Souvenir IWCSDG 2024

On the Occasion of World Water Day (22nd March)
INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (IWCSDG-2024)

MARCH 22-23, 2024-MANIT Bhopal (India)
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
CHIEF PATRON
Prof. Karunesh Kumar Shukla
Director, MANIT Bhopal
PATRONS
Dr. Anil Kothari Shri Aditya Sharma
Director General, MPCST Bhopal Chief Engineer, CWC Bhopal
CHAIRPERSONS
Dr. Mukul Kulshrestha Dr. P. K. Agarwal Dr. A. K. Sharma
Professor & Head Professor Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, MANIT Bhopal
ORGANIZING SECRETARIES
Dr. H. L. Tiwari Dr. S. Suresh Dr. Kamal Singh Dr. Juned Raheem
Professor Associate Professor Associate Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering & Chemical Engineering, MANIT Bhopal
COORDINATORS
Dr. Rakesh Kumar Dr. M. K. Choudhary
Associate Professor Associate Professor
STUDENT COMMITTEE
Mr. Kartikeya Mishra Mr. Nainik Arya Ms. Shivangi Singh
Mr. Rakesh Chand Ms. Suniti Kumari Ms. Akansha
Mr. Chiranjeevi
1
TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
INTERNATIONAL
Dr. V. P. Singh Dr. A. W. Jayawardena

Texas A &M University, USA University of Hong Kong, China
Dr. Ram Balachandar Dr. Jalal Shiri
University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada University of Tabriz, Iran
Dr. V. Chandramouli Dr. B. Sivakumar
Purdue University, USA University of New South Wales, Australia
Dr. Lixin Wang Dr. S. Neelamani
Indiana University Purdue University Kuwait Institute of Scientific Research,
Indianapolis, USA Kuwait
Dr. R. S. Govindaraju Dr. T. Soon Keat
Purdue University, USA NTU, Singapore
Dr. M. Santosh Dr. Hanif Chaudhary
Beijing, China University of South Carolina, USA
Dr. T. Bolisetti Dr. Ashish Sharma
The University of Windsor, Canada University of New South Wales, Australia
Dr. Ashok Mishra
Clemson University, USA
NATIONAL
Dr. V.R. Desai Dr. V. Jothi Prakash Dr. A. P. Singh

IIT, Dharwad IIT, Bombay BITS, Pilani
Dr. K. K. Pant Dr. P. L. Patel Dr. V. K. Dwivedi
IIT, Roorkee SVNIT, Surat NIT, Durgapur
Dr. C.S.P. Ojha Dr. Vikas Garg Dr. Mayur Jain
IIT, Roorkee CU, Haryana NICMAR, Pune
Dr. M. C. Deo Dr. Rajesh Gupta Dr. Amit Vishwakarma
IIT, Bombay VNIT, Nagpur RGPV, Bhopal
Dr. G. P. Pandey Dr. K. K. Khatua Dr. Laljee Tiwari
MMMUT, Gorakhpur NIT, Rourkela Bhopal
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Dr. S. S. Bhadauria Dr. K. P. Sudheer Dr. P. P. Mujumdar

RGPV, Bhopal IIT, Madras IISc, Bangalore
Er. Rajesh Bisaria Dr. S. M. Yadav Dr. D. Nagesh Kumar
IEI, Bhopal SVNIT, Surat IISc, Bangalore
Dr. A. K. Lohani Dr. R. M. Singh Dr. Manmohan Kapshe
NIH, Roorkee MNNIT, Allahabad MANIT, Bhopal
Dr. T.I. Eldho Dr. Aruna Saxena Dr. Subhasish Dey
IIT Bombay MANIT, Bhopal IIT, Kharagpur
Dr. Ajay Kalamdhad Dr. Riddhi Singh Dr. Vivekanand Singh
IIT, Guwahati IIT, Bombay NIT, Patna
Dr. L. R. Rangnath Dr. Anurag Sharma Dr. K. K. Singh
CWPRS, Pune NIT, Rourkela NIT, Kurukshetra
Dr. J. S. Chauhan Dr. C. Chatterjee Dr. Baldev Setia
SATI, Vidisha IIT, Kharagpur NIT, Kurukshetra
Dr. M.S. Balan Dr. Ashish Pandey Dr. K. Srinivasa Raju
CWPRS, Pune IIT, Roorkee BITS, Hyderabad
Dr. M. K. Goyal Dr. Jagdish Singh Dr. M. L. Kansal
IIT, Indore MANIT Bhopal IIT, Roorkee
Dr. Vimal Misra Dr. Subba Rao Dr. Umamahesh N.V.
IIT, Gandhinagar NIT, Karnataka NIT, Warangal
Dr. Bimlesh Kumar Dr. Sreenivasulu Dr. Javed Alam
IIT, Guwahati JNTU, Kakinada AMU, Aligarh
Shri Manoj Tiwari Dr. Ankit Balvanshi Dr. J.P. Shukla
CWC, New Delhi NIT, Goa AMPRI, Bhopal
Dr. M. Athar Dr. Santosh G. Thampi Dr. Srinivasan K.
AMU, Aligarh NIT, Calicut IIT, Madras
Dr. Arun Goel Dr. Rajib K. Bhattachayya Dr. P. K. Garg
NIT, Kurukshetra IIT, Guwahati IIT, Roorkee
Dr. A. D. Ghare Dr. R. K. Jaiswal Dr. Rajesh Srivastava
VNIT, Nagpur NIH, Bhopal IIT, Kanpur
Dr. M. K. Verma Dr. R. V. Galkate Dr. P. V. Timbadiya
NIT, Raipur NIH, Bhopal SVNIT, Surat
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Dr. A.D. Vasudeo Dr. Ishtiyaq Ahmad Dr. V. K. Bhatt

VNIT, Nagpur NIT, Raipur WALMI, Bhopal
Dr. Ramakar Jha Dr. V. C. Shrivastava Dr. Jyoti Sarup
NIT, Patna IIT Roorkee MANIT, Bhopal
Dr. M. S. Chauhan Dr. M. K. Goel Dr. Charu Parashar
MANIT, Bhopal NIH, Roorkee MANIT, Bhopal
Dr. Manish Pandey Shri A. Kulhare Dr. A. K. Thawait
IIT, Kharagpur CWPRS, Pune MANIT, Bhopal
Dr. D. G. Regulwar Dr. N. K. Goel Dr. Deepak Tiwari
GCE, Aurangabad IIT, Roorkee GLAU, Mathura
Dr. Richa Ojha Dr. Z. Ahmad Dr. N. Selvaraj
IIT, Kanpur IIT, Roorkee IIT, Guwahati
Dr. Vishnu Prasad Dr. J. D. Agrawal Dr. M. K. Jat
MANIT, Bhopal CWPRS, Pune MNIT, Jaipur
Dr. S. R. Samadder Dr. B. S. Murthy Dr. Rajib Maity
IIT, Dhanbad IIT, Madras IIT, Kharagpur
Dr. Shivam Tripathi Dr. V. K. Dwivedi Dr. Arup Kumar Sarma
IIT, Kanpur NIT, Durgapur IIT, Guwahati
Dr. Mahesh Pal Dr. Anil Verma Dr. G. S. Dwarakish
NIT, Kurukshetra IIT, Delhi NIT, Surathkal
Dr. Subashisa Dutta Dr. M. A. Lone Dr. Deepak Khare
IIT, Guwahati NIT, Srinagar IIT, Roorkee
Dr. Vikas Poonia Dr. A. K. Keshri Dr. S. N. Londhe
NIT, Calicut IIT, Delhi VIIT, Pune
Dr. R. P. Pandey Dr. B. R. Chahar
NIH, Roorkee IIT, Delhi
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MESSAGE
5
MESSAGE
Shri Aditya Sharma

Chief Engineer
Central Water Commission, Bhopal
It is heartening to know that MANIT, Bhopal, is organizing International Water Conference for
Sustainable Development Goals (IWCSDG-2024) during March 22-23, 2024. This year, the
United Nation’s theme, ‘Water for Peace’, underscores the pivot role of water in ensuring global
stability and prosperity. Water scarcity can lead to conflict while its abundance can foster peace.
Today, envisioning abundance in any aspect of life is a luxury perhaps even akin to day
dreaming. Given today’s competitive environment, international co-operation, advance
warning system, flood forecasting, adapting to changing climate, responding to scarcity in
water by reduce, recycle and reuse are the key words to meet the Sustainable Development
Goal – 6 (SDG) – “clean water and sanitation for all” defined by United Nations Organization.
Central Water Commission (CWC) under Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India is
playing its role by contributing in almost all practical aspects of water resources, namely,
planning, investigation and designing water resources projects, Inter-state and international co-
operation, Flood forecasting, Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF), Dam Safety, Water Quality
in rivers etc. Recently CWC has taken up a project on Extended Hydrologic Prediction, which
involves Flood prediction for 3 to 4 weeks. Forecasting changes in the hydrological cycle under
a changing climate are needed to plan effective land-use policies and put in place engineering
structures that will continue to work into the coming decades.
The Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation provides technical and financial assistance
to the States to provide safe and adequate drinking water to rural India with focus on service
delivery. The Department’s Centrally Sponsored Scheme, the National Rural Drinking Water
Programme (NRDWP), was restructured and subsumed into Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) to
provide Functional Household Tap Connection (FHTC) to every rural household i.e., Har Ghar
6
Jal, by 2024. Cleaning of Ganges has already drawn attention of UN for its great achievements
in cleaning the river and improving various water quality parameters in a very short period of
time on sustainable basis.
Narmada Basin Organization of Central Water Commission, Bhopal is making its presence felt
by effective monitoring floods, Hydrological Observations and Water Quality in river
Narmada. 75 Telemetry stations have been installed in Narmada basin for monitoring of various
hydrological and climatological parameters besides drought monitoring in some reservoirs. We
are providing water co-operation to neighbouring state Gujarat by providing timely inputs to
Sardar Sarovar dam though out the year especially during monsoon season.
The Ministry of Jal Shakti, GoI is helping States in water sector through its various schemes
like, Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY), which includes Accelerated Irrigation
Benefit Programme (AIBP) through which Central Government provides Central Assistance to
major/medium irrigation projects in the country, with the objective to accelerate
implementation of such projects which were beyond resource capability of the States or were
in advanced stage of completion, other schemes included under PMKSY are Repair Renovation
and Restoration (RRR) of existing projects, Surface Minor Schemes(SMI) etc.
I wish the grand success to the Conference and best wishes to its organizers, i.e. Department
of Civil Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal.
7
I am immensely pleased to welcome you all to this grand conference of INTERNATIONAL

WATER CONFERENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, on the occasion
“World Water Day” is being organized by MANIT Bhopal during 22nd- 23rd March 2024.
Our State Government made several activities for monitoring the environment pollution and
energy crisis. The theme chosen for IWCSDG-2024is in line with the Government initiative
schemes such as Swachh Bharat, Jal Shakti, Atmanirbhar Bharat etc. which not only provide a
technology but also help in developing a sustainable environment by providing solutions to
tackle with the various issues.
The IWCSDG-2024 is a two-day annual flagship event of MANIT Bhopal, wherein students,
faculty members, leading Experts, Academicians, Practicing Engineers, Researchers,
Consultants and Young Researchers across the country come together and share their
knowledge, expertise and discuss the current trends and future developments in the field of
state-of-the-art reviews of rapidly-developing and exciting areas, report the latest significant
findings and developments in all the major fields of Hydraulics, Water resources, Costal
Environmental engineering and sustainable energy.
I am sure that the deliberations of the conference will help to move one step forward to inspire
the young researchers. I wish a grand success of the event IWCSDG-2024.
(Dr. Anil Kothari)
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MESSAGE
Dr. Mukul Kulshrestha

Professor & Head
The Department of Civil Engineering is pleased to welcome delegates for the International
Water Conference for Sustainable Development Goals (IWCSDG-2024). I congratulate and
appreciate Dr. H. L. Tiwari & his entire team for organizing the event during 22nd- 23rd March
2024 as a part of the World Water Day, 2024 celebrations.
Water is a fundamental to all life, and is inextricably linked to the Sustainable Development
Goals. Water encompasses and integrates biological, social, cultural, religious, economic,
health, and political dimensions, and is absolutely vital for the well-being and affluence of all
ecosystems including the humans.
The event IWCSDG 2024 presents an opportunity wherein students, faculty members, leading
field Experts, people from Academia, practicing Engineers, Researchers, Consultants and
Young Scientists and Scholars across the country can come together to share their knowledge,
expertise, experiences, and ideas. The event provides a forum for discussing futuristic trends
and state-of-the-art developments in the area of Hydraulics, Water resources, Marine and Costal
Environmental engineering, and Sustainable Hydro energy. I am sure that the deliberations at
the conference will help inspire young researchers and field practitioners alike to build a water
secure earth.
I wish a grand success to the IWCSDG-2024.
9
PREFACE
Professor Associate Professor Associate Professor Assistant Professor
Sustainable development has many facets. It encompasses environmental restoration, social

progress, and economic growth. Water is one such facet that requires special attention to
promote prosperity while protecting the planet. Engineering, considered to be the mother of all
development globally, has always taken on itself the onerous responsibility of ensuring that the
changes and innovations are in line with sustainable development. The International Water
Conference for Sustainable Development Goals 2024 (IWCSDG 2024) focuses on addressing
issues and concerns related to sustainability in all domains of water and attempts to present the
research and innovative outputs on a global platform. The conference aims to bring together
leading academicians, researchers, technocrats, practitioners, and students along with all
stakeholders to exchange and share their experiences and research outputs related to water from
all branches of engineering. It is also meant to provide a premier interdisciplinary platform to
present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, concerns, and practical challenges
encountered, as well as solutions adopted in the field of Engineering, policymaking, social
service, etc. The conference proceedings shall act as the convergence of thoughts and of
cutting-edge research outcomes in building a sustainable planet across geographic boundaries.
At this juncture, we place on record our sincere gratitude and appreciation for the untiring
support and encouragement of all the members of the Committee. We also wish to thank the
reviewers for striving to maintain the quality of the conference and the Proceedings. Special
thanks for the support of our sponsors and to our Eminent Keynote speakers along with every
participant. Finally, a warm & special thanks to our Chief Patron and Patrons.
The conference focusses on the following themes: Hydrological modelling and forecasting,
Hydroclimatic extremes, Climate change and its impact, Application of soft Computing and
geospatial techniques in water resources, Watershed modelling and management, River
engineering and Fluvial hydraulics, Irrigation and drainage management, Groundwater
modelling and management, Water quality assessment and modelling, Wastewater treatment
and Management, Environmental impact assessments, Energy Conservation & Sustainable
Development, Erosion, sedimentation, sediment transport, Urban water and drainage
10
management, and Environmental pollution and mitigation technologies. There was an

overwhelming response to our request for paper contributions. A total of 214 papers were
received in the short span of time in which 180 were finalised for technical presentation.
Finalising the list of papers for publication in the souvenir was a gigantic task which was
completed commendably by our team, who worked day and night to put together these abstracts
in this book. Further, after conference some selected papers will be published in Scopus
Indexed Journals and International Book Chapters.
List of participants include professors, professionals, researchers, students, policymakers, and
other stakeholders from around the world who are affiliated with institutes and organizations
such as IITs, NITs, Central Research Institutes, Central Universities and other institutes.
Organizing Secretaries
International Water Conference for Sustainable Development Goals (IWCSDG-2024)
Department of Civil Engineering & Chemical Engineering
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal (M.P.), India
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KEYNOTE SPEAKERS
Pg.
NO. Author Name Title
No.
1. Prof. V. R. Desai Scientific Promotion of Water Harvesting 27
and Reuse Through Water Quality Analysis
2. Prof. C. S. P. Ojha Engineering Interventions for Sustainable 28
Development of Water Resources
3. Prof. T. I. Eldho Simulation Optimization Models and 29
Applications for Groundwater Pollution
Management
4. Dr. Manuel Wewer Backward Erosion Piping – A threat to 30
water retaining structures
5. Dr. Sarosh Alam Ghausi Applying a thermodynamic systems 32
approach to hydrologic cycling and its
changes
6. Dr. Harshit Mishra Leveraging developments in fluid 33
mechanics to advance hydraulic
engineering
7. Shri Aditya Sharma Water for peace 34
8. Prof. Manish Kumar Goyal Understanding Atmospheric Rivers and 36
Exploring Their Role as Climate Extremes
9. Prof. Brijesh Kumar Yadav Management of soil and groundwater 37
pollution using in-situ remediation and
advanced monitoring methods
10. Prof. Avinash Vasudeo Groundwater Legislation in India: A 38
Futuristic Initiative
11. Prof. P. L. Patel Spatial varying and co-occurring future 39
climate changes over a heterogeneous river
basin: a multivariate approach
12. Prof. Rajesh Gupta Heuristic versus Metaheuristic Approaches 40
for the Design of Large Water Distribution
Networks
Estimation of Fly Ash Concentration in a 41
13.
Prof. Nagaraj Sitaram Power Utility Boiler for Paras Thermal
Power Station and Comparison with CFD
14. Dr. R. K. Jaiswal Mobile Applications for Rural Sustainable 42
Development: KISAN MAITRI APP
15. Dr. Manish Pandey Soft Computing Approach for Scour 43
Prediction at Spur Dikes
16. Dr. M. C. S. Nayak Wastewater Management V/s Polymer 44
Membrane Technology
12
17. Time series modeling of reservoir 46

sedimentation and bed profiling using space
Dr. M. S. Balan inputs and Machine Learning Techniques
for sustainable water resources
management
18. Prof. S. K. Katiyar Applications of GIS in the Management of 48
Water Resources
Hydrological modelling and forecasting
1. Assessment of Surface Runoff in the 50
A. Yadav & R. M. Singh Macpherson Lake Catchment using SCS-
CN and GIS Technique
2. Hydrogeochemistry and Ionic Ratios of 51
P. S. Parimal & A. D. Groundwater in Western Part of Purna
Ghatol River Basin, Buldhana District,
Maharashtra
3. Comparison of Artificial Neural Network, 52
A. M. Deulkar, P. Dixit, S.
Support Vector, and Random Forest
Londhe & R. K. Jain.
Techniques to Forecast the Discharge
4. Assessing Surface Runoff through 53
S. Basumatary, S. Maji &
Hydrological Analysis: A GIS-based Study
O. Paron
in Baksa District, Assam
5. Study of Effect of Variation of Threshold 54
A. Raj & R. M. Singh Values on Hydrological Response Units in
Basin Modelling using SWAT
6. Evaluating Random Forests and Prophet 55
S. Barbhuiya & V. Gupta Models for Streamflow Prediction in the
Sutlej River Basin
7. Evaluation of Peak Floods and Frequency 56
P. Bagora & S. Sharma Analysis at Gandhisagar Dam on the
Chambal River
8. D. K. Dadsena, A. K. Advancements in Integrated Data-Driven 57
Thawait & Approaches for Improved Hydrological
M. K. Choudhary Modelling: A Comprehensive Review
9. Rainfall-Runoff Modelling Using Artificial 58
S. Gupta & H. L. Tiwari
Neural Networks (ANNs) Model In SPSS
10. A. Goswami & H. M. A Semi Coupled Numerical Model for 1D 59
Kalita Morphodynamic Flow Simulation
Hydroclimatic extremes, Climate change and its impact
11. Advancements in Snowmelt Runoff 61
R. Munnangi & H. Meena
Modelling: A Comprehensive Review
13
12. Occurrence and Seasonal Distribution of 62

V. Poonia Flash Droughts and Terrestrial Ecosystem
Response over India
13. Assessment the Linkage between 63
S. K. Dwivedi, B. Hydrological and Agricultural Drought by
Soundarajan, Geetha P. & aSPI and SDI Indices Using DrinC model:
S. Anivilla A Case Study of One of the U.S Basin of
Hysets Database
14. Spatio-temporal Analysis of Trend in 64
N. Guru & D. J. Das Rainfall: A Case Study in Dihing
Watershed, Assam, Northeast India
15. A Statistical Comparison of Several 65
R. S. Thakur, S. Sharma &
Reference Evapotranspiration Methods for
S. C. Haokip
Rewa district Madhya Pradesh
16. Assessment of Meteorological Drought in 66
A. Raj & R. Arunkumar
The Bharathapuzha River Basin
17. A Review: Temporal and Spatial 67
S. Tiwari & M. K. Monitoring of Agricultural and
Choudhary Meteorological Drought through Remote
Sensing Indices
18. Spatial & Temporal Changes in Cold Desert 68
A. Meena
of Lahaul and Spiti Region
19. Identification of Flood Afflicted Road 69
Blockages Using Satellite Imaging,
S. Sirsant & H. Singh
Topographical Data and Elevation
Clustering
20. S. S. Pagare, T. M. A Review on Application of Hyperspectral 70
Jibhakate & Y. B. Katpatal Imagery in Spectral Index Development.
Application of soft Computing and geospatial techniques
in water resources
21. Applications of GIS & Remote sensing in 72
D. Tripathi & S. Ahmed Identification of Groundwater Potential
Zones
22. Revised Capacity Assessment of 73
G. Dhruw & B. Dhankar Ravishankar Sagar Reservoir Using
Remote Sensing and GIS
23. Probabilistic Evaluation of Meteorological, 74
V. Poonia & L. Wang Hydrological, and Agricultural Drought
Across Indian River Basins
24. Prediction of Significant Wave Height 75
A. Unni & S. K. Pramda
Using LSTM Model
14
25. Modelling Biochemical Oxygen Demand 76

P. Sahu, S. N. Londhe & P. (BOD) using Model Tree, Random Forest,
S. Kulkarni and Nonlinear Regression for Mula-Mutha
River, Pune, India
26. Landscape Design Framework for 77
Optimum Conservation of Water at
H. Dave & V. Tiwari
Community Level in Hot and Arid Climate
Zone
27. Regional Climate Dynamics: A Study of 78
P. Kumari, P. Dangi & H. P.
Rainfall Trends and Extreme Indices in Tel
Singh
Basin, Odisha (1981-2021).
28. Morphometric Analysis on Bahiram Area, 79
P. S. Parimal & A. D.
District Amravati, Maharashtra, Using Geo
Ghatol
Spatial Techniques
29. Hypsometric Integral Identification and 80
Implementation through Geographic
M. M. Deshmukh, S. F. R.
Information System - Asirgarh Deccan
Khadri & A. D. Fuladi
Volcanics, Burhanpur District, Madhya
Pradesh
30. An analytical model for mean velocity 81
R. K. Mahato
profiles of submerged vegetated flows
31. A. Basu, A. A. Purohit, M. Importance of Spectral Peakedness 83
M. Vaidya & K. R. Parameter for Realistic Simulation of Wave
Karambelkar Climate for Marinas
32. Morphometric Analysis of Middle Gujarat 84
D. Sahu, M. L. Gaur & P.
through GIS and Remote Sensing
Kumar
Applications
33. M. Shelke, S. Londhe & P. Reservoir Outflow Modelling Using Soft 85
R. Dixit Computing Techniques
34. Sustainable Use of Ground Water in 86
S. Kumar & N. K. Tiwari
Kurukshetra: A Geospatial Approach.
35. Muskan GLOF Hazard Assessment in Ravi Basin 87
36. Identifying Potential Sites for Groundwater 88
S. P. Indwar, R. Singh, R. Recharge Using Integrated Remote Sensing
Jaiswal, R. Galkate, T. and GIS Techniques in Kolar Basin and
Thomas & V. Singh Kolar Command Area in Sehore District of
M.P. (INDIA)
37. Identification and Measuring Standing 89
S. Kulkarni, S. Gaikwad & Crops in Rabbi Season Year 2022 -2023 in
M. Kulkarni The Command Area of Girna Reservoir
Using Satellite Remote Sensing Technique
15
38. A. K. Meemraut & A. K. Analysis of Road Network in Flood Plain 90

Prabhakar Zone Using GIS
39. B. L. Charitha, K. Analysing the Relationship between 91
Manogna, T. C. Celina & V. Monthly Rainfall and Hydroclimatic
Agilan Variables Over Kerala
40. B. Prasad, H.L. Tiwari, S. A comparative study on the modeling of 92
Garia, S. Patel & P. Singh soil erosion by USLE, RUSLE and USPED
Watershed modelling and management
41. Modelling and Simulation Techniques in 94
A. S. Lodhi, A. Jaiswal & Water Resources and Environmental
D. Singh Engineering with RS/GIS Applications: A
Comprehensive Review
42. K. Bharadwaj, V. Varsha, HEC-RAS Simulation for Predicting 95
A. S. Phani & J. Discharge in Extreme Flood Events: A Case
R. Khuntia Analysis
43. A. M. Waghaye, D. K. Mapping and Modelling of Hydrological 96
Singh, A. Sarangi, D. R. Processes for Management of Water
Sena, R. N. Sahoo, & S. K. Resources in Kanhar River Basin
Sarkar
44. Application of Conceptual Models 97
S. Ali, B. Bharti, R. K.
(AWBM, TANK) in Bah River Basin
Jaiswal & H. P. Singh
Madhya Pradesh, India
45. Land Suitability Based Planning for 98
Balbir, A. K. Prabhakar &
Sustainable Rural Development in India: A
M. Pal
GIS Approach
46. Elevation-Dependent Dynamics of Soil 99
S. Sharma, D. Swami, V.
Physical Properties in a Complex Feature
Meena, S. Yadav & A.
Rich Watershed: A Landform Based
Manjunath
Approach
47. Relation of Runoff to Rainfall in the 100
K. Mishra, H. L. Tiwari, &
Watersheds of the Madhya Bharat: A
M. S. Hora
Retrospect.
48. Land Use Land Cover change detection in 101
Abitha A & A. Goel
Bangalore city.
49. Real time Monitoring and Flood 102
M. S. Balan Forecasting Using AI-SCADA with a Case
Study
50. Utilizing a Geographic Information System 103
Nishant & V. K. Bansal to Analyse Population Vulnerability and
Toxic Hazards Associated with Ammonia
Release.
River engineering and Fluvial hydraulics
16
51. Assessment of Hindon River Morphology 105

S. K. Dwivedi, A. Bhagwat,
and Documenting Land Use Land Cover
M. Kumar Sharma, & S.
Changes by Supervised Classification
Kumar
Technique and NDVI Analysis
52. M. M. Basumatary, S. Maji Advanced Intelligence Model for Bed Load 106
& B. Kumar Prediction
53. D. Kumar, I. Jakwa, Aditya, Experimental Study on Riverbank Stability 107
G. Warry, S. Maji & B. with Flexible Vegetation
Kumar
54. P. Wary, S. Maji & B Inteligence model of Friction Factor for 108
Kumar Alluvial Channel
55. Aditya, G. Warry, D. Study of Channel bank Stability with 109
Kumar, I. Jakwa,S. Maji & Vegetation
B. Kumar
56. Backwater Studies and Preparation of 110
C. Srishailam N.
Flood Inundation Maps for Padalse Weir on
Vivekanandan & R.G. Patil
River Tapi, Maharashtra
57. Energy Dissipation in Repelled Hydraulic 111
S. Gandhi & N. K. Samaiya Jump: An Experimental Approach for
Abruptly Expanding Channel
58. A. Mansoori, T. Duhlani, J. A Case Study of River Behaviour & Control 113
Khan, S. Hisamuddin, A. Strategies of Arpa River: Bilaspur, (C.G)
Soni & S. Tiwari
59. S. Guguloth, R. Tabassum Soft Computing Approach for Scour 114
& M. Pandey Prediction at Spur Dikes
60. Application of Large Eddy Simulation for 115
S. Kumari, H. L. Tiwari &
Predicting Turbulence Around Bridge
R. Chavan
Piers: A Review
Irrigation and drainage management
61. Assessing the Impact of Water Table Levels 117
S. Biswas
on Urban Infrastructure
62. Evaluation of Irrigation Efficiencies of 118
A. Rawat & M. Kulshrestha Water User’s Associations using DEA in
Bundelkhand, India
63. Effect of Drainage on Flexible Pavement 119
S. Rokade
Performance: An Overview
64. Promoting Sustainable Agriculture: A 120
S. Shipra, H. Kaur & S. Review of Different Substrates for Oyster
Suresh Mushroom Cultivation and Their
Implications
17
65. Assessment of Crop Yield Under Future 121

A. Balvanshi & H. L.
Climate Scenarios in Central Region of
Tiwari
India
66. A. Deogade, C. Mali, S. Piped Irrigation Systems: Design 122
Patil & G. Gurav Methodology and Case Study paper
67. S. Singh, K. Mishra, R. Overview of Crop Sensitivity to Climate 123
Chavan & H. L. Tiwari Variables: A Comprehensive Review
68. Advancements in Crop Modelling: A 124
V. Vishwakarma & A. K. Comprehensive Review of DSSAT Model
Thawait Applications in Agricultural Decision
Support Systems
69. G. S. Anaokar, A. K. Efficiency Assessment of Water Treatment 125
Khambete & R. A. Plants Using Soft Computing Tools
Christian
70. Evaluating the Connection between 126
S. Sharma, P. Verma & V.
Variations in Regional Water Footprints and
Rokade
Agricultural Productivity in India
Groundwater modelling and management
71. Characteristics and Assessment of 129
D. Das, S. K. Biswas & P.
Groundwater in Teesta-Jaldhaka Interfluve,
K. Roy
West Bengal, India
72. Meenachil River Basin Ground Water 130
N. Amir, Y. P. Prakash, A.
Fluctuations on an Annual and Seasonal
Babu & P. Chauhan
Basis
73. Health Risk Assessment due to 131
K. Singh, R. Singh, G.
Groundwater Consumption for Children
Pandey & S. Singh
and Adults of Bathinda District, Punjab
74. Identification of Ground Water Potential 132
A. K. Rathore, S. Khan & P. Zone Using Multicriteria Decision-Making
K. Verma Techniques and the GIS in Jhabua District
of Madhya Pradesh
75. N. Gosavi, D. Ambade & Greywater Treatment by Electro- 133
D. K. Parbat Coagulation and Sand Filteration
76. Organic Farming and Groundwater 134
V. Nagar & P. Verma
Quality: An in-Depth Literature Review
77. Groundwater Flow Behaviour Simulation 136
P. Kumar & R. M. Singh of Yamuna–Krishni Interfluve region using
Visual MODFLOW
78. Assessment of Ground Water Performance 137
J. R. Shrivatra, B. S. In WRJ-1 Watershed of Narkhed Taluka
Manjare & S. K. Paunikar Nagpur District by Integrated Use of GIS
and SWAT
18
79. Sustainable Groundwater Quality 138

Shalu & A.K. Prabhakar Assessment in Rohtak District: Physio-
Chemical Analysis
80. Risk Assessment of Groundwater Near 139
S. P. Kulkarni, M. K.
Kham River for Irrigation Use,
Jawalkar & S. S. Madan
Aurangabad, Maharashtra
Water quality assessment and modelling
81. Surface Water Quality Assessment and its 141
Suitability for Human Consumption in the
A. Das
Baitarani River Basin, Odisha, India Using
Decision-Making Approaches
82. C. Thosar, V. Pachpute, A. A Study Conducted of Ganesh Idol 142
Potdar, R. Patil, P. Immersion on The Water Quality of The
Salunkhe, N. Behare & K. Panzara River in Dhule.
Wani
83. Critique on Advanced Technologies for 143
V. Meena, S. Yadav & D.
Effective Treatment of Emerging
Swami
Contaminants: A Bibliographical Context
84. Employing GIS and WQI: Is Spring Water 144
S. Yadav, D. P. Shukla, D. Quality of Dudhlu and Neri Catchment
Swami & V. Meena Domestically and Agriculturally
Acceptable?
85. Simulation of Water Quality Parameters 145
S. C. Haokip, G. S.
Using QUAL2K Software Along an
Yurembam, R. S. Thakur
Urbanized Stretch of Ranikhola River
86. Assessment of Variation in Water Spread 146
C. Louis, K. Anand, C. Area, Chlorophyll and Turbidity Using
Louis & A. Bhatt Remote Sensing in Jhansi District of Uttar
Pradesh, India
87. A. Bhatt, K. Anand, C. Ground Water Quality Analysis of Shallow 147
Louis, L. Behera & H. K. First Aquifer of Jodhpur City, Rajasthan
Ramteke
88. Estimation of Runoff Using NRCS-CN 148
A. Muley, T. M. Jibhakate
Method for Alluvial Region of Chauras,
& Y. B. Katpatal
Bhandara district, Maharashtra
89. Evaluation of Turbidity and Hardness 149
P. Kumari & S. S.Katoch Removal Potential Using Rice Husk and
Groundnut Shell as an Adsorbents
90. Rainfall-Runoff Modelling Using MIKE 11 150
G. Dhruw, R. K. Jaiswal &
(NAM Model): A Case Study of Sondhur
B. Dhankar
Catchment, Chhattisgarh
Wastewater treatment and Management
19
91. Planned Process Water Management 152

Akin C, Preethi V & B.
Approach for Municipal Solid Waste
Bhino
Mechanical Biological Treatment.
92. Treatment of Hospital Effluent by Using 153
P. Singh Vertical Subsurface Flow Constructed
Wetlands
93. From Suitability to Selection: Gauging 154
A. Dubey, D. Swami, V. How CMIP6 Climate Models Perform in
Gupta & N. Joshi Assessing Regional Drought
Characteristics?
94. Impact of Temporal Resolution of Soil 155
N. Vashishth, A. Pandey, S.
Moisture Observations on Dual-Porosity
Tripathi & R. Ojha
Model Parameter Estimation
95. Optimizing the Coagulation Potential of 156
A. Thakur, S.S. Katoch &
Cassia Fistula for Sustainable Water
A. Garg
Treatment
96. S. Chanekar, S. Mahato, D. Evaluation of Wastewater Quality Index 157
Patidar, B. Singh Seeni & (WWQI) for domestic sewage disposal in
Y. Boddu Mandovi river, Goa
97. A. V. Ebenezer, S. Recent Advances of Polymer-based 158
Gopikumar, M. A. Raja & Materials for Wastewater Treatment: A
K. Veeraselvam Review
98. G. Senthilkumar, G. S. P. Nanobubbles Behaviour in Wastewater 159
Kumar & V.S. Sudharsanan Treatment: A Review
99. A. Vishwakarma, S. M. A Comparison between SewerCAD and 160
Yadav, R. Yadav & A. Machine-Learning-based Algorithms for
Panchal Designing Benchmark Sewer Problems
100. P. Pradhan, A. Bajpai & P. Preparation and Characterization of Green 161
Chanchani Nanocomposite for Wastewater Treatment
Environmental impact assessments
101. Determination of the Water Way for 163
B. Meti & N. Sitaram Barrage across Krishna River at Hipparagi
Village in Karnataka Using GIS application
102. Environmental Impact of Beef Production 164
K. Kapse & M. Kulshrestha
Globally Through Life Cycle Assessment
103. D. P. Kumar, Turbulent Flow Characteristics in Vertical 165
G. Misuriya & S. Singh Contraction Under Bridge Deck
104. G. Nithin, K. Dhatri & G. Scour characteristics under pressure flow 166
Misuriya steady condition
105. Engineering Perspectives on Improving 167
V. Chiranjeevi, K. Singh &
Soil Properties for Infrastructure Projects:
R. Dongre
A Review
20
106. Environmental Impact of Structural 168

R. Dongre & M. S. Hora Failures and Structural Health Monitoring
Solutions: A Review
107. Environmental Impact of Crop Residue 169
S. Yadav, A. K. Sharma &
Burning Over Indo Gangentic Plain: A
S. Sundaramurthy
Review
108. J. Kumari, H. Kaur & S. K. Unveiling Environmental Impacts of 170
Katiyar Stubble Burning
109. Assessment of Environmental Flow 171
Govind M. P. Requirements – A Case of Bargi Dam,
Jabalpur District, India
110. Run of the River Hydro Power Project in 172
M. Bhardwaj & S. S.
Himachal Pradesh: Analysis of Impacts and
Katoch
Risks
111. Analysing the Environmental Impact of 173
Land Use/Land Cover and Land Surface
Kusum & S. S. Katoch
Temperature by Using Geospatial
Technique.
Energy Conservation & Sustainable Development
112. M. M. Vaidya, K. R. Coupled Sediment Modelling: A 175
Karambelkar & A. A. Comprehensive Approach for Anchorage
Purohit Development in Estuarine Regions
113. Experimental Investigation of Single Slope, 176
K. Yugbodh, S. Kennedy,
Double Slope and Modified Semi
R. Agrawal & E. Jain
Cylindrical Solar Still
114. Timeless insights with Contemporary 177
Solutions - A Systematic Analysis of
G. S. Pillai Energy Conservation Strategies in Water
Sector Collaborating Modern with
Traditional Methods”
115. Sustainable Development and Ecological 178
S. Mattoo Restoration of Creek in Malvan,
Maharashtra
116. R. V. Galkate, P. Dangi, R. Suitable Method or Estimation of 179
K. Jaiswal & R. Kumar Evapotranspiration in Madhya Pradesh
117. Earth Tube Technology for Thermal 180
N. Gosavi & D.K. Parbat
Cooling of Building
118. A Fresh Method for Evaluating Circularity 181
Akin C, Preethi V & B. in the Sustainable Water Sector: Taking
Bhino Environmental Functional Flows and
Losses into Account.
21
119. Assessing the ‘Social’ Perspective for 182

S. Singh, Y. K. Garg &
Urban Water Management in India through
V.M. Das
Social-Ecological Systems
120. Recent Advancement in Evacuated Tube 183
P. K. Agade, N. Dubey & R. Solar Water Heater by Structural
Agrawal Modification and Thermal Energy Storage:
A Review
121. Performance analysis of a Double Slope 184
S. Ghodke & V. Kumar Solar Still with Modified Double Slope
Solar Still Using PCM
122. Study of Performance, Profitability and 186
D. Shweta, A. Banerji & V.
Water Efficiency of Food and Beverages
Rokade
Industry
123. Entrepreneurship and Sustainable 187
A. Siddiqui & V. Rokade Development: A Triad of Economic, Social,
and Environmental Dimensions
124. Sustainable Water Development of Bhopal: 188
M. Farhan & D. Chaurasia A Collaborative Symphony of Societies,
Governments, NGOs, and Entrepreneurs
125. Meta Analysis of Policies, Initiatives, and 189
R. Akhtar & J. Singh the Role of Local Governments in
Sustainable Urban Development
126. Status of Reservoir Sedimentation in 190
K. Mishra & H. L. Tiwari
Central India: A Review.
127. M. K. Prajapati, V. Soni & Stability Improving Techniques in Multi- 191
S. S. Madan Storeyed Structures: An Immense Review
128. Development of Pervious Pavement Using 192
N. Thakur & R. Parti Recycled Ceramic Aggregate and Bitumen
as Binder for Low Traffic Conditions
129. V. Ghritlahre & V. Adane Economic Valuation of Grey Water 193
Treatment for Non-Potable Reuse
130. Impact of Societies, Government, NGOs 194
K. K. Sharma and Entrepreneurs in Sustainable
Development
Erosion, sedimentation, sediment transport
131. Mean Flows and Turbulence Over Flexible 196
L. Das, A. Datta & R. Das Vegetation Patches in Open Channel- An
Experimental Study
132. Analysing Soil Erosion Potential in the 197
M. Singh Bargi Watershed: A RUSLE and Remote
Sensing Based Assessment
22
133. N. K. Samaiya, S. Gandhi Suspended Load Transport of Cohesive 198

& A. Kumar Wash Material
134. Estimation of Soil Erosion for Kerala, India 199
A. K. Narayanan
Using RUSLE and Geospatial Techniques
135. S. Quamar, H. P. Singh, P. Assessing Non-Point Source Pollution 200
Kumar, S. Suryavanshi & Loads in Song River Watershed Using
S. K. Kumre SWAT Model
136. Utilization of Industrial By-products to 201
Manita, K. K. Singh Improve Soil Salinity: A Review of Positive
and Negative Impacts
137. N. Arya, K. Mishra & H. L. Soil Erosion Modeling of a Watershed 202
Tiwari using RS And GIS
138. Monitoring Sediment Scenario in Palkhed 203
M. Kulkarni, S. Gaikwad & complex of Upper Godavari Sub Basin of
S. Shewale Godavari Basin Using Remote Sensing
Technique
139. Managing Sedimentation in Reservoirs: A 204
Comprehensive Study on Impacts, Control
Shiwani & R. S. Banshtu
and Sediment Resource Optimization
Balancing Reservoir at Sundernagar.
140. Assessment of Sedimentation Using Digital 205
B. Prasad & H. L. Tiwari
Image Processing Techniques
Urban water and drainage management
141. J. Mishra & V.S.V Characterization of Urban Runoff in the 207
Botlaguduru Powai Region of Mumbai
142. Exploring Sustainable Water Management: 208
S.G.K. Gujjula & D. N.
A Data Analysis of GITAM Institute's
Patro
Water Conservation Efforts.
143. Recent Advancements in Metaheuristic 209
B. Motwani, N. Palod & R.
Algorithms for the Optimal Design of
Gupta
Water Distribution Networks
144. Impact of Urbanization on Ground Water 210
R. Tiwari, D. L. Rao, Y.
Resources – A Case Study of Vijayawada,
Tiwari & G. R. Fule
India
145. Design of Looped Water Distribution 211
K. K. Singh, N. Palod & R.
Networks Using Integer Linear
Gupta
Programming
146. S. S. Shambharkar, S. Simulating a Variable Speed Pump in Water 212
Tiwari, N. Palod & R. Distribution Network Using EPANET
Gupta
147. Review Based Study of National Rural 213
V. Rokade & A. Parsai
Drinking Water Programme
23
Implementation in the State of Madhya

