5 Documentation

Technology: Matlab/Simulink
A Multifunctional Solar PV and Grid Based On-

Board Converter for Electric Vehicles
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ABSTRACT:
In this project, multi-functional power electronic converter (PEC) utilizing dual power sources
(grid and solar photovoltaic (PV)) for charging phenomenon of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs).
The developed configuration accomplished all modes of vehicles (charging, propulsion (PP) and
regenerative braking (RB)). In standstill condition of vehicle, the battery is either charged by grid
or simultaneously by both grid and solar PV system. In running mode, the battery can also be
charged through RB operation by utilizing kinetic energy of vehicle wheels. The proposed
converter operates as an isolated SEPIC in plug-in charging (PIC) mode and as a non-isolated
SEPIC in solar PV charging mode. Further, in PP and RB modes, operation of the proposed PEC
as a conventional boost converter and conventional buck converter, respectively. the simulation
validations for all modes of the proposed converter have been presented.

INTRODUCTION
Usually, the electric vehicles (EVs) battery chargers are classified as off-board chargers and on-
board chargers [1]. In off-board charging system, the charger is placed outside the vehicle
premises at a charging station and provides a dc output which is directly plugged to the battery.
This type of charger is not responsible for the vehicle weight; therefore, weight of these chargers
is very high. As a result, it can be rated for high power and thus the EV battery can be charged
within a few minutes. However, an impeding factor for the development of these chargers is the
cost. Therefore, number of these chargers is limited and they are not ubiquitous. In on-board
chargers, the battery can be directly charged from ac mains, which are widely available
everywhere. This kind of charger does not require expensive infrastructure and vehicle can be
charged anywhere, which is a clear advantage. They are further classified as conductive charging
or inductive charging. In conductive charging system, the whole charging system is placed inside
the vehicle. In inductive charging system, a part of the charger is placed outside of the vehicle
[2]. The on-board chargers have to be light weight and small in size so that they can easily fit
inside EVs. Further, the on-board chargers are more attractive for EVs because this types of
charger is always available with vehicles. The on-board chargers are further classified as
singlestage charger and two-stage charger. Moreover, in two-stage charger [3]–[5], a number of
components are employed; therefore, two-stage charging solution is not much appealing for on-
board implementation of charging system. While a singlestage charging system employs fewer
number of components than two-stage charging system; therefore, it is more attractive for on-
board application of EVs. In conventional single-stage charging system, a bidirectional DC-DC
converter is connected between DC-link of inverter and battery for power flow during PP and
RB modes [6]. To eliminate this bidirectional DC-DC converter from single-stage charging
system, power electronics researchers have proposed integrated type of chargers [6]–[10]. In the
integrated charger, the bidirectional DC-DC converter of conventional single-stage system
connected between battery and DC-link is integrated with front-end converter at the cost of some
additional switches. The overall integrated system has fewer number of total components
compared to single-stage charging system. In the available literature integrated charging system
utilizes non-isolated type of converters [11]. Moreover, magnetic isolation is desirable for
vehicle application for safety of vehicle users as well as protection of charging circuit. Further

reported integrated chargers use grid as main source for battery charging and alternatively
battery is also charged with RB modes. The chargers [12]–[14] utilize only solar PV power
source for battery charging and have the limitation of power indeterminacy; therefore, reliability
of charger is sacrificed. However, recently a solar PV and grid based isolated 10-kW charger has
been proposed in [15], which utilizes a large number of component as well as it does not operate
in PP and RB modes. Based on the above literature review, this paper proposes a new grid and
solar PV based single-stage integrated charging solution for on-board applications, as shown in
Fig. 1. The main features of the proposed PEC are summarized as (a) dual sources for charging
operation, which enhances reliability of the charger, (b) galvanic isolation for better safety of
vehicle users and charging circuit, (c) cost of conventional fuel sources based electricity per
charge reduces, (d) achieves all modes of vehicle. Apart from above advantages of solar PV and
grid based charging system, there are few additional advantages for baterry charging with solar
PV power, which are summarized as: (i)
TABLE I
ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED PEC WITH REPORTED METHODS
Fig. 1. Configuration of the proposed PEC

