Sublist 4

1) Adequate - enough or satisfactory for a particular purpose:

Have we got adequate food for 20 guests?

I didn't have adequate time to prepare.

2) Apparent - Her unhappiness was apparent to everyone.

[ + that ] It was becoming increasingly apparent that he could no longer take care of himself.

3) Attribute - a quality or characteristic that someone or something has:

a key/essential attribute A key attribute of the new service will be flexibility.

Organizational ability is an essential attribute for a good manager.

What are the skills and personal attributes needed for success?

a positive/negative attribute

4) Code - a set of rules that are accepted as general principles, or a set of written rules that say how
people in a particular organization or country should behave:

Clinics will be subject to a new code of conduct and stronger controls by local authorities.

5) Commit - to promise or give your loyalty, time, or money to a particular principle, person, or plan of
action:

Like so many men, he has problems committing himself to a relationship.

The government must commit itself to improving healthcare.

Once we have committed to this course of action there is no going back.

6) Concentrate - to bring or come together in a large number or amount in one particular area:

Most of the country's population is concentrated in the north.

In the dry season, the animals tend to concentrate in the areas where there is water.

7) Confer - to exchange ideas on a particular subject, often in order to reach a decision on what action to
take:

I need some time to confer with my lawyer.

8) Contrast - If one thing contrasts with another, it is very different from it:

The styles of the two film makers contrast quite dramatically.

The tartness of the lemons contrasts with the sweetness of the honey.

9) Debate - to discuss a subject in a formal way:

In Parliament today, MPs debated the Finance Bill.

They had been debating for several hours without reaching a conclusion.

[ + question word ] The authorities debated whether to build a new car park.

10) Emerge - to appear by coming out of something or out from behind something:

The runway lights flashed on, and the first models emerged from behind the stage set.
fig. The president emerged unscathed from the scandal (= He came out of it with no damage to his
reputation).

fig. We debated which of the candidate will emerge (= result) as the winner.

11) Ethnic - relating or belonging to a group of people who can be seen as distinct (= different) because
they have a shared culture, tradition, language, history, etc. :

A question on ethnic origin was included in the census.

They are the second largest ethnic group in Kenya.

12) Hence - that is the reason or explanation for:

His mother was Italian, hence his name - Luca.

13) Hypothesis - an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been
proved:

Several hypotheses for global warming have been suggested.

14) Implement - to put a plan into action:

to implement a plan/policy/measure The corporation has implemented a new compensation plan for its
sales force.

to implement a change/program/recommendation

15) Impose - to officially force a rule, tax, punishment, etc. to be obeyed or received:

Very high taxes have recently been imposed on cigarettes.

Judges are imposing increasingly heavy fines for minor driving offences.

The council has imposed a ban on alcohol in the city parks.

16) Integrate - to mix with and join society or a group of people, often changing to suit their way of life,
habits, and customs:

He seems to find it difficult to integrate socially.

It's very difficult to integrate yourself into a society whose culture is so different from your own.

Children are often very good at integrating into a new culture.

17) Investigate - to examine a crime, problem, statement, etc. carefully, especially to discover the truth:

Police are investigating allegations of corruption involving senior executives.

[ + question word ] We are of course investigating how an error like this could have occurred.

18) Label - to fasten a label to:

[ + adj ] The parcel was clearly labelled "Fragile".

If you spend any time in prison, you're labelled as a criminal for the rest of your life.

19) Occupy - to keep someone busy or interested:

On long journeys I occupy myself with solving maths puzzles.

20) Output - an amount of something produced by a person, machine, factory, country, etc.:

Last year manufacturing output fell by 14 percent.

21) Prior - existing or happening before something else, or before a particular time:

The course required no prior knowledge of Spanish.

They had to refuse the dinner invitation because of a prior engagement (= something already planned
for that time).

22) Regime - a particular government or a system or method of government:

The old corrupt, totalitarian regime was overthrown.

23) Resolve - to solve or end a problem or difficulty:

Have you resolved the problem of transport yet?

The couple resolved their differences and made an effort to get along.

24) Retain - to keep or continue to have something:

She has lost her battle to retain control of the company.

He managed to retain his dignity throughout the performance.

She succeeded in retaining her lead in the second half of the race.

I have a good memory and am able to retain (= remember) facts easily.

25) Stress - emphasis:

During his speech, he laid particular stress on the freedom of the press.

26) Subsequent - happening after something else:

The book discusses his illness and subsequent resignation from politics.

Those explosions must have been subsequent to our departure, because we didn't hear anything.

27) Undertake - to promise that you will do something:

[ + to infinitive ] She undertook not to publish the names of the people involved.

[ + that ] The government undertook that the buildings would not be redeveloped.

Sublist 5

academy • adjust • alter • amend • aware • capacity • challenge • clause • compound • conflict •
consult • contact • decline • discrete • draft • enable • energy • enforce • entity • equivalent • evolve •
expand • expose • external • facilitate • fundamental • generate • generation • image • liberal • license
• logic • margin • medical • mental • modify • monitor • network • notion • objective • orient •
perspective • precise • prime • psychology • pursue • ratio • reject • revenue • stable • style •
substitute • sustain • symbol • target • transit • trend • version • welfare • whereas