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NPTEL (https://swayam.gov.in/explorer?ncCode=NPTEL) » Artificial Intelligence: Knowledge Representation

And Reasoning (course)

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Week 5 : Assignment
payment status The due date for submitting this assignment has passed.
Due on 2024-02-28, 23:59 IST.

Course Assignment submitted on 2024-02-28, 21:04 IST

outline
IMPORTANT: Your short answers MUST FOLLOW THE FORMAT STATED IN EACH
About QUESTION. DO NOT ENTER EXTRANEOUS BLANKS, DOTS, TABS, PARENTHESIS or
NPTEL ()
UNWANTED CHARACTERS in your answers. By default, enter lists as COMMA separated
values WITHOUT PARENTHESIS, BLANKS OR EXTRANEOUS CHARACTERS. Any deviation
How does an will result in ZERO MARKS because the answers are EVALUATED BY STRING MATCHING.
NPTEL
online
Marking scheme for MCQs with more than one correct answer:
course
● Full marks, if all correct options are selected and no wrong option is selected.
work? ()
● Partial marks, if some correct options are selected and no wrong option is selected.
● Zero marks, if at least one wrong option is selected.
Prerequisite
● Zero marks, if no options are selected.
Assignment
()
Abbreviations:
Knowledge Base (KB),
Week 1 ()
Propositional Logic (PL),
First Order Logic (FOL),
Week 2 ()
Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF).

Week 3 ()
We treat the words “proof” and “derivation” as synonyms.

Week 4 ()
IMPORTANT: Review Week 5 notes (PDFs under “Lecture Materials” link) before solving this
assignment.
Week 5 ()
Expert 1) Select the formulas that are in CNF. 1 point
Systems (unit?
unit=61&lesso A∧ B∧ C
n=62) A∨ B∨ C

Backward ¬A
Chaining (¬A ∨ B ∨ C) ∧ (¬C ∨ ¬D ∨ E)
Systems (unit?
¬(A ∨ B ∨ C) ∧ (C ∨ D ∨ E)
unit=61&lesso
n=63) Partially Correct.
Score: 0.75
Deductive Accepted Answers:
Retrieval (unit? A∧ B∧ C
unit=61&lesso
A∨ B∨ C
n=64)
¬A
The Resolution (¬A ∨ B ∨ C) ∧ (¬C ∨ ¬D ∨ E)
Refutation
Method (unit? 2) Convert ∀x∀y{ ( A(x,y) ⊃ [B(x) ⊃ C(y)] ) ⊃ ( D(x) ⊃ [A(x,y) ⊃ C(y)] ) } to CNF. 1 point
unit=61&lesso
n=65) ∀x∀y[¬A(x,y) ∧ B(x) ∧ C(y) ∧ ¬D(x)]

Clause Form ∀x∀y{[C(y) ∨ ¬D(x)] ∧ [¬A(x,y) ∨ B(x) ∨ C(y) ∨ ¬D(x)] ∧ [¬A(x,y) ∨ ¬D(x)]}
in FOL (unit? ∀x∀y[¬A(x,y) ∨ B(x) ∨ C(y) ∨ ¬D(x)]
unit=61&lesso
∀x∀y[¬A(x,y) ∨ ¬B(x) ∨ C(y) ∨ D(x)]
n=66)
No, the answer is incorrect.
Resolution Score: 0
Refutation in
Accepted Answers:
FOL (unit? ∀x∀y[¬A(x,y) ∨ B(x) ∨ C(y) ∨ ¬D(x)]
unit=61&lesso
n=67)
3) Convert ∀x[(∃y(P(x) ⊃ R(x,y))) ⊃ (Q(x) ∧ ∃z R(x,z))] to Skolem form. 1 point
First Order
Logic with ∀x∀y[(P(x) ⊃ R(x,y)) ⊃ (Q(x) ∧ R(x,sk(x)))]
Equality (unit? ∀x[(P(x) ⊃ R(x,sk(x))) ⊃ (Q(x) ∧ R(x,sk(x)))]
unit=61&lesso
∀x∀y[(P(x) ∧ ¬R(x,y)) ∨ (Q(x) ∧ R(x,sk(x)))]
n=68)
∀x[(P(x) ∧ ¬R(x,sk(x))) ∨ (Q(x) ∧ R(x,sk(x)))]
Who was the
surgeon? No, the answer is incorrect.
(unit?
Score: 0
unit=61&lesso Accepted Answers:
n=69) ∀x∀y[(P(x) ⊃ R(x,y)) ⊃ (Q(x) ∧ R(x,sk(x)))]
∀x∀y[(P(x) ∧ ¬R(x,y)) ∨ (Q(x) ∧ R(x,sk(x)))]
Consistency
vs.
4) Convert ∀x[(∃y(P(x) ⊃ R(x,y))) ⊃ (Q(x) ∧ ∃z R(x,z))] to clause form. 1 point
Completeness
(unit?
[P(?t) ∨ Q(?t)] ∧ [P(?w) ∨ R(?w,sk(?w))] ∧ [¬R(?x,?y) ∨ Q(?x)] ∧ [¬R(?u,?v) ∨ R(?u,sk(?
unit=61&lesso
u))]
n=70)
[P(?t) ∨ Q(?t)] ∧ [P(?w) ∨ R(?w,sk(?w))] ∧ [¬R(?x,sk(?x)) ∨ Q(?x)] ∧ [¬R(?u,sk(?u)) ∨ R(?
Lecture
u,sk(?u))]
material (unit?
unit=61&lesso { {P(?t) Q(?t)}; {P(?w), R(?w,sk(?w))}; {¬R(?x,?y), Q(?x)}; {¬R(?u,?v), R(?u,sk(?u))} }
n=71) { {P(?t), Q(?t)}; {P(?w), R(?w,sk(?w))}; {¬R(?x,sk(?x)), Q(?x)}; {¬R(?u,sk(?u)), R(?u,sk(?
u))} }
Week 5
Feedback form None of the above
: Artificial
P i ll C
Intelligence: Partially Correct.
Knowledge Score: 0.5
Representatio Accepted Answers:
n And [P(?t) ∨ Q(?t)] ∧ [P(?w) ∨ R(?w,sk(?w))] ∧ [¬R(?x,?y) ∨ Q(?x)] ∧ [¬R(?u,?v) ∨ R(?u,sk(?u))]
Reasoning { {P(?t) Q(?t)}; {P(?w), R(?w,sk(?w))}; {¬R(?x,?y), Q(?x)}; {¬R(?u,?v), R(?u,sk(?u))} }
(unit?
5) Consider the following pair of clauses with predicates Q, R; functions f, g; variables 1 point
unit=61&lesso
n=72) x, y; and constants a, b.
1. { R(f(a), g(b)) }
Practice: Week 2. { ¬R(?x, ?y); ¬R(f(?x), g(?y)); Q(f(?x)); }
5 : Assignment
Which of the following are unifiers for the pair of clauses?
(Non Graded)
(assessment?
{ x -> a; y -> b }
name=197)
{ x -> f(a); y -> b }
Quiz: Week 5
{ x -> f(a); y -> g(b) }
: Assignment
(assessment? None of the above because clauses with multiple unifiers cannot be unified.
name=217) Partially Correct.
Score: 0.5
Week 6 () Accepted Answers:
{ x -> a; y -> b }
Week 7 () { x -> f(a); y -> g(b) }