EV battery is act as energy storage for solar PV system and reduces the adverse impact of large
scale of solar PV power integration to the conventional grid system, (ii) long duration of parking
at workplaces or at home results in low charging power requirement, which enables
implementation of vehicleto-grid (V2G) operation (for V2G operation, diode rectifier will be
replaced by active rectifier), where EV act as controllable power sources, (iii) power demands
for battery charging from grid reduces as solar PV power is generated locally [15], [16]. The
proposed solution is developed from conventional isolated and non-isolated SEPIC, which
operates as an isolated SEPIC for plug-in charging (PIC) mode and as non-isolated SEPIC during
solar PV charging. Further, in PP and RB modes, the proposed integrated converter operates as
boost converter and buck converter, respectively. A detailed analysis of the proposed PEC with
reported methods is investigated in the following paragraph using Table I. The comparison is
carried with respect to galvanic isolation, availability of solar PV charging, number passive
components and semiconductor devices, and buck/boost capabilities. From Table I, the existing
integrated chargers [7]–[10] do not have magnetic isolation between battery and grid as well as
solar PV charging capability. Moreover, integrated charger reported in [7] has the capability of
buck-boost operation in all modes but this charger has lower efficiency in all modes because it
utilizes a number of components in the current path. The reported integrated chargers [8], [9] can
not be effectively used for battery charging when peak grid voltage is more than the battery
voltage (at low state of charge (SOC)) because these converters operate only in boost mode.
However, integrated chargers [8], [9] have low component counts and lower voltage and current
stresses
Fig. 2. Operation of the proposed PEC during PIC mode.

on switching devices; therefore, these chargers have higher operational efficiency in each mode.
The charger [10] has very high efficiency in PP and RB modes because in these two modes the

converter has low stresses on switching devices and fewer number of devices encounters in the
current path. The major limitation of integrated charger [15] is the presence of large number of
components and does not operate in PP and RB modes. Rest of the sections are organized as
follows: section II discusses the converter operation in each mode. In Section III, stress analysis
and selection of switching devices are discussed. Section IV discusses about design and selection
of passive components. The control algorithms for different modes are discussed in section V.
The simulation and experimental results have been presented in section VI. Finally, concluding
remarks drawn from the study are given in Section VII.
LITERATURE REVIEW:
[1] M. Yilmaz and P. T. Krein, This paper reviews the current status and implementation of
battery chargers, charging power levels, and infrastructure for plug-in electric vehicles and
hybrids. Charger systems are categorized into off-board and on-board types with unidirectional
or bidirectional power flow. Unidirectional charging limits hardware requirements and simplifies
interconnection issues. Bidirectional charging supports battery energy injection back to the grid.
Typical on-board chargers restrict power because of weight, space, and cost constraints. They
can be integrated with the electric drive to avoid these problems. The availability of charging
infrastructure reduces on-board energy storage requirements and costs. On-board charger
systems can be conductive or inductive. An off-board charger can be designed for high charging
rates and is less constrained by size and weight. Level 1 (convenience), Level 2 (primary), and
Level 3 (fast) power levels are discussed. Future aspects such as roadbed charging are presented.
Various power level chargers and infrastructure configurations are presented, compared, and
evaluated based on amount of power, charging time and location, cost, equipment, and other
factors.
[2] T. W. Ching and Y. S. Wong, This paper aims to review current wireless power transfer
(WPT) technologies on electric vehicle charging. Basic principles of the technologies, including
capacitive, electromagnetic field and magnetic gear, are elaborated. Advantages and limitations
of each technology for EV charging are discussed. The latest development, key technical issues,
challenges and state-of-art researches are introduced.
[3] O. C. Onar, J. Kobayashi, D. C. Erb, and A. Khaligh, Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
(PHEVs) will play a vital role in future sustainable transportation systems due to their potential

