INTRODUCTION

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common form of heart disease. It is the
result of atheromatous changes in the vessels supplying the heart. CAD is used to
describe a range of clinical disorders from asymptomatic atherosclerosis and
stable angina to acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina, NSTEMI, STEMI). In
the US, it is still one of the leading causes of mortality. Initial evaluation of risk
factors is the first step in preventing coronary artery diseases.
In 2020 the American Heart Association developed a health prescription called
"Life's Simple 7" designed to improve overall cardiovascular health and reduce
the risk of cardiovascular disease. These recommendations are outlined below.

NEED OF THE STUDY

In the United States, cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of
mortality, morbidity, and increased healthcare costs. According to the AHA, in
2018, 16.5 million people over 20 years of age had coronary artery disease.
Mortality rates due to ischemic heart diseases are decreasing in developed
countries like the United States and the United Kingdom.
Coronary artery disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. The World Health
Organization (WHO) reported that ischemic heart disease was responsible for
approximately nine million deaths in 2016 Developed and developing countries
show opposite trends in mortality due to CAD. In developed countries like the
U.S. and the UK, mortality rates due to ischemic heart diseases are decreasing.
Nevertheless, according to AHA, 16.5 million people older than 20 in the U.S. had
coronary artery disease in 2018, and 55% of them were males. The status of CAD
in developing countries is worse with increasing mortality trends. Increased
implementation of primary and secondary prevention methods of cardiovascular is
responsible for the decline in mortality in developed countries. Primary prevention
methods are intended to prevent cardiovascular events with high risks but no
previous history. Secondary prevention methods are therapies that prevent any
further cardiac damage to those with a history of CAD.
Patient education programs are fundamental to preventing cardiovascular diseases
and their complications. They are designed to allow people with chronic
conditions to actively participate in managing their condition, promoting self-care
behavior, and modifying risk factors. The goals are to improve health outcomes
and decrease the incidence of complications for patients by supporting, not
replacing medical care. Educational interventions in cardiac care have been shown
to increase physical activity, healthier dietary habits, and smoking cessation. The
delivery of patient education programs can vary substantially: locations can be in
clinics, classrooms, or homes; the target could be an individual or groups, and
content could be tailored or generic. Common topics include nutrition, exercise,
risk factor modification, psychosocial well-being, and medications.[
With the obesity pandemic and the expected worsening of cardiovascular risk
factors in the general population, the incidence and prevalence of heart disease are
expected to rise. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death in
patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD): Of the more than 320,000 patients
with ESRD that require dialysis or kidney transplantation in the United States,
half will die from cardiovascular causes, and patients with milder degrees of CKD
are more likely to die of CAD than to develop kidney failure that requires renal
replacement therapy.2
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality
worldwide, with >4.5 million deaths occurring in the developing world. Despite a
recent decline in developed countries, both CAD mortality and the prevalence of
CAD risk factors continue to rise rapidly in developing countries.3
CVDs are expected to be the fastest-growing chronic illnesses between 2005 and
2015 growing at 9.2% every year. A more worrying fact is that the incidences of
CVDs have gone up significantly for people between the ages 25 and 69 to
24.8% which means losing more productive people to these diseases. The need
for CVD surveillance arises when demographic transition is accompanied by a
risk transition". These risk factors are used for describing the distribution of future
disease burden in a population that helps in predicting the health of a specific
individual. Risk factors are present for a long period during the natural history of
CVD. Demographic projections suggest a major increase in CVD mortality as life
expectancy increases and the age structure of the growing population changes.
Heart diseases are considered to be "silent" diseases whose symptoms are not
evident in a patient suffering from them till the disease is in an advanced state.14
A study revealed that the disorder (CVD) burden in India is predicted to double
within the next 20 years, making it the only largest explanation for death and
therefore the second largest explanation for disability by the year 2020. This will
be characterized by an enormous burden of CVD among urban.4 In rural India,
only a couple of studies are undertaken to research the prevalence of the disorder
(CVD). Most of the studies were carried out on the urban population. So, there
was a lack of awareness4
REFERENCES
1. Regmi M, Siccardi MA. Coronary Artery Disease Prevention. [Updated 2023
Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing;
2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK547760/
2. McCullough, Peter A.. Coronary Artery Disease. Clinical Journal of the
American Society of Nephrology 2(3):p 611-616, May 2007. | DOI:
10.2215/CJN.03871106
3. Okrainec K, Banerjee DK, Eisenberg MJ. Coronary artery disease in the
developing world. American Heart Journal. 2004 Jul 1;148(1):7-15.
4. Yadav, ms & dular, sunil & shally, ms. (2020). A study to assess the risk
factors and evaluate the effectiveness of community based educational
program on risk factors and their knowledge regarding prevention of coronary
artery disease among adults village daultabad district gurugram, haryana.