Pradesh.
148. Role of Effective Urban Water Governance 214
T. Dwivedi, M. Kapshe &
for Sustainable Development: Case of
Y. K. Garg
Bhopal
149. Review on the Contribution of 215
S. Kumar Biodegradable Wastes in Vermicomposting
and Sequential Rotary Vermicomposting
150. Understanding and Fostering Water 216
K. Trivedi, M. Kapshe & V. Sensitive Behaviours in Indian Households:
M. Das An Attempt Towards Sustainable Urban
Water Management
Environmental pollution and mitigation technologies
151. Estimation of Fly Ash Concentration in a 218
N. Sitaram Power Utility Boiler for Paras Thermal
Power Station and Comparison with CFD
152. A Holistic Framework for Pollution 219
C. Thosar, G. Prajapat, U.
Mitigation: Implementing Robust Control
Jagtap & N. More
Measures
153. Emulsion Liquid Membrane: - Review on 220
S. Modi & S. Gupta Improvement Methods in Emulsion
Stability
154. A Review Paper on Generation of Carbon 221
P. Gautam & H. Kaur
Footprint from Household Activities
155. R. Chand, S. Assessment of the Atmospheric 222
Sundaramurthy & A. K. Environment Pollutant in Indian Industrial
Sharma Sector by Using Inventories
156. Performance of Aeration-Enhanced 223
Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed
V. Shivay, S. S. Katoch &
Wetlands for Efficient Removal of
A. Garg
Conventional Pollutants and
Acetaminophen in Cold Climate
157. Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite as Adsorbent 224
R. Budania & S.
for Remediation of Fluoride Contaminated
Dangayach
Groundwater: Batch Study
158. Mitigation Urban Air Pollution: Liquid 225
A. Chandel, Manita & K.
Trees as Sustainable Solution in Densely
K. Singh
Polluted Indian Cities
159. Environmental Regulations & Socio- 226
R. Chouhan
Economic Aspects in Water Zone
160. H. L. Tiwari, K. Singh & K. Analysis of Venturimeter Flow 227
Mishra Characteristics with Sediment laden Water
24
161. K. Pulkit, B. Saini & H. D. Repair And Rehabilitation of Water 228

Chalak Leakages in Concrete Structures
162. Understanding long-term spatio-temporal 229
S. Choubey, R. Kumari &
variability in rainfall over a major river
S. Chander
basin in semi-arid zone, Western India
163. Effect of Hydrogel in Constructed Wetland 230
S. Gopikumar, T. Pradeep,
Based Microbial Fuel Cell for Clean Energy
S. Uma & R. Vignesh
Generation
25
Our Keynote Speakers
26
Keynote Adress
Prof. V. R. Desai
Director, IIT Dharwad
Director@iitdh.ac.in
Scientific Promotion of Water Harvesting and Reuse Through Water Quality

Analysis
ABSTRACT
Climate change is causing an increase in the precipitation intensity and a decrease in the
number of annual rainy days as well as the average storm duration. Even though this
established fact is sufficient to promote water security through water harvesting schemes,
current pace of implementation of water harvesting schemes in India is highly inadequate.
Although most of the traditions of the world in general and the Indian AyurvEdic tradition in
particular have promoted rainwater usage for all purposes due its purity, there is a need to
scientifically re-establish this fact through rainwater quality analysis in terms of the modern
potable water quality parameters as adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and the
World Health Organization (WHO). The present study reports collection and quality analysis
of rainwater in terms of 18 parameters over a 6-week period as well as some case studies
involving municipal wastewater treatment and reuse in municipal water supply schemes.
Keywords: Water harvesting; water quality analysis; potable water quality parameters.
27
Prof. C. S. P. Ojha
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee
c.ojha@ce.iitr.ac.in
Engineering Interventions for Sustainable Development of Water Resources
ABSTRACT
This year, the United Nations has underscored the imperative of securing water peace. Water
security hinges on both the availability and quality of water. Without water peace, maintaining
water security becomes untenable. Quality is as crucial as quantity; inadequate quality renders
water unfit for use without purification. Insufficient quantity poses a critical challenge,
affecting drinking water supplies and agricultural needs, leading to poor crop yields and food
insecurity. Consequently, a water crisis precipitates societal unrest, disrupting peace. Water
flows across various freshwater sources and state boundaries, necessitating interstate
cooperation to meet water demands. India, for instance, faces challenges in managing interstate
water resources. The government has initiated water-linking schemes, but implementation lags.
Expediting these schemes and addressing associated challenges is vital. Effective water
resource management and linking schemes can ensure quality water availability, fostering
improved crop yields and, ultimately, realizing the aspiration for water peace as per the
Sustainable Development Goals.
This lecture provides a comprehensive review of engineering interventions crucial for the
sustainable development of water resources amid escalating demand and increasing
uncertainty. It explores advancements in water supply infrastructure, water reuse systems, and
the linkage of rivers. Innovative wastewater treatment technologies such as membrane
bioreactors and constructed wetlands are examined to ensure safe disposal and reuse,
minimizing environmental pollution. The role of engineering interventions in agricultural water
management is discussed. The lecture highlights the critical contribution of engineering
interventions in ensuring water security, resilience, and sustainability for present and future
generations through technological innovation and interdisciplinary collaboration.
28
Prof. T. I. Eldho
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Bombay
eldho@civil.iitb.ac.in
Simulation Optimization Models and Applications for Groundwater Pollution

Management
ABSTRACT
As groundwater is one of the major source of drinking water, its sustainability and management
is very important. In the recent times, groundwater pollution has become a major problem in
many parts of the world including India and need urgent attention for its management.
Groundwater is being polluted due to several industrial, agricultural and other manmade
sources over the past few decades. The remediation of a contaminated site is major challenge
and remedial designs using simulation optimization tools are essential for optimal designs.
Generally, the groundwater flow and transport are analyzed using a simulation model, which
is further linked with an optimization algorithm to identify the best management strategies with
the considered objective and constraints. Further an effective groundwater remediation study
requires the assessment of location of contaminant plume and its movement of the plume with
respect to space and time. For most of the remedial designs, the simulation is carried out using
numerical methods such as Finite Difference Method (FDM), Finite Element Method (FEM).
Recently meshfree methods such as radial point collocation methods (RPCM) and Meshfree
Local Petrov Galerkin (MLPG) methods are developed for the simulation. Evolutionary
algorithm such as Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Differential evolution, Cat Swarm
Optimization (CSO) etc. can be effectively used for optimization. For groundwater
remediation, pump and treat or bioremediation are the commonly used methods. In this study
development and applications of simulation optimization (S-O) models using mesh free models
(RPCM/MLPG) coupled with evolutionary algorithms will be explained and applications for
groundwater pollution management using pump and treat and bio-remediation will be
elaborated. The results from the case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the SO models.
29
Dr. Manuel Wewer

Germany
manuel.wewer@tu-dresden.de
Backward Erosion Piping – A threat to water retaining structures
ABSTRACT
Inundations are a natural hazard with a major impact on society. According to the EM-DAT
disaster database, floods are the most common type of natural disaster and also cause high
economic damages. Unless additional mitigation measures are taken, flood risks are expected
to increase. This increase is driven by socio-economic changes in exposure (land use,
population growth, economic value) and climate change (sea level rise and increase in extreme
river discharges). A common strategy to reduce flood risk is the use of structural flood
protection measures such as dikes and dams. Failure of these water retaining structures can be
caused by a number of failure mechanisms such as overtopping, slope instability or internal
erosion. Backward erosion piping (BEP) is a failure mechanism of water retaining structures,
which has accounted for approximately 15% of historic dike and dam failures worldwide.
During high water events, groundwater flow can cause sand grains to erode from the foundation
leading to the formation of one or multiple erosion channels from the downstream towards the
upstream side. BEP has been scientifically studied for more than a century. Many scientists
were involved in piping research. The pioneering work on BEP was performed by Bligh. By
analyzing a large number of failed and successful dikes in India, he established an empirical
failure criterion, in which he determined the required seepage length to prevent piping.
However, this analytical model only roughly covers the actual erosion process. In order to get
a better understanding of BEP, numerous multiscale experiments were conducted in the last
decades. Analytical models have been developed based on these observations or using a purely
theoretical approach. In addition to the development of experimental and analytical models,
methods for the numerical simulation of the piping process were introduced more recently. One
of such models, which focuses on the temporal development of the piping process, will be
presented. In the presented 2D FEM model, a numerical solution that combines a 2D Darcy
groundwater solution with Exner’s 1D sediment transport mass conservation equation is
proposed. As an estimate of sediment transport, four different empirical transport equations for
30
laminar flow are tested. Since numerical models often find it difficult to find their way into
engineering practice due to the complexity of the respective model, it is advisable to also
develop analytical models. The analytical prediction of the BEP process is not yet sufficiently
reliable, as the calculations do not take into account the effect of pipe progression on the
groundwater system or only represent the erosion process as a two-dimensional problem. The
objective of the author is to develop an analytical-numerical prediction model of piping
erosion, which overcomes the described limitations in the assessment. The new prediction
model will describe BEP based on the erosion criterion of primary erosion and will determine
the pore pressure distribution inside and in front of the pipe. The reliable prediction of BEP has
also been insufficiently possible to date, as the erosion processes that describe the formation
and progression of piping erosion are not sufficiently understood. In order to manage BEP in a
cost-effective manner, the understanding of the process behavior including a definition of the
critical hydraulic conditions needs to be further investigated. Planned small-scale laboratory
experiments at the TU Dresden are intended to provide a better understanding of the erosion
processes and to derive enhanced erosion criteria for primary and secondary erosion.
31
Dr. Sarosh Alam Ghausi

Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Germany
sghausi@bgc-jena.mpg.de
Applying a thermodynamic systems approach to hydrologic cycling and its

changes
ABSTRACT
Hydrologic cycling refers to the movement of water within the surface-atmosphere system.
While the underlying processes that mediates these movements are inherently complex, they
are all connected to changes in the energy balance of the Earth system. In this talk I will show
how we can use thermodynamic limits to constrain different processes within the hydrologic
cycling. This is done by developing and utilizing physics-based box models of the Earth system
that explicitly consider thermodynamic limits as a constraint on surface-atmosphere exchange.
In this approach, I describe the vertical convective transport in the land-atmosphere system as
the consequence of a heat engine being driven by the heating difference between the warmer
surface and the cooler atmosphere. I will then derive limits to this transport by calculating the
maximum amount of work the atmosphere can perform to sustain vertical exchange. These
models then enable us to investigate various aspects of temperature variability, turbulent
exchange and hydrologic sensitivities. I will show applications of this approach to estimate
hydrological fluxes without the need of any semi-empirical parameterization. This approach
can be then use to quantify the impact of clouds and soil-moisture on land-surface temperatures
and for inferring physically consistent hydrological sensitivities from observations. The
implication of this talk will be that atmosphere works as hard as it can leading to emergent
predictable patterns within the complex climate system.
32
Dr. Harshit Mishra

Environmental Fluid Mechanics Laboratory - Colorado State University
Leveraging developments in fluid mechanics to advance hydraulic engineering
ABSTRACT
Historically, the domains of fluid mechanics and hydraulics developed independently with little
mutual percolation. Prof Hunter Rouse recognized the importance of boundary layer and
turbulence theories to solve problems relevant to hydraulic engineers. In recent years, dialogue
between the fluid mechanics community and the hydraulic engineering community has
diminished and therefore, the hydraulic engineering community has not fully benefitted from
the path-breaking advances such as direct numerical simulations, and high-resolution
measurement of turbulent flows. The measurement of critical measurement parameters of
interest such as bed shear stress, average velocity, and turbulent stresses still remain a challenge
and have high uncertainty with the current state of art in Hydraulic engineering. Harshit's recent
research has focused on improving the estimations of critical hydraulic parameters by bridging
the gap between fluid mechanics and hydraulics. In this talk, he will highlight how a fresh
perspective towards classical problems can transform the outcomes of current and future
research. He will also discuss challenges in flow simulations and measurements along with the
best practices informed by turbulence theory and numerical analysis.
33
Shri Aditya Sharma

Chief Engineer
Central Water Commission, Bhopal
Water for peace
ABSTRACT
The United Nations Theme for world water day 2024 is: “Water for peace”. The theme has
aptly been chosen by UN in the present context when growing signs of conflict on water are
visible in various parts of the world. When water is scarce, polluted, or inaccessible, tensions
can rise between communities and countries. Conflicts may begin at the household level and
escalate to affect the entire country. On the other hand, proper management of water may turn
conflict in to co-operation even at international level. Among the 17 Sustainable Development
Goals defined by UN, water finds its place in SDG- 6: Clean Water and Sanitation: Ensure
availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all.
Water, which is essential for sustenance of life, is also a limited resource. Water resources of
the country are required to be harnessed judiciously to meet the growing requirement of our
developing economy. Therefore, development, conservation and management of water
resources are crucial.
The Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation (DoWR,
RD & GR) is mainly responsible for laying down policy guidelines and programs for the
development, conservation and management of water as a national resource. The department
oversees national water planning, coordinates diverse water uses, develops water laws and
legislations, addresses inter-State and trans-boundary water issues, fosters bilateral and multi-
lateral cooperation; and establishes general policy guidelines and programs for assessing,
developing, and regulating the country’s water resources. DoWR, RD & GR is also
responsible for water quality assessment; rejuvenation of river Ganga and its tributaries and
also conservation of rivers and abatement of pollution in other basins.
The Country aims to become developed by 2047. To achieve this goal in water sector, the
Government is actively pursuing the Water Vision @2047 initiative. In this context the 1 st
Ministers’ conference was organized at Bhopal during 5-6 January,2023. Its important
recommendations included: Climate Change-Adaption and mitigation, Recycle and Reuse of
34
waste water, drinking water source sustainability, Encouragement to inter basin water transfer,
Adopting appropriate cropping pattern, Regular safety inspection of dams, Flood forecasting
and early warning. The 2nd Conference held in Mahabalipuram, Chennai held during 23-24-
January, 2024 deliberated on 5 themes, namely: Climate Resilience & River Health, Water
Governance, Water Use Efficiency, Water Storage & Management, People’s Participation
/Jan Bhagidari.
In addition to the significant strides made in policy formulation and infrastructure development,
fostering public awareness and education about water conservation and sustainability is
paramount. By empowering communities with knowledge about efficient water usage,
pollution prevention, and watershed management, we can catalyze grassroots efforts towards
achieving our water-related goals. Community-led initiatives, coupled with government
policies and international cooperation, form the backbone of a holistic approach to water
management that ensures equitable access and long-term sustainability. Therefore, alongside
institutional measures, investing in education and awareness campaigns is crucial for nurturing
a culture of responsible water stewardship among citizens. With people’s participation it can
be expected that we can achieve our target both for SDG-6 of UN as well as our water
vision@2047.
35
Prof. Manish Kumar Goyal

Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Indore
mkgoyal@iiti.ac.in
Understanding Atmospheric Rivers and Exploring Their Role as Climate

Extremes
ABSTRACT
Atmospheric rivers (ARs), often referred to "rivers in the sky" are long, narrow, and intense
water vapor transport features that play a significant role in climate extremes. This study
provides a comprehensive overview of ARs, their historical background, formation
mechanisms, and characterization in the atmosphere. The study of ARs has been facilitated by
various datasets, including satellite-based observations, in-situ observations and reanalysis
data, and thus resulted in several AR identification techniques across the globe. Observing the
impact of ARs and the interest of climate communities across the globe, an international
collaborative program Atmospheric River Tracking Method Intercomparison Project
(ARTMIP) has been launched to develop a holistic framework to assess the impact of various
AR identification methods on climatology, hydrology, and extreme events, quantifying
disparities and advancing understanding of future AR changes and associated impacts. Global
and regional perspectives reveal the diverse and far-reaching influence of ARs, with notable
examples including ARs along the North American West Coast, over the Western United States,
Southeastern United States, Europe, Southern South America, and Polar Regions. The
relationship between ARs and large-scale climate oscillations (El-Nino Southern Oscillation
(ENSO), Arctic Oscillation (AO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), etc.) can provide
valuable insights into the predictability and variability of AR events. The impacts of ARs are
multifaceted, encompassing both beneficial and detrimental effects, such as flooding, drought,
and extreme precipitation events. As climate change continues to alter the global landscape, the
study of ARs will remain a critical component in predicting and mitigating the effects of
extreme weather events.
36
Prof. Brijesh Kumar Yadav

Department of Hydrology, IIT Roorkee
brijesh.yadav@hy.iitr.ac.in
Management of soil and groundwater pollution using in-situ remediation and

advanced monitoring methods
ABSTRACT
Soil and groundwater pollution from hydrocarbons and heavy metals, caused by both human
activities and natural sources, is a growing concern. Efficient remediation techniques and
monitoring systems are required to address this issue. In-situ remediation techniques offer a
more sustainable and economical solution by treating a mixture of contaminants directly in
place. This presentation discusses the principles and applications of in-situ bioremediation
methods and Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs), along with advanced monitoring methods.
Engineered bioremediation techniques were studied for sites polluted with hydrocarbons, and
an in-situ PRB system was used to treat groundwater polluted with arsenic, as demonstrated
through practical experiments. A comparative assessment of various bioremediation techniques
(such as Biostimulation, bioaugmentation, phytoremediation, and natural biodegradation) was
conducted to evaluate their biodegradation rates, lag phase durations, and total degradation
times for hydrocarbons and heavy metal pollutants. These treatment techniques were then
applied in the field to improve the soil and water quality of problematic sites in India. Similarly,
in-situ remediation of arsenic-contaminated groundwater was investigated using a well-
integrated PRB system. The findings of this research can enhance the practical application of
novel, well-integrated PRB systems along with these composites for arsenic remediation.
Overall, implementing in-situ remediation with cutting-edge monitoring techniques is a viable
strategy for controlling groundwater and soil contamination, providing long-term solutions that
protect public health and the environment.
Keywords: Soil and Groundwater pollution, In-situ remediation, Thermal treatment,
Sustainable remediation strategies.
37
Prof. Avinash Vasudeo

Department of Civil Engineering, VNIT Nagpur
advasudeo@civ.vnit.ac.in
Groundwater Legislation in India: A Futuristic Initiative
ABSTRACT
India's groundwater management faces challenges due to a complex legal framework.

Landowners hold traditional rights to extract groundwater based on the Indian Easement Act,
1882. This doesn't regulate overall usage, leading to potential overexploitation. The Central
Ground Water Authority (CGWA), established in 1997, works under the Environment
Protection Act, 1986. It regulates groundwater development and issues permits in critical areas.
The Groundwater (Management, Control and Regulation) Model Bill, 1970 (revised in 2011,
2016, 2017) empowers states to enact their own groundwater laws. Several states have enacted
their own laws based on the Model Bill. These often focus on registration of groundwater
sources and permits in critical zones. If the Focus is on sustainable management, then
recognizing the limitations and focusing main on sustainable groundwater management
practices, should be the major concern. This keynote will summarise highlights and the
essential aspects of groundwater legislation in India. Further research can delve deeper into
specific legal provisions, state-level variations, and ongoing efforts towards sustainable
management.
38
Prof. P. L. Patel
Department of Civil Engineering, SVNIT Surat
plpatel@ced.svnit.ac.in
Spatial varying and co-occurring future climate changes over a heterogeneous

river basin: a multivariate approach
ABSTRACT
Climate change substantially influences atmospheric, terrestrial ecosystems, and human

systems, as evidenced by recent observations. The regional impacts of global warming led
climate change vary substantially, thus, abstaining from generalizing its effects. It also
manifests the hydroclimatic variables having mutually inclusive geographical and temporal
patterns and complicated dependence structure. This study delves the co-occurring climate
scale changes across the physioclimatically heterogeneous Tapi River basin (TRB) for baseline
(1991–2020) and future periods (2021–2100) using a multivariate framework comprising
multi-model ensembles of bias-corrected rainfall and temperature from five global climate
models (CMIP-5), twelve climate indices (six for each variable), and an unsupervised machine
learning algorithm, i.e., Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The univariate assessment
showed statistically significant warming of 1.1–1.8 °C (1.5–4.0 °C) under RCP-4.5 (RCP-8.5)
scenarios. Recently, the mutual interaction and impact of one/more hydroclimatic variable(s)
on other(s) have drawn the attention of climate researchers and hydrologists. The joint spatial
variability of rainfall and temperature indices over TRB for present and future periods were
explored using the PCA. The multivariate assessment of spatially varying climate indices
resulted in four significant principal components (PCs) explaining 90.2% of the variance. The
relative evaluation of these PCs, each describing various climatological characteristics, showed
that nearly 41.6% (47.0%) of the TRB is vulnerable to the transition of the current climatic
patterns to the dry-warm (wet-warm) regime under RCP-8.5 (RCP-4.5) in the near (distant)
future. On the optimistic side, under RCP-4.5 and RCP-8.5, 53.0% and 69.8% of the TRB
displayed signs of uniform temporal distribution with wet rainfall regimes and profound
warming towards the end of the 21st century, respectively.
39
Prof. Rajesh Gupta

Department of Civil Engineering, VNIT Nagpur
drrajeshgupta123@hotmail.com
Heuristic versus Metaheuristic Approaches for the Design of Large Water

Distribution Networks
ABSTRACT
Optimal design of a water distribution network (WDN) has always been in focus of researches.
In traditional deterministic search techniques of optimization, the search for optimum begins
by identifying a feasible solution and then moving to a better solution using some mathematical
function. The search terminates when no further improvement is observed. The final solution
is therefore, always dependent on the initially selected solution, and the global optimality of
the final solution is doubtful. Several metaheuristic algorithms have been suggested in which
the search starts with several randomly selected points in the search space, moving iteratively
towards better solutions using certain metaphors, and terminates when the convergence criteria
are achieved. These methodologies can identify several near optimal solutions and the
probability of reaching to the global optimal solution is enhanced. The major drawback with
the meta-heuristic techniques is of the computational efforts, which increase exponentially as
the size of the network increases. High computational efforts restrict the application
metaheuristic techniques to real practical size networks. In the recent past, few simple heuristic
techniques that directly or indirectly consider the cost aspects have been developed. These
techniques require significantly lesser computational efforts as compared to that required by
metaheuristic algorithms. The key note address will focus on the application of heuristic
method and its application of large size networks taken from the literature to compare them
with metaheuristic techniques.
40
Prof. Nagaraj Sitaram

Department of Civil Engineering, EPCET Bengaluru
naghydro@gmail.com
Estimation of Fly Ash Concentration in a Power Utility Boiler for Paras

Thermal Power Station and Comparison with CFD
ABSTRACT
The fly ash erosion is also a major cause of failure in economiser tubes. During the coal
combustion, the non-carbonaceous mineral matter undergoes physical and chemical changes.
The combustion gases, which flow through the system, carry the solid particles (mainly consists
of fly ash) along with them. These fly ash particles results in mechanical damage to the surfaces
of boiler in the form of erosion or abrasion. Paras Thermal Power Station (Maharashtra) is
taken as base of the study to compare numerical study and suggestions are incorporated.
A numerical method is used to predict the distribution of fly ash concentrations in a complex
fly ash flow in a power utility boiler. The mean momentum and mass conservation equations
are solved for each phase using finite volume scheme with a RNG k- turbulence model. The
simulation results indicate that the smaller fly ash particles are more influenced by the gas flow
and, with increasing particle size, the larger fly ash particles flung towards the right hand side
of the economiser inlet.
The current study can be used for erosion prediction and comparison with experimental results,
which will help to arrive at new designs of boiler configuration and take proper protection
measures.
41
Dr. R. K. Jaiswal
Scientist, Central India Hydrology Regional Centre
National Institute of Hydrology, Bhopal (M.P.)
rkjaiswal.nih@gmail.com
Mobile Applications for Rural Sustainable Development: KISAN MAITRI APP
ABSTRACT
Timely sharing of information based on scientific principles is important for the optimal use of
water resources in the agriculture sector. Indian economy is based on agriculture for rural
development which is a prime focus in area in sustainable development goals. The supply of
water from the reservoir to the irrigation command in the water resource projects depends
mainly on the type of crops, soil, water availability in the reservoir, weather conditions, etc.
The use of information technology and modeling tools/techniques is legging in India in the
water resource sector due to which farmers did not get timely information and water resource
managers remain unaware of the problems of farmers and real scenarios on the field.
In the present study, a web/mobile-based application named KISAN MAITRI (KISAN Mobile
App using Information Technology for Right Irrigation) has been developed for the Sanjay
Sagar Project in Vidisha (Madhya Pradesh) and Parbati irrigation project in Dholpur
(Rajasthan). In the development of both the web and mobile applications, the objective was to
collect crop area information from farmers. The determination of water demand and availability
in the dam, along with future weather and soil moisture data, were used to assess the water
needs and disparities among various water user associations. The information on crop areas
collected from farmers is used in an Excel-based water management system (WMS), where
daily water balances were carried out considering climate-driven crop water requirements and
reservoir operation policies. The model is automatically updated based on a 15-day future
forecast of climate to modify irrigation releases. Through this mobile application, farmers can
be informed about canal breakage and other water-related issues to water resource managers
for timely rectification. The mobile application developed may be the milestone for irrigation
management in the commands of water resource projects and has the potential to be designed
as a generic version where it can be developed for any command.
42
Dr. Manish Pandey

Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Kharagpur
mpandey@civil.iitkgp.ac.in
Soft Computing Approach for Scour Prediction at Spur Dikes
ABSTRACT
Spur dikes play a critical role in river training, countering the effects of river degradation and
aggradation. These structures, strategically positioned perpendicular or at an angle to the
riverbank, safeguard against erosion and regulate hydraulic processes. Identification of scour
around spur dikes and variation with respect to time is essential for structure stability.
Traditionally, scour prediction relied heavily on regression techniques. With the advancement
of soft computing techniques, there has been a paradigm shift in predicting scour
characteristics, owing to their adaptability and ability to learn from data. This evolution
underscores the need for efficient techniques that can enhance accuracy, safety, and cost-
effectiveness in recognizing the scour around the spur dikes. In this study, we delve specifically
into the temporal changes in scour depth, focusing on the first spur dike within multiple spur
dike configurations using a Support Vector Regression model with Genetic Algorithm
optimization with the varying parameters such as spacing, length, and flow velocities. The
results highlight the exceptional performance of the developed hybrid model (SVR-GA),
boasting R2 values of 0.98 during training and 0.95 during testing. Additionally, minimal
residual errors (RMSE=0.05, Pbias=0.7 for training; RMSE=0.11, Pbias=0.9 for testing)
underscore the reliability of our model. This research underscores the significance of AI models
in accurately predicting scour depth variations over time. The findings offer valuable insights
for optimizing hydraulic structure management and design practices, ultimately contributing to
enhanced safety and efficiency in river engineering.
Keywords: Spur dike, Scour depth, Support Vector Regression, Genetic Algorithm.
43
Dr. M. C. S. Nayak
Green Engineered Materials and Additive Manufacturing Division
CSIR-AMPRI Bhopal
mcsnayak@ampri.res.in
Wastewater Management V/s Polymer Membrane Technology
ABSTRACT
Water is one of the essential sources to survey the life on earth the ecosystem and human life.
The water demand is increasing rapidly due to the world population growth that realizes larger
difficulties of water for national, agricultural, and industrial use. Insecure human activities are
flattering the main cause of water scarcity. This water scarcity can affect the ecology extremely
gradually. Most of the organizations are working on this to overcome the water problems on
the globe. Currently, membrane technological separation procedures have become more
remarkable than other purification methods towards water purification, due to the low energy
consumption and familiar operational conditions. Membrane-based separation has
demonstrated its efficiency over other outdated techniques of water purification. Noteworthy
research has been done in this area, still, the abundant possibility of membrane technology has
determined many scientists to explore the field. The current research work is one such attempt
to study the efficiency of nanomaterials in polymeric membranes. Nevertheless, the lack of a
suitable membrane is a major technical hurdle in its acceptance as a primary tool for water
purification. Polyarylsulfone-based membranes are widely used due to their superior thermal
and mechanical stability. However, its poor hydrophilicity and fouling nature have driven
further research to this extent. Consequently, the present work is an attempt to improve the
performance of Polyarylsulfone-based membranes for water purification.
Throughout our research picked Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) is a major polymer to fabricate

flat-sheet along with hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes, due to the specific possessions for
example low cost, higher chemical stability thermal stability, improved mechanical strength,
etc. But, one of the major drawbacks of PPSU polymer is hydrophobicity. So, to the PPSU
polymer dope solution, specific quantities of several nanoparticles such as bismuth oxychloride
loaded activated charcoal, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, Zeolite nanoparticles, etc. were
44
additionally incorporated. The incorporated nano additives noticeably affected the

hydrophobicity asset and improved the hydrophilic stuff. The membranes were fabricated via
the phase inversion process. The fabricated membranes' alterations/ properties were examined
with SEM, AFM, FTIR, UTM, etc. and the permeability performance was assessed with water
flux and BSA protein flux (anti-fouling properties). Dead-end filtration and cross-flow
filtration units were involved in evaluating the membrane separation efficacy of various
proteins, textile dyes, heavy metals contained in wastewater, and different oil/water samples.
Keywords: Polyarylsulfone-based membranes, Nanoparticles, Permeability, Separation.
45
Dr. M. S. Balan
Joint Director/ Scientist E
Central water and Power Research Station, Khadakwasla, Pune
selvabalan_m@cwprs.gov.in
Time series modeling of reservoir sedimentation and bed profiling using

space inputs and Machine Learning Techniques for sustainable water
resources management
ABSTRACT
Bathymetry survey is widely being used and an accepted technique for evaluation of capacity,
depth profile, modification of original area-capacity-elevation curve etc. of water bodies
including reservoir, lakes, ponds etc. The Bathymetry survey deploys Integrated Bathymetry
System (IBS) consisting of echo sounder, DGPS, with survey software technique. However,
the survey is time consuming, laborious, costly and involves other practical issues like bad
weather condition, large manpower requirement and risk to human resources. In this context,
an augmented new technique, popularly known as Satellite Derived Bathymetry (SDB), is
being used to map the sedimentation and bed profile using space inputs and ML models. In this
method, satellite data is being used to estimate the depth of water columns to map underway
water topography, especially in shallow-water case studies up to 30 m depth along with existing
bathymetric charts and datasets. A mathematical model is developed by using Machine learning
(ML) and Deep Neural Network (DNN) tools, with actual survey data as an input. Existing
bathymetric charts and datasets are used for training ML models. ML algorithms extract
relevant features from satellite imagery, such as water color, texture, and other spectral
characteristics. These features are then correlated with known bathymetric measurements to
establish patterns. ML algorithms utilize high-resolution satellite imagery, often from optical
sensors. ML models, particularly deep learning approaches like Convolution Neural Networks
(CNNs) or Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Gradient Boosting Models (XGBoost, Light
GBM) are trained on large datasets. After multiple trials using all advanced ML models and
based on RMSE errors here we have finalised XG Boost model for this geographical location.
As we have to deal with twenty input data having more than one lakh samples perband we were
required to use the pratyush GPU based super computers available at IITM, Pune for the
46
training. During training, the model learns the complex relationships between satellite imagery
features and corresponding bathymetric depths. Then ML algorithms are developed to predict
bathymetric depths based on the identified features in satellite imagery. The algorithms are
fine-tuned and validated using ground-truth bathymetric data to ensure accuracy. Advantages
of these methods are mainly Cost-Effective and global coverage. SDB using ML can provide
bathymetric information at a fraction of the cost compared to traditional survey methods and
Satellite imagery enables the mapping of bathymetry in remote or inaccessible areas where
traditional surveys are challenging. At the same time, ML models need to account for variations
in optical and atmospheric conditions that can affect the quality of satellite imagery
and Water Constituents like Presence of suspended sediments, chlorophyll, and other water
constituents which can impact the accuracy of bathymetric predictions.
A case study carried out under NHP is shown below for Tenughat reservoir, Jharkhand: Satellite
data used : sentinel data
Date of image captured : 18.11.2022
Date of survey conducted : 15.11.2022
47
Prof. S. K. Katiyar
katiyarsk@manit.ac.in
Applications of GIS in the Management of Water Resources
ABSTARCT
Water is very much essential for the existence of mankind and other living beings on the earth.
Because of various activities of the human beings, increase in the population and environmental
degradations, different sources of water have tremendous pressure in terms of their availability
and quality. Because of climate changes and global warming, the water resources experts have
more challenges for the proper utilization and efficient management of available water
resources and this requires various type data related to factors like environmental and climatic
conditions, land use information and various other data related to stake holders, which is
position specific.
The Geospatial Technology has emerged as a power tool for the collection and analysis of
different type data/maps related to the water resources catchment areas, which can provide
quick, reliable and temporal information at desired ground resolution/scale. Nowadays, the
GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)/GPS (Global Positioning System) can provide
centimeter level accuracy in 3D mapping and in this regard CORS (Continuous Observation
Reference System) Technology is emerging as powerful tool for the determination of
coordinates for various purposes like topographic map preparation and geotagging of important
features and landmarks. Availability remote sensing satellite images at better temporal, spectral
and spatial resolution from different space agencies, various type information related to the
water resources can be prepared and analyzed in the GIS (Geographical Information System)
environment.
This research paper is focused for presenting, the capabilities of emerging Remote Sensing,
GPS and GIS techniques in the management of water resources by presenting the case studies
on the use of GIS techniques. In this work use of opensource optical and microwave remote
sensing data has been demonstrated for solving different issues and tasks related to the
management of water resources by using GIS based analysis tools.
48
Hydrological modelling and forecasting
49
Assessment of Surface Runoff in the Macpherson Lake Catchment using SCS-CN and
GIS Technique
Anurag Yadav, Raj Mohan Singh
Civil Engineering Deptt., MNNIT Allahabad, Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh), India, 211004,
Email: anuragyadava123@gmail.com; rajm@mnnit.ac.in
Abstract
Lakes serve as crucial resources for water, tourism, and the sustenance of diverse ecosystems.
In contemporary times, the condition of prominent lakes in countries like India has deteriorated
due to population growth. Macpherson Lake is located near the right bank of the Ganga River
in the Dhoomanganj area of Prayagraj city, India. Though the catchment area of lake is 6.30
km², the built-up area around the lake is expanding rapidly, pollution contributing through the
connected drains. The inflow into the lake consists of contaminated household water and
stormwater, while the outflow flows into the Ganga. Therefore, the rejuvenation of Macpherson
Lake is imperative. The lake is divided into three parts, connected by culverts. Notably, the
water quality in the last part is superior to the other two. This study proposes introducing an
additional part upstream to store maximum inflow water, sediment, and debris. The primary
goal of this strategic expansion is to improve the overall quality of the water and play a part in
rejuvenating the lake. The research employs a combined approach of GIS and the SCS-CN
method to assess the maximum surface runoff to the lake and findings highlight the
effectiveness of method, offering valuable insights for lake rejuvenation strategies.
Keywords: Macpherson Lake, Prayagraj, SCS-CN method, GIS, Runoff.
50
Hydrogeochmistry and Ionic Ratios of Groundwater in western part of Purna river

basin, Buldhana District, Maharashtra
Pravin S. Parimal and Akshay D. Ghatol
Department of Geology, G. S. Tompe Arts, Commerce & Science College,
Chandur Bazar, District Amravati - 444702
E-mail: pravinparimal@gmail.com
Abstract
Groundwater samples collected from different localities in western part of Purna river basin,
Buldhana district in pre- and post-monsoon periods. The samples were analyzed for their
physical and chemical attributes like pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solid
(TDS), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Total hardness (TH),
Bicarbonate (HCO3), Chloride (Cl), Sulphate (SO4) and Nitrate (NO3). The values of most of
these parameters falls within permissible limits as per the WHO norms. Interrelationship plots
of certain ions of groundwater are a significant tool to interpret sediment water chemistry,
geochemical setup and weathering patterns. The scatter diagrams of Ca+Mg vs HCO3+SO4, Na
vs Cl and Na vs HCO3 reveal that most of the samples fall below the equiline that indicates
prevalence of silicate weathering.
Keywords: Source rock weathering and major ion composition.
51
Comparison of Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Regression (SVR) and
Random Forest (RF) techniques to forecast the discharge
Aparna M. Deulkar1, P.R. Dixit2, S. N. Londhe3 & R. K. Jain4
1
PhD Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, JSPM’s Rajarshri Shahu College
of Engineering, Tathwade, Pune-411033, India
Email: aparna.deulkar2015@gmail.com
2
Professor, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology-Pune University, 411048,
India
Email: pradnya.dixit@viit.ac.in
3
Professor, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology-Pune University, 411048, India
Email: shreenivas.londhe@viit.ac.in
4
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, JSPM’s Rajarshri Shahu College of
Engineering, Tathwade, Pune-411033, India
Email: jainrb20@gmail.com
Abstract
Forecasting discharge using rainfall as input is complex hydrological process due to its random
nature. No same place gets equal intensity of rainfall as it varies over space and time. Accurate
forecasting of discharge is very crucial to cope up with increasing water demand as well as to
manage the available water resource. The current exercise uses three techniques namely
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Support vectors (SVR) and Random Forest (RF) to
forecast one day ahead (t+1) discharge, and its comparison was done. Total 17 years of data of
different 8 rain gauge present in the study area was used for this work. To judge the model
accuracy and its potential diverse error measures like Correlation Coefficient, Root Mean
Squared Error, Mean Absolute Error along with scatter plots and hydrographs. All the models
show reasonable accuracy in forecasting the runoff; the details of which are presented in the
full manuscript along with comparative assessment of these three techniques applied.
Keywords: Discharge, Artificial Neural Networks, Support Vector Regression, Random
Forest. Krishna basin.
52
Assessing Surface Runoff through Hydrological Analysis: A GIS based Study in Baksa
District, Assam
Sagar Basumatary, Soumen Maji & Omem Paron
Department of Civil Engineering, Central Institute of Technology Kokrajhar, Kokrajhar
783370, Assam, India
*Corresponding author Email: ph21ce1006@cit.ac.in
Abstract
Baksa District, situated in a unique foothill landscape, presents distinct hydrological
challenges that require attention for comprehensive understanding. This study aims to address
the pressing issues of water scarcity and distribution in Baksa District, Assam. Hydrological
analysis of surface water runoff in the Baksa district is to understand the water availability
throughout the year. Geospatial applications for water resources management, providing
critical insights into the dynamics of water systems in foothill hydrology. Using ArcGIS, a
Geographic Information System (GIS) software, to facilitate the extraction of critical
hydrological data. The core of this study involves the Soil Conservation Service Curve
Number (SCS-CN) method, which is a well-established hydrological technique. The SCS-CN
method offers a streamlined and effective approach for estimating runoff within varying land
use and soil conditions. This method hinges on the utilization of Curve Number (CN), a
numerical representation of a watershed's capacity to analyze rainfall runoff. Subsequently, by
simulating rainfall events and applying the SCS-CN equation integration with ArcGIS, it
generates precise runoff estimations. This study would contribute significantly to the effective
management of water resources, offering valuable insights into the complex terrain in Baksa
District.
Keywords: Runoff estimations; Baksa District; SCS-CN; geospatial applications; foothill
hydrology.
53
Study Of Effect of Variation of Threshold Values On Hydrological Response Units In

Basin Modeling Using Swat
Anandita Raj1, Raj Mohan Singh2
1Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, Motilal National Institute of Technology
Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Email: anandita.2022rce02@mnnit.ac.in
2Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Motilal National Institute of Technology
Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004, Uttar Pradesh, India