in terms of energy security, decreased environmental impact, improved fuel economy, and better
performance. Moreover, new regulations have been established to improve the collective gas
mileage, cut greenhouse gas emissions, and reduce dependence on foreign oil. This paper
primarily focuses on two major thrust areas of PHEVs. First, it introduces a grid-friendly
bidirectional alternating current/direct current ac/dc–dc/ac rectifier/inverter for facilitating
vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration of PHEVs. Second, it presents an integrated bidirectional non
inverted buck–boost converter that interfaces the energy storage device of the PHEV to the dc
link in both grid-connected and driving modes. The proposed bidirectional converter has
minimal grid-level disruptions in terms of power factor and total harmonic distortion, with less
switching noise. The integrated bidirectional dc/dc converter assists the grid interface converter
to track the charge/discharge power of the PHEV battery. In addition, while driving, the dc/dc
converter provides a regulated dc link voltage to the motor drive and captures the braking energy
during regenerative braking.
[4] J. C. Bendien, G. Fregien, and J. D. van Wyk, The paper concerns a battery charger that
has been developed for use in a battery powered electric road vehicle. The object is to charge the
144 V traction battery directly from the 220 V supply by drawing sinusoidal current at the input,
to obtain, a high efficiency and to have transformer isolation from the supply. To achieve this,
the rectified 220 V supply is chopped up to 500 V by a DC to DC convener and transformed to
the necessary voltage for battery charging by using a high-frequency self-oscillating inverter
with magnetic feedback. The rectified output of the inverter charges the battery. The step-up
chopper controls the transmitted power to the battery and ensures a sinusoidal line current. A
detailed description of the power circuit is given and the capabilities of the complete system are
proved by extensive measurement.
[5]A. V. J. S. Praneeth and S. S. Williamson, In both battery operated electric vehicles (EVs)
and plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), a two-stage converter connects the input grid
voltage to the battery pack whose voltage varies from 100-500 V, depending on the vehicle size
and range. A universal charger, which can address this wide range of battery pack voltages, is
suitable for all vehicle architectures. This requirement is achieved by varying the AC/DC
converter output voltage using the concept of variable dc link voltage, which is one of the
challenges in battery chargers for attaining universal output voltages. This paper mainly focuses

on analysis and operating modes for a interleaved boost cascaded-by buck(IBCBB) converter
suitable for a power factor correction (PFC) converter. The designed control structure provides a
wide degree of control freedom to operate even if the VDC /Vmax (output voltage to peak of
Input) less than 0.5. The design considerations for selection of components is also addressed in
the paper. Moreover, the proposed converter is validated on the experimental setup and the
results are presented in the paper. In addition, a two-stage universal battery charger with wide
input and output voltage is been simulated and presented in the paper.

II. OPERATING MODES OF THE CONVERTER

In this section, operating modes of the proposed PEC are discussed in detail. States of the
switching devices are shown in Table II.
A. Grid Mode
When solar power is not available, the battery is charged through grid power. When switch Sa1
turns ON, the rectified grid voltage is applied to inductor L1 and current through it builds up and
L1 stores magnetic energy. The path of current through inductor L1 is shown by solid lines in
Fig. 2. Moreover, the capacitor Cs transfers its stored energy to magnetizing inductor Lm of high
frequency transformer (HFT). In this duration
TABLE II
SWITCHING STATES OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES AND MECHANICAL SWITCHES
IN ALL MODES
Fig. 3. Operation of the proposed PEC during solar PV mode.

The battery is disconnected from the grid hence, capacitor Cb supplies power to the battery.
When Sa1 turns OFF stored energy of Lm is transfered to the battery through diode D6 as shown
by green dashed line and shown in Fig. 2.

