                        
                      
             
  
       →                   
          
             
    
  →        
  
→       →                    
     
         
           
 

→      
      
                     

             

   

  



 
 
→ 
   
 
       
  
   
   
 

 ≠
 


    

124
→    
     
 

        
 
 
     
→



  
  


   

 




    
  

                        
→



  
  





 




    
     
               
   
                    
   
   
   
→
   
   
         
→     


  
  
  

             
                
            

    
    
   
→ 
    
     
         
           

                          
→ 
      
    
→
    
      
             
            
            
                 
→
  
 

  
       
         
→ →           
                         
           
            
           
       
→
   
  
  
 

→ 
    
    
    


               
 
  
          
  


                 
 


 
  

 
         

   
 
       
     →  
  
           
    
→


 



 







 
 
  
 
       

      
            
   
  


 
  
  
  

    
     
   

      
              
         














 
→


 



 
 
 



               
    

    
  
 
         
      
→
    
             125
              
 
  
    
    
     

7.4 Linear Independence. Rank of a Matrix. Vector Space

                        
       
   

 
      
  
                             
     
                
              




   
    
→ 
      
     
           
   
 
  
  

              




     

     
   

 
→ →
               
                 
 
                 
       

   
              
     
        
    
      
      
   
            


  
  
 
 
 → 
  
  

 
 


 


 
       
 
   

 
         
      
→        
       

        
                       

           
   
   
 
 
  
 
    
 
  
  ×    

  
      
 


 
       

 
       ⋯    ×








  
     

 
       


  
 

  




      





 
 
≠
 


   
  

 
  


 
     →               
                  
        
   →    →      
                
   →               
     
         
126          →       
          

   ≠             
       
    →   
      
       
   
  
→
  
  
      
 
≠             
          
 
         



 
 
 


→
      

  
   
  

≠ ≠
         

   
        
→          
         → →
         
               
    

 
    
    
→
 ≠      
                

                       
        
     
 →  →        
                 

        
             
 




 


→
  
  
 
  
     
 →  → 
 
 


       
    
        
 
             
                
 → 
  



 
  
→
  

     
   
    
   

  
   →    →    →  
            
             
                          
                 
           

   
        
   →   
   

  
  
→


  
  
→
   
   
      
           
                    
       
           
  
   →   →  
         
   → 
   
   
→ 
   
   
       

                                    
                       
     
   →  →   
          
  
 
 
 





→
 
 
  





→
   
   
    

              
         

  
             
  
   →    →       →
   
   
→
   
   
           
       
      
            
              

  
    
   


→
 
 
     





 ran      ran 
      

                
     
→


  
   
   
→ 
  
    
     



  

  
 
    
 
      

    
127

   

7.4 Linear Independence. Rank of a Matrix. Vector Space

     
→


  
   
  
     
     

    

  ×     

                      
           

  
    
   



→
  
    
    



   ×
  



ran     ran   
                         
 

     
  
   ⋯      
 


 
   ⋯         
    
    ⋯     
  
        ⋯             
   ⋯     

  
→  


  ⋯   
  ⋯    

       ⋯      

   ⋯                  
     

→ 

 
    ⋯  
  ⋯ 

 ⋯ 


     →      →     
              
 

→   


 
 
      

    
        

  
      ⋯            

 
     
   ⋯
      
      ⋯  
 
 
 
 
 
 

→
               ⋯          
 
          ⋯      
 
 
  
 



→ 
 

 ⋯
 ⋯


   

 
 


 
  


  


 

 
      

  
       ⋯            
     
   ⋯  

 
     
   ⋯      
→    ⋯        
→ →
   
      
   ⋯      

  
       
      
      
    ⋯         ⋯             


   ⋯     ⋯ 
    ⋯    →    ⋯ 

       ⋯         ⋯  
     
   →    →   
        

                      

 


→
   
   
→ 
   
   
              
 → 













→  


 














       
128
 


→




 
  
           

     
     
                
→ →
 →




 
  
→
 
 
 
   





 
 
 
 
 
 







   
       
     
→ →
     
             
    
 →    

       
            

→   
 ≠ 
   

         
         
→    ≤  
                   


           

  
  
→ 
  
  
      
→
 
  

  


 
   ⋯    
      ≠  

             ≠

  
 
     
→ →    ⋯    
       
      

               
  