Email: rajm@mnnit.ac.in
Abstract
Proper management of water resources is vital for disaster and land use management. SWAT
(Soil and water Assessment Tool) hydrologic modelling is adopted for predicting the impacts
of changes in climate and land use change on water resources. However, efficiency of the model
depends upon proper delineation of drainage pattern based on Hydrological Response Unit
(HRU). HRUs are the basic computational units of the SWAT. The study employs SWAT
modelling on a Basin with variation in the characteristic in terms of land use, terrain and soil
type. Basin area is selected based upon these basic consideration of sufficient observed
discharge data availability on the gauging site and having no human interventions such as Dam,
canal, and waterways within the selected basin. The outlet point selected is Malkhed gauging
site on Krishna River. The catchment is located on Bhima lower basin of Krishna River in India
and have different terrain, land use and soil types. Different number of HRUs were created by
SWAT model with variation of threshold values. The result shows that HRU threshold variation
have significant effect on the numbers of HRUs generated and hence effecting the
computational time of the model. In general, it was observed that HRU numbers decreased
distinctly with increasing HRU thresholds. For minimum threshold values (0%,0%,0%) the
maximum of 556 number of HRUs were generated while for the maximum threshold values
(25%,25%,25%) the minimum of 19 number of HRUs created. The number of HRUs was most
responsive for the land use land cover (LULC) and least responsive to soil type characteristics
of the watershed basin. Among all the HRUs threshold scenarios done in the modelling, the
land-use contributed majorly to the number of HRUs created. It can be concluded that land-use
characteristic of the basin affects the most to HRUs and a reasonable value of land use such as
5 % may be used to identify the optimal HRUs in a basin.
Keywords: HRUs, Threshold value, SWAT Modeling, Land Use Land Cover (LULC).
54
Evaluating Random Forests and Prophet Models for Streamflow Prediction in the Sutlej
River Basin
Siddik Barbhuiya1, Vivek Gupta2
1
PhD Scholar, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Mandi, H.P., India
2
Assistant Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Mandi, H.P., India
Email: Siddik_ahmed@project.iitmandi.ac.in, vivekgupta@iitmandi.ac.in
Abstract
Simulation of streamflow is fundamental to hydrological studies, with further implications in
managing and planning water resources. The accuracy of flow predictions is a pivotal factor
affecting the decision-making capabilities of stakeholders, including policymakers. The present
research scrutinizes and contrasts two prevalent methods for streamflow prediction in a
northern Indian watershed: the Random Forest and Prophet models. Our comprehensive
evaluation reveals distinct performance attributes of each model, with the Random Forest
model demonstrating a robust fit to the training data, evidenced by a higher Nash-Sutcliffe
Efficiency (NSE) of 0.73 and a lower Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.0085. However,
it exhibits a diminished predictive accuracy in the testing phase with an NSE of 0.6065. In
contrast, the Prophet model shows consistent performance across both training and testing
phases, with NSE values of 0.587 and 0.57, respectively, and RMSE scores of 0.01254 and
0.01197. These findings indicate that while the Random Forest model shows a notable drop in
performance from training to testing, the Prophet model maintains its accuracy levels, though
at a generally higher error rate. The study's outcomes highlight the crucial role of model
selection in hydrological forecasting and the necessity to balance accuracy and generalizability
to unseen data for effective water resource management and planning.
Keywords: Streamflow Prediction, Hydrological Modeling, Random Forest Model, Prophet
Model.
55
Evaluation of Peak Floods and Frequency Analysis at Gandhisagar Dam on the

Chambal River
Poonam Bagora, Shanu Sharma
Indore Institute of Science and Technology
Pithampur bypass Road, Opposit IIM, Indore, Indore, India
Poonam.bagora@indoreinstitute.com; Shanu.sharma@indoreinstitute.com
Abstract
In the backdrop of escalating global climate changes, the last decade has witnessed growing
apprehensions regarding erratic weather patterns. One pronounced consequence has been the
surge in irrational floods, emerging as a heightened concern due to their increased frequency
and intensity. This study is dedicated to discerning the peak floods associated with various
return periods along the river Chambal at Gandhisagar Dam. A comprehensive analysis,
spanning 44 years of relevant flood records, forms the basis for this investigation. The
Goodness of Fit test, employing the D-Index, was conducted for all distributions under
consideration. The computed peak discharge not only serves as a crucial element in flood
frequency analysis for effective flood forecasting and management but also stands as a valuable
tool in the design of essential hydraulic structures. This includes structures such as Concrete
Gravity Dams, Weirs, Barrages, and Bridges across the river, as well as Guide Banks. To
enhance the precision of our findings, a comparative assessment was undertaken by analyzing
the results with the widely utilized HEC-SSP software.
56
Advancements in Integrated Data-Driven Approaches for Improved Hydrological

Modelling: A Comprehensive Review
Deepak Kumar Dadsena1, A.K. Thawait2, & M.K. Chaoudhary3
1
PG Research Scholar, 2Asst. Professor, & 3Associate Professor
Email: 1ddadsena31@gmail.com , 2ajaykthawait@gmail.com
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, M.P.
Abstract
This comprehensive review explores the integration of modern data-driven methodologies into
traditional hydrological modelling, aiming to enhance accuracy and efficacy. Focusing on the
fusion of machine learning, artificial intelligence, and traditional modelling techniques, this
paper evaluates their combined potential in revolutionizing hydrological predictions. It
assesses the strategies for amalgamating diverse datasets, sensor technologies, and
computational advancements to achieve more nuanced insights into complex hydrological
processes. Moreover, the review discusses successful applications through case studies across
diverse geographical regions. By analysing the strengths, limitations, and practical
implementations of these integrated approaches, this review provides a roadmap for future
advancements. Its insights aim to guide researchers and practitioners toward refined, data-
informed hydrological modelling practices, imperative for sustainable water resource
management and informed decision-making in a changing world.
Keywords: Hydrological modelling, Data driven Approaches, Surface water Hydrology.
57
Rainfall-Runoff Modelling Using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) Model In SPSS

Swarit Gupta1, H.L. Tiwari2
1
P.G Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal-462003, INDIA
Email: swarit2323@gmail.com
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal-462003, INDIA
Email: hltiwari@rediffmail.com
Abstract
The evaluation of water resources includes a number of elements that may be streamlined and
addressed by using an appropriate mathematical model. In order to effectively manage water
resources, rainfall-runoff (RR) modelling is regarded as a key hydrologic process. This article
describes the creation of an artificial neural network (ANN)-based rainfall-runoff model for
the Madhya Pradesh Narmada River basin. Relative error and sum of squares error (SSE) were
used to assess the model's performance. At Dindori station, the study's SSE was found to be
23.874 in training and 27.645 in testing, with relative error values of 0.995 in training and 0.869
in testing. However, at Manot station, the study's SSE was found to be 22.547 in training and
11.265 in testing, with relative error values of 0.993 in training and 0.915 in testing. The model
was shown to be capable of accurately forecasting daily runoff and modelling the hydrological
response of the basin to rainfall. The research illustrates the usefulness of the ANN technique
in creating efficient non-linear models of rainfall-runoff processes in order to describe the
underlying hydrologic structure of the watershed using the statistical software SPSS 16.0.
Keywords: Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Sum of squares error (SSE), Relative error
(RE).
58
A Semi Coupled Numerical Model for 1D Morphodynamic Flow Simulation

Avishek Goswami, Hriday Mani Kalita
National Institute of Technology Meghalaya
Bijni Complex, Laitumkhrah, Shillong, India
Email: p21ce006@nitm.ac.in; hriday@nitm.ac.in
Abstract
This paper introduces a one dimensional (1D) numerical model for simulating morphodynamic
open channel flows. The model involves applying a basic finite difference scheme for solution
of the shallow water equations and the Exner sediment continuity equation. The coupling of
the discretized set of finite difference approximations is achieved through a semi-coupled
approach. The finite difference scheme employed here is the Lax-Friedrichs scheme. The
accuracy of this scheme is first order in time and second order in spatial terms. The scheme is
simple due to its single step nature with ease in programming. It also takes less computational
time due to single step in nature. The scheme possesses inherent dissipation error which is
minimized by employing a weighing coefficient with its best value. The model is applied to
replicate three distinct test cases involving known experimental and numerical solutions. This
includes both steady and unsteady flow cases. The obtained results are in good resemblance
with the available results.
Keywords: Shallow water equations, Finite difference scheme, Exner equation, Semicoupled
approach and Morphodynamic model.
59
Hydroclimatic extremes, Climate change

and its impact
60
Advancements in Snowmelt Runoff Modelling: A Comprehensive Review

Ravichandu Munnangi 1, a, Himanshu Meena 2, b
1
Water Resources Management, Department of Civil Engineering, Parul University,
Vadodara, Gujarat 391760, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat
391760, India.
a
Email: 2203052140001@paruluniversity.ac.in,
b
meena.himanshu2949@paruluniversity.ac.in
Abstract
The review paper explores the complex field of hydrological modelling of snowmelt runoff,
which is essential to managing water resources in areas where snowfall is predominant. The
study synthesizes a plethora of research and thoroughly looks at different approaches and
advances in modelling techniques used to forecast snowmelt runoff, which is important for
comprehending and reducing the effects of climate change on hydrological regimes.
The review examines snowmelt modelling approaches, highlighting the need for consideration
of topographical features and climate variability, and the challenges in accurately capturing
snowmelt dynamics in changing climates.
In addition, the study emphasizes the integration of remote sensing, GIS technologies, and
machine learning to improve model accuracy. It also highlights important discoveries and new
directions in snowmelt hydrology research. It emphasizes how interdisciplinary cooperation
and data assimilation techniques are necessary to increase the accuracy of snowmelt runoff
forecasts.
The review offers a thorough summary of the state-of-the-art in hydrological modelling of
snowmelt runoff, providing insightful information to scholars, practitioners, and policymakers
involved in the management of water resources in areas affected by snowfall.
Keywords: Snowmelt, Remote Sensing, GIS, Snowmelt Runoff Model, Snow Hydrology,
Snowmelt Processes.
61
Occurrence and seasonal distribution of flash droughts and terrestrial ecosystem

response over India
Vikas Poonia1
1
Assistant Professor, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India, 673601
Email: vgpcivilengineer@gmail.com
Abstract
Flash droughts have received widespread attention due to their abrupt onset or swift
intensification, which makes it challenging to forecast and prepare for them, hence posing
serious impacts on ecosystems, socioeconomic development, and agriculture. Most of the
studies deal with conventional drought and lack the knowledge of flash drought. To date, how
the terrestrial ecosystem responds to flash over India has not been examined. As we know that
India is an agricultural-based economy, where a large fraction of the population relies on
agriculture. In the present study, we have investigated flash drought identification and its
impact on the terrestrial ecosystem. Gross primary productivity (GPP) is used as an indicator
of the terrestrial ecosystem acquired from MODIS. Investigation suggests that flash drought is
a new extreme event and distributed all over 24 major river basins of India. Further, it was
observed that the terrestrial ecosystem is highly sensitive to flash drought events with the
highest response over Southern India and Ganga basin. Moreover, it was observed that
vegetation adaptation to the flash drought decreases with increasing drought duration. Further,
a serious decrease in water use efficiency and uWUE is also observed over some parts of
Southern India and Ganga river basin, which indicates the non-resilient nature of the ecosystem
towards flash drought conditions. This study facilitates a comprehensive approach to better
understand the dynamic characteristics of flash drought events and their drivers over India, and
thus provides useful insights for policymakers to develop effective strategies for drought
mitigation and sustainable ecosystem management in the country.
Keywords: Flash drought, Gross primary productivity, Soil moisture, Terrestrial ecosystem,
Water use efficiency.
62
Assessment the linkage between hydrological and agricultural drought by aSPI and SDI
indices using DrinC model: A Case study of one of the U.S Basin of Hysets database
Shivam Kumar Dwivedi1, B. Soundarajan2, Geetha P.3 & Shashank Anivilla4
1
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,
Coimbatore T.N. 641112.
2
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham,
Coimbatore T.N. 641112.
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Computational Engineering and Networking, Amrita
Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore T.N. 641112.
4
Research Scholar, Amrita School of Artificial Intelligence, Amrita Vishwa
Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore T.N. 641112.
Email: d_shivamkumar@cb.students.amrita.edu
Abstract
This study carried out in the aspect of hydrological and agricultural drought using SDI and
aSPI indices in one of the U.S basin taken from hysets database. The objective of the study is
to evaluate the patterns and relationship between the hydrological and agricultural drought.
There are used 37 years (from 1981 to 2018) streamflow, Rainfall and maximum and minimum
temperature data of the basin for the calculation of SDI and aSPI and calculated on half yearly
and yearly basis using DrinC model. After the study it was found that SDI is poorly correlated
with aSPI with correlation coefficient 0.37. The study reveals that there were occurred seven
mild to moderate and three extreme hydrological drought events (1986-87, 1995-96 & 2005-
06) and eight mild to moderate and two severe to extreme agicultural drought (2009-10 & 2011-
12) events. After half yearly analysis of aSPI, it was found that there were moderate to extreme
agricultural drought occurred in 13 half years in which 4 half years are having extreme
agricultural drought. Three extreme agricultural drought occurred in second half year (From
April to September) whereas one extreme agricultural drought occurred first halfyear in 1985-
86 (From October to March). After the computation of streamflow drought index (SDI) it was
found that there were occurred two severe to extreme hydrological drought events in which the
first half year in 2005-06 was severe hydrological drought and second half year in 2011-12 was
extreme hydrological drought.
Keywords: Streamflow drought index (SDI), Agricultural standardised precipitation index
(aSPI), Potential evapotranspiration (PET), Effective rainfall, DrinC, hysets database.
63
Spatio-temporal analysis of trend in rainfall: a case study in Dihing watershed, Assam,

Northeast India
Nibedita Gurua, Dhruba Jyoti Dasa
a ICFRE-Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat-785001, Assam, India
Email: gurun@icfre.org; nibeditaguru149@gmail.com

Abstract
This study examined the spatial and temporal patterns of trends and magnitude of gridded
rainfall data at annual, monthly, and seasonal (pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and
winter), temperature (maximum, Tmax and minimum, Tmin) scales in Dihing Watershed, Assam,
Northeast India over 30 years. Mann-Kendall (MK), Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK), and
Kendall Rank Correlation (KRC) tests were used to examine the temporal trend at 10%, 5%,
and 1% significant levels. Theil-Sen's Slope (TSS) tests were used to calculate the rainfall
trend's magnitude (slope). The MMK test was applied to three distinct time series, and the
autocorrelation coefficient (ACC) was computed at a one-time lag and assessed at 10%, 5%,
and 1% levels of significance. Significant positive and negative trends were found in the
analysis's results for the monthly, seasonal, and yearly rainfall time series in the watershed.
Using the Thiessen polygon (TP) approach in the ArcGIS 10.2 environment, the spatial
variation of the trends based on monthly, seasonal, and yearly rainfall time series data was
interpolated. The purpose of creating the maps of spatial variability of rainfall patterns was to
assist water resource managers and local stakeholders in comprehending the risk and
susceptibility associated with climate change in the area.
Keywords: Trend test, Gridded rainfall, Thiessen polygon, Level of significance, Spatio-
temporal pattern.
64
A Statistical Comparison of Several Reference Evapotranspiration Methods for Rewa

District Madhyapradesh
Ramlakhan Singh Thakur1, Shivam Sharma2 & S. C. Haokip1,
1
ICAR – Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (Outreach campus of IARI), Bhopal,
Madhya Pradesh 462038, India
2
Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar
Pradesh 211007, India
Email: ramthakur066@gmail.com, shivamsharma9754120361@gmail.com
nemboi7696@gmail.com
Abstract
Evapotranspiration (ET0) plays a key role in simulating the hydrological effect of climate
change, and a review of evapotranspiration estimation methods in hydrological models is of
vital importance. The FAO-56 Penman Monteith (PM) method is a standard method for
estimating ET0; however, this method requires a large number of weather parameters that are
not easily available at meteorological stations. In addition to the use of complicated unit
conversions and tediousness, the availability of reliable quality data, time consumption, and
difficulties in data collection present another serious limitation of this method. Keeping this in
view, the present study attempted to identify alternative methods (temperature, radiation, and
mass transfer-based) to precisely estimate ET0 on the basis of their performance with the widely
acclaimed FAO-56 PM method. For this purpose, daily data on weather parameters for Rewa
district was downloaded from the NASA website: https://power.larc.nasa.gov/data-access-
viewer/. for 22 years (2000–2021). The estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) from
various temperature, radiation, and mass transfer-based methods was compared with the
Standard FAO-56 PM model by using statistical indices. Estimated ET0 values on a daily basis
were converted into a meteorological week basis, and various parameters were calculated. The
results of the multi-criteria decision-making analysis using the simple additive weighting
method showed that the Hargreaves method was evaluated to be the best method fitting the
standard FAO-56 PM model among all temperature, radiation, and mass transfer-based
methods. The Hargreaves method had an Ai value of 0.852 and ranked 1. The Hargreaves
method requires maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and extraterrestrial radiation
data to estimate ET0. The suggested method requires only a few weather parameters, and ET0
can be easily calculated. This will have a financial benefit for small farmers in terms of
conservation of water for irrigation.
Keywords: Evapotranspiration, Multi-Criteria Decision Making, Water Conservation.
65
Assessment Of Meteorological Drought in The Bharathapuzha River Basin

Archana Raj1*, R. Arunkumar 1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode
673601, Kerala
*
Corresponding Author Email: archanasreyas2000@gmail.com
Abstract
Drought is a naturally occurring phenomenon due to local climatic conditions, topography, and
water demand. Due to the intensity, severity, and uncontrolled nature of the phenomenon,
drought is regarded as a complex natural hazard. When compared to other natural disasters like
earthquakes, cyclones, and floods, drought can last for years. Drought can be classified as
meteorological, hydrological, agricultural and socio-economic drought. Bharathapuzha river
basin is a major agricultural hub in the State of Kerala. It was once a perennial and lifeline
river. It experiences drought and water scarcity in recent decades. In this study, meteorological
drought in the basin is assessed using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). 13 India
Meteorological Department (IMD) grid points were used in this study. Run theory was used to
calculate duration, severity and intensity of each drought event. The results indicated that total
number of drought events in G4, G5, G10 and G13 are high because this grid points lie in the
rain shadow semi-arid region. A drought event with a duration of 105 months (June 1999-
February 2008) and with a duration of 118 months (April 1969- January2008) occurred at G12
and G13 respectively considering 12-month timescale.
Keywords: Meteorological Drought, Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Run Theory.
66
A Review: Temporal and Spatial Monitoring of Agricultural and Meteorological

Drought through Remote Sensing Indices
Sapna Tiwari1, M.K. Choudhary2
1
Centre of Excellence in Water Management, MANIT Bhopal-462003, INDIA
2
Department of Civil Engineering, MANIT Bhopal-462003, INDIA
E-mail: sapnaa0112@gmail.com, mkchoudhary@manit.ac.in
Abstract
This comprehensive review navigates analysis of the temporal and spatial monitoring
techniques used to assess agricultural and meteorological drought using a spectrum of remote
sensing indices. Drought is a complicated environmental issue that needs to be accurately
monitored in order to guide decision-making. This review thoroughly examines agricultural
indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Crop Moisture Index
(CMI), and Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), as well as weather indices such as the Palmer
Drought Severity Index (PDSI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI), and Standardized
Precipitation Index (SPI). Temporal analyses look at how well these indices reflect the dynamic
nature of drought events over time, offering a more nuanced understanding of shifting patterns.
Regional analyses provide information about specific effects by evaluating how well each
index can defines the geographic boundaries of drought events. Recent advancements in remote
sensing technologies are also highlighted to enhance the accuracy of assessments in both
temporal and spatial dimensions. This study contributes to our understanding of drought
monitoring by combining sophisticated indices with state-of-the-art technologies. It offers a
roadmap for future developments, essential for making informed decisions in the face of
environmental uncertainty.
Keywords: Temporal analysis, Spatial analysis, Monitoring, Remote sensing.
67
Spatial & Temporal Changes in cold desert of Lahaul and Spiti region
Abhishek Meena
M.Tech scholar, NIT Hamirpur, India
Email: 22mce407@nith.ac.in
Abstract
The Changes in cold desert in hilly terrain of Lahaul and Spiti region of Himachal Pradesh is
challenging task as they pose significant threat to inhabitants life, climate change,
topographical change and vegetation and forest cover decrease. This study deeply focuses on
various land use & land cover and snow cover parameters. This research will include snow
cover, water body, sparse and dense vegetation, land use & land cover (like barren land and
built-up area) and satellite imaginary to create a comprehensive dataset. The workability to this
ERDAS Imagine software will depend on accuracy of input data used. On completion of this
study, we will able to analysis that what percentage of Lahaul and Spiti region is still facing
the desertification problem.
68
Identification of Flood Afflicted Road Blockages using Satellite Imaging, Topographical

Data and Elevation Clustering
Swati Sirsant1, Harsh Singh2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat-382421, India
2
Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Engineering &
Management, Kolkata-700160, India
Email: swati.sirsant@nirmauni.ac.in, harsh.singh2020@uem.edu.in
Abstract
Floods are one of the most disastrous events, that can cause extensive damage to property and
infrastructure, and can also be deadly. Out of the several impacts, one of the impacts of flood
is the disruption of essential services such as electricity, water, and transportation. The closure
of roads due to extreme weather conditions lead to significant impacts such as human safety,
as well as social and economic threats. Thus, it becomes essential to determine roads that are
highly prone to submergence under the situation of a flooding event. In the present study a
methodology is presented to identify potential road blockages due to floods using satellite
images and topographical data. The road information, such as the layout and the geographical
co-ordinates, are extracted from the satellite images using advanced image segmentation. In
order to acquire the topographical data of the location, the digital elevation model (DEM) of
the desired area is extracted using Rasterio Python Library. The clustering of the elevation in
DEM data into different classes is then carried out using K-means clustering approach. The
road segmentation data is integrated with the elevation cluster data to identify the elevation
regions proximate to roads. The methodology is applied on the rural part of Bengaluru city,
Karnataka, India. The results showed 95% proximity to road blockage due to a past flooding
event on 4th November 2022. The present model thus can significantly aid proactive disaster
management and planning, minimizing the impact of floods on transportation routes.
Keywords: Flooding, Transport Network, Satellite Imaging, K-means clustering.
69
A review on Application of Hyperspectral Imagery in spectral index development

Sankarshan S. Pagare, Tulshidas M. Jibhakate & Yashwant B Katpatal
Department of Civil Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology,
South Ambazari Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440010
Email: sankarshanp29@gmail.com, tulshimj@gmail.com and ybkatpatal@rediffmail.com
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities have expanded since the industrial revolution, resulting into an
exponential increase in the atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs). GHGs increase the
temperature of the earth surface, resulting in global warming. The most prominent GHG having
wider footprint is CO2, which has increased impact on environment as well as human
population. It is of utmost importance to monitor the CO2 emission for planning the mitigation
measures. The present review paper discusses the application of hyperspectral images in
mapping and analysing the amount of CO2, along with possible spectral index generation. The
wider range of bands in hyperspectral images, along with other features, has provided
numerous possibilities of research in various fields, including but not limited to climate change.
Various hyperspectral imagers, such as EnMAP, PRISMA, Hyperion, etc., have been studied
in the literatures and have proven to be beneficial in various field of research.
Keywords: Greenhouse gases, Carbon Dioxide, Hyperspectral imagery, spectral index.
70
Application of soft Computing and

geospatial techniques in water resources
71
Applications Of GIS & Remote Sensing in Identification of Groundwater Potential

Zones
Devesh Tripathi, Seemi Ahmed
Department of Architecture and Planning
MANIT, BHOPAL
Email: devtripathi1112@gmail.com
Abstract
For sustainable management and planning of a significant groundwater resource, Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) are promising instruments. Due to the
projected population growth and environmental changes, there is a growing need for increased
use of groundwater resources. In low-income areas, cost-effective and efficient groundwater
exploration techniques are increasingly supporting hydrogeological surveys. This study
provides an up-to-date overview of state-of-the-art groundwater potential mapping, utilizing
an exploratory approach involving geographic databases and remote sensing. It systematically
reviews five relevant research papers to highlight recent advancements in this field. Eight
commonly involved variables in groundwater potential studies include geology, lineaments,
landforms, soil, land use/land cover, rainfall, drainage density, and slope. Innovative
approaches, such as using satellite photos to indicate vegetation, evapotranspiration, soil
moisture, and temperature anomalies, are employed. Data integration is achieved through
expert judgment or, less commonly, machine learning techniques. Three key findings emerged:
(1) Groundwater mapping should complement, not replace, fieldwork for optimal results; (2)
Remote sensing, particularly with machine learning guided by human judgment, holds
significant promise for groundwater exploration; and (3) Quality assurance remains a primary
challenge in the field, evidenced by a lack thereof in the majority of current studies.
Keywords: Groundwater potential zones, GIS, remote sensing, Spatial data, Groundwater
fluctuation, Groundwater Quality, Groundwater level mapping, AHP (Analytic Hierarchy
Process), IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting), MCDA (Multi-criteria decision analysis).
72
Revised Capacity assessment of Ravishankar Sagar Reservoir using Remote Sensing

and GIS
Gunja Dhruw *, Bhupendra Dhankar2
1
1, 2
Ph.D. Scholars, Swami Vivekanand College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology
and R S, IGKV, Raipur (CG), India
*Corresponding Author Email: gunjadhruw2022@gmail.com
Abstract
Sedimentation in reservoir gradually reduces its storage capacity so that correct assessment of
sedimentation rate is essential for assessing useful life of the reservoir as well as optimum
reservoir operation. This technique computes the loss of storage capacity and sedimentation in
Ravishankar Sagar reservoir situated in Dhamtari district, Chhattisgarh state, India. Several
scenes of Sentinel-2 digital data of Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite IRS-1D/P6 have been
imported and Normalized Difference Water Index, (NDWI), image rationing and slicing
techniques have been implemented to detect the water and non-water pixels from the images
using Arc-GIS Software. The revised water spread area at various elevations has been
computed that provides the revised capacity of the reservoir. Final results shows that total
sediment deposition in the reservoir is found to be 25.67 MCM and percentage loss of capacity
is equals to 8.53 % at the end of year 2020. It also shows that sedimentation rate is about 1.436
MCM/year.
Keywords: Sedimentation, Sentinel-2, IRS, NDWI, Revised Water Spread Area.
73
Probabilistic evaluation of meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural drought

across Indian river basins
Vikas Poonia1 and Lixin Wang2
1
Assistant Professor, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India, 673601
2
Professor, Purdue University, USA-46202
Email: vgpcivilengineer@gmail.com
Abstract
Drought assessment is crucial to mitigate its adverse impact, especially in an area where risk
is higher due to climate change and population rise. Duration and severity are the two most
important parameters used for drought characterization. In this study, we provide
comprehensive drought risk assessment framework incorporating multivariate drought
characteristics over India. We used a bivariate copula-based approach to understand the joint
dependence of drought duration and severity of the meteorological, hydrological, and
agricultural drought. Three types of bivariate copulas (Gumbel, Frank, and Plackett) are
estimated for modeling and the best fit copula is selected over 1162 grid points (at a resolution
of 0.5°×0.5°) of India. Exceedance probability, conditional probability, joint return period, and
conditional return period of different drought events are calculated which allude to differing
drought resilience and persistence conditions in river basins. We adopted gridded datasets in
this study rather than station-based datasets which are more reliable for examining local
extremes. The study is carried out over 24 river basins of India using high resolution
(0.5°×0.5°) rainfall, runoff, and soil moisture data series during the period 1982-2013.
Investigation suggests that the river basins in the Southern part of India have a higher
exceedance probability and smaller joint return period compared to the Western River basins
of India; moreover, similar results were also obtained for the conditional probability and
conditional return periods. Further, investigation suggests that drought events in Western and
Central India are more severe and longer whereas the ones in the south Indian river basins are
more frequent but less severe. Hence, this study facilitates policymakers to adopt region-
specific plans to counter risk of all major drought types.
Keywords: Copula, Drought, Exceedance probability, India, Joint return period.
74
Prediction of Significant Wave height using LSTM model

Akhila Unni, Dr. S K Pramda
National Institute of Technology Calicut
Calicut, Kerala, India
Email: akhila_m220078ce@nitc.ac.in; pramada@nitc.ac.in
Abstract
Large waves have the potential to endanger marine facilities and offshore infrastructure. The
assessment of long-term wave height variations is crucial for understanding climate
fluctuations. The study aims to identify the meteorological variables which affects the
significant wave height and then prediction of wave height. The correlation analysis was used
to select the variables. The prediction of wave height utilizing the Long Short-Term Memory
(LSTM) model was adopted. The training process was conducted using the ERA5 monthly
dataset. Forecasts have been generated for Mumbai location which is situated along the western
coast of India. Wind components have the major effect on significant wave height. Statistical
indicators, including root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (𝑅 2 ), and
AIC value, were utilized to compare the performance of LSTM. The findings from the study
show that the LSTM model is performing good for predicting the significant wave height.
Keywords: LSTM, Prediction, Significant Wave height.
75
Modelling Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) using Model Tree, Random Forest and
Nonlinear Regression for Mula-Mutha River Pune, India
Pali Sahu1, Shreenivas N Londhe2 & Preeti S Kulkarni3
1
Associate Professor, Civil Department OCT, Bhopal, India
2
Professor, Civil Department VIIT, Pune India
3
Associate Professor, Civil Department VIIT, Pune India
†
Corresponding Author Email: palisahu18@gmail.com , Tel: +917276413542
Abstract
The measurement of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a significant method employed in
assessing water quality, specifically in quantifying the presence of organic pollutants within a
given water system. The Winkler method is a conventional approach employed for the
determination of BOD in various water systems. This method is a manual titration method,
most of the time performed at site to minimize the total time taken between collections and
testing which could result in changes to oxygen content. Therefore, it is imperative to explore
alternate methodologies that can effectively reduce both error rates and testing duration. The
objective of this study is to employ the model Tree (MT), Nonlinear Regression, and Random
Forest tree algorithms for the prediction of BOD in the Mula-Mutha River located in Pune,
India. Three unique BOD models have been developed separately for the Mula, Mutha, and
Mula-Mutha stretches. The performance of all three models was assessed using many error
metrics, including root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute relative error (MARE), and
coefficient of correlation (R), in addition to the hydrograph.
Keywords: Model Tree, Biochemical oxygen demand, Modelling, Random Forest and Non-
Linear Regression.
76
Landscape Design Framework for Optimum Conservation of Water at Community

Level in Hot and Arid Climate Zone
Ar Hemang Dave1, Vivekanand Tiwari2
Architrect1, Assistant Professor2
Central University of Rajasthan1,2
Email: hemangdave1398@gmail.com1, vivekanand@curaj.ac.in2
Abstract
As per the reports of Jal Shakti Abhiyan, India is consuming the highest volume of groundwater
at the global level. Out of various uses, almost 89% of groundwater is required for landscape
(Preferably for Agricultural purposes). The report also suggests that the storage of groundwater
has reduced by nearly 61% in the past ten years. (Jaipur, 2010). The study focuses on the
various measures for reducing onsite water consumption in the Hot and Arid Climatic Regions.
It includes discussions on Nature Based Solutions (Albert, 2020) for reducing water demand
and improving groundwater quality. Various parameters like Climate, Planting Design
(Robinson & Wu., 2016), efficient irrigation techniques (Pittenger, Landscape Irrigation
System Evaluation and Management, 2009) and maintenance are considered for the study. The
Community-level study is also included in the process. To augment the traditional practice, the
scenarios are analyzed with the help of selected parameters in association with Thomas Saaty's
AHP scale and rational methods of SCS curve numbers. With the perspective of efficient
resource utilization, the study aims to provide a framework of Landscape Design in association
with selected parameters and nature-based solutions to achieve the goal of sustainable water
conservation in the Hot and Arid climate zone.
Keywords: Landscape Design, Planting Design, Irrigation Techniques, Water Efficiency and
Nature Based Solutions.
77
Regional Climate Dynamics: A Study of Rainfall Trends and Extreme Indices in Tel
Basin, Odisha (1981-2021)
Pushpanjali Kumari1, Pankaj Dangi2 & H. P. Singh1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Central University of Jharkhand
2
Water Resources, National Institute of Hydrology
Email: pushpanjali.kumari@cuj.ac.in
Abstract
Temperature rise and changes in rainfall patterns are two of the most visible and immediate
effects of climate change. Changes are not uniform around the world, making regional impact
assessments necessary. This study aims to investigate spatial and temporal patterns in rainfall
trends from 1981 to 2021 using the Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope tests in the Tel Basin,
Odisha, India. Additionally, it involves analysing precipitation and temperature extreme indices
using the 'CLIMPACT' tool, recommended by the World Meteorological Organization’s Expert
Team on Sector-Specific Climate Indices (E-SCI). The analysis utilizes high-resolution gridded
(0.25°×0.25°) rainfall data for 33 grid stations obtained from the India Meteorological
Department, Pune. The findings reveal that some of the grid exhibit a decreasing trend in
rainfall, while others show an increasing trend. In terms of extreme indices, results indicate an
increasing slope for R20mm and R30mm (annual no. of days when precipitation >= 20mm and
30mm), PRCPTOT (annual sum of daily precipitation>=1.0mm), WSDI (warm spell duration
index), CDD (Consecutive Dry Days), TXX (maximum value of daily maximum temperature),
Tropical nights, and Heat waves. Conversely, a decreasing slope is observed for CWD
(Consecutive Wet Days). The slopes for SU (number of summer days), and R10mm remain
relatively constant. Recognizing climate trends in precipitation, temperature, and extremes is
vital for water resource planning and understanding risks from extreme weather events into
regional climate dynamics.
Keywords: Mann-Kendall, Sen’s slope, Trend analysis, Extreme Indices, Climate Change.
78
Morphometric analysis on Bahiram area, district Amravati, Maharashtra, using Geo

Spatial Techniques
Pravin S. Parimal and Akshay D. Ghatol
Department of Geology, G. S. Tompe Arts, Commerce & Science College,
Chandur Bazar, District Amravati - 444702
E-mail: pravinparimal@gmail.com
Abstract
The area is drained by a fifth order and its tributaries having sub-dendritic to dendritic drainage
pattern. The aim of this studies is to assess the morphometric characteristics of the Bahiram
area using advanced remote sensing and GIS technology, and to calculate morphometric
characteristic of various parameters. Geologically, the area is covered by the Bahiram
watershed is located in northern part of Amravati district. The morphometric parameters and
its stream channel system can be better achieved through the measurement of linear aspect of
drainage network and area aspect of drainage basin. The present study the evaluation of
morphometric parameters such as Stream order (Nu), Stream length (Lu), Bifurcation ratio
(Rb), Elongation ratio (Re), Circularity ratio (Rc), Form factor ratio (Rf) Drainage density (D),
Stream frequency (Fs), Drainage texture (T), Texture ratio (Rt), Length of overland flow (Lg),
Basin slope analysis (Sa) etc.. The drainage of the basin area is 2.69 km/sq indicating high
drainage density. The values of Elongation ratio is 1 showing a circular basin and its more
efficient in runoff discharge. Circularity ratio is 0.26 indicating moderate to low relief. From
this research study, farmer in the Bahiram area will now be able to understand the
geohydrological characteristics of their drainage basin
Keywords: Morphometric analysis, Remote sensing, GIS, Bahiram Area, District Amravati,
Maharashtra.
79
Hypsometric Integral Identification and Implementation Through Geographic

Information System - Asirgarh Deccan Volcanics, Burhanpur District, Madhya Pradesh
M. M. Deshmukh1, S F R Khadri2 & A. D. Fuladi3
1Assistant Professor, Shri Shivaji Science College, Amravati, M.S., India
2Dept. of Civil Engineering, V. R. Siddhartha Engineering College, Kanuru, Vijayawada-
520007, AP.
3Assistant Professor, S.S.E.S. A’s science College, Congress Nagar, Nagpur, M.S., India.
Email: dmayura11@gmail.com
Abstract
The hypsometric analysis is a useful technique for identifying both the tectonic development
of a river basin and the susceptibility of the watershed to erosion. It is also used to define
integrated watershed management which includes water conservation, soil conservation and
the selection of suitable sites for artificial groundwater recharge structures. This type of study
can analyze the relationship between horizontal cross-sectional area and the altitude of the
watershed. It evaluates the hypsometric curve and hypsometric integral, as generated for the
Asirgarh deccan volcanics in the Burhanpur district of Madhya Pradesh. In the present case,
hypsometric analysis was carried out using Survey of India topographic maps, Arc map-10.2
software and SRTM-DEM. The primary objective of this work was to examine the use of
software from a Geographic Information System to identify and evaluate the hypsometric
integrals of Asirgarh deccan volcanics in the Burhanpur district of Madhya Pradesh. Data from
the SRTM-DEM as well as topographical maps generated by the Survey of India have been
used during this process. This demonstrated that the primary causes of soil erosion in these sub
watersheds were the incision of channel beds, the movement of topsoil and bedrock material
down slope, the removal of the soil mass and the cutting of stream banks. These alterations in
the landforms were also shown in the study area. According to Ritter et al. (2002), the
hydrologic response of Asirgarh deccan volcanics that have reached their mature stages will
have a low rate of erosion unless there are very high intensity storms that contribute to high
runoff peaks.
Keywords: Hypsometric Integral, GIS software (GIS), Hypsometric Curve, Digital Elevation
Model (DEM).
80
An analytical model for mean velocity profiles of submerged vegetated flows

Rajesh K. Mahato
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of
Technology Bhopal, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462003, India
Abstract
In this paper, we present an analytical model to examine the features of mean velocity profiles
of flow through submerged vegetation. The proposed model builds on the momentum equation
of vegetated flow. Moreover, the formulation presumes the boundary layer approximation and
the mixing length closure for Reynolds stresses. We observed that the mean velocity profile is
characterized by an inflection point above the top of vegetation. In addition, we examine the
sensitivity of the shear layer thickness and the normalized shear with key vegetation
parameters, such as the dimensionless vegetation height and the dimensionless vegetation
density. The shear layer thickness and the normalized shear increase with an augmentation in
the dimensionless vegetation height and the dimensionless vegetation density. The applicability
of the proposed model is ensured using the available experimental data from literature. We
found that the predictions of the proposed model are congruent with the experimental
observations.
81
Application of soft Computing and

geospatial techniques in water resources
82
Importance of Spectral Peakedness Parameter for Realistic Simulation of Wave Climate

for Marinas
A. Basu, A. A. Purohit, M. M. Vaidya & K. R. Karambelkar
Central Water and Power research Station
Khadakwasla, Pune, India
Email: basuanimesh@cwprs.gov.in ; purohit_aa@cwprs.gov.in , vaidya_mm@cwprs.gov.in,
kanakrk@cwprs.gov.in
Abstract
India is developing various marine facilities to explore marine resources and to cater the need
of waterborne transport. Tourism activities are also peaking up in coastal areas like Mumbai,
Goa due to the presence of heritage sites and to attract tourist, marinas are planned in
estuaries/coasts. Yachtes berthed inside the marina being precious, fragile; realistic operational
wave climate (Hs<= 0.15 m, Tz=3 sec.) needs to be determined by coupled hydrodynamic wave
model for their safety. In the present study, importance of spatio-temporal varying two-
dimensional (2D) wave spectrums with varying spectral peakedness parameters (γ) was
assessed for reliable simulation of historical wave climate at Nariman Point, Mumbai. Study
reveals that selecting constant value of γ (3.3 to 8.5) for imposed spectrum along model
boundary do not provide reliable calibration (15% variation) of wave climate, necessitating
incorporation of spatio-temporal varying (γ). The determined predominant wave (Hs=2.5m)
directions are West, W-NW & NW at 14 m depth off Nariman Point. Predominant Wave
conditions assessed by coupling TOMAWAC & ARTEMIS modules reveal that under existing
condition, at Marina, Hs=0.6 m; thereby necessitating optimal protection in the form of
breakwater. Study reveals that 220 m long breakwater is essential for safe berthing for Yachtes.
Keywords: Marina, Spectrum, Spectral Peakedness Parameter, Wave Climate, Yacht.
83
Morphometric Analysis of Middle Gujarat through GIS and Remote Sensing

Applications
Deepa Sahu , M.L. Gaur2 & Pradeep Kumar3
1
1
National Institute of Hydrology CIHRC Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 2College of Agricultural
Engineering and Technology, Godhra AAU Anand 3National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee
Uttarakhand
Email: 1 deepasahu461@gmail.com, 2nd mlgaur07@gmail.com,
st
3rd pradeep4uonline@gmail.com
Abstract
The investigation of morphometric characteristics at the watershed scale holds crucial insights
into its formation and enhancement, considering the encompassing hydrologic and geomorphic
processes. This study analyzed morphometric characteristics of nine watersheds (313 to 3236
km2) in middle Gujarat. This study used GIS and Rs techniques for a comprehensive analysis,
aiming to establish regionally quantified indicators. Over 20 indices were employed to cover
indicators and 6 drainage-based indices, providing insights into the prevailing geomorphology.
The examination revealed a varying, providing insights into the prevailing geomorphology.
The examination revealed a varying number of total streams across the watersheds, ranging
from 26 in W9 to 230 in W6. The number of streams and cumulative stream lengths exhibited
ranges of 29 to 230 and 137 to 1066 km, respectively, with W6 and W7 having the highest
values and W1 and W9 recording the lowest. The overall of these values was found to be 87%.
The established regional ranges hold multiple utilities for upcoming research and development
work, particularly in the context of watershed monitoring in the middle Gujarat region.
Keywords: Morphometric Indicators, Geomorphology, GIS & RS.
84
Reservoir Outflow Modeling Using Soft Computing Techniques

Mahesh Shelke, Prof. S. N. Londhe & Dr. P. R. Dixit
Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune
Pune-411048, India
Email: mahesh.p0001@viit.ac.in; shreenivas.londhe@viit.ac.in; pradnya.dixit@viit.ac.in
Abstract
The reservoir plays key role in integrated water resource system which regulates the natural
streamflow and release it based on user’s demand. The proper management of this reservoir
outflow is must for the efficient reservoir operations strategy. To address this, a data driven
methods, Model Tree (MT), Support Vector Regression (SVR), was used to simulate the
reservoir outflow by inputting historical dataset. This data driven technique has been compared
against the Hydrologic Modeling System (HECHMS) numerical technique used for the
reservoir outflow simulation for current day timestep. The MT and SVR techniques can be used
to predict t+2 days outflow however the numerical model has limitation to predict the outflow
for next two day (Qt+2). Statistical error measures like Mean Absolute Error, Root Mean
Squared Error are used to assess capability and efficiency of in predicting the reservoir outflow
using data driven and numerical techniques. all the developed models performed reasonably
well with better correlation coefficient and low values of errors. It is clearly observed that as
the lead time increases prediction accuracy decreases which is well proven tendency of data
driven techniques. the details of which are presented in the of present paper.
Keywords: Reservoir, Outflow, Data Driven, Numerical.
85
Sustainable use of Groundwater in Kurukshetra: A Geospatial Approach