B. Solar PV Mode
If grid power is not available, the battery is charged through only solar PVsystem and it is
connected to the battery through SEPIC converter. The perturbed and observed based maximum
power point Tacking (MPPT) controller is implemented through this SEPIC converter to
optimize the performance of PV array. The equivalent circuit representation of this mode is
shown in Fig. 3. When switch Sa3 is turned-ON, current through inductors L2 and L3 flow as
path indicated by pink and blue solid lines. When Sa3 is turned-OFF, inductor L3 imparts its
stored energy to the battery through the diode D8. While inductor L3 charges the capacitor Cp.
C. Solar PV and Grid Modes
This mode occurs when solar PV system is not able to generate required power (reference
charging power) to charge the battery. In such condition, grid is supplying remaining power
(reference power − solar PV power). The grid and solar PV system both simultaneously charge
the battery. If reference charging power is not met by solar PV system the rest of the power is
supplied by the grid. The switch Sa3 is operated through PWM to achieve MPPT operation and
supplying power to the battery. The switch Sa1 is operated for supplying power from grid to the
battery. The equivalent circuit of this mode is shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Operation of the proposed PEC during PIC and solar PV modes (simultaneously).
D. PP Mode
The proposed system in this mode is operated as a conventional boost converter. The switch Sa2
is operated through PWM signal, and mechanical switches P2 and P3 ON permanently ON.
When Sa2 is turned-ON voltage Vb is applied to inductor L1 and it stores magnetic energy and
current flows through the path indicated in Fig. 5(a) by solid pink line. When Sa2 is turned- OFF,
inductor L1 is supplied its stored energy to the DC-link capacitor Chv. The current path through
various circuit elements has been shown with dotted lines in Fig. 5(a). The DC-link capacitor
transfers its stored electrostatic energy to the load (motor drive system though an inverter). The
vehicle will be in running mode as along as the battery is supplying energy to the DC-link
capacitor.
E. RB Mode
The proposed system in this mode is operated as a conventional buck converter. The switch Sa3
is operated through PWM signal, and mechanical switches P2 and P3 is permanently ON similar
to the PP mode. When switch Sa3 is turned ON inductor L1 stores energy through the path
indicated by pink solid line in Fig. 5(b). When Sa3 is turned OFF, stored energy of L1 is
supplied to the load through the path indicated by green dotted lines, which is shown in Fig. 5(b).
III. VOLTAGE AND CURRENT STRESS ANALYSIS
In this section, peak voltage and current stress analysis of the converter is investigated. Based on
stress on the switching
TABLE III PEAK VOLTAGE AND CURRENT STRESS ON SWITCHING DEVICES IN
ALL MODES
where NC = Not conducting, NIL = 0 V, iL1,pp = inductor L1 current in PP mode, iL1,RB =

inductor L1 current in RB mode, iLm,grid = magnetizing inductor Lm current in PIC mode,
ipv,max = peak solar PV current

Fig. 5. Operation of the proposed PEC during in (a) PP mode and (b) RB mode.
devices, rating (voltage and current) of the these devices is decided. In the proposed integrated
system, some of the switching devices conduct for more than one mode.Therefore, their rating is
selected based on the mode for which maximum voltage and current stress develop on the
switching devices. Table III shows peak stress on the switching devices for all modes. The
switch Sa1 is utilized in PIC and PP modes. The voltage Stress on Sa1 in PIC mode is (Vg,max
+Vb) and in PP mode is Vb. Therefore, voltage rating of Sa1 is selected based on PIC mode. The
current rating of Sa1 is also decided based on PIC mode because current stress on the switch Sa1
is the sum of the input output current. The switch Sa2 conducts only in RB mode. The peak
voltage developed across switch Sa2 in RB mode is Vhv. Therefore, the voltage rating of Sa2 is
selected as Vhv. The current rating of Sa2 is decided based on only RB mode.
The voltage and current rating of switch Sa3 and diode D8 is selected based on solar PV mode
because Sa3 and D8 conduct only in this mode. The rating of diode D6 is decided by PIC mode
because D6 subjected to the highest stress in this mode. From Table III, voltage rating of switch
P1 is selected as Vhv and current rating is decided as max . The voltage

and current rating of switch P2 is selected as |Vg,max − Vb| and max
. The switch P3 does not have any voltage