Week 8 () 6) For the pair of clauses in the previous question, select the most general unifier. 1 point

Week 9 () { x -> a; y -> b }

{ x -> f(a); y -> b }
Week 10 () { x -> f(a); y -> g(b) }
None of the above because clauses with multiple unifiers cannot be unified.
Week 11 ()
Partially Correct.
Score: 0.5
DOWNLOAD
Accepted Answers:
VIDEOS ()
{ x -> a; y -> b }
{ x -> f(a); y -> g(b) }
Text
Transcripts ()
7) Use the Resolution Method to derive all possible resolvents from KB1. 1 point
KB1 = { (A ∧ B) ⊃ C; Q ⊃ (P ⊃ B); D ⊃ (P ∧ Q); ¬(A ⊃ ¬D); }
Books ()
Which of the following occur as a result of a resolution step?

Problem ¬A ∨ ¬B ∨ C
Solving
B ∨ ¬P ∨ ¬Q
Session -
Jan 2024 () ¬B ∨ Q
C ∨ ¬P ∨ ¬Q
C ∨ ¬Q

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
C ∨ ¬P ∨ ¬Q
C ∨ ¬Q

8) Is KB1 consistent? 1 point

 Yes
No
Cannot be determined

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
Yes

9) Does KB1 entail (B ∧ C ∧ P ∧ Q)? Use the Resolution Refutation Method to 1 point
prove/disprove it.

Yes
No
Cannot be determined

Yes, the answer is correct.

Score: 1
Accepted Answers:
Yes

10) A KB is given in clause form with predicates A, B, P, Q, R, S; constants Foo, Bar; 1 point
and variables prefixed with ‘?’.

KB2 = {
1. ¬A(?x) ∨ S(?x);
2. ¬B(?u) ∨ R(?u,?v);
3. ¬P(?y,?z) ∨ Q(?y,?z);
4. ¬S(?t) ∨ B(?t) ∨ P(?t,?w);
5. A(Foo);
6. B(Foo);
}

Which of these sentences follow from KB2. Use the Resolution Refutation Method to prove it.

S(Foo) ∧ S(Bar)
R(Foo,Bar) ∨ Q(Foo,Bar)
∃t∃x∃y (R(t,x) ∨ Q(t,y))
∃t∃x∃y (R(t,x) ∧ Q(t,y))

No, the answer is incorrect.

Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
R(Foo,Bar) ∨ Q(Foo,Bar)
∃t∃x∃y (R(t,x) ∨ Q(t,y))

11) Can the Resolution Refutation Method be used to prove that KB2 entails the 1 point
following statement?

∀t∃x∃y [ A(t) ⊃ (R(t,x) ∨ Q(t,y)) ]

Yes
No

N h i i
No, the answer is incorrect.
Score: 0
Accepted Answers:
Yes