Sunil Kumar1, a *, Nand Kumar Tiwari 2, b
1,2
Department Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra,
India
Email: sunilkumar820017@gmail.com, bnand@nitkkr.ac.in
a*
Abstract
The excessive use of groundwater for the household, agriculture, and commercial uses
increases the probability of droughts on a global scale. Therefore, it is essential to precisely
estimate groundwater in order to ensure its sustainable utilization. In India, the utilization of
groundwater is the highest worldwide. Groundwater consumes 83% of the country's water
supply for residential and irrigation purposes. This scenario is particularly severe in India. Also,
in Haryana, the extraction of groundwater has caused significant problems in addressing the
water requirements. Approximately 60% ofthe area is identified as overexploited. The
Kurukshetra district (Haryana) depends primarily on groundwater resources. Estimating
groundwater resources usually involves using numerical models, geospatial analysis, and
regular monitoring of water levels. Conventional techniques that do not involve geospatial
analysis are not as efficient when applied to wide regions. The integration of remote sensing
and GIS in modern techniques provides improved accuracy in assessments.
This study presents a thorough evaluation of groundwater depletion in the Kurukshetra region.
It utilizes geospatial analysis to assess changesthat have occurred in the past ten years. The
study reveals a significant decrease in the yearly groundwater capacity, resulting in a
classification of the area as "over-exploited." The research highlights the dependence on
groundwater resources in the regions of Thaneshar and Pehowa. The resultssuggest a
significant rise in water extraction, and it is projected that the current availability will not be
sufficient for the future.
Keywords: Geospatial Analysis; Groundwater Depletion; Overexploitation in Haryana;
Sustainable Water Use.
86
GLOF Hazard Assessment in Ravi Basin

Muskan
Department of Civil Engineering, Research Scholar, NIT Hamirpur
Abstract
Nowadays, Number of GLOF’s have been increasing day by day. The GLOF can be potential
hazard since it can affect both humans as well as infrastructure. The root cause behind it is the
sudden release of meltdown water from the glacial lakes which is initiated by the rise in earth
atmosphere’s temperature. The hazard assessment of GLOF can help us in taking the
precautionary measures before it can cause some major effects on both mankind as well as
infrastructure. The research includes the use of deep learning techniques to identify the
potential hazardous glacial lakes. This study will make us able to identify and map glacial lakes
in the Ravi basin using deep learning techniques and to identify the potential hazardous glacial
lakes in the study region.
87
Identifying Potential Sites for Groundwater Recharge Using Integrated Remote Sensing
and GIS Techniques in Kolar Basin and Kolar Command Area in Sehore District of
M.P. (INDIA)
Shashi Poonam Indwar , Richa Singh2, Rahul Jaiswal3, Ravi Galkate3, T. Thomas3 and
1*
Vineesha Singh4
1
Scientist D, National Institute of Hydrology, Regional Centre Bhopal, Walmi Campus,
(M.P)
2
Richa Singh, M.Sc. Tech Remote Sensing, Department of Earth Science, Barkatullah
University, Bhopal (M.P)
3
Scientist F, National Institute of Hydrology, Regional Centre Bhopal, Walmi Campus, (M.P)
4
Vineesha Singh, Professor and HOD, Department of Earth Sciences, Barkatullah University,
Bhopal (M.P)
*
Correspondence Email: shashi.indwar@gmail.com; shashi.nihr@gov.in Tel.:9111001779
Abstract
Groundwater depletion is a common problem in most of the states of India. Kolar basin plays
crucial role as Kolar dam is constructed on it and provide 70% of drinking water supplies to
Bhopal as located near Bhopal. In order to avoid drinking water crisis, unscientific water
management and unplanned use of irrigation water there is need for better planning and
management. In the present work, an analysis has been performed to delineate and classify
possible groundwater potential zones in the Kolar basin and its command area using integrated
remote sensing and GIS techniques. The recharge potential of groundwater depends
on the geological and hydrological characteristics of the soil. Groundwater Potential Zonal
Index (GWPZI) map is prepared using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)
with various influencing features like land use, land cover, soil type, geology. All feature
layers are integrated using GIS analysis and groundwater potential zones are delineated. Three
zones (poor: 43.93%, moderate: 35.33% and good: 20.74%) have been allocated for the Kolar
basin and its command area.
Keywords: Groundwater Potential, Analytic Hierarchy Process, Remote Sensing, GIS.
88
Identification and measuring standing crops in rabbi season year 2022 -2023 in the
command area of Girna reservoir using satellite Remote sensing technique
Suvarna kulkarni1, Sunil Gaikwad2 & Makarand Kulkarni3
1
Junior Engineer, Resources Engineering Centre, Maharashtra Engineering Research
Institute, Nashik-422004.
2
Sub Divisional Engineer, Resources Engineering Centre, Maharashtra Engineering Research
Institute, Nashik-422004; 3Executive Engineer, Resources Engineering Centre, Maharashtra
Engineering Research Institute, Nashik-422004
Email: suvarnakulkarni941@gmail.com
Abstract
India is an agricultural country. India's economy is mainly based on agriculture. Identification,
mapping and measuring of various crops grown under the command area of irrigation projects
is most important for policy maker. So, the Identification and measuring standing crops in rabbi
season year 2022 -2023 in the command area of Girna reservoir using satellite Remote sensing
technique has been done. The 59.86 % of total command area of Girna main canal, Panzan left
bank Canal, and Jamda left and right bank canal of Girna Reservoir is covered under standing
crop for Rabbi Season year 2022-23. Remote Sensing (RS) refers to the science of
identification of earth surface features and estimation of their geo-biophysical properties using
electromagnetic radiation as a medium of interaction. Spectral, spatial, temporal and
polarization signatures are major characteristics of the sensor/target, which facilitate target
discrimination. Earth surface data as seen by the sensors in different wavelengths (reflected,
scattered and/or emitted) is radiometrically and geometrically corrected before extraction of
spectral information. RS data, with its ability for a synoptic view, repetitive coverage with
calibrated sensors to detect changes, observations at different resolutions, provides a better
alternative for natural resources management as compared to traditional methods.
Keywords: Remote Sensing, Erdas Imagine, Satellite Image, Sentinel-2, Girna.
89
Analysis Of Road Network In Flood Plain Zone Using Gis

Atul Kumar Meemraut1, Ajay Krishna Prabhakar2
National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India (136119)
Email: 32212404@nitkkr.ac.in; akprabhakar@nitkkr.ac.in
Abstract
Road network is the backbone of economy for a developing country as it plays very important
for economic growth. Since the early 1900s, organisations of Indian Road Congress (IRC) have
been very important in planning and building roads all over the country. But problems still
exist, especially in areas that are prone to flooding where sudden changes in water levels can
damage roads. In this research the main issues are analysed and Flood hazard in the road
network of Gurugram district have been calculated in GIS environment by considering
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, and digital elevation models (DEMs)
have been used. Using GIS, it is easy to find the regions that are likely to flood and help with
the planning of structures. The study also shows that how important it is to use GIS technology
for analysing to create flood risk zones. Arc-GIS software is used to make the maps and figure
out the morphometric parameters, which give information about the land's traits and its
potential for flow. Flood hazard maps are made for the current road network on top of them
and then sorting the maps by how vulnerable they are. Analysis of rainfall along with figuring
out the risk of flooding and helps with planning for emergencies. By using DEM, land use and
land cover mapra (LULC), watershed analysis, and geology surveys, the factors that affecting
road networks have been considered. Results shows, how important GIS-based methods are for
checking for flooding on road networks, in Gurugram district, Haryana. Results shows that
there are four types of flood hazard zones in the present study area.
As a result, there exists four categories of flood hazard i.e., very low, low, moderate, and high
flood hazard. Analysis shows that 206.56 km2 has extremely low flood hazard and 446.24 km2
is low. Additionally, moderate flood hazard spans 315.61 km2 and high flood hazard 278.06
km2. The data show that Gurugram city and its surrounding areas have a higher flood risk than
the rest of Gurugram district.
Keywords: Road Network, Flood Hazards, GIS, Gurugram, SCS-CN method, flood plain.
90
Analysing the Relationship between Monthly Rainfall and Hydroclimatic Variables over
Kerala
B L Charitha, K Manogna, T C Celina & V Agilan
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut
Kerala, India
Email: lakshmicharitha.b@gmail.com; manognak31002@gmail.com;
chirayilcelina@gmail.com; agilan@nitc.ac.in
Abstract
Despite receiving substantial annual rainfall, Kerala, India grapples with water scarcity issues
due to rapid runoff into the Arabian Sea. Therefore, accurate rainfall prediction is crucial for
sustainable resource planning and livelihood sustainability in the state. Estimating the
dependence of monthly rainfall with meteorological variables and climate teleconnections over
Kerala would improve the rainfall prediction. Therefore, this study investigates the dependence
between monthly rainfall with three meteorological variables (wind speed, air temperature, and
relative humidity) and two climate teleconnections (Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Niño–
Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In this study, the Pearson correlation coefficient is used to
quantify the dependence between monthly rainfall with meteorological variables and climate
teleconnections. The monthly rainfall dataset over Kerala is derived from the India
Meteorological Department’s high-resolution gridded (0.25° Longitude × 0.25° Latitude) daily
rainfall dataset. To represent ENSO, six climate indices (Niño 1.2, Niño 3, Niño 3.4, Niño 4,
Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI)) are used in this study. The
teleconnection IOD is represented by the dipole mode index (DMI). From the results, a strong
dependence between monthly rainfall with meteorological variables and climate
teleconnections over Kerala is observed. Among the meteorological variables, relative
humidity with 0-month lag is observed to have a strong correlation. Similarly, among the
climate teleconnections, Niño 1.2 (index represents ENSO) with 4 months lag is observed to
have a strong correlation.
Keywords: Climate teleconnections, Kerala, Meteorological variables, Pearson correlation
coefficient, Rainfall.
91
A comparative study on the modeling of soil erosion by USLE, RUSLE and USPED
Bikram Prasada, H.L. Tiwarib, Siddharth Gariac, Sonu Pateld, Pankaj Singhe
a
Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Bansal Institute of Science &
Technology, Bhopal
b
Professor, Civil Engineering Department, MANIT, Bhopal
c
Assistant Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara
d,e
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Bansal Institute of Research and
Technology, Science
a
Email: bikram2010@gmail.com
Abstract
Soil erosion is considered to be a prominent problem and its regular spatial assessment in the
watershed is required. Thus, for the present study, Kodar river basin in Chhatisgarh, India was
chosen for the investigation. Three different models, namely Universal Soil Loss Equation
(USLE), Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Unit Power Based Soil Erosion
and Deposition (USPED) were chosen by incorporating remote sensing and GIS platforms and
their performance were compared. On the basis of area's varied slope and land usage, the
erosion rate was calculated. It was noted that a difference of -33686.32t, -11570.08t and
1023.99t in the sedimentation values of the USLE, RUSLE and USPED model respectively
were observed. The observed sedimentation data was validated and the USPED model was
found to be the most authentic model among the selected three models. Hence, the present
study will be helpful in better understanding of the complex interactions of the variables
involved in predicting net erosion of soil.
Keywords: GIS, remote sensing, RUSLE, soil erosion, USLE and USPED.
92
Watershed modelling and management
93
Modelling and Simulation Techniques in Water Resources and Environmental

Engineering with RS/GIS Applications: A Comprehensive Review
Arjun Singh Lodhi1*, Anuj Jaiswal2 and Dungar Singh3
1,2,3
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal, India
1
Corresponding author. E-mail(s): arjunsinghlodhis@gmail.com
2,3
Contributing author Email: jaiswalanuj10@gmail.com, dsdudi97@gmail.com
Abstract
Water resources and environmental engineering face ever-increasing challenges due to the
complex interactions between natural systems and human activities. Mathematical modelling
and simulation techniques, coupled with Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) applications, have emerged as powerful tools for addressing these challenges.
This review paper provides an extensive exploration of the integration of mathematical
modelling and simulation techniques with RS/GIS applications in the context of water
resources and environmental engineering. Various modelling approaches, including
hydrological, hydrodynamic, ecological, and water quality models, are discussed, showcasing
their capabilities in understanding and predicting complex processes. Throughout the review,
practical applications and case studies highlight the real-world relevance of these techniques.
This paper delves into a wide range of applications, including flood modelling, land-use change
analysis, groundwater assessment, and climate change impact assessment. Further this could
serve as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers, offering a holistic
view of the state-of-the-art in mathematical modelling, simulation, RS, and GIS applications
in the field of water resources and environmental engineering.
Keywords: Mathematical Modelling, Simulation Techniques, Remote Sensing, Geographic
Information Systems.
94
HEC-RAS Simulation for Predicting Discharge in Extreme Flood Events: A Case

Analysis
Bharadwaj K. , Sri Varsha V. , Phani Sai A.1 and Khuntia, J. R. 2[0000-0003-3943-4220]
1 1
1
B.Tech Scholars, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology (A), Hyderabad, 500075, India
2
Assistant Professor, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology (A), Hyderabad, 500075,
India
Email: srivarshavuda1102@gmail.com , jananranjan_civil@cbit.ac.in
Abstract
The hazards posed by flooding to human life, property, and the environment underscore the
necessity for sophisticated tools to analyse and address these risks with efficiency. The research
paper aims a thorough investigation of flood patterns within the Krishna River basin,
employing the advanced Hydrologic Engineering Centre's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS)
software. The primary focus of the study is to comprehend the intricate hydrological processes,
river morphology, and hydraulic behaviour occurring during flood events. To achieve the prime
aim, the study implements detailed hydrological and hydraulic modelling techniques,
simulating diverse flood scenarios. These simulations take into account varying rainfall
patterns, changes in land use, and fluctuations in climate. Utilising HEC-RAS, a widely
recognised software in hydraulic modelling, a robust flood inundation model for the Musi River
basin is developed. The research integrates geographical information system (GIS) data, remote
sensing methods, and topographic details to enhance the model's precision. This integration
provides valuable insights into floodplain mapping and vulnerability assessment. In the short
term, the research paper is to develop a reliable and accurate predictive model to estimate the
potential discharge of Musi River catchment area during extreme flood events.
Keywords: Flash floods, HECR-RAS, Simulation, Digital Elevation Model, Hydro graph.
95
Mapping and modelling of hydrological processes for management of water resources in

Kanhar river basin
Abhishek M. Waghaye , D. K. Singh2, A. Sarangi3, D. R. Sena2, R. N. Sahoo4, and S. K.
1,2
Sarkar5
1
Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural
Engineering, Bhopal (M.P.)
2
Division of Agricultural Engineering, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New
Delhi.
3
Indian Institute of Water Management, Bhubaneshwar
4
Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.
5
ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi.
Abstract
The growing population and changing climate are posing a serious threat to available water
resources. This study was undertaken to map and model hydrological processes to develop
efficient and effective water management strategies in Kanhar river basin. The study area was
characterized by using thematic layers of rainfall, slope, soil, landuse/landcover (LULC) and
drainage density. The impact of climate change on water resources of kanhar river basin was
assessed by using the calibrated SWAT model. The results revealed that SWAT model simulated
the streamflow with a good level of accuracy. The value of R2 (0.79), NSE (0.75) and RSR
(0.51) indicates ‘very good’ agreement between observed and simulated streamflows during
calibration. The validation results also showed very good agreement between observed and
simulated streamflows. Out of total rainfall, the surface runoff and water yield were 291.2 mm
(29%) and 405 mm (40%), respectively. The climate change assessment under RCP 4.5
indicated the rise in rainfall, minimum and maximum temperatures and evapotranspiration for
all three century periods. The planning of water management strategies using hydrological
modelling and geospatial techniques may help to increase the water resources in the kanhar
river basin.
96
Application of conceptual models (AWBM, TANK) in Bah river basin Madhya Pradesh,
India
Shohrat Ali Birendra Bharti2 R k Jaiswal3 H P Singh4
1*
1Research Scholar, Department of Water Engineering and Management, Central University of
Jharkhand, Ranchi, India

Email: shohrat.ali@cuj.ac.in,
2Assistant Professor, Department of Water Engineering and Management, Central University
of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India

Email: birendrabharti@gmail.com
3
Scientist–E CIHRC, National Institute of Hydrology, WALMI Campus, Bhopal, Madhya
Pradesh, India
Email: rkjaiswal.nih@gmail.com
4Professor, Department of Water Engineering and Management, Central University of
Jharkhand, Ranchi, India

Email: singh.harendra121@gmail.com
Corresponding author Email: shohrat.ali@cuj.ac.in
Abstract
The Bah River Basin (BRB) requires special attention in the management of the water
resources for sustainability in agriculture and the diminution of flood hazards. Due to more
complexity in model structure and requirement of a large amount of input data are required in
hydrological models. The present study compares the performance of conceptual models
Australian Water Balance Model (AWBM) and TANK for runoff simulation. The Bah river
basin, Madhya Pradesh is selected for this study. These conceptual AWBM and TANK models
have eight and eighteen parameters. The calibration was done using the model on a daily time
basis during the period 1989 to 2005, 2 years of the warm period from 1989 to 1990 were taken,
and the validation data of 8 years (2006-13) was used. The calibration and validation values
for AWBM model based on Nash Sutcliffe efficiency and genetic algorithm optimizer were
found 0.73 and 0.68 respectively and for Tank model, the values were found 0.71 and 0.58
respectively during calibration and validation. Through the analysis it is revealed that AWBM
model performed better than TANK Model in term of Nash Sutcliffe efficiency. The results of
the study would be beneficial for the water managers, the hydrological community, and all
those involved in soil conservation, agricultural water management, and also in planning.
Keywords: Rainfall-runoff model, AWBM, TANK, Bah River.
97
Land Suitability Based Planning for Sustainable Rural Development in India: A GIS
Approach
Balbir 1, a * , A.K. Prabhakar 2, b & Mahesh Pal3, c
1
Ph.D Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, NIT Kurukshetra, India
2
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, NIT Kurukshetra, India 3Professor, Civil
Engineering Department, NIT Kurukshetra, India
Email: nagalbalbir.iitr@gmail.com, akprabhakar@nitkkr.ac.in, mahesh.pal@nitkkr.ac.in
Abstract
The "Land Suitability-Based Rural Planning" concept is a strategy aimed at developing rural
areas by emphasizing the effective use of land resources. In India, many villages deal with
limited land availability and inappropriate land use practices, leading to conflicts within
communities and poverty and inequality-traditional planning methods are needed to address
these issues adequately. However, modern technology, such as Remote Sensing and
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), has allowed for more precise land suitability
assessment based on physical and environmental factors. In this study a GIS model is used for
better planning of land use in rural areas, including residential, commercial, and social zones.
This helps to resolve conflicts arising from competing land use demands and determine how
land should be allocated based on suitability. This is achieved by incorporating physical and
social characteristics and employing a Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) technique
within the GIS environment. Through data analysis and modelling within the GIS framework,
the model generates land use suitability maps. These maps reaffirm appropriately allocated
land use areas, address conflicts with environmental planning considerations, protect fragile
ecosystems, and preserve public open spaces for recreational purposes. The study indicates that
a significant portion of the area needs to be more adequately settled with poor
planning practices, which could pose challenges in accommodating future population growth
effectively.
Keywords: GIS, Land planning, MCDA, Rural area, Suitability Analysis, Sustainable
Development.
98
Elevation-Dependent Dynamics of Soil Physical Properties in a Complex Feature Rich

Watershed: A Landform Based Approach
Sahil Sharma , Deepak Swami2, Vinay Meena1, Shankar Yadav1 & Akash Manjunath1
1
1
Research Scholar, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005
2
Associate Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005
Email: sharmasahilbuce@gmail.com
Abstract
Understanding the variation in soil physical properties, as influenced by the interplay of land
use and topographical factors such as elevation, is essential for modeling soil-landscape
relationships and formulating sustainable land use management practices. The study explores
elevation dependent variations of soil physical properties in a feature rich lower Himalayan
watershed. Samples were collected from across 104 sites in a 422 km² watershed, following a
gridded sampling scheme with a resolution of 2 km x 2 km over a span of 57 weeks. The
Kriging technique, revealed the spatial patterns and average values of the soil physical were
computed at lower, middle and high elevations and Spearman rank correlation assessed impact
of land use and elevation. The coarser soil fraction varied from lower (37%), middle (42%) to
(34%) at higher elevations. Organic content (OC) increased (4.5% - 6% - 6.5%), while
electrical conductivity (EC) (0.24 – 0.21 – 0.12) and soil temperature (ST) (23.26o C – 22.95o
C – 19.49o C) decreased continuously with elevation. Further, elevation depicted strong
correlations with sand, clay, bulk density, organic content (OC), EC, ST, porosity and void
ratio. The analysis identified the significance of intrinsic soil properties, particularly elevation
and texture, in shaping spatial distributions.
Keywords: Soil physical properties, Topographical factors, sustainable land use management,
elevation, gridded sampling.
99
Relation of Runoff to Rainfall in the Watersheds of the Madhya Bharat: A Retrospect

K Mishra1, H.L. Tiwari 2 & M.S. Hora 3
1
Research Scholar, 2Professor, 3Professor
Department of Civil Engineering, MANIT, Bhopal
Email: mishra1999kartikeya@gmail.com
Abstract
Rainfall and Runoff (R-R) both are major incidents of the water cycle. Rainfall originates the
runoff. The dynamic linkage between R-R depends upon the soil texture, moisture conditions
and land slopes which can be evaluated by physical, conceptual, experimental, and artificial
intelligence (AI) models. To manage the global water demand it is quite essential to explore the
R-R relation. This paper describes the variation of R-R in different contexts of Madhya Bharat.
Also, the advantages and challenges of R-R modeling have been discussed with future potential
aspects.
Keywords: Rainfall and Runoff, Water Cycle, Water Demand, Modeling.
100
Land Use Land Cover Change Detection in Bangalore City

Abitha A1,a*, Arun Goel2,b
1,2
Department Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India
Email: a*abithaabitha129@gmail.com, b darun_goel@nitkkr.ac.in
Abstract
Land use Land cover (LULC) changes is the factor which shows the alterations in the way land
is utilized or the type of cover it has, usually observed over a specific period. These changes
can have various causes and consequences, like environmental impacts, climate change, urban
heat island effect, water resources and socio economic impacts. The main aim of the study is
to prepare the land use land cover maps and detect the changes by using remote sensing and
GIS techniques. The study was conducted using Arc GIS software in the study area of
Bangalore, India, which also known as the Silicon Valley of India, due to its prominent IT
sector. This paper discussed about the LULC change from 1993 to 2022 by using Landsat
satellite images in order to analyze the land cover changes in percentage. The Results obtained
by performing supervised classification indicates that there is significant increase in built ups
and encroachment in water bodies and how this changes affects the environment have been
discussed.
Keywords: Remote sensing, GIS, Land use Land cover (LULC), Arc GIS, Landsat images.
101
Real time Monitoring and Flood Forecasting using AI-SCADA with A case study
M. Selva Balan
Scientist E/ Joint Director
CWPRS, Khadakwasla, Pune-24
Email: selvabalan_m@cwprs.gov.in
Abstract
Heavy floods are one of the most destructive forces of nature. Flooding due to extreme storm
water in short time has caused material, economic, environmental, and human losses in several
places worldwide. It is probably the most devastating, widespreadand frequent natural disaster
present in human society. According to WMO (2013), floods are among the most common
natural disaster and have the greatest potential for damage of all natural disasters globally.
Under the India National Hydrology Project (NHP), Ministry of Jal Shakti is implementing
predictive multi-reservoir operations technology. The approach is based on the combination of
already established inflow and level forecasts in combination with the application of a real-
time optimization model and downstream river reaches. This will equip the authority with a
near real-time Integrated Reservoir Operation Decision Support System (IRO DSS) that
provides guidance to operate major reservoirs in the Basin to reduce flood peaks and related
inundation in downstream reaches by operating the reservoirs based on current as well as
forecasted inflows into the reservoirs and the downstream river system. This is today realisable
with powerful Machine learning models, AI techniques and computing hardware system.The
IRO DSS intends to help authorities to operate their reservoirs in tandem and schedule their
releases considering their current and forecasted hydraulic regimes of rivers and reservoirs.
Such multiple reservoir adaptive operations, based on real-time observations from India’s
hydro meteorological data network and national and international weather forecasts, and
including state-of-the art AI_ SACADA based reservoir operations modelling and optimization
techniques, will reduce the flood risks in downstream reaches and increase the conservation
benefits along large parts of the River. A model designed for Chennai district incorporating
three major storage tanks and other live streams is elaborated here. Such system can be
implemented on every India river systems to protect lives, livelihood, and nature in all of India.
102
Utilizing a Geographic Information System to Analyze Population Vulnerability and

Toxic Hazards Associated with Ammonia Release
Nishant1, Vijay Kumar Bansal2
1
PG Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of technology,
Hamirpur, India (177005)
2
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering National Institute of technology, Hamirpur,
India (177005)
Abstract
The chemical industries generate, maintain, and transport an increasing number of hazardous
materials nowadays. Accidents involving the transportation of hazardous materials happen
regularly because the manufacture and usage of these compounds are typically done at various
places. The centres where the population with enhanced vulnerability resides are the most
crucial sites on the hazardous routes within inhabited urban or rural areas. The population
characteristics of the area, in addition to different weather conditions and physical features, all
influence the potential for harm. The storage facility at Focal point in the Dera Bassi industrial
area of Punjab is used as a sample for the risk assessment of ammonia toxicity. The Areal
Locations of Hazardous Atmosphere (ALOHA) pollutant dispersion model is used to estimate
the ammonia's toxicity impacted distance. A comprehensive approach for evaluating the
identified issue’s risk was put out, emphasizing environmental and human-caused factors that
have a big influence on the level of danger. The model integrates data on the chemical
characteristics of the material, local weather patterns, and release conditions to estimate the
areas that could be toxically affected by an ammonia discharge. Furthermore, by importing the
simulated ammonia spread region into Quantum GIS (QGIS) software, risk maps were created
that show the population in need of evacuation and rapid medical attention, as well as the
toxically affected places. Decision-makers can use these studies as a useful tool to create an
emergency strategy in the event of unintentional emissions.
103
River engineering and Fluvial hydraulics
104
Assessment of Hindon river morphology and documenting land use land cover changes
by supervised classification technique and NDVI analysis
Shivam Kumar Dwivedi, Anjali Bhagwat, Mukesh Kumar Sharma & Sudhir Kumar
Junior Research Fellow, National Institute of Hydrology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667,
India.
Scientist ‘C’, National Institute of Hydrology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
Scientist ‘F’, National Institute of Hydrology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
Scientist ‘G’, National Institute of Hydrology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
Email: dshivam055@bhu.ac.in
Abstract
Present study is carried out the morphometrical analysis of River Hindon basin by linear, areal
and relief aspects and land use land cover analysis of the basin by supervised classification
technique as well as NDVI classification technique. Hindon river is the tributary of river
Yamuna which originates from the shakumbhari devi range shivalik hills district Saharanpur,
Uttar Pradesh and confluence point of river Hindon basin is village Tilwada, district Gautama
buddhanagar where Hindon joins to river Yamuna. After the study of the Hindon river basin, it
was found that the basin occupies 6940 km2 geographical area and it’s boundary perimeter is
1081.88 km. Minimum and maximum elevation of the basin was found from SRTM DEM is
190 m and 868 m and average elevation of entire basin is 528.5 m from mean sea level. After
the study of land use land cover by supervised classification, it was found that total 4047.93
km2 area about 58.32 % of total area of basin used for agriculture purpose and covered by
vegetation, 953.81 km2 i.e. 1.37 % of basin area is covered by water bodies like river, streams,
ponds, canals etc., 647.43 km2 i.e. 9.32 % of basin area is barren land and 2149.94 km2 i.e.
30.97 % of basin area is covered by build-up. There are also carried out the analysis of NDVI
and it was found that NDVI ranges of the basin during 1990 was -0.13 to + 0.47 and in 2022
was -0.10 to +0.48.
105
Advanced Intelligence Model for Bed Load Prediction

Mun Mun Basumatary1, Soumen Maji2 & Bimlesh Kumar3
1
MTech., Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Kokrajhar, Email: p22wrh1002@cit.ac.in
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Kokrajhar, Email:
s.maji@cit.ac.in 3Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Guwahati,
Email: bimk@iitg.ac.in
Abstract
The prediction of bed load sediment transport rate is often difficult due to non-linearity and is
influenced by a multitude of variables. This complexity makes it difficult to establish simple,
linear relationships between input factors and sediment transport rates. Rivers are dynamic
systems with constantly changing hydraulics and channel morphology. These variations can
significantly impact sediment transport rates, making it hard to capture and predict these
changes accurately. Handling a non-linearity and multi-dimensional behaviour in sediment
transport prediction involves a combination of data mining techniques, genetic algorithms,
empirical equations and machine learning (ML) methods as proposed in various literatures.
Here the study provides a better prediction of bed load transport rate using various machine
learning techniques like Natural Gradient Boosting (ngboost), Random Forest Regressor,
Decision Tree Regressor, Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Extreme Gradient Boosting
(XGBoost), Extra Tree Regression, and Support Vector Regression (SVR). There were total
649 instances from 7 different rivers which include both field observation data and laboratory
data namely from Kuhnle, Oak Creek River, Nahal river, Sagehen creek river, Jacoby River,
Elbow River, and Goodwin creek river. Inputs to the model were Water depth (m), water
discharge (m3/s), Hydraulic Radius (m), water surface slope, shear stress (N/m2), and output is
bed load discharge (kg/ms).
To evaluate the model several performance various metrics have been used this include,
Correlation Coefficient (CC), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), R2, Mean Square Error
(MSE), Nash –Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE). The findings of the study demonstrate that the
proposed Extra Tree Regression method achieved a notably high level of accuracy in
predicting bed load sediment transport rates. Extra Tree Regression exhibited the highest
prediction accuracy among the employed models, as evidenced by performance metrics such
as a Correlation Coefficient (CC) of 0.939, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 4.622, R
squared (R²) of 0.864, Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 21.
106
Experimental Study on Riverbank Stability with Flexible Vegetation

Dheeraj Kumar1, Idalyne Jakwa2, Aditya3, Gitanjali Warry4, Soumen Maji5 & Bimlesh
Kumar6
1
MTech., Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Guwahati, Email: dheeraj.kumar@iitg.ac.in 2
3
MTech., Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Guwahati, Email: aditya4606@iitg.ac.in 4
5
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Kokrajhar, Email:
s.maji@cit.ac.in 6 Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Guwahati, Email:
bimk@iitg.ac.in
Abstract
Rivers act as dynamic and intricate systems, exert a profound influence on landscapes,
ecosystems, and human societies. Their multifaceted roles encompass ecological habitats,
natural resource provision, and facilitation of various human activities. However, amid these
benefits, the stability of riverbanks emerges as a paramount concern. This concern stems from
the intricate interplay between natural processes, environmental changes, and human
interventions. This paper presents an in-depth experimental investigation into the impact of
flexible vegetation on riverbank stability. This experimental study focuses on a specific aspect
of river dynamics—unsymmetrical channels with a 310 bank slope exploring the influence of
flexible vegetation within an experimental flume. Utilizing innovative measurement tools,
including point gauge, and laser distance meter, this research aims to quantify and compare the
stabilizing effects of vegetation against non-vegetated channels. Experiments showed that the
vegetated channels lead to higher channel migration, bank distortion and width expansion
compared to non-vegetated channels.
Keywords: flexible vegetation, riverbank erosion, experimental flume, unsymmetrical
channels.
107
Inteligence Model of Friction Factor for Alluvial Channel

Pritika Wary1, Soumen Maji2 & Bimlesh Kumar3
1
MTech., Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Kokrajhar,
Email: p22wrh1006@cit.ac.in
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Kokrajhar,
Email: s.maji@cit.ac.in
3
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Guwahati,
Abstract
Estimation of friction factor in an alluvial channel is difficult due to non-linearity, multitude
variables and the flow boundary within these channels (not static). It consistently undergoes
alterations in its specific geometry and dimensions, resulting from mutual interaction between
the flow and bed. Obtaining a deterministic or systematic representation of the procedure is
challenging due to its highly complex nature. Conventional methods like Manning's equation
are commonly employed but may fall short in capturing the detailed complexities inherent in
alluvial channels. Dealing with the complexities of non-linear and multidimensional behavior
in prediction of friction factor involves a comprehensive approach that combines the data
mining techniques, genetic algorithms, empirical equations, and machine learning procedures,
as planned in various works. This study presents a better prediction of Friction factor by using
numerous types of machine learning techniques such as Linear Regressor, Extra Trees
Regressor, and Random Forest Regressor. The input variables are g (acceleration due to
gravity), y (flow depth), sf (friction/energy slope), G (specific gravity), d (sediment median
size), ν (kinematic viscosity of fluid), u (velocity), and output τb (bed shear stress). To evaluate
the model several performance metrics have been used including, Correlation Coefficient (CC),
Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), R-squared (R2), Mean Square Error (MSE), Nash Sutcliffe
efficiency (NSE). Results show that the proposed Linear Regressor method achieved a
remarkable level of accuracy in predicting friction factor in alluvial channel. Among the
proposed models Extra Tree Regressor provides the highest prediction, as evidenced by
performance metrics such as Correlation Coefficient (CC) = 0.9783, Root Mean Square Error
(RMSE) = 0.2733, R-squared (R2) = 0.917, Mean Square Error (MSE) = 0.0747, Nash-
Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) = 0.917. Following Extra Tree Regressor, the others are Linear
Regression, Random Forest.
Keywords: Friction Factor, Data mining, Genetic algorithms, Machine learning, Linear
regressor.
108
Study of Channel bank Stability with Vegetation

Aditya1, Gitanjali Wary2, Dheeraj Kumar3, Idalyne Jakwa4, Soumen Maji5, Bimlesh
Kumar6
1
MTech., Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Guwahati
Email: aditya4606@iitg.ac.in
2
MTech., Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Kokrajhar
3
MTech., Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Guwahati
Email: dheeraj.kumar@iitg.ac.in
4
MTech., Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Kokrajhar
5
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, CIT Kokrajhar
Email: s.maji@cit.ac.in
6
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Guwahati
Abstract
In the dynamic realm of fluvial systems, the role of vegetation stands out as a pivotal force
shaping channel morphology, hydrodynamics, and ecological balance. Vegetation within
watercourses, particularly rigid vegetation characterized by its structural stability, plays a
crucial role in influencing flow patterns and bed morphology. The presence of vegetation is
one of the factors that change the mean and turbulent flow field in a channel (Nepf, 2012a).
This study narrows its focus to examine the distinct impact of rigid vegetation in an
unsymmetrical channel, dissecting its effects when confined solely to the bank and when
extending to both the bank and slope. Keywords: vegetation, channel morphology, turbulent
flow, unsymmetrical channel.
109
Backwater Studies and Preparation of Flood Inundation Maps for Padalse Weir on
river Tapi, Maharashtra
C. Srishailam, N. Vivekanandan* and R.G. Patil
Scientist-D, Scientist-C and Scientist-E
Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune, Maharashtra, India
*Corresponding author’s E-mail: anandaan@rediffmail.com, vivek.n@cwprs.gov.in
Abstract
Backwater is a part of a river wherein there is little or no current. It’s a still pool created by a
dam/weir/barrage or curve in the river or by the tide. The backwater phenomenon leads to an
increase in the water surface level of upstream regions, thereby imposing the threat of
submergence during flood events and affecting the longitudinal extent of the river reach.
Therefore, the backwater studies are important because of they bring out possible impact of
reservoir on the areas close to upstream which may be flooded due to construction of hydraulic
structures. Apart from this, inundation maps are required to understand the effects of flooding
in a particular area and on important places such as villages, agriculture lands, government
lands, buildings, roadways, etc. A flood inundation map is a map that shows the spatial extent
and depth of flooding at specific water level along an individual stream section.
This paper presents the backwater studies and preparation of flood inundation maps at different
pond levels viz., High Flood Level (HFL) at RL 157.7 m, Full Reservoir Level (FRL) at RL
156.0 m and FRL at Stage-I (RL 152.38 m) for Padalse weir on river Tapi and its tributaries
was carried out. For this purpose, the rainfall data of Amalner, Chalisgaon, Chopda,
Dharamgaon, Dhule, Gidhade, Jalgaon and Jamner was collected from India Meteorological
Department and used for computing the rainfall intensity that is considered as one of the inputs
for estimation of peak flood. In addition, the cross sectional data and Survey of India toposheets
of river Tapi and its tributaries was collected and used.
By using the annual 1-day maximum rainfall series, the 25-year, 50-year and 100-year return
period 1-day maximum rainfalls for eight rain-gauge stations were estimated by Extreme Value
Type-I distribution wherein the parameters were determined by method of moments. Further,
the weights of each rain-gauge station were derived by adopting Theissen polygon method with
the aid of ArcGIS tool and used to estimate the weighted rainfall for river Tapi and its tributary
catchments. The weighted rainfall and physiographic characteristics of the delineated
catchments derived from ArcGIS software was used to compute the 25-year, 50-year and 100-
year return period peak discharges by applying synthetic unit hydrograph approach as detailed
in CWC flood estimation report for subzone-3(b) and rational formula. The estimated 25-year,
50-year and 100-year return period peak discharges were routed in the study reach of river Tapi
by adopting 1-D MIKE Hydro River model with steady state condition at different pond levels
viz., HFL (RL 157.7 m), FRL (RL 156.0 m) and FRL at Stage-I (RL 152.38 m) of Padalse weir.
The model results were used for the preparation of flood inundation maps by ArcGIS for each
pond level. The study showed that the estimated peak discharge and flood inundation maps
presented in this paper would be helpful to the stakeholders to carry out the rehabilitation work
as also ensure the safety of the property in the study reach of river Tapi and its tributaries.
Keywords: Backwater, Extreme Value Analysis, Flood Inundation, Peak Discharge, Rainfall.
110
Energy Dissipation In Repelled Hydraulic Jump: An Experimental Approach For

Abruptly Expanding Channel
Dr. Sumit Gandhi1 and Dr. N. K. Samaiya2
1
Associate Professor & HOD, 2 Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, Guna
E-mail: sumitgandhi1@rediffmail.com
Abstract
An important task of hydraulic engineers is to design a safe and economic energy dissipater.
Stilling basins are one of the possible solutions for hydraulic jump to dissipate kinetic energy
to produce safe downstream flow, which causes no bed scour and bank erosion. Compared to
a prismatic stilling basin, an abruptly expanding design modifies not only the sequent depths
ratio but influences all other flow characteristics. Moreover, when the tail-water depth in a
prismatic channel is so low; a classical jump does not form. Secondly if it is in possible to
depress the basin floor due to difficulties in excavation and design considerations, a lateral
expansion may be the only possibility for guaranteeing the adequate energy dissipation.
Few analytical and experimental studies were conducted by Agarwal (2001), Gandhi
(2004), Matin et al (1998), Ranga Raju (1993) and Herbrand (1973). The literature review
shows that the analysis is mainly devoted to the sequent depth ratio and the relative energy
loss. Studies were also made by Rajaratnam and Subramanya (1968), Hager (1985), Smith
(1989) and Bremen and Hager (1993, 94). Rajaratnam and Subramanya (1968) studied the
jump behavior using experimental data.
The effect of an abruptly expanding channel on the main characteristics of hydraulic
jump is considered experimentally. The present study was made for supercritical flow of Froude
number ‘Fr1’ varying between 2 to 9 and expansion ratios B1/B2 = 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.8. Physical
explanations of the variation of these characteristics with ‘Fr1’ are proposed based on the
observation drawn from experimental results. The analytical equation for the sequent depth
ratio in an abruptly expanding channel as given by Ranga Raju is verified well with the
experimental data for all expansion ratios, and the empirical relation of Herbrand was verified
with the present experimental data.
Jump characteristics studied includes sequent depth ratio ‘Y2/Y1’, efficiency ‘E2/E1’,
height of jump ‘hj/E1’, relative energy loss ‘EL/E1’, post jump depth ‘Y2/E1’, pre jump energy
‘E1/Y1’, relative length of jump ‘Lj/Y1’, length of roller ‘Lr/Y1’ and relative energy loss ‘EL/Y1’
with Froude number ‘Fr1’.
Table: Range of Experimental data
It is concluded that larger is the B1/B2 ratio larger is the Sequent depth ratio, Relative
energy and Relative energy loss, whereas smaller is the B1/B2 ratio smaller is the Efficiency,
Relative height and Relative post jump depth and larger is the Relative energy loss for a given
111
Fr1. Sequent depth ratio varies linearly with the Froude number whereas other hydraulic jump
characteristics are not. Froude number (hence jump characteristics) calculated from Matin’s
formula is varying from Hagers line for measuring relative length of jump and relative length
of roller. There is slight variation is seen for the experimental data from the lines drawn for
Ranga Raju’s analytical equation for measuring the sequent depth, but it lies within the
consideration limits because of modified values of Froude number. Obtained results can be
applied directly to the field.
Keywords: Abruptly Expanding Channel, Hydraulic Jump, Efficiency, Sequent Depth Ratio,
Relative Height of Jump.
112
A Case Study of River Behaviour & Control Strategies of Arpa River: Bilaspur, (C.G)
Ashfaque Mansoori1, Tekchand Duhlani1, Jahangeer Khan1, Sheikh Hisamuddin1, Anuj
Soni1 and Shubhlakshmi Tiwari2
1tekchandduhlani@gmail.com 8th Sem Btech Students
2
Hod, Civil Engineering, Chouksey Engineering College, Bilaspur
Email: hodcivil@cecbilaspur.ac.in
Abstract
Bilaspur, the second-largest city in Chhattisgarh, relies heavily on the Arpa River, originating
from the dense forests of Khondari-Khongsara. Stretching 147 kilometers, a significant portion,
over 90 kilometers, nourishes the forest cover and irrigated lands, before joining the Seonath
River. With a catchment area spanning 2022 square kilometers, the river experiences seasonal
fluctuations, rising 2-3 meters during the rainy season and dropping 5 meters in summer.
Predominantly sandy, with occasional rock exposures, the riverbed hosts over ten check dams,
initially constructed for irrigation and welfare purposes. However, dwindling water levels over
the past five years pose threats to the area's livelihoods. These dams now store most of the
rainwater, leaving little for Bilaspur. Deforestation along the riverbanks near Bilaspur
exacerbates pollution, destabilizing the environment. Studies emphasize the urgent need to
manage the check dams effectively to ensure successful rainwater harvesting and recycling
during the monsoon, safeguarding the city's microenvironment from adverse impacts
Keywords: River behaviour, Meandering of Arpa River, Bilaspur.
113
Soft Computing Approach for Scour Prediction at Spur Dikes