stress problem and its current rating is same as switch P2.
IV. DESIGN OF PASSIVE COMPONENTS
The design guideline of the passive components of the proposed PEC is an important step
because some of the components is operated for more than one mode. Therefore, largest value
among all modes is chosen as final value. The switching frequency is selected as 20 kHz for
design of the passive components. Inductor L1 is operated in PIC, PP and RB modes; therefore,
its value is calculated for each mode. a) PIC Mode: The battery voltage vb in PIC mode is given
as [6].
where d1(t) is the duty ratio of the converter and expressed as:
The value of L1 for permitted current ripple (η) is given as [6], [17]
(3)
The maximum ripple current in inductor is determined at the rated conditions i.e., Vb = Vb max
and grid power Pg = Pg max for minimum value of grid voltage (Vg min). The input inductor
L1PIC is designed for minimum peak grid voltage (√ 2Vg min). Using (3), the calculated value
of L1PIC is 3.5 mH for permitted current ripple 10% of input current (ig). b) PP Mode:
The value inductor L1 in PP mode for allowable ripple current (η ) is given as [6], [17], [18]

where d2 is equal to . For 10% of allowable ripple, the value of L1P P is calculated as
1.65 mH. c) RB Mode: The value of L1 in RB mode for allowable ripple current is given as
[6], [17], [18]
where d3 is equal to Vb Vhv . For 10% ripple current, the value L1RB is calculated as 1.63 mH.
The final value of inductor L1 is selected as
(6)
Therefore, the final of L1 is 1.78 mH and selected value for simulation experimentation studies.
The value of magnetizing inductance Lm for ripple ξ% of the grid (ig) is expressed as [19]
where ΔILm(t) = ξ% of the gird current (ig). The turn ratio of HFT is selected as unity for this
design. The value of Lm for a permitted current ripple (10% grid current) is calculated as 2.1 mH
and selected as 2 mH for simulation and experimentation studies. The value of middle capacitor
Cs for voltage ripple k% of vcs is given as [6]
where vcs is the voltage across capacitor Cs by substituting d1(t), vcs(t)= |vg(t)| and equivalent
load resistance RL = V 2 b /Pb in (8), we can get

The value of capacitor Cs is estimated at peak magnitude of grid voltage (Vg max) and at
nominal battery voltage (Vb). Now, allowable ripple voltage is 5% of vcs, the capacitance value
of Cs after assuming 5% voltage across it is 0.823 μF and chosen as 1 μF. The capacitor Cb is
chosen based on second harmonic (100 Hz) voltage ripple experienced by it. Therefore, size of
capacitor is computed as [6]
Fig. 6. Control strategy for PIC and solar PV modes.
Fig. 7. Control strategy for PP and RB modes.

where δ represents the voltage ripple in (%) across capacitor Cb, ω = 2πfL and fL is the grid
frequency (50 Hz). For 5% voltage ripple in Cb, the size of capacitor Cb using (10) is chosen as
1200 μF for simulation and experimentation studies. The DC-link capacitor Chv is determined
by PP mode, which is given as [18]

where Δvhv is the ripple voltage in capacitor Chv. From (11), the value of Chv is calculated as
83.5 μF for Δvhv = 1% of Vhv. The selected value of Chv is 100 μF. The design of MPPT
converter (non-isolated SEPIC) is carried out in similar way as isolated SEPIC.
V. CONTROL ALGORITHM
In this section, control techniques for each mode of vehicle operation are discussed using Figs. 6
and 7. A. Control Technique for PIC and Solar PV Modes In PIC mode (alone), the battery is
charged through the reference power Pref . It is a two loop control strategy, the outer
proportional integral (PI) regulator (or controller) Gib(z) is supplied by error signal between set
charging power and measured rectified grid side power. The outer PI regulator provides a
reference DC signal, which is applied to the inner PI regulator GiL(z). The signal generated from
inner regulator is compared with high frequency saw tooth carrier signal to produce pulse width
modulation (PWM) pulses for switch Sa1, as represented in Fig. 6. The PV array provides
variable power to the battery bank depending upon availability of solar irradiance. A non-
isolated SEPIC converter is used as a DC-DC interference