    →            
            

  
   ≤  ≤     ⋯  
    ⋯  
              














 
→


 










 
→


 













     

      
                    

                     

      

      

             

                      
          
      
         cos sin
sin cos 

 cos   sin    

          

cos
sin cos 
sin
 cos  sin 
 

         

  
    
 
 
     129
             

  

7.7 Determinants. Cramer s Rule

 

      


   


         
         

          
       

    
   

  
                ∙ ∙         
          

       
         

  
       
  sec         
 
         
       
  ×    

  
     
       
det    det    
        
        
  ×    det     det

  
       
       

  ⋯          

  ⋯ 

        

 
 ×     
   
  ⋯     
   
   
   

  
       
         

       
    
       

  
       
       
  
         
det    

 
    


 
         
 
det          
     



    

    det 

det   det

 det           

   

    
  
 
         
         

          




   
    

 
         
        
 
  ⋯  


           
 

cos
sin
sin
cos 
 cos cos  sin sin  cos   


  

     
       
          
det           ∙det                        
 
          
  ∙          
 
           
 

                   
130

     ≠
                   ∙  
  
    →   →     

 
                
   
    
 
   
     ≠    
      
        

  
      
    →                      
                
             
→    →      
    
           
                 
   
           
       

 
  
          
  
  
    ≠
                                  
    
 →    
  →   

              

   
               ∙  
      

 
           
      

 
  
        
      

     
             
      

                      

                    

  
 
   
  
  
        
 


  

 
 
 
      ∙     

 
   
           
   

        
→
      

    
   
                         
   
     
        

                    



        ∙  
 

  
  


 
     
  
                  
     
   
    →                   
     
        
             

   
       

   
             
      
                       
             
131

       
            
                      

7.8 Inverse of a Matrix. Gauss-Jordan Elimination

       
             
       
   
              

 
      
   
                   
   
  
    →     →      
    
               
            

→     →                     
  
         
 
                  

                       


  

   
              
       
    
→ 
    
    
             

       
               

   

  

   
           
           →      
    
→
    

    
              

                  

  

                        
      → →
           
             

                                   
     →                   
             
           
→ 
     →         
         
     

→       
    

        cos sin  →  tan sec 

  
       
    sin cos    sin cos  
→  tan sec   tan sec  
  →  →
           sec tan    sin cos 
     
  cos  sin 
   →
→
 
 
   


    
→

 




   
 
 
 
   sin cos 
cos  sin
sin cos
    
→


   


  




         

 


    →
   

  
 
   
  


 



     
  

 
     

 
       
 
 
  
   →       


     
 
CHAPTER 8
  
       


  

           ±

           

        

138          
       
         
    
        
       
                cos    sin      cos ±sin
  cos  sin     

                     

      cos  sin     

                      

 
      
  
               
           
              

              
                     

         
       ±

 
  
                 
  
  
             
             
          
          
    
              
             
   
              
                
   
     
 

 
  
         ±
    
  
   
 
     
             
 
     
    
 
           
        
   
  
     
     
     
   
 

 
  

   
  
 
  
         ± 


   
 
      
  
        

   

     


   
   
 
 
           
  
   
  
      
          
     


           
  
   
               
           

 
    
   
   

 
      
     
   139
                 
 
         

8.1 The Matrix Eigenvalue Problem. Determining Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors

  
                  
              
          
 
   
       
 
                           
  
           
           

        
        
          
                      
  

 
   
          

   
     ×
 
                  
     
  
  
                

      
                
       
 ×
                 
   
                         
   
        
  
                
         
           
     
 ×
  


cos   sin 

sin
 





cos 


  
  

 ×
  
  
    

     
     
     
 ± 
   
          
      
             

 
 
  
           
 det ≠
         
  ⋯  
       
 det          ⋯    
     
det    ⋯  det ≠ 
      

 
   ≠   
 

                     


      
  det    det 
 

 
       

140                

                   
    
             
             
→    →    →     

             
              

           
             
       
   

 
 
          
  
                
   
  
  
                 
           
     
   
  
→    →    →     
   
                   
            
    
   
        
 
   
      
            ±

   
                
   
    
    
     

    
   
             

    
    
      
    
     
   
   
      
               
               

      
  
→     →     →       
           
                   
         
       

          
    
 
          


       





      

          

       ⋯  
  
  
         
            
       
    
   