Sai Guguloth1, Reshma Tabassum1, Manish Pandey2*
1
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology
Warangal, Warangal 506004, India
2*
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
Email: mpandey@civil.iitkgp.ac.in (author for correspondence)
Abstract
Spur dikes play a critical role in river training, countering the effects of river degradation and
aggradation. These structures, strategically positioned perpendicular or at an angle to the
riverbank, safeguard against erosion and regulate hydraulic processes. Identification of scour
around spur dikes and variation with respect to time is essential for structure stability.
Traditionally, scour prediction relied heavily on regression techniques. With the advancement
of soft computing techniques, there has been a paradigm shift in predicting scour
characteristics, owing to their adaptability and ability to learn from data. This evolution
underscores the need for efficient techniques that can enhance accuracy, safety, and cost-
effectiveness in recognizing the scour around the spur dikes. In this study, we delve specifically
into the temporal changes in scour depth, focusing on the first spur dike within multiple spur
dike configurations using a Support Vector Regression model with Genetic Algorithm
optimization with the varying parameters such as spacing, length, and flow velocities. The
results highlight the exceptional performance of the developed hybrid model (SVR-GA),
boasting R2 values of 0.98 during training and 0.95 during testing. Additionally, minimal
residual errors (RMSE=0.05, Pbias=0.7 for training; RMSE=0.11, Pbias=0.9 for testing)
underscore the reliability of our model. This research underscores the significance of AI models
in accurately predicting scour depth variations over time. The findings offer valuable insights
for optimizing hydraulic structure management and design practices, ultimately contributing to
enhanced safety and efficiency in river engineering.
Keywords: Spur dike, Scour depth, Support Vector Regression, Genetic Algorithm.
114
Application of Large Eddy Simulation for Predicting Turbulence around Bridge Piers:
A Review
1Suniti Kumari1, H. L. Tiwari2, Rutuja Chavan3
1
PhD Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, MANIT Bhopal-462003, INDIA
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, MANIT Bhopal-462003, INDIA
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, MANIT Bhopal-462003, INDIA
Email: 213111005@stu.manit.ac.in, hltiwari@manit.ac.in, rutujamchavan@manit.ac.in
Abstract
The dynamic interaction between flowing water and bridge piers remains a critical concern in
hydraulic engineering, particularly with regards to scour potential. This paper presents a
comprehensive review of the application of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence models
for predicting turbulence around bridge piers, with a focus on diverse Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) software programs. A thorough examination of LES implementations in
leading CFD software, including but not limited to Open FOAM, ANSYS Fluent, SSIIM and
FLOW 3D, is undertaken. The review encompasses an in-depth analysis of turbulence
characteristics, such as vortex shedding, flow separation, and local scour patterns, to evaluate
the fidelity of simulations across different software environments. Through a critical synthesis
of existing literature, this review aims to elucidate the strengths and limitations of employing
LES in various numerical models for predicting scour around bridge piers. The insights
provided herein serve as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and practitioners
seeking to optimize numerical model selection for accurate scour prediction in the context of
bridge pier hydraulics, thereby contributing to advancements in hydraulic engineering and
bridge design practices.
Keywords: Scour, Bridge Piers, LES, Numerical Modelling.
115
Irrigation and drainage management
116
Assessing the Impact of Water Table Levels on Urban Infrastructure

Sampurna Biswas
Undergraduate student, Department of Architecture, NIT Raipur
Abstract
Urban water and drainage management is greatly influenced by the water table, which is a
crucial factor in urban construction and the built environment. Understanding the dynamics of
the water table is essential for urban resilience. Thus, this research examines how variations in
an urban fabric's water table levels affect the city's infrastructure, a significant element that
urban planners must focus on and take into account for equitable and sustainable urban
development.
The study employs an overall comprehensive approach to highlight the relationship between
the dynamics of the water table and the built environment. The impacts would be studied
through case studies in diverse urban contexts, by comparing their water table levels, land use
patterns, urban infrastructure (buildings, roads, and utilities), and historical records of floods
or water-related disasters are all part of the methodical data gathering process. And concluding
the same by looking into these hydrogeological considerations, also proposing some strategies
to harness this direct impact of sustainable urban development.
The data analysis validates that the areas aligning with the suggested strategies exhibit
enhanced future sustainability indicators, supporting the hypothesis for informed infrastructure
planning in high water table regions.
Keywords: water table levels, urban infrastructure, built environment, sustainable urban
development.
117
Evaluation of Irrigation Efficiencies of Water User’s Associations using DEA in

Bundelkhand, India
Aakanksha Rawat1, Mukul Kulshrestha2
1
PhD scholar, MANIT Bhopal, Link Road Number 3, Near Kali Mata Mandir, Bhopal,
Madhya Pradesh, India 462003
2
Professor, MANIT Bhopal, Link Road Number 3, Near Kali Mata Mandir, Bhopal, Madhya
Pradesh, India 462003
Email: akki.raw@gmail.com
Abstract
When talking about irrigation, "efficiency" is how well the water is used to grow crops. A
higher value indicates that the plant is making better use of the water it receives, leading to
more growth and harvest. Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh, India is arid, yet the state relies
on agriculture, therefore irrigation is key. This study uses Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)
to evaluate 19 Water User's Associations (WUAs) along the Rohini main canal in India's Rohini
Canal System. DEA, a non-parametric method, is employed to calculate the efficiencies of
these associations, considering both inputs and outputs. The analysis aims to provide insights
into the performance of each WUA, highlighting variations in irrigation efficiencies. Results
indicate substantial disparities among WUAs, emphasizing the importance of efficient resource
utilization in agricultural practices. The DEA methodology enables the identification of best
performing WUAs, offering valuable benchmarks for others to enhance their irrigation
practices. This study contributes to the sustainable management of water resources in
agriculture by pinpointing areas for improvement within the Rohini Canal System. The findings
hold implications for policymakers, water managers, and WUAs seeking to optimize irrigation
processes and agricultural productivity.
118
Effect of Drainage on Flexible Pavement Performance: An Overview

Siddhartha Rokade
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal 462003, India
Email: siddhartharokade@gmail.com
Abstract
The assessment of subsurface drainage is a key parameter in both the design and construction
of flexible pavements. Exclusion of subsurface drainage may lead to the premature failures in
flexible pavements, thereby resulting in high life-cycle costs. Excessive and sustained contact
of water with pavement layers contributes to problems which may cause early failures of the
pavement layers. Prompt removal of such accumulations is essential to avoid roadway surfaces
which are hazardous to traffic due to increased skid potential and weakening of the structural
layers of the flexible pavement. Subsurface drainage is required when conditions exist that can
cause prolonged exposure of the pavement structure to excess moisture, resulting in accelerated
pavement deterioration under existing levels of traffic loading Installation of subsurface
drainage systems is of immense benefit to the life and performance of a pavement.
This paper presents an overview of flexible pavement subsurface drainage systems and their
potential benefits to the serviceable life and long term performance of the flexible pavements.
The design alternatives for construction of new pavements and rehabilitation of pavements are
analysed in this paper. It focuses on the purpose and needs of subsurface drainage systems and
throws light on their design, construction and maintenance.
Keywords: Drainage, Pavement Performance, Flexible Pavement.
119
Promoting Sustainable Agriculture: A Review of Different Substrates for Oyster

Mushroom Cultivation and Their Implications
Shikha Shipra1, Harsangeet Kaur2 & Suresh Sundaramurthy3
1
2
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, MANIT Bhopal-462003, INDIA
Email: 1shikhashipra10b@gmail.com; 2harsangeetkaur@manit.ac.in; 3sureshs@manit.ac.in
Abstract
Oyster mushroom cultivation represents a promising avenue within sustainable agriculture due
to its minimal environmental footprint, high nutritional value, and relatively low resource
requirements. Sustainable agriculture stands at the forefront of modern agricultural practices,
emphasizing environmental stewardship, economic viability, and social equity. This paper
comprehensively reviews different substrates utilized in oyster mushroom cultivation and their
implications for promoting sustainable agriculture. The review delves into the diverse range of
substrates employed in oyster mushroom cultivation, encompassing agricultural by-products,
forestry residues, and synthetic materials. Each substrate is evaluated based on its suitability
for oyster mushroom growth, nutrient composition, and overall sustainability. Furthermore,
considerations are made regarding substrate availability, cost-effectiveness, and scalability,
highlighting the practical implications for sustainable agricultural practices. Oyster mushroom
cultivation offers a compelling solution by utilizing organic waste materials and promoting
circular economy principles. Environmental considerations encompass substrate
decomposition rates, carbon sequestration potential, and the mitigation of agricultural waste.
Economic analyses explore the cost-efficiency of substrate utilization and its impact on market
competitiveness and farmer livelihoods. Additionally, social implications encompass
community engagement, resource accessibility, and the promotion of equitable agricultural
development. This review underscores the importance of informed substrate selection in
advancing sustainable agriculture initiatives worldwide. By leveraging diverse substrates and
adopting innovative cultivation practices, stakeholders can mitigate environmental
degradation, enhance food security, and foster inclusive economic growth.
Keywords: Oyster Mushroom, Substrates, and Sustainable Agriculture.
120
Assessment of crop yield under future climate scenarios in Central region of India
Ankit Balvanshi1, H.L. Tiwari2
1
Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Goa, India
2
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of
Technology, Bhopal, 462003, India
Email: abalvanshi@nitgoa.ac.in; hltiwari@rediffmail.com
Abstract
The yield simulating model - AquaCrop was employed to estimate the future yield of paddy
and maize crop under RCPs scenario 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 for years 2020, 2050 and 2080 for Sehore
district in Central India. The statistical downscaling model (SDSM) was employed to
downscale General Circulation Model CanESM2 for the region. The downscaled data was used
as input to AquaCrop for generation of future data. The AquaCrop yield model was first
checked for its suitability and accuracy in prediction of yield for years 1997 – 2010, model
nash sutcliffe efficiency 0.93, 0.91, RMSE 88.52, 178.18 and coefficient of determination 0.95,
0.94 were obtained for paddy and maize crops respectively was obtained. The results depicts
that RCP 8.5 shows the highest impact with reduction in paddy yield of 8.68% and reduction
in maize yield of 5.7% for projected year 2080. It was concluded that the FAO AquaCrop model
can be applied to other crops as well as other regions and proper cropping strategies can be
formulated for the farmers that will indeed decrease the risks involved due to future climate
change.
Keywords: Aquacrop, RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 8.5.
121
Piped Irrigation Systems: Design Methodology and Case Study Paper

Ashish Deogade1, Chandrakant Mali2, Suhas Patil3 & Gayatri Gurav4
1
Chief Engineer, 2Superintending Engineer (Canals), 3&4Assistant Engineer Gr. 1
Central Designs Organization, Nashik, Maharashtra
Email: suhhas.patil@gov.in; gayatri.gurav@gov.
Abstract
The overall efficiency from canal head to root zone for open canals is in the range of 52% and
41% for lined and unlined channels respectively. The central water commission (CWC 2014)
has projected the total water utilization of about 1180 BCM by the year 2050, out of this 68%
water use would be for irrigation purposes. Considering this CWC has emphasised on
improvement in improvement in irrigation efficiency by 20%. The piped irrigation systems has
proven to be a feasible solution in achieving the higher efficiency, leading to savings in
considerable quantum of water and thereby minimizing the gap between culturable and
irrigable command area. Government of Maharashtra has adopted the policy to use piped
irrigation systems from 2017 and a number of projects has been designed and executed using
PIN since then.
The technical aspects for piped irrigation systems are different from the distribution
networks proposed for water supply projects, as the end users and type of utilization in both
systems differs largely. The minimum residual head of 7 meters is adopted for water supply
projects where the water is treated and contains negligible silt content. Whereas the irrigation
water is raw/ natural, containing more silt content. Further, the minimum residual head of 0.3
meters is adopted for gravity based piped irrigation systems to maximize the command area.
Present paper discusses the methodology for design of piped irrigation systems, wherein
a case study of network proposed for Bendara medium irrigation project, located in Chandrapur
district of Maharashtra is explained. The total culturable command area of the project 3130
hectares, this is divided in 228 chaks of with an individual chak area of approximately 14
hectares. The water is supplied at the rate of 0.697 Lps/ hectare. The design methodology
related to water planning, command planning, network alignment, hydraulic design and allied
aspects is discussed highlighting the practical experiences.
Keywords: Piped Irrigation Systems, Water Planning, Hydraulics, Command Planning.
122
Overview of Crop Sensitivity to Climate Variables: A Comprehensive Review

S. Singh1, K. Mishra2, R. Chavan3 & H.L. Tiwari4
1
Centre of Excellence in Water Management, MANIT Bhopal-462003, INDIA
2
3
4
E-mail: shivillarows@gmail.com
Abstract
This review paper explores the intricate relationship between climate variables and crop
sensitivity, with a focus on temperature, precipitation, and various climatic factors. Utilizing
the AquaCrop modeling framework, we delve into an extensive analysis of diverse crops,
examining how they respond to changing environmental conditions. The paper incorporates
case studies from specific crops and regions to illustrate the nuanced impact of climate change
on agriculture. We discuss the sensitivity of crops to temperature fluctuations, addressing the
critical thresholds that influence growth, development, and yield. Precipitation patterns and
water availability are explored in-depth, providing insights into the adaptive strategies
necessary for sustainable agriculture in regions experiencing changing precipitation regimes.
The case studies presented encompass a spectrum of crops, ranging from staple food grains to
cash crops, grown in diverse geographical locations. Each case study provides a detailed
examination of the specific challenges and opportunities posed by climate variability,
emphasizing the need for region-specific adaptive measures. This review contributes to a
comprehensive understanding of crop sensitivity to climate variables, highlighting the
importance of considering multiple factors in agricultural planning and policy formulation. By
synthesizing existing knowledge and presenting new insights, the paper aims to guide future
research and facilitate the development of effective strategies to enhance agricultural resilience
in the face of ongoing climate change.
Keywords: Crop sensitivity, Climate variables, AquaCrop modelling, Temperature impact,
Precipitation effects, Case studies in agriculture.
123
Advancements in Crop Modeling: A Comprehensive Review

of DSSAT Model Applications in Agricultural Decision
Support Systems
Vishwakarma, V.1, Thawait A. K.2
1
PG Research Scholar, Centre of Excellence in Water Management, MANIT Bhopal-462003,
INDIA
2
Assisstant Professor, Centre of Excellence in Water Management, MANIT Bhopal-462003,
INDIA
E-mail: vishwakarmavatsal1699@gmail.com, ajaykthawait@gmail.com
Abstract
The DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) model is the main subject
of this review study, which examines the evolving field of crop modelling. The study explores
the applications of the model in Agricultural Decision Support Systems and provides a
comprehensive analysis of its components and functionality. We examine the application of
DSSAT in areas such as the application of climatic data, precise crop growth simulations, soil
fertility management, irrigation methods, and economic effect assessments by conducting a
thorough review of the literature and case studies. The study provides a thorough overview of
DSSAT's achievement and potential to influence agricultural decision-making in the future. It
also discusses problems, opportunities for the future, and the role of DSSAT in sustainable
agriculture.
Keywords: DSSAT, crop modeling, precision agriculture, Agricultural Decision Support
Systems, future prospects.
124
Efficiency Assessment of Water Treatment Plants Using Soft Computing Tools

Anaokar G. S.1; Khambete A. K.2; Christian R. A.2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pune, MS, India
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbai National Institute of Technology, Surat,
GJRT, India
Abstract
Water treatment approaches have been updated since last few years due to technological
enhancements. Innovative materials as well as modified processes are found introduced at
conventional water treatment plants. In such circumstances many of the plants have developed
their specific operational process sequences and these can be altered as on when required.
Efficacy of water treatment plant is governed by many factors like type of source, conveyance
method, processes involved, quality of chemicals added, season, etc. In many cases the raw
water is passed through a conventional process flow despite of quality check. This turns to
unnecessary burdens on the systems. Further; all such practices may lead to de-conserve the
energy concern.
A systematic approach which will calculate the efficiency of the water treatment plant running
with different process flow charts cannot be assessed by conventional approach of input –
output ratio. This paper has highlighted a holistic approach to access efficiency using Fuzzy
Multi-criteria Decision Making tool. Si water treatment plants following varying treatment
processes are selected from various metro cities from Maharashtra and their performance
assessment has been calculated. The approach highlights the selection of appropriate process
flows as per customised circumstances.
Keywords: Efficiency; Fuzzy Logic; Fuzzy Multi-criteria Decision Making; Water Treatment
Plant, Metro Cities.
125
Evaluating the Connection between Variations in Regional Water Footprints and

Agricultural Productivity in India
Saurav Sharma, Priyanka Verma, Varsha Rokade
Department of Management Studies, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology
Bhopal, India
Email: sauravsharma.manit@gmail.com
Abstract
Water scarcity presents a formidable challenge to sustainable agriculture in India, where the
agricultural sector is indispensable for ensuring food security and livelihoods. This research
delves into the intricate relationship between the variations in regional water footprints and
farm productivity. By integrating data on water footprints with crop yields and employing
sophisticated analytical methods, the study aims to unravel the complexities of water use
efficiency and its implications for agricultural systems across diverse regions of the country.
The research methodology adopts a comprehensive approach, commencing with the
identification of key crops that significantly contribute to water consumption in various Indian
states. Data collection encompasses meteorological, hydrological, soil, land use, and socio-
economic factors. Established methodologies for calculating water footprints, accounting for
blue, green, and grey components, contribute to a holistic understanding of water use in
agriculture.
Spatial analyses, facilitated by Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, map the
distribution of water footprints across regions, aiding in the identification of areas with notable
water consumption and variability. The study also investigates temporal trends, considering
seasonal variations and historical changes, integrating statistical analyses to identify
correlations between water footprints and factors influencing farm productivity.
With a focus on crop-specific analysis, the study seeks to comprehend how different crops
respond to diverse water footprints. Water use efficiency metrics, including crop water
productivity and economic water productivity, quantify the relationship between water
consumption and agricultural output. The research scrutinizes the impact of irrigation methods,
crop management practices, and regional policies on water use and farm productivity.
Preliminary findings suggest a nuanced relationship between the variability of Regional Water
Footprints and farm productivity in India. Analyses specific to crops unveil disparities in water
use efficiency, with certain crops exhibiting higher productivity per unit of water consumed.
Spatial mapping of water footprints highlights regions with suboptimal water management
practices, indicating areas for potential interventions to enhance water use efficiency.
Correlation analyses bring to light significant relationships between water footprints and farm
productivity, underscoring the importance of adopting water-efficient technologies and
practices. Temporal analyses reveal dynamic patterns, emphasizing the need for adaptive
strategies to address changing climate conditions and evolving agricultural practices. The study
also considers the influence of socio-economic factors, such as population density and
economic activities, on water use patterns.
The study concludes by offering actionable policy recommendations to promote sustainable
water management practices aligned with improved farm productivity. Recommendations take
into account the economic viability of water-efficient technologies, the potential impact of
126
climate change on water resources, and the necessity for integrated approaches considering
both water quantity and quality.
Keywords: Water footprint, food security, irrigation, farm productivity.
127
Groundwater modelling and management
128
Characteristics and Assessment of Groundwater in Teesta-Jaldhaka Interfluve, West

Bengal, India
Debaroti Das , Sumit K. Biswas2 & Pankaj Kumar Roy3
1
1
School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University
2
Civil Engineering Department, Jadavpur University
3
School of Water Resources Engineering, Jadavpur University
1
Corresponding author Email: debarotid2016@gmail.com
Abstract
The Teesta-Jaldhaka interfluve bounded by the Teesta River in the east, and Jaldhaka River in
the west is located on the western fringe of Jalpaiguri district, West Bengal. This interfluve has
a diverse and unique landscape having distinct geological formations, stratigraphy, neo-
tectonic and morphological structures. Investigations of groundwater-level fluctuations and the
hydrogeological settings reveal that the Bhabar (older alluvium) and Terai (younger alluvium)
belts inside the interfluve act as groundwater ‘recharge’ and ‘discharge’ zones, respectively.
The various physicochemical parameters of groundwater (like iron, pH, calcium, calcium
bicarbonate, magnesium, TDS etc.) are analysed on the basis of the respective safe/ permissible
limits given by the World Health Organisation (WHO) or Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
This paper deals with the characterization of groundwater to determine its potentiality
and quality in respect of its aptness for domestic, irrigation, and industrial purposes. From this
quality-quantity-assessment, it can be opined that the sustainable usage of interfluvial
groundwater is possible with its purposeful planning and management sector wise.
129
Meenachil River Basin Ground Water Fluctuations on An Annual and Seasonal Basis
Nawazish Amir1, Yadav Pranit Prakash2, Anu Babu3 & Prashant Chauhan4
1
PostGrad, 2 PostGrad, 3 PostGrad, 4 PostGrad
1
Department of Water and Ocean Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka,
Srinivasnagar PO, Surathkal, Mangalore, 575025, India.
2
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Srinivasnagar
PO, Surathkal, Mangalore, 575025, India.
3
Department of Environmental Science, University of Kerala, Senate House Campus,
Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram – 34, 695033, India.
4
Department of Water and Ocean Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka,
Srinivasnagar PO, Surathkal, Mangalore, 575025, India.
Email: nawazish.222wr012@nitk.edu.in, pranityadav.222en036@nitk.edu.in
Abstract
Groundwater, a valuable natural resource, is essential for providing the freshwater needs of
both urban and rural areas. Understanding seasonal and annual fluctuations in groundwater
levels is critical for long-term resource management. This paper provides a complete
examination of groundwater seasonal variation, focusing on important factors causing these
oscillations. Understanding the dynamics of groundwater fluctuation and offering scientific
guidance for the appropriate use and management of groundwater resources necessitates an
examination of groundwater level changes. The results reveal that there is a rise in groundwater
level during the monsoon season compared to the pre-monsoon season for each station across
years, and a drop in groundwater level during the post-monsoon season compared to the
monsoon season throughout years.
Keywords: Ground Water, Ground Water Fluctuations, Resource Management.
130
Health Risk Assessment due to Groundwater Consumption for Children and Adults of
Bathinda District, Punjab
Kaptan Singh , Rajesh Singh2, Govind Pandey3 & Sandeep Singh4
1
1
Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of
Technology, Gorakhpur, U.P., India
2
Scientist, Environmental Hydrology Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee,
U.K., India
3
Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology
Gorakhpur, U. P., India
4
Research Scientist, Environmental Hydrology Division, National Institute of Hydrology,
Roorkee, U.K., India
Email: singhkaptan886@gmail.com
Abstract
Water is an essentials resource for survival of living beings on the Earth, however, consumption
of contaminated water can be detrimental to human health. Due to urbanization,
industrialization, and intensive agricultural practices, the water resources are getting polluted.
In this study, the groundwater quality of Bathinda district which is having highest per capita
cancer cases in the country was investigated. F, NO3, B, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, As, Se, Hg and U
concentrations in 45 % , 35 %, 65 %, 75 %, 10 %, 40 %, 15 %, 20 %, 15 %, 15 %, 20 %, and
90 % samples respectively exceeded the limits prescribed by BIS (2012) for drinking water.
The hazard quotient (HQ) of the water samples ranged from 0.07 to 51.03 and average value
6.31 for children, 0.02 to 14.06 with average value 1.74 for female and 0.02 to 16.11 with
average value 2.0 for male. The order of HQ for the contaminants in the water was in the order
U>As>F >NO3>Hg>Pb>B>Se>Cr> Ni>Fe >Cu.
Keywords: Pollutants, Groundwater, Risk Assessment, Hazardous Quotient.
131
Identification of Ground Water Potential Zone using Multicriteria Decision-Making

Techniques and the GIS in Jhabua District of Madhya Pradesh
Ankit Kailashi Rathore, Shafia Khan & Pramod K Verma
School of Studies in Earth Science, Vikram University, Ujjain (456010), Madhya Pradesh,
India
Email: raathore.ankit@gmail.com
Abstract
Water is the source of life and life evolved near the water sources. The use of water has changed
during human evolution starting from drinking and irrigation to becoming a source of power
generation. In an area where the rainfall is limited and drainage is ephemeral, groundwater
becomes the most valuable asset. In the current paper groundwater potential zones or aquifer
recharge zones are identified in the Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh (declared as 'water
scarce' district in 2022) using multicriteria decision-making techniques and the Geographical
Information System. In the Jhabua district, more than 80% of rocks are impervious like Basalt,
Gneiss, Granite, and rocks like sandstone, limestone are less than 1%. So in this work, other
criteria that control groundwater storage such as lithology, geomorphology, drainage density,
lineament density, soil, land use land cover, and slope have been used to create an integrated
map, which suggests that the Jhabua district divided into five categories in terms of
groundwater potential such as very good (less than 1% area), good (54% area), moderate (29%
area), low (14% area) and very low (Less than 1% area). This paper can suggest to the
administrators and policymakers that the identified 54% area is more suitable for taking
measures for rainwater harvesting. If we increase groundwater recharge even a little bit during
rainy days by our measures, then it can solve the scarcity of water.
Keywords: Multicriteria Decision-Making Techniques, Remote Sensing, GIS, Ground Water
Potential Zone.
132
Greywater Treatment by Electro-Coagulation and Sand Filtration

Nidhi Gosavi1, Deenay Ambade2 and Dr. D K Parbat3
1
Visiting Lecturer, Civil Engineering Department, Government Polytechnic, Nagpur, India.
2
Research Scholar, Applied Mechanics Department, VNIT, Nagpur, India.
3
Head of Department, Civil Engineering Department, Government Polytechnic, Nagpur,
India
E-mail: nidhigosavi581998@gmail.com, 2ambade.deenay3@gmail.com,
1
3
parbatdk@gmail.com
Abstract
Greywater is the term used to describe all wastewater produced in buildings from streams free
of stool and other streams containing toilet waste. Therefore, greywater recycling is the process
of treating wastewater from fixtures like sinks, bathtubs, and showers so that it can be sent back
into a building for non-potable uses like toilet flushing. In recent years, there has been a lot of
interest in the treatment of greywater using electrocoagulation, an effective electrochemical
process that is highly effective in eliminating a range of pollutants. Based on a hybrid
electrocoagulation investigation, this study examines how well greywater may be cleaned of
COD, turbidity, oil, and grease. In an effort to enhance the electrocoagulation process utilizing
a combination of Fe-Al-Fe-Al, the impact of current voltage on electrolysis time was
investigated. With a 15-volt solar panel supply, it was found that this technology could support
the treatment and reuse facility, with removal efficiencies over 90% in all of GW's final
effluents. Laboratory tests using EC, sand filters, and GAC (granular activated carbon) were
assessed in order to achieve a suitable quality of GW reuse. The results showed that, out of all
the combinations, the final effluents had the highest removal efficiency.
Keywords: Greywater, Electrocoagulation, Electrodes, Sand filter.
133
Organic Farming and Groundwater Quality: An In-Depth Literature Review

Vivek Nagar1*, Priyanka Verma2,
1
Department of Management Studies, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462003, India
2
Department of Management Studies, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462003, India
* Corresponding author Email: viveknagarmanit@gmail.com
Abstract
This literature review delves into the complex connection between organic agriculture and
groundwater quality, emphasizing the indispensable role of water in ensuring the well-being of
both humans and ecosystems. Recognizing that the agricultural sector is a significant consumer
and polluter of water resources, this study highlights the pressing need to conserve water by
exploring sustainable farming practices. Through a comprehensive assessment of the potential
of organic farming to address water quality issues and an acknowledgement of the
accompanying challenges, this review aims to contribute to the preservation of water resources.
Environmental issues such as nutrient leaching, runoff, soil erosion, pathogen
transport, pesticide concerns, and heavy metal accumulation are commonly encountered in both
conventional and organic cropping practices. Organic farming, which is guided by holistic
principles that align with the health of farm biota and the environment, has been proposed as a
potential solution to address these challenges. Governments have acknowledged the
environmental benefits of organic farming and have taken steps to promote its adoption.
However, there is a need for further research to understand the decision-making processes of
farmers who transition from conventional to organic methods.
The clear advantages of organic farming regarding groundwater quality, such as
diminished chemical inputs, enhanced soil health, expanded crop diversity, adherence to non-
GMO practices, conservation tillage, promotion of biodiversity, and avoidance of sewage
sludge, significantly contribute to the safeguarding of ecosystems and groundwater. However,
there are also challenges that must be addressed, including nutrient leaching, microbial
contamination, potential leaching of organic pesticides, changes in land use, weed management
practices, and localized effects, which necessitate careful management and adherence to
organic certification standards.
The implications of this literature review extend beyond theoretical considerations, and
policymakers, agricultural extension services, and environmental agencies can benefit from the
valuable insights gained to make informed decisions regarding the promotion of organic
farming. To facilitate the adoption of organic practices, financial incentives, support for
research initiatives, and the implementation of marketing campaigns that promote sustainable
practices can be considered.
Farmers can benefit significantly from a more comprehensive understanding of the
positive impacts of organic farming on groundwater quality. By increasing awareness and
providing support mechanisms, farmers may be motivated to adopt organic practices and
contribute to sustainable agriculture.
Educational programs and outreach initiatives targeting both farmers and consumers
are essential for fostering a nuanced understanding of water quality in agriculture. This review
134
emphasizes the need for a context-sensitive approach, considering factors such as soil type,
climate, and local management practices. The implications of this relationship extend to policy
development, agricultural practices, and community education.
In conclusion, while organic farming offers a promising solution for sustainable
agriculture, a comprehensive approach, considering local contexts and ongoing research
efforts, is crucial for fully realizing its potential in the preservation of water resources and the
promotion of environmental health.
Keywords: Organic farming, Sustainability, Sustainable agriculture, Groundwater quality,
Environment.
135
Groundwater Flow Behaviour Simulation of Yamuna–Krishni Interfluve region using

Visual MODFLOW
P. Kumar*, R. M. Singh
Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad,
Prayagraj, 211004, Uttar Pradesh, India
*Email: praveenkr@mnnit.ac.in, rajm@mnnit.ac.in
Abstract
Groundwater serves as a significant source of water for both agricultural and domestic needs
in the western region of Uttar Pradesh. In recent decades, the extraction of groundwater has
significantly increased as a result of the rising demands from agriculture. Therefore, aquifers
have been adversely affected by inadequate management practices. Groundwater flow
modelling plays a vital role in understanding the groundwater system behaviour of the system
and forecasting the groundwater potential scenarios. To simulate groundwater flow, a three-
dimensional finite-difference MODFLOW model is used based on the available information
about aquifer characteristics, recharge, and other datasets. The study area lies in Yamuna-
Krishni interfluve alluvial region. In this study, the ArcSWAT model is used to estimate water
balance including subsurface component. The water balance components for the Yamuna-
Krishni River sub-water basin as recharge was estimated 256 mm/yr. Based on the recharge
values estimated by the ArcSWAT model, a groundwater simulation using Visual MODFLOW
has been carried out. In addition, a parametric sensitivity analysis was carried out, with a focus
on the value of hydraulic conductivity. Further the calibrated and validated groundwater model
was employed for the prediction of potential future groundwater level in the study region.
Keywords: Groundwater simulation, Visual MODFLOW, prediction scenario, ArcSWAT
model.
136
Assessment of Groundwater performance in WRJ-1 watershed of Narkhed Taluka

Nagpur district by integrated use of GIS and SWAT
J.R. Shrivatra1, S.K. Paunikar2
1
Post Graduate Department of Geology, RTM Nagpur University, Law College Square,
Nagpur-440001, India
2
Shri Shivaji Science College, Morshi Road, Amravati-444601
Email: jyotsnashrivatra.93@gmail.com
Abstract
Hydrogeological modeling is a scientific approach that uses mathematical and computational
tools to simulate and analyze the behavior of groundwater systems. Hydrogeological modeling
using ArcGIS and ArcSWAT involves the development of a conceptual model of the
hydrological system using spatial data. Remote sensing and GIS demonstrates its utility to
generate necessary data to set up and run the model proving ability of SWAT to assess & handle
watershed components. The area under study consists of catchments of Wardha river tributaries
like Madar River, Jam River and a Wainganga river tributary viz. Chandrabhaga River as the
principal drainage system in the area. It encompasses between N 21⁰15′ to 21⁰32′ latitude and
E 78⁰23′ to 78⁰39’ longitude holding an area of about 230.87 sq. km in Narkhed taluka of
Nagpur district. The elevation variation within the study area lies in around 542 m–304 m. The
stratum of the NW part mainly of Deccan traps consist of slightly-moderately dissected
plateaus. The objective of the study is to assess performance of groundwater resources through
the integrated approach of Geographic Information System (GIS) and numerical groundwater
modeling techniques using ArcSWAT for the WRJ-1 watershed located in Narkhed Taluka of
Nagpur district, Maharashtra.
Keywords: WRJ-1 watershed, SWAT, ArcGIS, hydrogeological modeling.
137
Sustainable Groundwater Quality Assessment in Rohtak District: Physio-chemical Analysis

Shalu1, a *, Ajay Krishna Prabhakar 2, b
1,2
Department Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra,
India
Email: shalubrar118@gmail.com, bakprabhakar@nitkkr.ac.in
a*
Abstract
Rohtak district in Haryana state has faced problems with groundwater quality from 2000 to
2010, making people sick. A lot of fluoride, chloride, salt and other stuff have been found in
water from under the ground. This makes it not good to drink. This study wanted to check the
overall water quality underground using a tool called Water Quality Index (WQI) and find out
what causes it to get worse. Study shows that groundwater is not suitable for drinking, caused
by land-based factors. These can have both direct and indirect effects. About half to two-thirds
of the samples had high fluoride, while hardness and other factors like electrical conductivity
went beyond safe levels. Drinking dirty water can cause big health problems. Also, a new Index
for Irrigation Water Quality (IWQI) was created along with maps on Geographic Information
System (GIS). These tools help check how good it is to water plants and crops. The
groundwater quality map we made can help decide what needs to be done about improving
water treatment, finding other sources of drinking water and using renewable methods at
specific places. Using science tools with ideas for sustainability is very important for keeping
groundwater safe in the future. This becomes necessary due to growing needs, checking
practices that last and adding ways of treating waste properly. The Rohtak area in Haryana is
now having health problems because the quality of groundwater is dropping. This drop is
marked by shifts in the levels of acidity, hardness total, fluoride amount and chloride. It also
includes changes to electrical conductivity bicarbonate measure plus sodium balance. No
samples were deemed unrestricted. Wilcox and USSL charts match the IWQI ranking of mostly
not good irrigation water without cleaning. The layout of IWQI and similar measures showed
where the quality of groundwater was good or bad. This helped to manage farming water
resources in a smart way, along with choosing crops suitable for soil type that are grown there.
Keywords: Groundwater Quality; Rohtak Water Study; Sustainable Water Management; Water
Contamination Health; WQI Analysis.
138
Risk Assessment of Groundwater Near Kham River for Irrigation Use, Aurangabad,
Maharashtra
Sanman P. Kulkarni , Manglesh Kumar Jawalkar2 & Sapana S Madan3*
1
1
PhD Scholar, School of Civil Engineering, Madhyanchal Professional University, Bhopal
(M.P.), India
2
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Science & IT, Madhyanchal Professional University, Bhopal
(M.P.), India
3
Associate Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Madhyanchal Professional University,
Email: dhara0005@gmail.com
Abstract
Aurangabad city is situated on the banks of Kham River in latitude 19 53' 59'' North and
longitude 75 20' East. Besides being the main river of Aurangabad city, it also receives
drainage lines from though out the city. After crossing the boundary of Aurangabad city, Kham
River flows towards Godavari River. In this paper Risk Assessment for Kham River water for
irrigation use is presented. Generally, Kham River is mostly used for irrigation at three major
areas like Banewadi, Waladgaon and Patoda. For Risk Assessment purpose 21 Questionnaire
are prepared for each station consisting of 20 questions to assess risk of Kham River for
Irrigation. From these 21 Questionnaires risk form is prepared for each station. Current risks,
their control and additional risk control measures suggested in this form. From current situation
of risk and hazards severity and likelihood of hazard is found out, then risk prioritization
number is given to each single spot and from these 21 spots risk level of each station is
determined. Risk assessment matrix which is based on questionnaire is prepared. In risk
assessment matrix there is risk prioritization number which depends upon the severity of risk
and likelihood of risk. Severity of risk is classified in to four categories like soil risks,
groundwater risks, crop risks and health risks. From these four types of risks, severity of Kham
River for irrigation in a particular farm is determined. Samples collected from Wells and Bore
wells situated nearby Kham River are also tested to find out their suitability for irrigation.
Keywords: Kham River, Risk Assessment, Ground Water, Risk Assessments, Irrigation.
139
Water quality assessment and modelling
140
Surface Water Quality Assessment and its Suitability for Human Consumption in the Baitarani
River Basin, Odisha, India Using Decision-Making Approaches
Abhijeet Das1, *
1
Department of Civil Engineering, C.V. Raman Global University (C.V.R.G.U),
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
*
Email: das.abhijeetlaltu1999@gmail.com
Abstract
Surface water quality due to geogenic factors, aggravated by anthropogenic activities, is a
significant threat to human wellbeing and agricultural practices. This calls for strict water
quality monitoring programs, which would thereby help in understanding the status of water
bodies. For this, the determination of surface water quality (SWQ) is of great importance,
which evaluates its suitability for drinking and agricultural uses in Baitarani Basin, Odisha. In
this study, water samples were collected in the monsoon season in the year span of 2015-2022,
and then analysed for their physicochemical parameters. It is noticed that variables such as
Turbidity, TC and FC were nonconforming to the permissible limit set by the World Health
Organization (WHO). The geospatial approaches such as Inverted Distance Weighted (IDW)
is employed to interpolate the spatial variability of point attributes and predict for an
unobserved location using nearby known attributes and it is represented in the form of maps
using ArcGIS software. Water quality at all sampling sites was expressed in terms of entropy
water quality index (WQI). The entropy WQI revealed that 30.77% of samples belong to poor
water quality while, 53.85% of sites come under the zone of good and excellent water. Despite
being an essential factor for rating of under exploitation water stations, WQI entails conflicting
issues. As a result, Multiple-criteria decision making (MCDM) modes, such as Technique for
order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and CoCoSo operators were adopted
to alleviate contradictions, involving WQI index. The final ranking was calculated by taking
the factor weights and field data into consideration. The proposed approaches depicted ST-8
(Thakurmunda) was the most polluted in comparison with other locations. Multivariate
techniques such as Pearson Correlation Analysis (PC), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA)
and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied to provide additional scientific insights
into the information content of the surface water quality data available for this study. PC reveals
a strong positive correlation of 0.8 between EC and TDS. HCA was also carried out to identify
different clusters of parameters contributing to the index values and it classifies 22 water
parameters and 13 sampling locations into three major clusters with similar surface water
characteristics. PCA determined the four PCs that explained 82.26% of the total variance in the
data structure. It revealed that domestic wastewater, illegally dumped municipal solid waste
and agricultural runoff were the leading sources causing adulteration of the river’s water
quality. The present study concludes that we cannot use the surface water at ST-8, 11, 12 and
13 directly without treatment and strict management practices should be implemented for the
sustainable use of the resource. However, MCDM models could be recognized as proper
techniques to eliminate contradictions involving ranking by WQI values. This work presents
the reliability and practicability of the integrated use of these approaches in river water quality.
Keywords: Baitarani Basin, geospatial, entropy, MCDM, Multivariate, integrated, WQI.
141
A study conducted of Ganesh Idol immersion on the water quality of the Panzara River
in Dhule
Charudatta Thosar , Vaishnavi Pachpute 2, Amruta Potdar 3, Roshni Patil 4, Purva
1
Salunkhe 5, Neha Behare 6 & Kanishka Wani 7