Solar Power Generation

Solar power generation:
When sunlight strikes on photovoltaic solar panels solar electricity is produced. That is
why this is also referred to as photovoltaic solar, or PV solar.
Principles of Solar Electricity
Generation of electricity by using solar energy depends upon the photovoltaic effect
in some specific materials. There are certain materials that produce electric current when these
are exposed to direct sun light. This effect is seen in combination of two thin layers of
semiconductor materials. One layer of this combination will have a depleted number of
electrons. When sunlight strikes on this layer it absorbs the photons of sunlight ray and
consequently the electrons are excited and jump to the other layer. This phenomenon creates a
charge difference between the layers and resulting to a tiny potential difference between them.
The unit of such combination of two layers of semiconductor materials for producing electric
potential difference in sunlight is called solar cell. Silicon is normally used as the semiconductor
material for producing such solar cell. For building cell silicon material is cut into very thin
wafers. Some of these wafers are doped with impurities. Then the un-doped and doped wafers
are then sandwiched together to build solar cell. Metallic strip is then attached to two extreme
layers to collect current. Conductive metal strips attached to the cells take the electrical current.
One solar cell or photovoltaic cell is not capable of producing desired electricity instead it
produces very tiny amount of electricity hence for extracting desired level of electricity desired
number of such cells are connected together in both parallel and series to form a solar module or
photovoltaic module.

Application of Solar Electricity
Solar electric power generation system is useful for producing moderate amount of
power. The system works as long as there is a good intensity of natural sunlight. The place where
solar modules are installed should be free from obstacles such as trees and buildings otherwise
there will be shade on the solar panel which affects the performance of the system. It is a general
view that solar electricity is an impractical alternative of conventional source of electricity and
should be used when there is no traditional alternative of conventional source of electricity
available. But this is not the actual case. Often it is seem that solar electricity is more money
saving alternative than other traditional alternatives of conventional electricity.

It is always economical to install a solar light or a solar power source where it is

difficult and costly to get point from local electric supply authority such as in remote garden,
shed or garage where standard electric supply point is not available. Solar electricity system is
more reliable and uninterrupted as it does not suffer from unwanted power cut from electric
supply company. For constructing a mobile electric power source, for moderate power
requirements solar module is good choice. It can be useful whilst camping, working on outdoor
sites. It is most effective means for creating green energy for our own purpose and may be for
selling surplus energy to customers but for producing electricity in commercial scale the
investment and volume of the system becomes large enough. In that case area of the project will
be much larger than conventional one. Although for running few lights and low-power electrical
gadgets such as laptop computer, portable sized television, mini fridge etc solar electricity
system is quite suitable provided there is sufficient free space on ground or on roof top for
installing solar panels. But it is not at all economical to run high-power consuming electric
equipments like high speed fans, heaters, washing machines, air conditioners and power tools
with the help of solar electricity as the cost of production such high energy is quite higher that it
is expected. Moreover there may be lack of space availability in your premises for installation of
large solar panel. Ideal uses of low-cost solar panels are charging batteries in caravans and
recreational vehicles or on boats when these are not in movement provided there should be tickle
charging facility from dynamo during movement of these vehicles.

Types of Solar Power Station
There are mainly four types of solar power stations.

1. Stand Alone or Off Grid type Solar Power Plant
2. Grid Tie type Solar Power Plant
3. Grid Tie with Power Backup or Grid Interactive type Solar Power Plant
4. Grid Fallback type Solar Power Plant.
Let us discuss a brief introduction of each type of solar power plant.
Stand Alone or Off Grid Solar Power Station
This is most commonly used photovoltaic installation used to provide localized

electricity in absence of conventional source of electric power at certain location. As the name
prefers this system does not keep any direct or indirect connection with any grid type network. In
standalone system the solar modules produce electric energy which is utilized to charge a storage
battery and this battery delivers electricity to the connected load. Standalone systems are
normally small system with less than 1 kilo watt generation capacity.
Grid Tie Solar Power Station
In some countries facility is available of selling power to the local or national grid.
This is gaining popularity in Europe and the United States. This system facilitates both electric