1*
Corresponding Author, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SVKM’s
Institute of Technology, Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India
charudatta.thosar@svkm.ac.in, charudattathosar@gmail.com
2 to 7
UG Student of Department of Computer Engineering, SVKM’s Institute of Technology,
Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India
Email: vaishnavipachpute2005@gmail.com2, amrutapotdar06@gmail.com3,
roshanipatil2006@gmail.com4, purvasalunkhe369@gmail.com5,
nehabehere.2006@gmail.com6, kanishkawani54@gmail.com7
Abstract
Water is one of the most crucial factors in our lives, as all living organisms require it to
survive in nature. Without water, life on earth would not be possible. Various factors affect
water quality, such as industrial and domestic waste, as well as open defecation. However,
a significant source of pollution arises from religious functions. The Ganesh festival, a
popular event in Dhule, involves the creation of idols using non-biodegradable materials like
plaster of Paris (POP) and artificial color additives, which contaminate water sources. This
contamination poses a threat to water quality and the aquatic and terrestrial life. Additionally,
the festival generates a substantial amount of holy waste (Nirmalya), including flowers, incense
stick ash, decoration materials, oil, and other religious offerings. After the festival, idols of lord
Ganesh are immersed in various water bodies across the city, such as rivers, ponds, lakes, and
creeks. To assess water quality, water samples were collected from the Panzara river before and
after the Ganesh visarjan and idol immersion. These samples were analyzed for different
physicochemical parameters, including ph, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical
oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chloride, sulphate, Turbidity,
nitrates, minerals, total suspended solids (TSS), etc. The aim was to identify the effects of idol
immersion on water properties. The study found that certain parameters showed a significant
increase during the immersion period, followed by a decline in the post-immersion period. The
abstract also proposes ideas to safeguard water sources from the impact of pop idol immersion.
Keywords: Contaminated water, Panzara river, Idol Immersion, Dissolved Particulate
Matter.
142
Critique on Advanced Technologies for Effective Treatment of Emerging Contaminants:

A Bibliographical Context
Vinay Meena1, Shankar Yadav1 Deepak Swami 1
1
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi,
Mandi, India
E-mail: vinaymeena2@gmail.com
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs), mostly unregulated substances, are detected in minimal
amounts in food, water, soil, air and animal and human tissues. These substances have become
a major environmental concern in recent years due to their environmental persistence and
ability to adversely affect the physiology of target receptor. In past few decades extensive
research has been done on the treatment, fate of emerging contaminants in environment and
numerous studies highlighted the inability of wastewater treatment plants in removing the ECs.
There is, however, lack of information regarding the effectiveness of EC removal methods used
in wastewater treatment plants (WTPs). Therefore, this study gives a bibliographical insight to
various treatment technologies involved for removal of ECs in WTPs. The removal efficiency
of emerging contaminants (ECs) in wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) varies throughout the
different treatment stages, ranging from 20–50% in primary to almost 90% in tertiary and
secondary treatment ranging in between. Though total ECs removal is still difficult to achieve,
tertiary treatment technologies are considered to be the best for managing ECs. The findings
also revealed that membrane bioreactor (MBR) and aeration processes were superior in
eliminating the endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Whereas, Personal care products
(PCPs), and surfactants were all effectively removed by activated sludge processes.
Additionally, biological activated carbon showed excellent removal efficiencies for
pharmaceuticals and pesticides.
Keywords: Emerging contaminants, Treatment technologies, Pharmaceuticals and personal
care products, Membrane bioreactors, Activated sludge.
143
Employing GIS and WQI: Is spring water quality of Dudhlu and Neri catchment
domestically and agriculturally acceptable?
Shankar Yadav1, Dericks P Shukla1, Deepak Swami1 & Vinay Meena1
1
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India
Email: d22094@students.iitmandi.ac.in
Abstract
Springs serve as the primary water source for the Himalayan population, meeting the
freshwater needs of rural communities for drinking, domestic and agricultural purposes.
Therefore, this study specifically examines and maps the quality of spring water in two small
catchments, Dudhlu and Neri, located in the Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh within the
Lower Himalayas. The primary focus of the present study is to determine the suitability and
acceptability of spring water for domestic and irrigation purposes. The soil and water samples
are collected from ten selected springs covering both the catchments. Weekly measurement of
discharge estimates from each spring is carried out. Water samples has been evaluated for
different anions and cations using ion chromatography. The pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium
(Na+), potassium (K+), bicarbonate (HCO3-), sulfate (SO42-), chloride (Cl-) and fluoride (F-) of
spring water samples are analyzed. Evaluation of water quality index (WQI) is done to
investigate its multi-purpose suitability. Spring water quality is accentuated by developing
Piper trilinear and Gibbs diagram. Results revealed that, for spatial water quality index map,
most of the studied springs falls into the excellent to good category (WQI<50) for said
purposes. Only one spring (in Neri catchment), which is surrounded by dense and high
population, falls into the poor category (WQI > 50), due to the anthropogenic activities of the
settlement.
Keywords: Spring water quality, Spatial distribution, WQI, Lower Himalayan Region.
144
“Simulation of Water Quality Parameters Using QUAL2K Software Along an

Urbanized Stretch of Ranikhola River”
S.C. Haokip1, G.S. Yurembam1 & Ramlakhan Singh Thakur2
1
Soil and Water Conservation Engineering Department. College of Agricultural Engineering
& Post Harvest Technology, Ranipool, Sikkim, India -737135
2
ICAR – Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (Outreach campus of IARI), Bhopal,
Madhya Pradesh 462038, India
Email: nemboi7696@gmail.com
gyurembam@gmail.com
ramthakur066@gmail.com
Abstract
Water Quality Modeling enables an understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological
processes and realistically represent surface water. Water quality models contribute to the
purpose of analysing pollutant loads and predicting the long-term water quality status of rivers.
In the current study, QUAL2K model was employed for the prediction and assessment of
changes in surface water quality. Simulation of the model was done by considering parameters
pertaining to meteorological, topographical, hydraulic, hydrological, and water quality
parameters. Calibration of the model was done using five water quality parameters (NO3-N,
B.O.D, D.O, and pH) taken during the low flow season and validating using a different dataset
taken during the high flow season. The statistical error between the calibrated and validated
model was calculated using RMSE and R2. The calibrated RMSE values of NO3-N, B.O.D,
D.O, and pH were 10.07, 1.22, 0.24, 0.22, 0.50, while R2 values were 0.75, 0.87, 0.92, 0.75,
and 0.98 respectively. Similarly, the validated RMSE values of NO3-N, B.O.D, D.O, and pH
were 13.58, 1, 0.42, 0.31, 0.42, while R2 values were 0.76, 0.42, 0.54, 0.84, 0.71 respectively.
Except for some cases, most of the results predicted that the error between the calibrated and
the validated model falls within an acceptable range. The acceptable error further affirms that
the QUAL2K model can be used as an effective tool for the prediction of water quality status
especially for developing countries like India where frequent monitoring of data and financial
resources are limited.
Keywords: Calibration, QUAL2K, Modeling, Ranikhola River, Simulation, Validation.
145
Assessment of variation in water spread area, chlorophyll and turbidity using remote
sensing in Jhansi district of Uttar Pradesh, India
Catherine Louis1*, Khushboo Anand1, Caroline Louis2 & Aditi Bhatt3
1
Deputy Director, National Water Informatics Centre, Delhi, 110066
2
Scientist C, Central Ground Water Board, SWR, Bangalore, 560102
3
Scientist C, Central Ground Water Authority, Delhi,110001
Email: catherine-cgwb@gov.in
Abstract
Water bodies play a crucial role in supporting ecosystems and sustaining human life, making
their monitoring essential for effective resource management. This research focuses on
assessing waterbody characteristics and quality parameters in the Jhansi district, Uttar Pradesh,
India. The maximum spread area/ masking layer of the waterbody is created using the latest
post-monsoon high resolution satellite data. A spatio-temporal database has been generated by
processing a large number of multi-temporal satellite datasets concerning water spread area
and water quality. Sentinel-2 data, with a spatial resolution of 10 m and a revisit time of 5 days,
is utilized for this study. The status of water quality, specifically in terms of turbidity and
chlorophyll, is provided using indices such as the Normalised Difference Turbidity Index
(NDTI) (Mishra & Mishra, 2012) and Normalised Difference Chlorophyll Index (NDCI)
(Lacaux et al., 2007). The research delivers timely and relevant information on the status of
water quality to stakeholders, facilitating informed decision-making for water resource
management in the Jhansi district. The research not only contributes to the specific context of
Jhansi but also serves as a valuable framework for similar studies in regions facing water
resource management challenges. The findings underscore the importance of integrating
cutting-edge technology to sustainably monitor and manage the country's water resources.
Keywords: Water spread area, Normalized Difference Chlorophyll Index, Normalised
Difference Turbidity Index.
146
Groundwater quality analysis of Shallow first aquifer of Jodhpur City, Rajasthan

*Aditi Bhatt, Khusboo Anand, Catherine Louis, Lalatendu Behera, Hitesh K. Ramteke
*Sc-C, CGWA,New Delhi
Abstract
Groundwater is no less than yellow gold in the arid city of Jodhpur. Needless to reiterate that
the quality of this precious resource determines its utilization. The quality to some extent also
is indicative of underlying geology of the area and the impact of urbanization in the area under
study. The current paper analyses 40 samples collected tapping the first aquifer in the Jodhpur
city .A brief analysis has also been done of current water quality of the Kalyan lake which is
an artificial lake near the city since it may serves as an alternate source of water to the city .It
is observed that >50% of groundwater samples representing shallow first aquifer are not
suitable for drinking purposes. Some degree of immediate remedial measures are to be
implemented before consumption of such water to prevent health hazards to human population.
An analysis on fluoride contamination specifically has been also attempted since it poses
serious health concerns if found in portable ground water making it endemic.
147
Estimation of Runoff using NRCS-CN method for Alluvial Region of Chauras,

Bhandara district, Maharashtra
Anand Muley, Tulshidas M. Jibhakate & Yashwant B. Katpatal
Department of Civil Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur
South Ambazari Road, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India-440 010
Email: anandmuley1@gmail.com; tulshimj@gmail.com and ybkatpatal@rediffmail.com
Abstract
Rainfall is a crucial hydrological parameter that contributes to runoff. A substantial amount of
runoff can result in a plentiful supply of water for both surface water bodies and the
groundwater level. In the present study, the runoff depth and volume of the Chauras region of
Bhandara district, Maharashtra, are estimated using the Natural Resource Conservation
Service-Curve Number (NRCS-CN) Method. This study was conducted to estimate the amount
of rainfall that runs off in the region. Crops with excessive water requirements are being
cultivated extensively in the area, resulting in the excessive extraction of groundwater. The
runoff can be used to support agriculture in the region as well as replenish the groundwater,
leading to a more sustainable approach to rainwater.
Keywords: Rainfall, Runoff, NRCS-CN Method, HSG and LULC.
148
Evaluation of Turbidity and Hardness removal potential using Rice husk and
Groundnut shell as an adsorbents
Priyanka Kumari1, Surjit Singh Katoch1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India
Email: 22mce412@nith.ac.in, sskatoch@nith.ac.in
Abstract
There are number of water purification techniques, but the adsorption is one of the simplest,
effective and economical method for water purification. The increased industrialization and
population growth have led to the development of innovative waste utilization technologies
that use ground nut shells and rice husk as an adsorbent to remove turbidity and hardness. The
evaluation of turbidity and hardness removal potential of rice husk and groundnut shell is
essential for several reasons such as to have safe drinking water, to prevent scaling issues for
pipes, turbines, boilers etc. The present work evaluated the turbidity and hardness removal
potential using Rice Husk and Groundnut shell as an adsorbent from surface water. Different
samples were prepared natural as well as synthetic for the evaluation of hardness and turbidity
removal potential. Turbidity was removed by constructing gravity sand filter and passing the
water samples through it individually and one by one to get the good results. The comparison
is done between Rice husk and groundnut shell as an adsorbent. For hardness, EDTA and EBT
indicator are used. Turbidity removal efficiency of Rice husk and groundnut shell ranges
between 65-70%. Hardness removal efficiency of Rice husk ranges between 55-58%. The
results assures that both Rice husk and Groundnut shell are proven to be eco-friendly adsorbent
also they obtained easily from the agricultural wastes, offers promising removal potential.
Keywords: Turbidity, Hardness, Rice husk, Groundnut shell, EDTA, EBT, Gravity sand filter.
149
Rainfall-Runoff Modelling Using MIKE 11 (NAM Model): A Case Study of Sondhur

Catchment, Chhattisgarh
Gunja Dhruw , R. K. Jaiswal2 & Bhupendra Dhankar3
1*
1*
Research Scholar, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G) India
2
Scientist-F, National Institute of Hydrology, Bhopal, India
3
Research Scholar, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur (C.G) India
1*
Corresponding author Email: gunjadhruw2022@gmail.com,2 rkjaiswal.nih@gmail.com,3
bhupendradhankar25@gmail.com
Abstract
Estimating runoff from rainfall in a catchment is crucial for hydrologic analyses in water
resource planning. This research focuses on modeling rainfall-runoff using the MIKE 11 NAM
model in the Sondhur catchment in Chhattisgarh state. Calibration of the model was performed
using stream flow data from Jun 2003 to May 2016, followed by validation from Jun 2016 to
May 2021, ensuring accurate estimations. Simulated runoff reached its peak in August
(1681.63 cumecs) and minimum in April (84.14 cumecs). The calibrated model outputs were
integrated into the MIKE BASIN water resources management model, which typically operates
on monthly flows over an extended time frame. The optimal values of nine NAM model
parameters obtained during calibration were utilized for simulation. The reliability of MIKE
11 NAM was assessed using the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient, correlation coefficient (r2), and
root mean square error (RMSE). Model calibration and validation demonstrated R 2 values of
0.79 and 0.75, respectively.
Keywords: MIKE BASIN, MIKE 11 NAM, Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient, Root mean square
error (RMSE).
150
Wastewater treatment and Management
151
Planned process water management approach for municipal solid waste mechanical
biological treatment.
Akin C , Preethi V2 & Berlin Bhino3
1
1
KCG College of Technology, Chennai
2
Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai
3
University of Madras, Chennai
Email: akin.akin766@gmail.com
Abstract
Controlled water management would significantly lower the cost of mechanical biological
waste treatment (MBT) and improve resource recovery of the organic and inorganic fraction,
as has become increasingly clear from operating experience in both aerobic and anaerobic
MBT. To prepare an MBT water balance, the MBT plant at Chennai, India, is used as an
example to determine the quantity and composition of scrubber water from acid exhaust air
treatment, pressing water from anaerobic digestion, and leachates from intensive and
subsequent rotting. Examined are the possibilities of resource recovery from scrubber water as
well as the requirements, constraints, and potential for internal process water reuse. Lastly, a
fully integrated process water management concept is introduced with the aim of drastically
lowering the amount of wastewater produced and the amount of freshwater required.
152
Treatment of Hospital Effluent by using Vertical Subsurface Flow Constructed

Wetlands (VSSFCWs)
Priyanka Singh
PhD Scholar, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development (IESD), Banaras Hindu
University (BHU), Varanasi- 221005
Abstract
Vegetation get utilizes in the constructed wetland as a natural medium to remove pollutants
from wastewater. It is eco-friendly, sustainable, economical, low maintenance, low cost, and
easy to use. Several researches have been conducted to study its performance in treating
pollutants ranging from conventional to emerging contaminants i.e. pharmaceutical
compounds. In this study, Canna indica, Cyperus alternifolius, and Typha latifolia- based
vertical flow constructed wetland packed with gravel which was established to examine the
removal of nitrate, ammonia, BOD, Alkalinity, Total hardness, Phosphate, Sulphate, and
coliforms from the hospital wastewater. To achieve the goal, three setups of VFCWs: CW1
(planted with canna indica), CW2 (planted with cyperus alternifolius), and CW3 (planted with
typha latifolia) were established and wastewater characteristics (pH, TDS, EC, Alkalinity,
Chloride, Total Hardness, BOD, Nitrate, Phosphate, Sulphate, Ammonia, and Coliforms) were
monitored after each 24h interval for 120 days after 75 days of acclimatization of the setups.
Removal efficiency was observed maximum in CW3 (with Typha sp.) such as phosphate
(97.61), coliform (75%), alkalinity (50.77%), etc., except some of the parameters such as BOD
(70%), Nitrate (96.45%) having maximum removal in CW1 (planted with canna sp). The role
of loading rate (LR) and varying wastewater strength in the performance of established
constructed wetlands could be undertaken as a research problem for future studies to develop
an efficient engineered wetland system for wastewater treatment.
Keywords: Constructed wetlands; Hospital wastewater; Monitoring; Parameters; Setup;
Removal efficiency.
153
From Suitability to Selection: Gauging How CMIP6 Climate Models Perform in

Assessing Regional Drought Characteristics?
Amit Dubey1, Deepak Swami1, Vivek Gupta1 & Nitin Joshi2
1
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, India
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, India
Email: amitd818@gmail.com
Abstract
Globally, intensity and frequency of drought is expected to increase manifolds in the coming
future due to the changing climate. Thus, for quantifying future drought events one has to rely
on the climate model estimates. Moreover, climate model exhibits a large amount of uncertainty
in the projections of parameters, ultimately posing a great challenge in skillful prognosis of
drought occurrences. Hence, the present study is an attempt to evaluate the performance of
climate models in simulating historical drought characteristics and also to identify the best
performing model over Indian extent of the Indus River basin for the period of 26 years (1979-
2014). Therefore, for this purpose, 12 CMIP6 climate models are considered and their estimates
of metrological parameters such as precipitation, minimum and maximum temperature are
acquired to assess the drought simulation against the observed Indian Monsoon Data
Assimilation and Analysis (IMDAA) dataset. Drought quantification is done on the basis of
Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Statistical metrics such as
probability of detection (POD) and false alarm ratio (FAR) are adopted to evaluate the model
capabilities to detect drought events. Results revealed that models illustrated high
heterogeneity in assessing drought characteristics. However, none of the climate models stood
out demonstrating consistent better performance over the said region.
Keywords: CMPI6, Climate models, Drought, Performance evaluation, SPEI, Indus River
basin.
154
Impact of Temporal Resolution of Soil Moisture Observations on Dual-Porosity Model

Parameter Estimation
Nirali Vashishth , Anoop Pandey2, Shivam Tripathi3 & Richa Ojha4
1
1, 2, 3, 4
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
Email: nirali@iitk.ac.in; anoop20@iitk.ac.in; shiva@iitk.ac.in; richao@iitk.ac.in
Abstract
The dual porosity model (DPM) is commonly used for simulating water and solute movement
in macroporous soils. The prediction capability of DPM greatly depends on estimates of the
van Genutchen parameters of the mobile and immobile (MIM) domains of the soil system. The
present study analyses the impact of data collection frequency (daily and weekly) on the
parameter estimation under different boundary conditions. Additionally, the influence of
uncertainty in soil moisture data is examined. A genetic algorithm-based optimization approach
is integrated with the DPM to achieve this. The results obtained for the 𝛼 and n parameters
highlight the necessity of daily observation of soil moisture for estimating the mobile domain
parameters. Notably, 𝜃𝑠 is found to be less sensitive to the variability in temporal resolution.
Keywords: Inverse Modelling, Genetic Algorithm, Dual-Porosity Model, Soil Macropores.
155
Optimizing the Coagulation Potential of Cassia Fistula for Sustainable Water Treatment
Akanksha Thakur1, Surjit Singh Katoch1 & Alok Garg2
1
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India
Email: 22mce409@nith.ac.in, sskatoch@nith.ac.in, alok.garg@nith.ac.in
Abstract
The present work evaluated the efficiency of Cassia Fistula seed powder (CFSP) as a natural
coagulant for removing turbidity from synthetic wastewater. The bio-coagulation tests were
performed by preparing synthetic wastewater containing high turbidity. The efficiency of CFSP
treatment was optimized using the central composite design (CCD) based on response surface
methodology (RSM) and statistical analysis. A series of experiments were conducted to study
the influence of several parameters on the coagulation efficiency, namely dosage of CFSP, pH,
stirring time and sedimentation time. The comparison between Cassia Fistula and alum as
coagulants was conducted, and the sludge remaining after treatment with Cassia Fistula Seed
Powder was also analyzed. The results affirm that CFSP bio-coagulant is an effective, eco-
friendly alternative to chemical coagulants, offering a sustainable solution for wastewater
treatment.
Keywords: Cassia Fistula Seed Powder, Central Composite Design, Response Surface
Methodology, Sustainable.
156
Evaluation of Wastewater Quality Index (WWQI) for domestic sewage disposal in

Mandovi river, Goa
Shaivi Chanekar, Sameer Mahato, Devendra Patidar, Bright Singh Seeni, Yogeshwar
Boddu
National Institute of Technology Goa
NH 66, Cuncolim-Goa, India
Email: chanekarshaivi@nitgoa.ac.in; sam0905@nitgoa.ac.in; bsingh@nitgoa.ac.in;
devendra01@nitgoa.ac.in; bodduyogeshwar3@nitgoa.ac.in
Abstract
The development of a wastewater quality index is essential to address environmental concerns,
comply with regulations, protect public health, support resource management objectives, and
optimize economic considerations. Such a study can provide valuable insights for decision-
makers, policymakers, and stakeholders involved in wastewater management, and contribute
to more effective and sustainable wastewater disposal methods. This project presents the
development of an index that represents the degree of pollution or contamination in the
wastewater. The wastewater quality index (WWQI) is developed using Weighted Arithmetic
function by considering the relevant criteria pollutants based on standards and assigning
weightage to these parameters. An ANN model is to be developed to predict WWQI values and
variations of each parameter with WWQI needs to be found.
Keywords: Waste water quality Index (WWQI), Water Pollution, Waste water disposal,
RNN, LSTM.
157
Recent Advances of Polymer-based materials for Wastewater Treatment: A Review

A. Vimala Ebenezer1*, S. Gopikumar2, M. A. Raja3 & K. Veeraselvam4
1
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Bharathi Engineering College for Women,
India,
Email: *vimalajulius1@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical and Construction, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.
Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science & Technology, India,
Email: gopikumar.srf@gmail.com
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Meenakshi Sundararajan Engineering
College, India,
Email: rajama@msec.edu.in
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Bharathi Engineering College for
Women, India,
Email: veeracivil33@gmail.com
Abstract
The indiscriminate disposal of pollutants exacerbates water pollution, underscoring the need
for improved treatment methods. Polymers, utilized in wastewater treatment nowadays, aid in
coagulating suspended solids and thickening sludge. They help separate solids from liquids and
assist in dewatering contaminated material for disposal. Hydrophilic polymer chains enable
hydrogels to swell in water, enhancing their efficacy. Heavy metal ions pose a significant
environmental challenge due to their resistance to degradation and health risks upon
accumulation in humans. Various methods such as chemical precipitation and ion-exchange are
employed for their removal. Hydrogels, synthesized via eco-friendly routes, exhibit high
adsorption capacities for pollutants, including organic compounds. Water pollution from
pesticides, heavy metals, and dyes necessitates advanced treatment technologies. Anionic
polymers interact with inorganic solids, while cationic polymers settle organic matter, finding
application in diverse sectors including municipal wastewater treatment. Polymers aid in
flocculation, facilitating the settling of solids, with cationic polymers to form macroflocs for
efficient sedimentation. Their dosage rates are lower than initial coagulants, reducing overall
chemical usage. Thus, Novel hydrogels offer promise due to their unique chemical properties,
making them effective in removing pollutants from water sources which is reviewed in this
paper.
Keywords: Hydrogels, Polymer, Wastewater Treatment, Flocculation, Heavy Metals Removal,
Adsorption.
158
Nanobubbles behaviour in wastewater treatment: A review

G.Senthilkumara,*, G. S. Praveen Kumar b, V.S. Sudharsananc
a.b.c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology,
Chennai, India
*Email: senthilgs79@gmail.com
Abstract
The nanoparticles (colloidal elements with 1-100 nm size), nanodroplets (liquid droplet on the
surface), and nanobubbles (gas cavities in liquid) come under nanofamily, but the physical
significance of Brownian movement, and the application are the measure to differentiate each
one of them. Till today, there is no empirical correlation developed to deal about the nanofamily
clearly. Based on latest literatures and authors’ knowledge, gas-saturated solutions called the
nanobubbles received a lot of notice among researchers. The unexpected stability which
contributes in adequate research area, in which attraction among nanoparticles (solid in liquid)
and nanobubbles (gas in liquid) is critical, is the source of fundamental interest. The need of
this review article is to emphasise that nanobubbles behaviour is different from the existing
theories. Through investigation on the nanofamily based on the interaction mechanism is the
target of this review article. Understanding these systems is crucial since nanoparticles and
nanobubbles frequently encountered together in adequate number of applications, particularly
in wastewater treatment, aquaculture, agriculture, drug delivery, drug discovery, O2
enrichment, fuel injection, seed germination and ozone generation, etc. Hence, it is necessary
to understand clearly about the process of nanoparticle creation and nucleation from
nanobubbles, and their interaction with nanobubbles. Further investigation is to be carried out
to understand the behaviour of bubbles at different temperatures in order to accompany them
for heat transfer applications.
Keywords: Nanoparticles, Nanobubbles, Colloids, Stability.
159
A Comparison between SewerCAD and Machine-Learning-based Algorithms for

Designing Benchmark Sewer Problems
Arjun Vishwakarma1, Sanjaykumar M. Yadav2, Rashmi Yadav3 & Ayushi Panchal3
1
P.G. Student, 2Professor, 3Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, SVNIT,
Surat, Gujarat. 395007
Corresponding Author: Sanjaykumar M. Yadav,
Email: smy@ced.svnit.ac.in
Abstract
Sewer networks are essential infrastructure for urban areas, as they collect and transport
wastewater from various sources to sewage treatment plants or disposal sites. This paper
presents the application of SewerGEMS to two problems of sewer network design from the
literature and compares the results with those obtained by other methods. The SewerGEMS is
a software tool that uses the GVF Convex method to optimize the pipe diameters. The
comparison of the results obtained by SewerGEMS is carried out with those obtained by
machine learning (ML) methods. The ML methods used in this study are Cellular Automata
(CA), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Continuous Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm. The
designed network layouts, pipe diameters, Ground elevations, velocities, and profiles for each
problem and method are analysed. The results show that the proposed Cellular Automata,
Genetic Algorithm (GA), Continuous Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm (CACOA), two-
phase Cellular Automata method can provide more optimized diameters than GVF Convex
(SewerCAD) for the design problems.
Keywords: Sewer network design, GVF Convex, SewerGEMS.
160
Preparation and Characterization of Green Nanocomposite for Wastewater Treatment

Preeti Pradhan1*, Anjali Bajpai2 & Parimeeta Chanchani3
1,3
Department of ESH, Indore Institute of Science and Technology, Indore (M.P.), India
2
Govt. Model Science College, Jabalpur (M.P.), India
Email:1*preetjyoti.60@gmail.com, 2 dranjali.bajpai@mp.gov.in,
3
parimeeta.chanchani@indoreinstitute.com
Abstract
Nanocomposite was prepared by Green chemistry and no organic solvent was used in
preparation. Chicken feathers and Sugarcane bagasse were micro fibrillated by an ionic liquid
and microwave radiation was used as an energy source. Fullers earth was incorporated in this
hybrid nanocomposite to impart mechanical strength under wet condition. Nanocomposite
showed adsorption of organic dyes in water. It was characterized by FTIR spectral, XRD, SEM,
BET, TGA and DTA analysis to confirm the formation of nanocomposite and nature of
interaction among its various components. This nanocomposite can be used for adsorption of
organic dyes in a cost-effective manner.
Adsorption studies were carried out in 10-30 mg/L concentration range of dyes at 292, 302 and
312 K and pH 4, 7 and 9 for nanocomposite. Maximum adsorption capacity was found to be
545.1 mg/g at 292 K for methylene blue and 502.5 mg/g at 292 K for crystal violet from
aqueous solutions.
Keywords: Recycling of water, Chicken feather, Sugarcane bagasse, Dye adsorption, Ionic
liquid.
161
Environmental impact assessments
162
Determination of the Water way for Barrage across Krishna River at Hipparagi village
in Karnataka Using GIS application
Basappa Meti1, Nagaraj Sitaram2
1
Associate Professor, Govt. Engineering College Haveri 581110, Karnataka
2
Professor and Head, Civil Engineering Department, East point College of Engineering,
Bangalore
Email: bsmeti@gmail.com, naghydro@gmail.com
Mobile No.: +91 9980778225, 9739166243
Abstract
Floods are a recurrent phenomenon, which cause huge loss of lives and damage to livelihood
systems, property, infrastructure, and public utilities. This can be attributed to many reasons
including a steep increase in population, rapid urbanization growing developmental. India is
highly vulnerable to floods. The frequency of major flood is more than once in five years.
Floods have been a recurrent phenomenon on which brings settlements, misery to human lives
and losses to infrastructure and public utilities.
The Roads and Barrages are one of the main communication systems of Human civilization
which requires proper planning design and executions. In recent year 2019, Krishna River has
experienced heavy flood which causes submergence of Hippargi barrage area surroundings,
Hippargi village, Crop land and Roads.
An attempt is made is this study to ascertain the flood prone area surrounding the Hippargi
barrage and probable causes of flood in Krishna River Using Arc GIS and related software to
find the adequacy of the barrage structure to safely pass the flood water.
Keywords: Arc GIS, Flood, Inundation, Barrage, Water way.
163
Environmental Impact of Beef Production Globally Through Life Cycle Assessment

Khushank Kapsea, Mukul Kulshresthab,*
a
Department of Civil Engineering,
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal,
b
*E-mail: khushankk14@gmail.com, mukul.kuls@gmail.com
Abstract
The global beef sector is a growing market with an increase in demand in recent years due to
human dietary changes toward including more livestock-derived food. Raising concern about
global warming and climate change, which are linked to greenhouse gas emissions, and the
livestock sector, which is accountable for one-fourth of greenhouse gas emissions, beef comes
up with more than half the emissions from livestock. Assessing the environmental impacts
associated with beef production for global food security is important. This research aims to
find the environmental impacts of beef production using a life cycle assessment method,
including the system boundary “cradle to the slaughterhouse” (feed production, enteric
emissions, manure management, farm and slaughterhouse operations). Life cycle assessment
(LCA) data were obtained from public databases and literature. The functional unit (FU) was
100 kg of carcass weight. This research shows the results in 10 different categories (water
footprint, carbon footprint, freshwater and marine eutrophication, particulate matter formation,
etc.) were considered. A functional unit (FU) of beef production did generate 2941.8 kg CO2
eq, 164.313 m3, 0.488 kg P eq, 8.747 kg N eq, 6.34E-05 kg CFC-11 eq, 0.4958 kg PM10 eq in
carbon footprint, water scarcity, freshwater eutrophication, marine eutrophication, ozone
depletion, and particulate matter formation), respectively. This research discussed how a
sustainable diet can mitigate the environmental impact associated with food, and will also
suggest policies related to food by imposing taxes (polluters should pay, taxes based on their
environmental impacts), promoting sustainable diet, and promoting awareness programs.
Keywords: Sustainability; life cycle assessment; carbon footprint; water footprint, beef
production.
164
Turbulent flow characteristics in vertical contraction under bridge deck

Dussa Pavan Kumar1, Gaurav Misuriya2*, Shekhar Singh3
1
Undergraduate student, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology
(NIT) Calicut, Kozhikode 673601, Kerala, India
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology
3
Technical Superintendent, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT) Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India
Email: gauravmisuriya@nitc.ac.in
Abstract
The increasing likelihood of flood magnitudes surpassing their designated values is a
consequence of heightened hydrological uncertainties resulting from the impacts of climate
change. Moreover, the risk of bridge deck submergence during flood events is notably high.
Deck submergence results to change open flow condition to pressure flow under the deck due
to vertical contraction. Despite its pivotal role in bridge design, turbulent characteristics
under the bridge deck induced by pressure flow condition has been inadequately addressed.
However, the understanding of turbulence flow characteristics in pressure flow condition can
aid to develop the numerical models for the field problem. This study undertakes a numerical
analysis of flow characteristics, including streamlines, mean velocity variation, turbulent
kinetic energy, and Reynolds shear stress on a rigid bed near the bridge. In particular, the study
focuses on the effect of contraction length and the individual, as well as interactive, effects of
pier and deck on the flow characteristics. The result showed that the magnitude and location of
turbulent strength highly influence with the interaction of pier and deck. The results of the
study will aid further in the development of numerical model for the estimation of scour depth.
165
Scour characteristics under pressure flow steady condition

Guntu Nithin1, Kalla Dhantri1, Gaurav Misuriya2*
1
Undergraduate student, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology
Email: gauravmisuriya@nitc.ac.in
Abstract
The increasing likelihood of flood magnitudes surpassing their designated values is a
consequence of heightened hydrological uncertainties resulting from the impacts of climate
change. Moreover, the risk of bridge deck submergence during flood events is notably high.
Deck submergence results to change open flow condition to pressure flow under the deck due
to vertical contraction. In this study, an experimental investigation has been performed in a
recirculating laboratory flume. The scour depth variation has been measured under the pressure
flow condition beneath the submerged deck for three cases viz. only deck, only pier and pier
with deck. It was observed that only deck case produced minimum scour depth whereas, the
maximum scour depth was obtained in the case of deck with pier.
Keywords: Pressure flow, bridge pier, scour.
166
Engineering Perspectives on Improving Soil Properties for Infrastructure Projects: A

Review
Velagapalli Chiranjeevi, Kamal Singh & Ritika Dongre
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology/Department of Civil Engineering
Bhopal, India
Email: krishnachiru92@gmail.com; kamal8473@gmail.com, ritika.dongre@gmail.com
Corresponding Author Email: krishnachiru92@gmail.com
Abstract
Engineers have a number of challenges while building highways, dams, foundations for
different kinds of structures, and other engineering structures in areas with low-grade or poor
soils. Sub grade soils that are often inadequate in their natural form can be made better using
specific geotechnical techniques. In order to improve the engineering properties of the host soil
and make it suitable for use as highway sub grade and a variety of other engineering
applications, some methods, such as mechanical stabilisation, involve mixing two or more
types of soil. Other methods, on the other hand, involve adding specific additives, such as
cement, lime, grouts, chemicals, etc. For some engineering applications, the different
techniques of stabilizing soil are perfect, but not suitable for others. Each technique has specific
benefits and drawbacks of its own. But the main determinant of whether or not to use any of
the soil stabilisation techniques is the mineral makeup of the host soil, which is followed,
among other things, by the kind of engineering work that needs to be done and the immediate
environment. The engineering techniques for enhancing soil in infrastructure projects are
examined in this review. It highlights sustainability and the effects on the environment while
contrasting conventional and modern methods. It assesses methods' cost and effectiveness
through literature and case studies, with the goal of assisting engineers and policymakers in
making well-informed, environmentally responsible decisions regarding infrastructure
development.
167
Environmental Impact of Structural Failures and Structural Health Monitoring

Solutions: A Review
Ritika Dongre, Manjeet Singh Hora
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology/Department of Civil Engineering
Bhopal, India
Email: ritika.dongre@gmail.com,hora1961@gmail.com
Abstract
Structural failures can have significant environmental impacts, resulting in hazardous material
leaks, fires, and contamination. This paper reviews common causes of structural failures such
as fatigue, corrosion, overloading, and extreme events. It discusses major historical structural
failures and their environmental consequences, including the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and
Fukushima nuclear disaster. Implementing structural health monitoring (SHM) is proposed as
a solution to help prevent such failures. SHM techniques covered include vibration monitoring,
strain sensors, acoustic emission, and guided waves. These allow early detection of damage so
repairs can be made before catastrophic collapse. Probability of detection methods are also
reviewed to quantify SHM reliability. Though barriers exist, the business case for SHM is
compelling from an environmental standpoint. Preventing major structural failures avoids
pollution and disruption on massive scales. Realistic validation is still needed, but SHM has
potential to drastically reduce failure risks if implemented properly. This paper makes a strong
case that advancing SHM technology is vital for environmental protection by averting large-
scale industrial disasters. Environmental catastrophes are caused by structural failures, which
have causes like corrosion and fatigue. Vibration analysis and other structural health
monitoring (SHM) techniques help prevent these, but despite their potential to lessen
environmental impacts, measuring their readiness and reliability continues to present
difficulties.
168
Environmental Impact of Crop Residue Burning Over Indo Gangentic Plain: A Review
Saurabh yadava , Anil Kumar Sharmaa , Suresh Sundaramurthyb
a
b
Department of Chemical Engineering
Email: ysaurabh264@gmail.com , aksphd2000@yahoo.com, ssureshchemengg@gmail.com
Abstract
Crop residue burning in the Indo-Gangetic Plain has become a widespread agricultural practice
that has significant effects on the environment, public health, and sustainable farming. This
review paper looks at the various impacts of crop residue burning, including the degradation
of air quality, deterioration of soil health, contamination of water, and risks to biodiversity.
Stubble burning releases gaseous pollutants and particulate matters into the atmosphere.
Particulate matter (PM) with diameter smaller than 2.5 and 10 mm (PM 2.5 and PM 10) is a
major concern. Remote sensing and modelling techniques has been used in various studies to
locate the crop residue burning locations and Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated
Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT) to backtrack air parcel. Ground-based measurements and multi-
satellite data analysis has been used to study spatial and temporal changes in air quality.
MODIS (Terra, Aqua) provides global fire data. Previous studies shows that Greenhouse gas
emissions from agricultural residue burning increased by 75% since 2011 in India. Punjab has
the highest burning activity, with 27% of its cultivated area burned in 2020. 20.3 Mt and 9.6
Mt of crop residue burned in Punjab and Haryana, resulting in CO2 equivalent greenhouse gas
emissions of 34.8 Tg and 17.3 Tg for Punjab and Haryana. The organic carbon content of the
soil in Indo-Gangetic plains has been severely reduced to or below 0.1 percent against the
critical threshold of 1.5-2.0 percent.
Keywords: Crop residue burning, Remote sensing, HYSPLIT model, Atmospheric emission.
169
Unveiling Environmental Impacts of Stubble Burning

Jyoti Kumari1, Harsangeet Kaur2 & S. K. Katiyar3
1, 2, 3
MANIT, Bhopal, India
E-mail: 222111309@stu.manit.ac.in, harsangeetf@gmail.com, sunil64k@gmail.com
Abstract
Stubble burning is a predominant contributor to deteriorating air quality. During post monsoon
period, Delhi’s air quality rises to heighten alarming situations, as the air quality index enters
a hazardous range. The concentration of microscopic respirable PM2.5 and PM10 particles
have consistently exceeded five to seven times the Indian standard limit of 60 µg/ m3 and
approximately 100 times the WHO standards which is 5 µg/ m3. The prevalent smog conditions
escalate the concerns regarding health status. And the original intent of the water conservation
policy was to protect groundwater by delaying paddy transplantation and sowing, its
implementation has led to a notable decrease in groundwater levels in northwest regions,
averaging a decline of 29.2 millimeters annually since 2013.This paper provides a thorough
overview of past researches concerning environmental impacts of stubble burning either
directly or indirectly.
Keywords: Stubble burning, air quality, environmental impact, groundwater.
170
Assessment of Environmental Flow Requirements – A Case of Bargi Dam, Jabalpur

District, India
Govind M.P.
Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Planning, School of Planning and
Architecture, Bhopal
Email: govind@spabhopal.ac.in
Abstract
‘Environmental Flow’ essentially means ecological needs of the water, be it lentic or lotic
ecosystems. There have been multiple definitions for this term and the most accepted definition
has been coined under the Brisbane Declaration on Environmental Flows in the year 2018,
which stated environmental flows as “the quantity, timing, and quality of freshwater flows and
levels necessary to sustain aquatic ecosystems which, in turn, support human cultures,
economies, sustainable livelihoods, and well-being”. This definition implies that the changes
in the water flow, which is defined as the flow regime, should be suitable enough for sustaining
the health of the aquatic ecosystems and also for meeting the socio-economic needs of the
dependent population. The assessment process/method/framework/approach/methodology for
arriving at the flow regime which meet the needs of the aquatic ecosystems at an acceptable
level is defined as the Environmental Flow Assessment (EFA) (Lokgariwar et al., 2014) and
the aspects of the flow regime such as magnitude, frequency, timing, duration and the rate of
change are termed as the Environmental Flow Requirements (EFR) (Richter et al., 1997),
which includes the minimum low flow and the minimum flushing flow. In this research, Bargi
Dam, which is one of the first completed dams out of the chain of 30 major dams planned
on Narmada River in Madhya Pradesh, India has been considered as the Case Study. The
Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) software has been used for analysing the temporal
changes in the flow regime between the pre and the post dam phase.
Keywords: Environmental Flow Requirements, Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration, flow
regime changes.
171
Run of the River Hydro Power Project in Himachal Pradesh: Analysis of Impacts and
Risks
Mridul Bhardwaj¹, Surjit Singh Katoch¹
¹Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India
Abstract
Himachal Pradesh, a northern state in India, has witnessed significant growth in run-of-the-
river hydro power projects over the years. These projects harness the energy of flowing water
in rivers and streams without the need for large reservoirs. These HPPs might cause positive
and/or negative impacts on the environment i.e., river/stream, forests, animals, humans etc. In
the present study, negative impacts of HPP on different environmental factors were analysed.
Questionnaire was prepared and communicated to various experts including academicians,
regulatory officials, environmentalists, project managers and local public affected by the
project. Major factors considered for evaluation of impacts included Air/ Noise, Land, Water,
Biological and Human environment. Twenty-two sub factors were considered. Likert scale was
used to quantitatively assess the negative impacts. Fuzzy logic approach was used to assess the
risks. The negative impacts are scored between 0 – 4; 0 for no impact and 4 for extremely high
impact. 1 and 2 correspond to low and medium impact. A Risk assessment was made due to
the negative impacts on the overall environment. Risk index values ranged from 1 to 4. Risk
index between 1- 1.5 is for low risk, 1.6 - 2.5 for medium risk, 2.6 - 3.5 for high risk and 3.6 -
4 for extremely high risk. The results were analysed and based on the analysis of the results,
the range of negative impact to know about the intensity of impacts of HPP on environment is
found.
Keywords: Hydro Power Projects; Negative Impacts; Environmental Factors; Impact
Analysis; Risk Assessment.
172
Analysing the Environmental Impact of land use/land cover and land surface
temperature by using geospatial technique
Kusum1, Surjit Singh Katoch2.
1
PG Scholar, Department of civil Engineering, National Institute of technology,
Hamirpur, India (177005).
2
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering National Institute of technology,
Hamirpur, India (177005).
Email: 22mce414@nith.ac.in1, sskatoch.nith.in@gamil.com2
Abstract
Variations in land use and land cover (LULC) have a substantial impact on rises in LST. The
population's health, the ecosystem, and urban biodiversity were all severely damaged by the
rise in LST. This study investigates the environmental impact of land use/land cover (LULC)
changes on land surface temperature (LST) in District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, utilizing
geospatial techniques. The primary objective is to analyse Landsat satellite imagery spanning
the period 2000 to 2022 to assess the dynamic alterations in LULC classes within the study
area. Through this temporal analysis, the research aims to understand the evolving patterns of
land use and their potential influence on land surface temperature. Two advanced techniques,
Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Cellular Automata (CA) algorithm, have been employed
to model and predict future LULC classes and land surface temperature for the year 2032.
These predictive models provide a valuable tool for anticipating and managing potential
environmental consequences arising from land use changes. This research contributes to a
broader understanding of the environmental implications of human activities on the landscape
and serves as a foundation for informed decision-making in sustainable land management
practices. The findings offer insights into potential ecological shifts and can guide
policymakers in developing strategies to mitigate adverse impacts on the environment within
the study area.
Keywords: Land use/land cover (LULC), Land surface temperature (LST), Geospatial
techniques, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Cellular Automata (CA) algorithm.
173
Energy Conservation & Sustainable

Development
174
Coupled Sediment Modelling: A Comprehensive Approach for Anchorage Development

in Estuarine Regions
M.M. Vaidya , K.R. Karambelkar2 & A.A. Purohit 3
1
1
Scientist ‘D’, 2Research Assistant, 3Scientist ‘E’, Central Water & Power Research Station,
Pune, India, – 411024.
Email: vaidya_mm@cwprs.gov.in, Email: kanakrk@cwprs.gov.in
E-mail: purohit_aa@cwprs.gov.in
Abstract
The rapid industrial development has intensified the maritime trade resulting in increased
traffic of larger vessels to various ports. In such busy ports, especially in shallow wide estuaries;
deep draught anchorages serve as one of the prime link between open sea and port. These
shallow estuarine ports face significant challenges related to siltation in important areas like
navigational channels, berth pockets, anchorages etc. This research emphasizes the need of
coupled siltation modeling by combining hydrodynamics and sediment transport models to
comprehend and predict sedimentation processes for well mixed estuarine environments in
macro tidal region. This approach enables the modeler to understand the sedimentation process
under combined effect of tidal currents, waves and sediment characteristics. The current work
provides insight to evaluate the impact of change in depth of anchorage as well as deepening
of nearby area on the siltation pattern at the existing anchorage (870 m Dia., 12 m CD). The
simulation reveal that siltation increases by 15% due to 3 m deepening of existing anchorage,
while it increases by 7% due to deepening of nearby area to 12 m CD. Thus, comprehensive
approach acts as decision-making tool to decide dredging strategies for enhancing the operable
efficiency of estuarine port.
Keywords: Anchorage, Coupled Model, Estuary, Siltation, Tide, Wave.
175
Experimental Investigation of Single Slope, Double Slope and Modified Semi

Cylindrical Solar Still.
Kshitij Yugbodh , Kennedy.S2, Rahul Agrawal3 & Ekta Jain4
1
1
Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharda school of Engineering
&Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India 201310
2
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharda school of Engineering
&Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India 201310
3
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SISTec-R, Bhopal, Madhya
Pradesh, India 303905
4
Professor, Department of Applied Science, SIRT-Excellence, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh,
India 462041
Email: 2022447351.kshitij@dr.sharda.ac.in
Abstract
The problem of potable water is a serious threat in present scenario. The availability of the
fresh water in the coastal areas is limited and to receive the potable water, desalination can be
one of the prominent solution. The conventional methods of the desalination are expensive and
are not suitable for the environment. The availability of the sun in India is throughout the year
and can utilize the solar still as a cheap source for the desalination process. The comparative
investigation of Single slope, Double slope and modified Semi cylindrical Solar still has been
performed to analyse the productivity and efficiency of the different solar stills in the
environmental conditions of Bhopal Madhya Pradesh India ( 23.25o,77.41o ).The investigation
is based on the inclusion of internal reflector in Semi Cylindrical solar still and its impact on
the output which is more than the output of the single slope and double slope solar still. With
this experimental investigation the output received for the semi cylindrical solar still is 3300
ml/day, double slope 2500 ml/day and for single slope solar still is 1700 ml/day. The modified
semi cylindrical solar still gives 194% more output than single slope and 128% more output
than double slope solar still. On the basis of the output received it is clear that the modified
semi cylindrical solar still is more efficient than single slope and double slope solar still.
176
Timeless insights with Contemporary Solutions - A Systematic Analysis of Energy

Conservation Strategies in Water Sector Collaborating Modern with Traditional
Methods
Ar. Gayathri S Pillai
Assistant Professor, Acharya’s NRV School of Architecture, Bangalore, India.
Email: gayathripillai1@gmail.com
Abstract
Water and other natural resources available on the earth are crucial for sustenance of life on
earth. With the current scenario of growing population, there is rising demand on water which
is topped by challenges of water scarcity, pollution and inefficient resource utilization. In this
context energy is expended by pumps, treatment plants and distribution networks for
extraction, treatment and distribution of this precious natural resource of the earth.
Governments and other bodies in the world like United Nations often set targets for reducing
carbon footprints and promoting clean energy and encourages sustainable use of natural
resources and water management that leads to socio – economic development. This paper
draws the significance for creation of a sustainable and community centric water supply system
by combining traditional elements with modern distribution infrastructure and technologies in
order to tackle the growing usage of energy requirements while judiciously utilizing and
attempting to replenish the exhausted water resources. Hence, examples of traditional
techniques and modern techniques of water management has been studied based on which an
integrated water management design strategy for sustainable water management has been
formulated in this paper.
Keywords: Community centric water supply system and sustainable water management.
177
Sustainable Development and Ecological Restoration of Creek in Malvan, Maharashtra

Shweta Mattoo
Acharya’s NRV School of Architecture, Soladevanahalli, Bangalore-560107
Email: shweta2364@acharya.ac.in
Abstract
Malvan, situated in the Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra, holds historical significance with
the island fort constructed by Shivaji Maharaj. Renowned for its diverse marine biodiversity, a
segment of Malvan's coastal waters is designated as a Marine Wildlife Sanctuary, contributing
to its status as a key tourist destination in Maharashtra. However, the exponential growth in
coastal tourism over the past two decades, lacking proper planning, has imposed substantial
anthropogenic stress on the coastal ecosystems. This necessitates immediate measures for
sustainable development.
This research paper addresses the challenges arising from unregulated coastal tourism in
Malvan. It outlines a comprehensive approach to conserve coastal landscape resources, restore
degraded ecosystems especially in Tidal Creek area, rejuvenate tourism prospects, and
safeguard the distinctive landscape character within the broader Konkan Coastal Region.
Removal of invasive species and erosion control protect coastal areas. Pollution mitigation and
habitat restoration enhance water quality and ecological resilience.
Recognizing Malvan's uniqueness, the research advocates a tailored, collaborative, and
adaptive approach, emphasizing stakeholder involvement for successful, sustainable coastal
development and ecological restoration.
Keywords: Sustainable development, Coastal development, Ecological creek restoration.
178
Suitable Method for Estimation of Evapotranspiration in Madhya Pradesh

R. V. Galkate1, P. Dangi1, R. K. Jaiswal1, R. Kumar1
1
National Institute of Hydrology, Central India Hydrology Regional Centre, Bhopal,
Madhya Pradesh
*Corresponding author: Mobile No. 7909392029, Email: pankajdangi7828@gmail.com
Abstract
Accurate estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) is important for assessment of crop
water demand, irrigation requirement and precise irrigation scheduling. Many empirical
methods have been developed over the last 70-80 years for estimation of ETo using different
climatic variables which were often subjected to huge local calibrations and proved to have
limited global acceptance. In the early 1970s, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
recommended FAO-Penman method to estimate crop-water requirements for irrigation studies.
Advances in research and the more accurate crop water studies revealed weaknesses and
shortcoming of this method. Therefore, after thorough revision in collaboration with the
International Commission for Irrigation and Drainage and with the World Meteorological
Organization, the FAO in 1998 recommended the adoption of the Penman-Monteith method to
determine ETo. In Madhya Pradesh, out of its cultivable area, around 40% area is irrigated
through surface and groundwater resources. Hence, precise measurements of crop water
requirement based on appropriate method of ETo estimation may help to make judicious use
of water resources in the state.
The present study envisages the estimation of ETo for Bhopal district using empirical methods
such as Modified Penman, Blanney Criddle, Hargreave, Thornthwaite, and Penman-Monteith
methods which have different climatic data requirement. The study also involves the inter-
comparison of the results of all methods with respect to the Penman-Monteith method. The 40
years NASA Power climate data from 1983 to 2022 of temperature, humidity, sunshine hours
and windspeed was used for the analysis. The average annual ETo estimated for Bhopal using
Penman-Monteith method was 1998 mm. The Thornthwaite and Hargreaves methods estimated
ETo as 1785 and 1998 mm respectively which were seen to be on lower side than the Penman-
Monteith method. The Blaney-Criddle and Modified Penman methods estimated ETo as 2034
and 2598 mm respectively which were seen to be on higher side than the Penman-Monteith
method. Thus, the Penman Monteith method seems to be a moderate method of ETo estimation.
It shows how the selection of an appropriate method for ETo estimation becomes crucial in
irrigation planning to meet crop water demand. Present study recommends the use of different
ETo methods under the constrain of the limited availability of full climatic data, in particular,
sunshine, humidity and wind data which are required for the Penman-Monteith method.
179
Earth Tube Technology for Thermal Cooling of Building

Nidhi Gosavi1 and Dr. D K Parbat2
1
Visiting Lecturer, Civil Engineering Department, Government Polytechnic, Nagpur, India.
2
Head of Department, Civil Engineering Department, Government Polytechnic, Nagpur,
India
E-mail: nidhigosavi581998@gmail.com, 2parbatdk@gmail.com
1
Abstract
Global building construction is increasing, which raises the amount of energy consumed to
meet development requirements and allows for the release of additional tons of greenhouse
emissions to meet energy demand. The world must accept that its resources will run out soon
as a result of the rise in energy consumption. A number of innovative techniques are being used
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prepare the building for occupancy. Earth Tube
Technique is a major area of research in the realm of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air
Conditioning) systems and sustainable construction. This creative technique offers possible
energy savings and better indoor air quality by preconditioning and ventilating interior spaces
using the earth's steady temperature. The purpose of this project is to build a prototype of an
environmentally friendly home that uses minimal emissions during construction and operation.
This study focuses on how well earth tubes function to enhance indoor air quality when air is
allowed to pass via pipes below ground. The influence of the earth tube technique on
construction was examined using a variety of course materials, including soil, sand, murrum,
etc.
Keywords: Earth tube, greenhouse, air quality, temperature.
180
A fresh method for evaluating circularity in the sustainable water sector: Taking
environmental functional flows and losses into account.
C Akin1, V Preethi2 & Berlin Bhino3
1
KCG College of Technology, Chennai
2
Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai
3
University of Madras, Chennai
Email: akin.akin766@gmail.com
Abstract
The resource use intensity of the water sector can be decreased with resource recovery
solutions. With so many of these solutions being put forth, an evaluation technique is required
for efficient decision-making. Biogeochemical resources, like nitrogen, are primarily dealt with
in the water sector. These resources differ from technical resources, like industrial coagulants,
in three ways: (1) they are subject to significant environmental losses; (2) they fulfill different
environmental and human functions; and (3) they move through the environment in natural
cycles. Although there are numerous techniques for evaluating circularity in technical
resources, biogeochemical resources have not been given as much consideration. An
established material circularity indicator (MCI) method is modified to address this. This is
accomplished by developing a new circularity assessment method by redefining the terms
regeneration, restoration, and linear flows. Using the original MCI method undervalues the
circularity of resource recovery solutions involving biogeochemical resources, as the new
approach reveals. This is because the new approach includes flows like N2 emission and
groundwater infiltration as circular flows, whereas the original MCI method only considered
flows that are recycled or reused for human functions. These may not be reuse/recycle types of
flows, but they nevertheless contribute to sustainability by increasing the availability of
resources in the future. The results of the modified assessment method demonstrate that TW
fertigation can greatly increase water and nitrogen circularity. However, since increasing
fertigation frequency results in lower water but higher nitrogen circularity, careful scheduling
of the fertigation schedule is crucial. Nitrogen circularity can also be enhanced by reusing
drainage water collection. In summary, circularity can be evaluated in a way that is more in
line with sustainability by employing the modified MCI approach.
181
Assessing the ‘social’ perspective for urban water management in India through social-
ecological systems
Srishti Singh , Yogesh K. Garg2 & Vinay Mohan Das3
1
1
Junior Research Fellow (JRF) under Water for Change project
Architecture and Planning Department
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (MANIT), Bhopal, India
2
Professor, MANIT, Bhopal
3
Professor, MANIT, Bhopal
Email: srishtisingh10@gmail.com
Abstract
Water has been identified as an important resource in India’s governance more than three
decades ago. Various water policies in India has led to a significant change in our approach and
action, however the water crisis continues to augment. As per various authors, the water issues
have already become too complex, interconnected and intertwined therefore a new approach is
required to deal with the complexities thereby addressing the problems of water resources
which are available at multiple scales. The social-ecological approach to water management
offers a promising framework as it recognizes the interrelationship of social and ecological
systems. This paper makes an attempt to analyse the social aspect of social-ecological systems
and its interactions with various other subsystems. It is high time that social dimension is
required in water management as an important concept as transition happens as, learning-by-
doing or doing-by-learning. Further, results from a stakeholder workshop in the city are
analysed which includes identifying the perception of the society and issues faced by them
related to water and its consequences on the ecological(water) resources. Finally, the paper
reflects on the relevance of social perspective in SES attributes and makes recommendations
for future research in urban water management in India.
Keywords: Social-ecological systems (SES), urban, water management, water-user
interactions, social behavior.
182
Recent Advancement in Evacuated Tube Solar Water Heater by Structural Modification

and Thermal Energy Storage: A Review
Poonam Kumar Agade1, Nitin Dubey2 & Rahul Agrawal3
1
Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Madhyanchal Professional
University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462044, India
2
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Madhyanchal Professional
University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462044, India
3
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SISTec-R Bhopal, Madhya
Pradesh, 462044, India
Corresponding Author: Poonam Kumar Agade, Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Madhyanchal Professional University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462044, India
Email: agade.punam288@gmail.com, Contact No: +91 87705 24995
Abstract
The escalating global energy demand, driven by rapid population growth, presents a pressing
need for sustainable energy sources. Fossil fuels, which currently provide over 80% of the
world's energy, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, causing global
warming and environmental harm. Solar Water Heating Systems (SWHS) have gained
prominence, particularly in domestic and industrial applications, as they utilize solar thermal
collectors to heat water, reducing reliance on conventional heating methods. This paper reviews
the evolution of SWHS over the past three decades, focusing on advancements in efficiency,
reliability, and adaptability to varying climatic conditions. The study explores emerging
technologies, thermal performance enhancement techniques, structural modifications in solar
collectors, and the integration of thermal energy storage systems. Additionally, it delves into
the application of nanotechnology, including nanofluids and nano-enhanced phase change
materials (Ne-PCMs), to improve the efficiency of SWHS. Moreover, the paper highlights the
significance of structural modifications in solar collectors, emphasizing factors like the number
of evacuated tubes, array arrangement, inlet temperature, design considerations, and tilt angles
that influence ETSC performance. The findings presented in this paper are pivotal in advancing
the development and adoption of sustainable solar energy solutions to meet the world's growing
energy demands while mitigating environmental impacts.
Keywords: energy; solar water heater; twisted tape; PCM; nano fluid.
183
Performance analysis of a double slope solar still with modified double slope solar still
using PCM
Satyashree Ghodke1, Vineet Kumar2
1
Research scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharda School of Engineering
and Technology, Sharda Univeristy, Greater Noida -201310, UP, India.
2
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharda School of Engineering
and Technology, Sharda Univeristy, Greater Noida-201310, UP, India
Email: *1 ghodke.satyashree@yahoo.com
Abstract
Access to fresh water is narrowed down every day in the world. Several diseases of human
being are related to contaminated or unpurified water supplies. Nowadays there are massive
water shortages in both developed and developing nations due to unplanned mechanism and
water pollution caused by human behavior. In the current study, an experimental analysis was
performed to evaluate the productivity of modified double slope solar still having a phase
change material (PCM). This improvement was achieved by using stearic acid-palmitic acid
(Binary Eutectic Solution). Amount of stearic acid and palmitic acid were added to a beaker,
melted in a 70oC stirred for one hour until uniformly mixed and then cooled to room
temperature for solidification. Then it was filled in containers dipped in the water tank. All tests
were carried out under the weather conditions of Bhopal during the winter season. The average
distilled water outputs per square meter for the experimental period were 952 ml & 1083 ml
for the conventional solar still (CSS) and modified solar still (MSS), respectively. The average
percentage increment in the fresh water production from the MSS was found to be 13.7 %
(relative to that of CSS).
Keywords: Solar still, Desalination, Double-Basin still, modified solar still, Phase change
material.
184
Energy Conservation & Sustainable

Development
185
Study of Performance, profitability and water efficiency of Food and Beverages

Industry
D. Shweta , A. Banerji2 & V. Rokade3
1
Affiliations: 1. Research Scholar at MANIT, Bhopal, MP, India; 2. Professor, Dept. of

Management Studies, MANIT, Bhopal, MP, India; 3. Assistant Professor, Dept. of
Management Studies, MANIT, Bhopal, MP, India
Email: 213121006@stu.manit.ac.in
Abstract
India is among the most extremely water stressed countries of the world. For a highly populous
country with large agriculture-based population; Food and Beverages Industry assumes an
important place. Water is an important component for life and sustainability. This study is an
attempt to investigate the impact of water consumption on profitability in the Indian food and
beverages companies. Data set comprising 8 years for 3 companies from CMIE’s ProwessIQ
Database were from 2015 to 2022 period. In the first stage, industry-aggregate profitability was
examined. In the second stage, individual firm performances were analyzed. The firms belong
to three different size group representing the wide range of the industry. The firm-level
explanatory variables, ‘water efficiency’, ‘Net fixed asset turnover’ and ‘Net working capital
cycle’, were found to affect the financial performance. In the individual firm study, they also
exhibited distinct variations. This study adds novelty to existing literature by undertaking water
as explanatory variable and study firm performance, which was yet unexplored. In lieu of data
availability, further insights in the field of corporate water is desirable.
Keywords: Food and Beverages Industry, Water Efficiency, Performance, Profitability, Indian
F&B sector.
186
Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Development: A Triad of Economic, Social, and

Environmental Dimensions
Afaque Siddiqui1, Varsha Rokade2
1
Research Scholar
Department of Management studies
Email: afaquetauqueer@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor
Department of Management studies
Email: Deshpande.varsha@gmail.com
Abstract
This article delves into the symbiotic relationship between entrepreneurship and sustainable
development, framed within the triple bottom line of economic, social, and environmental
dimensions. It underscores the amalgamation of economic success, social equity, and
environmental responsibility in defining sustainable development. Entrepreneurship is
positioned as a potent force for innovation and transformative change to address the intricate
challenges inherent in sustainable development. Section 1 explores how entrepreneurs
contribute to economic sustainability through job creation, wealth generation, and innovation,
with a focus on Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) adopting sustainable practices.
Section 2 examines social sustainability, emphasizing the role of social entrepreneurship in
addressing issues like poverty and inequality, along with the CSR efforts of entrepreneurs in
larger corporations. Section 3 delves into environmental sustainability, covering the rise of
green entrepreneurs and their innovation in sustainable technologies. Section 4 addresses
challenges faced by sustainable entrepreneurs and highlights collaboration opportunities.
Section 5 presents case studies illustrating successful entrepreneurs balancing profit-making
with sustainable practices. The conclusion summarizes key findings, emphasizing the diverse
roles of entrepreneurs in sustainable development, and calls for further research, policy support,
and entrepreneurial initiatives aligned with sustainable development goals.
Keywords: Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), Sustainable Development, Roles of
entrepreneurs in sustainable development.
187
Sustainable Water Development of Bhopal: A Collaborative Symphony of Societies,

Governments, NGOs, and Entrepreneurs
Mohammad Farhan1, Devarshi Chaurasia2
1
Student of Master of planning, School of Planning and Architecture Bhopal (M.P.), Bachelor
of planning from M.A.N.I.T Bhopal (M.P)
2
Assistant Professor, School of Planning and Architecture Bhopal (M.P.)
Email: 2023mtplm010@spab.ac.in
Abstract
Providing sustainable, safe water access is one of the most important challenges of our day.
This paper explores the vital contributions that various stakeholders have played in
accomplishing this objective. In a city of beautiful lakes, Bhopal makes his way through an
intricate water story. This overview describes how a wide range of stakeholders are working
together to guide the city toward a sustainable water future. Societies take the lead, bringing
attention to issues and putting community-driven solutions into action. Governments set the
pace by passing laws and funding projects like the Narmada Water Grid. By strengthening
neglected communities and addressing policy gaps, NGOs amplify the harmony. Startups like
JalSaathi and PureFlow, which offer water-efficient solutions and reasonably priced access to
clean water, are examples of how entrepreneurs are innovating the rhythm. This technologically
and knowledge-driven collaborative symphony seeks to provide fair access to potable water,
lessen reliance on non-sustainable sources, and build a resilient water future for Bhopal.
Keywords: Social responsibility, government policy, involvement of NGOs, sustainable water
development, entrepreneurial innovation, cooperation.
188
Meta Analysis of Policies, Initiatives, and the Role of Local Governments in Sustainable
Urban Development
Razia Akhtar, Jagdish Singh
Department of Architecture & Planning
Maulana Azad National Institute of technology, Bhopal
Email: 222109108@stu.manit.ac.in
Abstract
A meta-analysis for sustainable cities is driven by the necessity to comprehend which policies,
Initiatives & methods proved to be successful in attaining sustainability
objectives. Sustainable urban planning plays a pivotal role in tackling worldwide issues like
climate change, urban expansion, and the depletion of resources. With rapid urbanization, the
essential resources for a settlement survival are either depleting or getting polluted. Climate
changes adds further pressure to process leading the to a desperate situation. The study's
objective is to offer empirically supported findings that can guide decisions regarding urban
policies, designs, and development. This is especially pertinent in a period where cities are
anticipated to accommodate a burgeoning population while reducing their environmental
impact and improving residents' quality of life. The meta-analysis is carried out for the urban
sustainability of Indian cities and the country’s approach to localize the sustainable
development goals through a three-tier organizational structure. Additionally, the urban sector
missions targeting the SDG 6 which is to ensure availability and sustainable management of
water and sanitation for all & SDG 11 which aims to make cities and human settlements
inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable are discussed along with their interdependence and
the policies & programs that support them.
Keywords: Urban Planning; Sustainable practices; climate change; Sustainable development
goals.
189
Status of Reservoir Sedimentation in Central India: A Review

K. Mishra1, H.L. Tiwari2
1
Research Scholar, 2Professor
Email: mishra1999kartikeya@gmail.com
Abstract
Sedimentation is an unpreferable substance for the healthier life and fruitful working of any
reservoir in the world. Eroded soil and rock particles transported by flood eventually settle in
the reservoir. The investigation of the sedimentation rate is necessary to assess the usable
storage and span of the reservoir. Traditional approaches as Bathymetric survey, Inflow-
Outflow method were time consuming and laborious. Apart from this Geographic Information
System (GIS) with Remote sensing and Machine learning are some new methods to effectively
estimate the current prospect of siltation for the reservoir. In this article, comprehensive
investigation of the literatures has been carried out to portray the range of sedimentation rate
in the Central India.
Keywords: Sedimentation, Erosion, Reservoir, Storage, Central India.
190
Stability Improving Techniques in Multistoried Structures: An Immense Review

Mohit Kumar Prajapati1, Vivek Soni2 & Sapana S Madan3*
1
PhD Scholar, School of Civil Engineering Madhyanchal Professional University, Bhopal
(M.P.), India
2
Assistant Professor, School of Civil Engineering Madhyanchal Professional University,
3
Associate Professor,School of Civil Engineering Madhyanchal Professional University,
Email: dhara0005@gmail.com
Abstract
The stability of multistoried structures is paramount for ensuring safety and longevity. This
review paper examines traditional and advanced techniques employed to enhance stability,
encompassing bracing systems, shear walls, outrigger systems, tuned mass dampers, and base
isolation techniques. The integration of advanced materials and computational methods further
enriches the discourse. Real-world case studies illuminate the practical applications, while
future trends underscore the evolving landscape of stability enhancement. Different literature
reviews conducted on this topic reveals that there has a need to know more on the topic and it
will be beneficial for future wors to resist seismic activities and other collapse reason.
Techniques to improve stability are especially important in structural engineering. This review
offers key insights and conclusions to guide such efforts, highlighting technical suggestions
and pointing towards directions for upcoming research in the field.
Keywords: Multistoried Structures, Advanced Materials, Case Studies.
191
Development of pervious pavement using recycled Ceramic aggregate and Bitumen as

Binder for Low Traffic Condition
Neeraj Thakur1, Raman Parti2
1
PG Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering NIT Hamirpur, India (177005)
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Hamirpur, India (177005)
Abstract
Pervious pavements have become increasingly recognized as a sustainable method for
managing stormwater and addressing the urban heat island phenomenon. This study
investigates the viability and effectiveness of pervious pavements employing recycled ceramic
aggregate and bitumen binder customized for low traffic conditions. A series of laboratory
experiments were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties, permeability, and durability
of the pavement mixtures developed. The findings reveal that incorporating recycled ceramic
aggregate significantly enhances both porosity and permeability, thereby promoting eco-
friendliness and sustainability in the pavement. Additionally, the utilization of recycled ceramic
aggregate not only improves these essential characteristics but also highlights the
environmentally conscious design of the pavement, aligning with sustainable infrastructure
development principles. Despite its recycled origin, the ceramic aggregate maintains sufficient
structural integrity to withstand low traffic loads, emphasizing its dual advantages in
performance and environmental responsibility. Furthermore, the inclusion of bitumen as a
binder ensures adequate adhesion and flexibility crucial for pavement performance. The
environmental benefits, such as reduced runoff and enhanced water infiltration, underscore the
potential of this innovative pavement system in advancing sustainable urban infrastructure. In
conclusion, this research offers valuable insights into the tailored development of pervious
pavements suited for specific traffic conditions, presenting a promising solution for creating
sustainable and resilient urban environments.
192
Economic Valuation of Grey Water Treatment for Non-Potable Reuse

Vilas Ghritlahre1, Vinayak Adane2
1 M.Tech. Scholar, Department of Architecture and Planning, Visvesvaraya National Institute
of Technology, Nagpur, India
2 Professor, Department of Architecture and Planning, Visvesvaraya National Institute of
Technology, Nagpur, India
Email: vilasghritlahre@gmail.com
Abstract
Greywater, the often-overlooked byproduct of domestic activities, presents a potential resource
that, if properly harnessed, could contribute significantly to sustainable water management
practices. The Existing wastewater treatment infrastructure does not provide an effective and
sustainable utilization of energy, water and nutrients. In this paper, a proposed system based
on source separation and water efficient use is compared with the current wastewater
management paradigm in Raipur City. Employing a multifaceted approach, the research
combines elements of urban planning, decentralized wastewater treatment, and technological
assessment to comprehensively evaluate the economic viability of greywater treatment
systems. Simulation and modelling are essential for the design, construction, and prediction of
the requirements of the wastewater treatment plant design. First, simulating a project prior to
its implementation reduces the additional costs. Secondly, from a different perspective, the
project is studied and researched from different perspectives. GPS-X software analysed the
impact of raw wastewater variations between their Minimum and Maximum Intervals on the
quality of the effluent. Due to the difference in the range of Inlet effluent, more accurate results
could be obtained. The economic cost of the project including Implementation, Maintenance,
and also Energy use was calculated using Capdetwork.
By conducting a meticulous review of relevant literature and real-world case studies, this
project aspires to provide a nuanced perspective on the economic valuation of greywater
treatment, and with the help of simulation modelling with GPS-X more detailed analysis is
carried out for economic and cost analysis of different wastewater technique. As a results in
decentralized method, it is seen that it is more cost effective as compared to centralized
treatment plant.
Keywords: Sustainable Water Management, Decentralized Wastewater Treatment, Water
Conservation, Technological Assessment, Cost-effective analysis.
193
Impact of Societies, Governments, NGOs and Entrepreneurs in Sustainable

Development
Dr. Krishna Kant Sharma
Librarian
Govt. College Kaytha, Ujjain (MP) Bharat
Email: kkujjain@gmail.com
Abstract
Sustainable development requires collaboration and coordination among various stakeholders,
including societies, governments, NGOs, and entrepreneurs. Each plays a crucial impact in
promoting sustainability across economic, social and environmental dimensions. Here there is
an explanation about their contribution. Societies play a vital role in raising awareness and
education, it can influence consumption patterns and lifestyle choices, which can impact
resource use, waste generation, and environmental degradation, and civic engagement that is
active participation in community initiatives, volunteerism, and advocacy efforts. Governments
formulate and enforce policies, laws, and regulations to promote sustainable development,
address environmental challenges, and foster economic and social equity, NGOs play a key
role in advocating for sustainability, raising awareness about environmental and social issues,
and mobilizing public support for policy change and action.
Entrepreneurs drive innovation and develop new technologies, products, and services that
contribute to sustainable development. They create solutions for renewable energy, waste
management, clean transportation, sustainable agriculture, and eco-friendly products.
Sustainable development requires collective action and collaboration among societies,
governments, NGOs, and entrepreneurs. By working together, they can address interconnected
social, economic, and environmental challenges and create a more sustainable and equitable
future for all.
Keywords: Societies, Governments Policy and regulation, International cooperation, Non-
Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Entrepreneurs.
194
Erosion, sedimentation, sediment transport
195
Mean Flows and Turbulence over Flexible Vegetation Patches in Open Channel- An
Experimental Study
Lossi Das , Akash Datta2 and Ratul Das3
1
1
Post Graduate Student, Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology
Agartala, Agartala-799046, India. E-mail: lossidas0660@gmail.com (Corresponding author)
2
Doctoral Research Fellow, Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology
Agartala, Agartala-799046, India. E-mail: akash.oshanien@gmail.com
3
Professor, Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology Agartala,
Agartala-799046, India. E-mail: ratulnitagartala@gmail.com
Abstract
In this paper the influence of submerged vegetation in open channel on the mean flows and
turbulence properties are investigated. Flows around the circular vegetation patches with
different vegetation densities characterized by the frontal area per volume of each patches are
explored. Experimental study was conducted in a 15 m long horizontal flume and an acoustic
Doppler velocimeter (ADV) was used to measure the instantaneous velocity components. The
results demonstrate that the presence of vegetation patches altered the near-bed flow field
resulting flow deceleration and a redistribution of the local bed shear stress around the
vegetation patches. The mean stream‐wise velocity in the near-wake flow regions of vegetation
patches were reduced, whereas the flow around the patches with larger densities experienced
more turbulence in comparison to those with less vegetation densities. Moreover, the time-
averaged Reynolds shear stress distributions depicted larger variations at the canopy top and
the magnitudes increased with the vegetation density. In particular, at the vicinity of
downstream of vegetation patches, negative values of shear stresses were observed close to the
bed with a higher inflection point in the shear stress profiles near the crest of the vegetation
patches.
Keywords: Submerged vegetation; near-wake flow regions; turbulence; mean flows; bed shear
stress.
196
Analysing soil erosion potential in the Bargi watershed: A RUSLE and remote sensing
based assessment
Madhulika Singh
Abstract
Due to land deterioration, agricultural intensification, and other anthropogenic activities, soil
erosion is a significant issue. Planning and conservation efforts in a watershed or basin benefit
from evaluation of soil erosion. Under a variety of circumstances, modelling can offer a
quantitative and reliable method to estimate soil erosion and sediment output. In the current
study, the soil loss model, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) integrated with GIS
has been used to estimate soil loss in bargi watershed Located in Madhya Pradesh District,
Chhindwara Basin, Narmada, India. Remote sensing data were used to estimate RUSLE model
parameters, and GIS was used to identify he zones where erosion is most likely to occur.
Estimated soil loss, rainfall erosivity ranges from 648 to 905, and crop management factors
range from 0.008 to 0.699. The estimated mean annual soil loss is 0.09 to 36.52 t/ha/yr in the
year of 2022 and highest soil loss occurs on the main watercourse, since high slope length and
Steepness. The findings will undoubtedly help with the deployment of soil management and
conservation techniques to stop soil erosion.
197
Suspended Load Transport of Cohesive Wash Material

Nitin Kumar Samaiya1, Sumit Gandhi2 and Ashish Kumar3
1
Asso. Professor, Civil Engineering Department, JUET Guna
2
Asso. Professor, Civil Engineering Department, JUET Guna
3
Professor, Civil Engineering Department, JUIT Waknaghat
Corr. Author email: nitinsam@rediffmail.com
Abstract
The mechanism of sediment transport is of great interest amongst others to hydraulic engineers.
Soil and sediments play an important role in water management and water quality. Some
methods are available to compute suspended load transport based on the stream energy concept,
one can compute the suspended load transport using the equation for concentration distribution
of suspended sediment and velocity distribution equation provided the reference concentration
is known. The errors involved in the estimation of reference concentration as well as the
uncertainties in the equation for velocity distribution and concentration distribution render
these methods unsuitable for the estimation of suspended load transport in channels having
nonuniform sediment beds. A number of studies are available to predict suspended load
transport rates of uniform and nonuniform bed material to a certain degree of accuracy. A few
studies have been carried out to determine the suspended load transport rates of very fine
sediments conventionally called as ‘wash load’. Applicability of some of the existing methods
for the computation of suspended load transport of cohesive wash material by the channel flows
is verified with the data collected during the present study. It has been also attempted to identify
the relationship that provides more accurate estimate of suspended load transport of cohesive
wash material by channel flows.
Keywords: Suspended load transport, wash load, sediment laden flow, uniform and non-
uniform material.
198
Estimation of Soil Erosion for Kerala, India Using Rusle And Geospatial Techniques
Aiswarya Narayanan K
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode –
673601, Kerala.
Email: aiswarya_m220080ce@nitc.ac.in
Abstract
Soil erosion is a major global soil degradation threat to land, freshwater, and oceans. It can
affect crop yields, make livelihoods difficult, and create crises. The south Indian state of Kerala
is one such region that witnesses very high soil erosion due to heavy monsoon rainfall and
undulating topography from the Western Ghats. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation
(RUSLE) methodology is used in conjunction with geospatial techniques like remote sensing
and GIS for the estimation of soil erosion for the period from 1990 to 2020 in Kerala. Multiple
data including gridded rainfall data for 30 years, soil map, Digital Elevation Model, LULC
map, and Landsat images are used for estimating soil erosion using RUSLE. Each factor of the
RUSLE is estimated separately and finally annual soil map is generated for Kerala. This study
helps in better understanding of soil erosion models with remote sensing and GIS and how it
can be very useful and effective in mapping soil erosion.
Keywords: Soil erosion, RUSLE, GIS.
199
Assessing Non-Point Source Pollution Loads in Song River Watershed using SWAT
Model
Shams Quamar , Harendra Prasad Singh1, Pradeep Kumar2,
1
Shakti Suryavanshi2 and Shailendra K Kumre2

1
Central University of Jharkhand Ranchi-India-835205
2
National Institute of Hydrology U.K-India-247667
Email: 1 shams.19220201005@cuj.ac.in, 2nd singh.harendra121@gmail.com,
st
3rd pradeep4uonline@gmail.com
Abstract
Non-point source pollution is becoming a significant factor affecting surface water bodies in
India. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model, the most widely used powerful
tool in NPS research areas. Present investigation we utilized SWAT to predict sediment loads
and nutrient losses within a watershed of Song River, a tributary of Ganges and evaluated the
applicability and effectiveness of the model. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated
using parameter sensitivity analysis for different periods. The result shows that the
urbanization and agricultural practices has a significant impact on streamflow and nutrient
loads. By predicting NPS load flux with high spatial and temporal resolution, our research
supports for mitigation the impact of agricultural activities on water quality in the Song
catchment.
Keywords: Song River, SWAT, Nutrient load, Sediment load, Load flux.
200
Utilization of Industrial By-products to Improve Soil Salinity: A Review of Positive and

Negative Impacts
Manita1, a*, K. K. Singh2, b
1
M. Tech Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
2
Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
Email: abishnoimanita1@gmail.com, bkksingh@nitkkr.ac.in
Abstract
Soil salinity is a critical environmental issue affecting agriculture. Salinity is the accumulation
of salts in the soil, typically composed of sodium, chloride, sulphate, and carbonate ions. This
condition arises from various natural and manmade factors, including the use of saline water
for irrigation and inadequate drainage. This study explores the promising path of repurposing
industrial by-products to mitigate salinity challenges and simultaneously enhance agricultural
sustainability. Diverse industrial by-products, such as gypsum, fly ash, and biosolids, are
examined for their impact on soil salinity, agriculture, and the environment. Gypsum, for
instance, emerges as a positive contributor, upgrading soil structure and reducing salinity
levels. However, the study also investigates into potential negative effects. Fly ash, while
beneficial in some contexts, may introduce trace elements that could adversely affect crops and
soil health if not managed carefully. This study assesses both the positive and negative
implications of utilizing these by-products on agriculture, soil, and the environment. It
highlights the need for a complete approach, considering the economic feasibility and
sustainability of these practices. This review contributes valuable insights into the complex
dynamics of utilizing industrial waste byproducts. By navigating the dual impacts of these
materials on soil salinity, agriculture and the environment, this study aims to inform about
sustainable by-products for soil improvement with environmental responsibility, opening the
way for a more resilient and productive agricultural future.
Keywords: Agriculture; Environmental feasibility; Industrial By-Product; Soil Salinity;
Sustainability.
201
Soil erosion modeling of a watershed using RS and GIS

Nainik Arya, Kartikeya Mishra & H.L. Tiwari
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
Email: nainikarya409@gmail.com
Abstract
This study employs a synergistic methodology combining Remote Sensing (RS) and
Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques to model soil erosion dynamics within a
watershed. Utilizing high-resolution satellite imagery and GIS spatial analysis, we assess land
cover changes, terrain characteristics, and other relevant factors contributing to soil erosion.
The integration of RS and GIS facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the watershed's
landscape, enabling the development of a robust soil erosion model. The findings of this
research contribute valuable insights for sustainable land management practices and watershed
conservation efforts, emphasizing the importance of technology-driven approaches in
addressing environmental challenges.
Keywords: Remote Sensing, GIS, Watershed, Soil erosion.
202
Monitoring Sediment scenario in Palkhed complex of Upper Godavari Sub basin of

Godavari basin using Remote Sensing Technique
Makarand Kulkarni1, Sunil Gaikwad2 & Shalini Shewale3
1
Executive Engineer, Resources Engineering Center, Maharashtra Engineering Research
Institute, Water Resources Department, Government of Maharashtra
Email: makrand6980@ gmail.com
2
Sub Divisional Engineer, Resources Engineering Center, Maharashtra Engineering Research
Institute, Water Resources Department, Government of Maharashtra
Email: sunil781978@gmail.com
3
Junior Engineer, Resources Engineering Center, Maharashtra Engineering Research
Abstract
When a river is stilled behind a dam, the sediment it contains sinks to the bottom of the reservoir
causing sedimentation in a reservoir and hence the dam gradually loses its ability to store
intended amount of water. Reservoir sedimentation and the consequent loss of storage affect
the water availability and operation schedules. The reservoir sedimentation is becoming a
potential threat to social, environmental, and economic efficacy as well as safety of the dam
and reservoir itself. Hence monitoring sediment scenario is much essential for safe and
sustainable use of reservoir. In this paper sediment scenario is observed in Palkhed complex of
Upper Godavari sub basin of Godavari basin. Palkhed complex comprises of six major dams
namely Karanjwan, Palkhed, Waghad, Punegaon, Ozarkhed and Tisgaon. The sediment
assessment of all six reservoirs from Palkhed complex is done by using Remote Sensing
technique. The design live storage capacity of Palkhed complex is 350.34 Mm3. The
sedimentation surveys of Palkhed complex reservoirs are done from year 2013 to year 2017
and the live storage capacity loss observed is 33.426 Mm3.
Keywords: Remote Sensing, Reservoir sedimentation, complex, monitoring.
203
Managing Sedimentation in Reserviors : A Comrihensive Study on Impacts, Control

AndSediment Resource Omptimization of Balancing Reservior at Sundernagar
Shiwani1, R.S.Banshtu1
¹Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India
Abstract
Sedimentation deposition in reservoirs poses a significant challenge to their functionality and
long-term sustainability, despite their vital role in water resource management and the
provision of essential services such as water supply, hydropower generation, and recreational
activities. This issue is exacerbated by various human activities, including changes in land use,
agricultural practices, mineral extraction, and urban development, which contribute to
increased sediment accumulation in reservoirs. Understanding the patterns of sediment
distribution and the factors driving sedimentation is crucial for developing effective
management strategies. This study seeks to address both the global issue of soil scarcity and
specific challenges related to dam management by assessing the potential agricultural
suitability of bottom sediments extracted from reservoirs. Through comprehensive geological,
geochemical, and fertility analyses, we have identified significant nutrient enrichment within
these sediments, indicating their potential for sustainable agricultural use. Moreover, we have
observed inherent transformation mechanisms within reservoir bottoms, including erosion,
transport, and accumulation processes, which suggest the possibility of converting
sedimentation into a valuable renewable natural resource. These findings not only shed light
on potential solutions for mitigating sedimentation impacts but also offer promising
opportunities for harnessing reservoir sediments to enhance agricultural productivity in a
sustainable manner.
Keywords: Sediment deposition, Storage capacity, Reservoir life.
204
Assessment of sedimentation using digital image processing techniques

Bikram Prasada & H.L. Tiwarib
a
Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Bansal Institute of Science &
Technology, Bhopal
b
Professor, Civil Engineering Department, MANIT, Bhopal
Abstract
Sedimentation occurs naturally in all water bodies however it is more prevalent in reservoirs
as they hold a significant volume relative to the size of their watershed. Deposition of eroded
silt particles, carried into the reservoir by the passage of water behind the dam, causes it. The
impact of sedimentation on the gross and live storage capacity of the Harsi reservoir, Gwalior,
India was assessed using satellite imagery. By developing false color composites, the water
spread at different heights was calculated using the Normalized Difference Water Index
(NDWI) produced by combining both green and NIR bands photographs (FCC). ILWIS
software had been used to analyze seven days of IRS-(R2/ P6) L-3 satellite pictures
encompassing live reservoir storage in elevation as per field reports acquired from the reservoir
location. In the last 84 years, sedimentation in the reservoir lost its gross storage capacity by
47.441MCM which is 23.04% and live storage capacity by 35.779 MCM which is 18%. The
rate of silting was found to be 0.426 Mm3/year considering sedimentation to be constant during
an 84-year time frame. Reservoir silting rate has been compared with Central Water
Commission (CWC) sedimentation evaluated in 2007 and empirical formulas of Khosla’s and
Joglekar’s.
Keywords: ILWIS, Harsi reservoir, Normalized difference water index (NDWI), Satellite
images, Sedimentation.
205
Urban water and drainage management
206
Characterization of Urban Runoff in the Powai Region of Mumbai

Jyoti Mishra, V. S. Vamsi Botlaguduru
Environmental Science and Engineering Department,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
Email: mjyoti960@gmail.com
Abstract
Research focuses on characterizing the stormwater runoff in the Powai region of Mumbai and
aims to identify the pollutant sources. The work analysis was conducted for both conventional
and emerging contaminants in the runoff samples collected during the monsoon seasons (2022-
2023) from five locations (SL1, SL2, SL3, SL4, and SL5) for ten storm events. The runoff
originating within the IIT campus (SL4 and SL5) exhibited low organic loads and fecal
contamination but had elevated levels of iron, lead, aluminum, phthalates, pesticides, personal.
care products, and pharmaceuticals. Runoff originating outside IIT (Powai region) had low DO
concentrations, and SL1 and SL3 recorded the highest mean concentrations of TSS, BOD, and
oil and grease in excess of the effluent discharge standards. The findings of this study suggest
that the runoff was highly contaminated with fecal coliforms for all storm events, indicating
the need to prevent sewage viruses into stormwater drains. High metal contamination levels
suggest vehicular traffic influence, and excessive TSS and oil and grease imply runoff as a
potential source of increased siltation and lipophilic compound storage in Powai Lake. The
findings will help to quantify contributions from conventional and emerging contaminants,
aiding the development of an effective runoff management strategy.
Keywords: Emerging Contaminants, Fecal Coliform, Heavy Metals, Stormwater.
207
Exploring Sustainable Water Management: A Data Analysis of GITAM Institute's

Water Conservation Efforts
1Sai Gautham Kumar Gujjula, 1Durgesh Nandan Patro
1
Assistant Professor
GITAM School of Architecture
Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
Email: sgujjula@gitam.edu; dpatro@gitam.edu
Abstract
Through a rigorous data analysis undertaken at GITAM Institute, this study research paper digs
into the essential subject of water conservation. Institutions play a critical role in sustainable
resource management as water shortage becomes a global concern. The research focuses on
examining water usage trends, finding possible conservation areas, and providing solutions to
improve sustainability in the academic setting. The study's key components include an
evaluation of water-efficient technology, behavioural variables driving use, and the efficacy of
current water conservation measures. The paper examines quantitative measures as well as
qualitative viewpoints, taking into account the attitudes and beliefs of the GITAM community
towards water conservation.
The research's consequences go beyond the immediate campus, providing as a model for other
educational institutions looking to improve their water management practises. The findings add
to the increasing body of information on sustainable resource utilisation, providing
policymakers, administrators, and environmental practitioners with relevant insights. Finally,
this study article recommends for a comprehensive strategy to water conservation, emphasising
the need of data-driven decision-making in developing long-term practises. The study
contributes to the greater discourse on water conservation in educational institutions by
scrutinising the specific setting of GITAM Institute, providing vital insights for establishing a
culture of responsible resource utilisation.
Keywords: Water conservation, GITAM Institute, Data analysis, Resource management.
208
Recent advancements in Metaheuristic algorithms for the optimal design of water

distribution networks
Bharti Motwani1, Nikita Palod2 & Rajesh Gupta3
1
PhD Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of
Technology, Nagpur, 440010.
2
Assistant Professor (Adjunct), Department of Civil Engineering, Visvesvaraya National
Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010.
3
Professor (HAG), Department of Civil Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of
Technology, Nagpur,
440010.
Email: bhartimotwani17@gmail.com; npalod@gmail.com; drrajeshgupta123@hotmail.com
Abstract
Optimization of water distribution networks (WDNs) is extensively studied in the last 50 years.
The non-linear relationship between different network parameters, discrete nature of pipe sizes,
and several design-variables pose challenges to researchers to identify the global optimal
solution. Deterministic search techniques used earlier have been almost replaced by
metaheuristic algorithms (MHAs) in the last two-decades, due to their capability in searching
the entire search space, higher probability of reaching to the global optimal solution and
providing several near optimal solutions. However, the major limitation in using an MHA is
the tuning of various parameters that are used to mimic of exact behaviour observed in a
metaphor. The parameter tuning is an exhaustive and unceasing process as the optimal values
of parameters keep changing from problem to problem. Recent trends have shown a rise in the
development of parameter-free or self-adaptive MHAs. These algorithms either do not require
any parameter or can get tuned during the execution of the algorithm. Such algorithms are easy
to use and mostly reduces the computational effort. This study mainly focusses on the extensive
examination of various MHAs utilized for the optimization of WDN in the last 10 years, and
to analyse the recent trend in the development of MHAs. The study also lists many new,
particularly potential parameter-less algorithms that can be applied to the WDNs in the time
ahead.
209
Impact of Urbanization on Ground Water Resources – a Case Study of Vijayawada,

India
Rahul Tiwari , Devadaru Lakshmana Rao2, Yashi Tiwari3 & Greeffin Raju Fule4
1
1
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (MANIT), Bhopal. India
Email: ar.rahultiwari@gmail.com
2
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology (MANIT), Bhopal. India
Email: laksshman.devadhar022@gmail.com
3
The Bhopal School of Social Sciences (BSSS) Bhopal
Email: dr.yashitiwari06@gmail.com
Abstract
Water is the main and most utilizing ingredient for living beings. On the earth, among the total
water, 97% of water is in oceans as saline water. The earth’s 3% of freshwater is disappearing,
shortage of water is being caused by the impacts of climate change, urbanization, increased
pollution, and overuse of water. India has 18% of the world's population yet just 4% of the
world's freshwater resources. In studies, it is established that the annual precipitation in India
is 3880 billion cubic meters and the total computed available water is 1999 billion cubic meters.
The usable water resources either surface or groundwater is 690 billion cubic meter and 432
billion cubic meters respectively. In this light, the study analyses the impact of urbanization on
underground water resources taking case of Vijayawada city in India. The study methodology
is divided in two phases, the first phase is starting with the literature review that finds out the
factors which are affecting the urban water resources like densification of the city, increasing
of population, population density, expansion of the city, and concreting of the city, whereas the
second phase find out the parameters using the Arc SWAT and analyse the parameters as per
the objectives of the study based on geo-spatial data combined with weather, ground water date
from government authorities SWAT model, which is a soil and water assessment tool, analysed
data in three categories. The first one is watershed delineation; the second stage is
Hydraulically Response Units (HRU) and the thirst stage is weather data. The study based on
assessment results, identifies percolation as one of the major causes of decrease of ground water
level and depletion of under-ground water resource and subsequently suggests plans and policy
interventions in order to improve the percolation rate of in Vijayawada city.
Keywords: Impact, Urbanization, Ground water, Percolation.
210
Design Of Looped Water Distribution Networks Using Integer Linear Programming

Kshitij K. Singh1, Nikita Palod2 & Rajesh Gupta3
1
Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, VNIT Nagpur, 440010, India
2
Assistant Prof. (Adjunct), Department of Civil Engineering, VNIT Nagpur, 440010, India
3
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, VNIT Nagpur, 440010, India
E-mail: kshitijsinghnir@gmail.com, npalod@gmail.com, drrajeshgupta123@hotmail.com
Abstract
The expenditure on a water distribution networks (WDN) constitute nearly 70-80% of the total
cost of a water supply system; hence, cost optimization is desirable. Linear programming (LP)
based algorithms are the one amongst other techniques used for the optimization of WDNs.
They are quick to produce results; however, most of them do not have the capability to move
further from a local optimum solution to global optimal solution. Further, they result in a split
pipe solutions which requires a special connector that increases the cost of network. A more
cost-effective and efficient solution using a single size for each link in the network can be
obtained using an integer linear programming (ILP) approach, specifically zero-one ILP. This
methodology selects the most suitable size for each link, satisfying all constraints of the
problem. The application of this approach on a branched type network shows the global optimal
solution with all links of single size. The application of ILP is extended to obtain a solution
with a single-pipe for each link using replacement-elimination method in which an initially
selected branched network is iteratively improved. The algorithm moves from one local
optimum to other in search of global optimum tree solution. The application of methodology
is shown herein with a simple two-loop benchmark network. The proposed methodology is
generic and can be applied to any single source gravity network.
Keywords: Integer Linear Programming, Linear Programming, Water Distribution Network,
Optimization.
211
Simulating A Variable Speed Pump in Water Distribution Network Using Epanet

Suraj S. Shambharkar1, Satyam Tiwari2, Nikita Palod3 & Rajesh Gupta4
1
Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, VNIT Nagpur, 440010, India
2
Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, VNIT Nagpur, 440010, India
3
Assistant Prof. (Adjunct), Department of Civil Engineering, VNIT Nagpur, 440010, India
4
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, VNIT Nagpur, 440010, India
Email: surajshambharkar98@gmail.com, dt22civ006@students.vnit.ac.in,
npalod@gmail.com, drrajeshgupta123@hotmail.com
Abstract
Fixed speed pumps (FSP) performs more efficiently in their best operating zone. However,
water demand over the entire day and the peak flow may be 2 to 3 times the average flow.
Therefore, in case of a direct pumping system multiple pumps or floating reservoir is provided
to take care of fluctuation in demand and allow the pumps to operate at constant head. Pump
operations are scheduled to minimize the operational cost. However, it requires frequent on-off
of pumps which compromises on the efficiency of pumps and results in higher operational
costs. Variable-speed pumps (VSP) are emerging as a promising strategy to enhance the
efficiency of a pumping unit as best operating zone for the VSP pump is enlarged. A VSP
dynamically adjust its speed in response to varying demand and therefore on-off operations are
minimized. The EPANET 2.0 and its latest version EPANET 2.2, has a provision to model a
WDN with pumps by providing relative speed factors at different time interval. A methodology
based on the affinity laws is used herein to determine the required speed of pump based on the
variation in demand. The proposed methodology is tested on two WDNs to compare the energy
consumption. The analysis of the results highlights the superiority of the VSP over FSP for
reducing the energy consumption.
Keywords: Pump schedule, Water distribution network, Variable speed pump.
212
Review Based Study of National Rural Drinking Water Programme Implementation in

the State of Madhya Pradesh.
Varsha Rokade1, Abhishek Parsai2
1Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies,

E-mail: deshpande.varsha@gmail.com
2Team Leader
Swachh Bharat Mission Urban - PMU

KPMG Advisory Services Pvt Ltd, Gurgaon
Abstract
Rural water supply has traditionally focused on extending coverage to rural areas in order to
provide a ‘safe’ quality of water and service. However, water being a State subject, the primary
responsibility for providing drinking water facilities in the country rests with the respective
State Governments. States generally plan, design and execute water supply schemes (and often
continue to operate them) through their State Public Health Engineering Departments, while
the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS), Government of India, formulates
policies and guidelines for the sector and supplements the efforts of State Governments by
providing technical and financial assistance under the centrally sponsored National Rural
Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP). The programme was launched in 2009.
The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (MDWS), Government of India is entrusted
with the responsibility for providing financial and technical resources for ensuring safe and
sufficient drinking water in rural habitations of India. As per data available on the online portal
of MDWS regarding progress of the National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP),
out of a total 1,696,664 habitations nationwide, 1,249,695 (73.65%) habitations have been
provided with a minimum of 40 litres per capita per day of water supply. Only 40.14% of the
total habitations nationwide are provided with piped water supply schemes (PWSSs), and the
remaining 59.86% of habitations have hand pumps and other schemes, whereas in the case of
Madhya Pradesh, these figures are 15.96% and 84.04%, respectively. This study throws light
on factors leads to NRDWP implementation in MP
Keywords: NRDWP, piped water supply schemes, service delivery, strategic plan.
213
Role of effective urban water governance for sustainable development: Case of Bhopal
Tanya Dwivedi, M. Kapshe & Y.K. Garg
Doctoral Scholar
Department of Architecture and Planning, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology
Bhopal, India
Email: tanya.w4c@gmail.com
Abstract
Water access in Indian cities is increasing with support of Government of India’s flagship
programs like Jal Jeevan Mission and AMRUT. However, there are disparities in quantity and
quality of water available to different urban households within each city. Unequal water access
in cities is not only a result of infrastructural disparity but also due to socio-cultural and
governance constraints. In this paper we explore the role of an effective urban water
governance regime in influencing people’s access to water. Urban water governance regime
consists of information disbursal channels and participation and decision-making avenues.
With a case example of Bhopal city, we assess water access across different socio-economic
groups and its relationship with access to avenues for participating in the urban water
governance through local-level meetings, websites, and social media platforms. In the end we
suggest role of government bodies and civil society in strengthening the urban water
governance channels for sustainable development related to water.
Keywords: Sustainable development, Participation avenues, Unequal water access, Urban
water governance.
214
Review on the Contribution of Biodegradable Wastes in Vermicomposting and

Sequential Rotary Vermicomposting
Satyendra Kumar , waseem ghani 2, Shagoofta Rasool Shah3, sharoon aziz choudhary 4, & Ajay
1
Kalamdhad 5
1
Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology (NIT) Srinagar (J&K)
India
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), India
Email: satyendra_2022phaciv023@nitsri.ac.in
Abstract
India's population steadily increases, leading to a corresponding rise in solid waste generation.
Approximately 33% of the world's municipal solid waste is improperly managed, resulting in
2.01 billion tonnes of waste produced annually. India, representing 18 percent of the world's
population, contributes 12 percent to global municipal solid waste generation, amounting to 62
million tonnes annually. Despite collecting 70 percent of this waste, only 12 million tonnes
undergo treatment, while the remaining 31 million tonnes end up in landfill sites. The average
daily per-person waste generation worldwide is 0.74 kilograms, posing a significant ecological
challenge. Biodegradable waste, including kitchen waste, gardening trimmings, and market
waste, complicates waste management. Improper handling can result in environmental
pollution and public health risks like AIDS, Hepatitis, Plague, and Cholera. There is a high
investment cost associated with conventional solid waste management techniques such as
incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, and digestion. There are economic and environmental
benefits to composting, especially aerobic processes. The resulting compost, rich in nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium nutrients, can be utilized as a soil fertilizer/conditioner. However,
toxic elements in the compost limit its applicability, as they may pose risks to human health
and the environment. Biological processes like Vermicomposting offer advantages over
chemical treatments, with lower capital costs. Nonetheless, challenges arise due to the potential
presence of contaminants and toxic elements in solid waste, hindering successful biological
treatment. Microbes, including microalgae, contribute significantly to decomposition, secreting
enzymes that break down complex molecules into simpler compounds. Earthworms,
particularly in Vermicomposting, produce extracellular polymeric substances that serve as a
nutrient source for bacteria, facilitating waste degradation. This review emphasizes the role of
Vermicomposting and Rotary, followed by Vermicomposting as practical tools for managing
biodegradable solid waste, suggesting the incorporation of sheep's dung and aquatic weeds to
enhance the process.
215
Understanding and fostering Water Sensitive Behaviours in Indian Households: An

attempt towards Sustainable Urban Water Management
Kriti Trivedi, Dr Manmohan Kapshe, Dr Vinay Mohan Das
Department of Architecture and Planning, MANIT, Bhopal, India
Email: krivedi@gmail.com; kapshem@manit.ac.in; dasvm@manit.ac.in
Abstract
Water stress due to increasing water demands, growing urbanisation and development activities
is getting further exacerbated by the climate change impacts. Handling the widening demand
supply gap through supply provisioning becomes a challenge for city’s outdated or nascent
under construction water supply infrastructure to deal with. The severity of such water
problems calls for effective solutions that can ensure resource sustainability and water
availability for the long term, implying the focus should be towards the management of water.
In the process of diverting the focus from the conventional ways of supply centric water
management approaches the study looks at ways for enabling water sensitive behaviour at
individual level. The study focuses on the role of society constituting of the water users
displaying water sensitive behaviours at household level as a demand management measure at
micro level for Indian context. In response to the emerging need for behaviour change among
citizens, the study aims to unveil the concept of water sensitive behaviour at household level
and to identify sustainable pathways towards fostering such behaviours. The research is based
on the scientific knowledge through the literature validated by the societal experiences and
perceptions of water experts and the citizens as water users.
Keywords: household level water use; sustainable development; urban water management;
water stress, water sensitive behaviours.
216
Environmental pollution and mitigation

technologies
217
Estimation of Fly Ash Concentration in a Power Utility Boiler for Paras Thermal Power
Station and Comparison with CFD
Nagaraj Sitaram
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
East Point College of Engineering and Technology, Bangalore – 49
Email: naghydro@gmail.com
Abstract
The fly ash erosion is also a major cause of failure in economiser tubes. During the coal
combustion, the non-carbonaceous mineral matter undergoes physical and chemical changes.
The combustion gases, which flow through the system, carry the solid particles (mainly consists
of fly ash) along with them. These fly ash particles results in mechanical damage to the surfaces
of boiler in the form of erosion or abrasion. Paras Thermal Power Station (Maharashtra) is
taken as base of the study to compare numerical study and suggestions are incorporated.
A numerical method is used to predict the distribution of fly ash concentrations in a
complex fly ash flow in a power utility boiler. The mean momentum and mass conservation
equations are solved for each phase using finite volume scheme with a RNG k- turbulence
model. The simulation results indicate that the smaller fly ash particles are more influenced by
the gas flow and, with increasing particle size, the larger fly ash particles flung towards the
right hand side of the economiser inlet.
The current study can be used for erosion prediction and comparison with
experimental results, which will help to arrive at new designs of boiler configuration and take
proper protection measures.
218
A Holistic Framework for Pollution Mitigation: Implementing Robust Control

Measures
Charudatta Thosar , Ganesh Prajapat2, Uday Jagtap3, Nandini More4
1
1*Corresponding Author, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, SVKM’s

Institute of Technology, Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India
Email: charudatta.thosar@svkm.ac.in, charudattathosar@gmail.com
2,3,4*Students of Department of Civil Engineering, SVKM’s Institute of Technology, Dhule,
424001, Maharashtra, India
Email: prajapatg061@gmail.com, udayjagtap4u@gmail.com, nbmore2004@gmail.com
Abstract
This research study outlines a multidimensional program that is strategically developed for
pollution prevention, control, and reduction, with an unrelenting commitment to guaranteeing
strict execution. The program includes the systematic collection and transmission of relevant
information about pollution and its many aspects of prevention, control, and abatement. The
rigorous inspection of sewage, trade effluent treatment and disposal facilities, and air pollution
control systems is an important aspect. Plans, specifications, and different data relevant to
treatment plants, disposal systems, and air pollution control systems are rigorously reviewed,
in accordance with the granted consents.
The Maharashtra government's Environment Department is in charge of MPCB administration.
The study emphasizes proactive support and incentives for breakthroughs in pollution
management, waste recycling, reuse, and the spread of eco-centric practices, even in the
absence of governmental oversight. The study makes clear how important it is to inform and
mentor business owners in order to help them implement pollution control methods and
technology wisely. The program's main goal is to strategically raise public awareness of the
need to preserve a healthy and clean environment. Simultaneously, the study creates channels
for resolving citizen complaints about pollution.
Keywords: Multidimensional program, Strict execution, Abatement, Granted consents.
219
Emulsion Liquid Membrane: - Review on Improvement Methods in Emulsion Stability

Shivam Modi1, Smita Gupta2
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology
Surat, Surat, Gujarat, India
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology
Surat, Surat, Gujarat, India
Corresponding Author Email: Smita Gupta, g.smita@ched.svnit.ac.in
Abstract
Emulsion Liquid membrane (ELM) is a powerful and efficient technique for the efficient
removal of toxic pollutants from industrial wastewater as well as for the recovery of valuable
chemicals from the effluent stream. ELM is the advanced version of liquid-liquid extraction
(LLE). It incorporates simultaneous extraction and concentration of solute, which can reduce
wastewater treatment costs by 40% in comparison to LLE. ELM does not require any additional
pressure, temperature, or any other specified operating condition. It solely works on the
chemical energy of its components. To achieve more implementation of ELM at an industrial
scale, it is crucial to achieve the appropriate level of stability of emulsion. The present paper
reviewed various factors affecting the stability of emulsion emulsification methods, surfactant
concentration, stripping phase concentration, types of membrane phase, etc. Various methods
of improvement of emulsion stability like the use and effect of co-surfactant, nanoparticles,
nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, HLB value, etc. have also been discussed. Breaking
mechanisms of emulsion such as swelling, leakage, coalescences, etc are also discussed in this
review.
Keywords: Emulsion liquid membrane, Stability, Emulsion break, HLB value.
220
“A review paper on Generation of Carbon Footprint from Household Activities”

Poonam Gautam¹, Harsangeet Kaur²
1
2
Email: poonamgautam933613@gmail.com
Abstract
A concern on the issue of climate change and its effects on the planet has coerced individuals
and communities to take enterprising steps in reducing their carbon footprint. This research
article will review the carbon footprint generated from different household activities across the
world. However special emphasis is given to the Indian scenario. Significant amounts of global
carbon emissions are produced by households through various activities such as energy
consumption, transportation, waste generation, and food choices. This article will compare the
carbon footprint generated by different household activities and methods to control the
footprint. Sustainable practices being adopted by households as a result of realizing the need
for action to reduce their carbon footprint are also discussed in the article. This article also
discusses the importance of education and awareness in driving carbon footprint reduction at
the household level. Community-based programs, government incentives, and technological
advancements are explored as catalysts for encouraging sustainable behaviour within
households.
Keywords: Carbon Footprint, Global warming, Food, Transportation, Fuel.
221
Assessment of the Atmospheric Environment Pollutant in Indian Industrial Sector by

Using Inventories
Rakesh Chand, Suresh Sundaramurthy* & Anil Kumar Sharma
Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal-
462 003
Email: rakesh08142chand@gmail.com
Abstract
The paper presents an emission inventory for Cochin, which is a highly industrialized area
situated in the southern part of India. The listing and description of air pollutant emitting
sources, including estimated pollutant emission quantification, comprise the emission
inventory. Emission inventory plays an important role in developed industrial areas for
pollution control strategies. In a systematic way the sources are broadly classified as point, line
and area sources. The data on emissions from industries, fuel consumption for vehicular and
domestic activities along with the respective emission factors are used for estimating the
emissions. According to the contributions of different types of sources to the emissions of major
pollutants is prove that industrial activity is major source of pollutants. The study reveals that
industrial sources are mainly responsible for emissions of particulate matter, oxides of sulphur
and ammonia in the region. The emission inventory prepared for the region would be useful
while planning pollution control strategies and evaluating their results. About the NOx and HC
emissions from automobiles are contributed to maximum pollution so for the future time the
use of such vehicle in the urban centres should be restricted.
Keywords: Coastal site, emission inventory.
222
Performance of Aeration-Enhanced Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands

for Efficient Removal of Conventional Pollutants and Acetaminophen in Cold Climate
Virender Shivay1, Surjit Singh Katoch1 & Alok Garg2
1
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, India
Email: 22mce405@nith.ac.in, sskatoch@nith.ac.in, alok.garg@nith.ac.in
Abstract
The horizontal Subsurface flow constructed wetland (HSFCW) is considered as a potential
alternative for domestic wastewater treatment of towns and small cities. Acetaminophen
exhibits toxicity to aquatic organisms and human beings due to the presence of phenolic group.
It is reported that 58-68% of acetaminophen is excreted by humans through urine.
Lead to fatal hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Transform into toxic compounds during
chlorination. Oxygen supply is the main limitation of pollutants removal in HSFCW. In the
present work, a lab scale experiments were conducted to assess pollutants removal capacity
and kinetics in HSFCWS with and without aeration. Two HSFCWs constructed with Canna
indica were running in continuous flow to remove high concentrations of conventional
pollutants and low concentrations of Acetaminophen. The main objective of study is to test the
influence of aeration on removal of Acetaminophen and conventional pollutants. Monod
Equation with MATLAB to understand conventional pollutant breakdown is applied,
Supercharging oxygen supply through artificial aeration significantly enhances COD, N, and
P removal in HSFCWs. In conclusion artificial aeration enhanced removal capacity of
HSFCWs on conventional pollutants and Acetaminophen.
Keywords: Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands, Acetaminophen, Chemical
Oxygen Demand, Nitrogen, Phosphorus.
223
Synthesis of Hydroxyapatite as Adsorbent for Remediation of Fluoride Contaminated

Groundwater: Batch Study
Ravindra Budania (a, b) and Sanyam Dangayach (a)
a
Department of Civil Engineering, MNIT, Jaipur,
b
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Anand-ICE, Jaipur
Abstract
Fluoride concentration in drinking water are a global problem, significantly when they surpass
the World Health Organization's 1.5 mg/l limit. Because fluoride contamination in drinking
water is a significant problem, immediate intervention must be taken to remediate fluoride
levels to acceptable levels. In order to address this issue, hydroxyapatite, an adsorbent known
for its exceptional defluoridation capabilities, was synthesised in this research utilising a
precipitation method. Several batch experiments were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of
synthesised hydroxyapatite (HaP) in eliminating fluoride pollution. These tests explored the
influence of pH, contact duration, adsorbent dosage, and fluoride concentration on
defluoridation. The optimal pH range for achieving maximum defluoridation efficiency was
between 6.0 and 8.0, while the adsorption equilibrium time was 60 minutes. The experimental
results revealed that HaP exhibited remarkable fluoride removal capabilities, with an efficiency
of up to 56% under optimal conditions. SEM-EDS and FT-IR analyses were used to
characterise the resultant HaP. This signifies the potential of HAp as a promising solution for
effectively mitigating fluoride contamination in groundwater.
Keywords: Hydroxyapatite, fluoride, adsorption.
224
Mitigation Urban Air Pollution: Liquid Trees as Sustainable Solution in Densely

Polluted Indian Cities
Ashish Chandel *, Manita2, b & Krishna Kumar Singh3, c
1, a
1,2,3Department Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra,

Kurukshetra, India
Email: a*chandelashish9876@gmail.com, bbishnoimanita1@gmail.com,
ckksingh@nitkkr.ac.in
Abstract
The population of the world is growing at an exponential rate and so are the pollution levels of
different cities around the globe. In India, cities like Bhiwadi, Hassan, Faridabad, Gurugram,
Jind, Delhi, Kurukshetra are the most polluted. The main pollutants are greenhouse gases like
CO2, CO, SO2 which are also responsible for the overall increase of the earth's temperature.
according to WHO 2019 report, 99% of the world population was living in places where WHO
guidelines were not met. Air pollution has caused around 4.2 million deaths worldwide per
year in 2019 and this is mainly due to exposure to fine particulate matter which causes
cardiovascular diseases and cancer. It is the need of the hour to find a sustainable solution for
the growing pollution issue which is becoming a detrimental factor for the world and for India
as well. Liquid tree is one of the most efficient solutions which can help to reduce air pollution
in Indian cities which are densely polluted due to various factory outlets and industries
emission. Liquid tree is a chamber which contains 500 to 600 litre of water and works by using
microalgae to bind carbon dioxide and produce pure oxygen through photosynthesis. The main
aim of these liquid trees is not to replace the forests and tree plantations but to fill the urban
pockets where there is no space for planting trees. Liquid trees can be used in different
metropolitan cities in our country which are densely polluted and are facing different health
issues. The application of Liquid Trees holds significant potential for deployment in various
metropolitan cities across India, especially those grappling with heightened pollution levels
and attendant health concerns.in this review paper I have also suggested some algae’s which
are abundantly present in India, and which can be used in liquid trees and bio reactors in order
to serve the purpose. This innovative approach offers a pragmatic and sustainable avenue for
mitigating air pollution within densely populated urban environments.
Keywords: Pollution levels, Greenhouse gases, Sustainable solution, Liquid trees,
Photosynthesis, Urban.
225
Environmental regulations & socio-economic aspects in Water zone

Dr. Rekha Chouhan
Assistant Professor (Chemistry)
Govt. College Kaytha, Ujjain (MP) Bharat
Email: rekhasingh5chauhan@gmail.com
Abstract
Environmental policies in the water zone focus on protecting water quality, conserving water
resources, and extenuating environmental impacts associated with water infrastructure and
operations. Regulations such as the Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act in the United
States set standards for water quality and regulate discharge into water bodies, ensuring the
protection of aquatic ecosystems and public health. Environmental impact assessments are
conducted for water correlated projects to evaluate potential environmental consequences and
ensure fulfillment with environmental regulations.
Access to clean water and sanitation services is essential for public health, economic
development, and social equity. Socio-economic factors, such as income level, education, and
geographic location, influence water access and quality disparities, leading to environmental
injustice.
Engaging stakeholders, including local communities, businesses, and NGOs, in water
governance processes fosters collaborative decision-making and enhances socio-economic
flexibility to water-related challenges. Overall, integrating energy conservation, environmental
policy, and socio-economic considerations into water sector management is crucial for
achieving sustainable development goals and ensuring the long-term resilience of water
resources and communities. Energy conservation is the key element of energy management we
can reduce the energy consumption by adopting various ways of energy conservation which
includes efficient use of technologies and avoiding energy wastage.
Keywords: Energy Conservation, Environmental Policy, Socio-economic Aspects.
226
Analysis of Venturimeter Flow Characteristics with Sediment laden water

H. L. Tiwari1, Kamal Singh2 & Kartikeya Mishra3
1
Professor, 2Associate Professor, 3Research Scholar
Email: hltiwari@rediffmail.com
Abstract
Measurement of flow constitutes an essential part in all fluid flow systems. The methods used
for measurement of flow in pipe lines are mostly indirect, as the direct methods may not be
practicable for large and continuous flow system. Venturimeter and Orifice meter is the two
most widely used devices for the indirect measurement of flow through the pipelines. Normally
Venturimeter is used to measure clear water. In the present work, Venturimeter with varying
diameters have been used. Firstly, the work has been carried out with clear water and then
sediment laden at different concentration of solids by weight have been analysed. The
concentration of sediment used is 1%, 2%, 3% and 5% by weight. It has been found that the
discharge coefficient Cd is an independent of Reynolds number (Re) in present limit of
Reynolds number. For different concentration of solids, the coefficient of discharge decreases
with increase in percentage concentration of solids by weight (CW). A unique empirical relation
between coefficient of discharge and Reynolds number is also established.
Keywords: discharge, fluid, Reynolds number, sediment, venturimeter.
227
Repair And Rehabilitation of Water Leakages in Concrete Structures

Kavendra Pulkit, Babita Saini & H D Chalak
Civil Engineering Department, Nit Kurukshetra, Haryana, India
Email: kavendra_6190115@nitkkr.ac.in; bsain@nitkkr.ac.in
Abstract
Repairing and rehabilitating water leaks in concrete structures is crucial for maintaining their
strength and avoid degradation. Several methods and resources are utilized to effectively tackle
water leakage problems. This study describes a wide range of restoration methods that are
essential to the durability of concrete water structures. It covers grouting, conductive cement-
based anodic and cathodic systems, underwater fiber-reinforced plastic systems, and steel
jacketing, reviewing a range of methods important for remediation. Moreover, it examines the
methods for creating a strong connection between materials and overlay structures in water
environments. Choosing and applying these repair methods are crucial for protecting structural
integrity and extending the lifespan of concrete infrastructure. It is possible to protect water
concrete structures from degradation and maintain their structural performance over time by
using various repair techniques and protection methods. Case studies and research findings
present useful insights into the efficacy of repair techniques in real-world applications,
highlighting the importance of utilising suitable repair strategies to improve the lifespan of
water concrete structures.
Keywords: Jacketing; Repair; Rehabilitation; Self-healing concrete; Water Leakage.
228
Understanding long-term spatio-temporal variability in rainfall over a major river

basin in semi-arid zone, Western India
Saurabh Choubey 1, Rina Kumari 1 & Shard Chander 2
1
School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat,
Gandhinagar-382030 2 Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad-380015
Presenting Author's Name: Choubey.S
E-Mail: saurabh.choubey1995@gmail.com
Abstract
Water plays a pivotal role in sustaining ecosystems, supporting human health, and driving socio
economic development. In this regard, SDG 6 particularly focuses on “ensuring availability
and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all”. Under looming consequences of
climate change on global hydrology, accurate measurement of hydrological variables-
precipitation, surface runoff and ground water changes become imperative to ensure accessible
water which in turn is fundamental for eradicating poverty, improving health, and promoting
gender equality (SDGs 1, 3, and 5). In this context, the present study investigated long-term
changes in spatio-temporal variability in rainfall over the Sabarmati River Basin (SRB), during
1980-2020 using IMD high resolution gridded rainfall dataset. The primary motivation to carry
out the research was to analyze any major shift in rainfall patterns over the years during the
monsoon season. Variability in rainfall was calculated using different rainfall characteristic
indicators- change in number of dry and wet days, variability in prolonged spells of rainy days.
The results indicate that the basin experiences a unimodal distribution of rainfall with a shift in
rainfall towards later monsoon months (August and September). It was also inferred that days
with moderate rainfall have decreased while low and extreme rainfall events have increased
over the basin. It is evident from the study that the rainfall regime is highly erratic, and the
study is important in understanding the changes in the rainfall regime during the last 40 years.
The study has significant implications for water resource management, agricultural planning,
and mitigation of water-related disasters.
Keywords: Western India, SRB, Rainfall characteristics, SDG 6, water resource.
229
Effect of Hydrogel in Constructed Wetland Based Microbial Fuel Cell for Clean Energy
Generation
S. Gopikumar *, T. Pradeepb, S. Umac, R. Vigneshd
a
a
Assistant Professor, School of Mechanical and Construction, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.
Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science & Technology, Chennai, India,
b
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Erode,
India
c
Adhoc Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology,
Surathkal, India
d
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Akshaya College of Engineering and
Technology, Coimbatore, India
Email: gopikumar.srf@gmail.com*; pradeep@kongu.ac.in; uma.nitk@gmail.com;
rajenvignesh@gmail.com
Abstract
In current trends application of hydrogel attained a great importance as a replacement for
polymers in terms of microbeads and membrane forms. They normally will not dissolve in
water but swell absorbing more than 95% of the water. Hydrogel naturally is a polymeric
material that is good in biocompatibility and lower in toxicity. The polymerization techniques
with radiation technology and cross-linked structure are familiar methods of preparing these
hydrogels. In recent times it acts as a chelating agent in removal of metal ions in the
contaminated industrial wastewaters. This biomaterial is used as catalyst in the treatment of
wastewater through artificial constructed wetland microbial fuel cell model. The objective of
this work is to design a pilot model that removes pollutant and generate green energy through
constructed wetland based microbial fuel cell. In recent days the application of hydrogels in
the form of microbeads in the treatment of heavy metal contaminant from domestic and
industrial wastewater by means of separating the metal ions proves significant improvement.
The outcome of this work is to evaluate the percentage removal of organic and inorganic
contaminants along with clean energy generation.
230

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On the Occasion of World Water Day (22nd March)

INTERNATIONAL WATER CONFERENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (IWCSDG-2024)

TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Dr. V. P. Singh Dr. A. W. Jayawardena

Dr. V.R. Desai Dr. V. Jothi Prakash Dr. A. P. Singh

Dr. S. S. Bhadauria Dr. K. P. Sudheer Dr. P. P. Mujumdar

Dr. A.D. Vasudeo Dr. Ishtiyaq Ahmad Dr. V. K. Bhatt

Shri Aditya Sharma

I am immensely pleased to welcome you all to this grand conference of INTERNATIONAL

(Dr. Anil Kothari)

Dr. Mukul Kulshrestha

Sustainable development has many facets. It encompasses environmental restoration, social

management, and Environmental pollution and mitigation technologies. There was an

17. Time series modeling of reservoir 46

12. Occurrence and Seasonal Distribution of 62

25. Modelling Biochemical Oxygen Demand 76

38. A. K. Meemraut & A. K. Analysis of Road Network in Flood Plain 90

51. Assessment of Hindon River Morphology 105

65. Assessment of Crop Yield Under Future 121

79. Sustainable Groundwater Quality 138

91. Planned Process Water Management 152

106. Environmental Impact of Structural 168

119. Assessing the ‘Social’ Perspective for 182

133. N. K. Samaiya, S. Gandhi Suspended Load Transport of Cohesive 198

Implementation in the State of Madhya

161. K. Pulkit, B. Saini & H. D. Repair And Rehabilitation of Water 228

Our Keynote Speakers

Scientific Promotion of Water Harvesting and Reuse Through Water Quality

Engineering Interventions for Sustainable Development of Water Resources

Simulation Optimization Models and Applications for Groundwater Pollution

Dr. Manuel Wewer

Backward Erosion Piping – A threat to water retaining structures

Dr. Sarosh Alam Ghausi

Applying a thermodynamic systems approach to hydrologic cycling and its

Dr. Harshit Mishra

Leveraging developments in fluid mechanics to advance hydraulic engineering

Shri Aditya Sharma

Water for peace

Prof. Manish Kumar Goyal

Understanding Atmospheric Rivers and Exploring Their Role as Climate

Prof. Brijesh Kumar Yadav

Management of soil and groundwater pollution using in-situ remediation and

Prof. Avinash Vasudeo

Groundwater Legislation in India: A Futuristic Initiative

India's groundwater management faces challenges due to a complex legal framework.

Spatial varying and co-occurring future climate changes over a heterogeneous

Climate change substantially influences atmospheric, terrestrial ecosystems, and human

Prof. Rajesh Gupta

Heuristic versus Metaheuristic Approaches for the Design of Large Water

Prof. Nagaraj Sitaram

Estimation of Fly Ash Concentration in a Power Utility Boiler for Paras

Mobile Applications for Rural Sustainable Development: KISAN MAITRI APP

Dr. Manish Pandey

Soft Computing Approach for Scour Prediction at Spur Dikes

Wastewater Management V/s Polymer Membrane Technology

Throughout our research picked Polyphenylsulfone (PPSU) is a major polymer to fabricate

additionally incorporated. The incorporated nano additives noticeably affected the

Keywords: Polyarylsulfone-based membranes, Nanoparticles, Permeability, Separation.

Time series modeling of reservoir sedimentation and bed profiling using

Applications of GIS in the Management of Water Resources

Hydrological modelling and forecasting

Hydrogeochmistry and Ionic Ratios of Groundwater in western part of Purna river

Study Of Effect of Variation of Threshold Values On Hydrological Response Units In

Allahabad, Prayagraj-211004, Uttar Pradesh, India.