utility companies as well as the consumers. Here consumers can generate electricity by their own
plant and can sell the surplus to the electricity utility company through grid connected to their
plant. As the consumers sell the power they can earn money as return of their investment for
installation of captive power plant on the other hand electric utility companies can reduce their
capital investment on their own plant for power generation. In a grid-tie solar system, consumers
consume electricity produced by solar captive power plant during sunny day time and also export
surplus energy to grid but at night while solar plant does not produce energy, they import electric
energy from grid for consumption. The main disadvantage of this system is that if there is a
power cut in the grid, the solar modules should be disconnected from the grid. This system is not
always very profitable especially where overall maximum demand of the system does not occur
at the peak sunny period of the day. In hot climate where the power demand for air conditioning
machines becomes maximum during peak sunny period of the day, this grid tie solar power
generation system works most efficiently.
Grid tie solar systems are of two types one with single macro central inverter and
other with multiple micro inverters. In the former type of solar system, the solar panels as well as
grid supply are connected to a common central inverter called grid tie inverter as shown below.
The inverter here converts the DC of the solar panel to grid level AC and then feeds to the grid as
well as the consumer’s distribution panel depending upon the instant demand of the systems.
Here grid-tie inverter also monitors the power being supplied from the grid. If it finds any power
cut in the grid, it actuates switching system of the solar system to disconnect it from the grid to
ensure no solar electricity can be fed back to the grid during power cut. There is on energy meter
connected in the main grid supply line to record the energy export to the grid and energy import
from the grid.

As we already told there is another type of grid-tie system where multiple micro-
inverters are used. Here one micro inverter is connected for each individual solar module. The
basic block diagram of this system is very similar to previous one except the micro inverters are
connected together to produce desired high AC voltage. In previous case the low direct voltage
of solar panels is first converted to alternating voltage then it is transformed to high alternating
voltage by transformation action in the inverter itself but in this case the individual alternating
output voltage of micro inverters are added together to produce high alternating voltage.
Grid Tie with Power Backup Solar Power Generation
It is also called grid interactive system. This is a combination of a grid-tie solar power
generation unit and storage battery bank. As we said, the main drawback of grid tie system is that
when there is any power cut in the grid the solar module is disconnected from the system. For

avoiding discontinuity of supply during power cut period one battery bank of sufficient capacity
can be connected with the system as power backup.
Grid Fallback Solar Power Generation
Grid fallback is most reliable and stable system mainly used for electrifying smaller
households. Here solar modules charge a battery bank which in turn supplies distribution boards
through an inverter. When the batteries are discharged to a pre-specified level, the system
automatically switches back to the grid power supply. The solar modules then recharge the
batteries and after the batteries are being charged up to a pre – specified level again the system
switches back to solar power. We do not sell electricity back to the electricity utility companies
through this system. All the power that we produce is utilized for ourselves only.
Although we do not have any direct earning benefit from this system but the system has
its own big advantages. This system is most popular where there is no facility of selling power to
the grid.
Grid fallback system has all advantages of grid interactive system except power selling,
but it adds benefit of using own power whenever it is required irrespective of position and
condition of sun in the sky.
Components of a Solar Electric Generating System
Solar Panels
The main part of a solar electric system is the solar panel. There are various types
of solar panel available in the market. Solar panels are also known as photovoltaic solar
panels. Solar panel or solar module is basically an array of series and parallel connected solar
cells. The potential difference developed across a solar cell is about 0.5 volt and hence desired
number of such cells to be connected in series to achieve 14 to 18 volts to charge a standard
battery of 12 volts. Solar panels are connected together to create a solar array. Multiple panels
are connected together both in parallel and series to achieve higher current and higher voltage
respectively.

Solar Cell
The name “solar cell” means that it is a cell or a plate which converts solar energy into
the useful electrical energy. The energy which we get from sun is enormous and it is a great
source of energy. Its energy will never finish so this is also known as as the main source of
renewable energy. With the scarcity of non-renewable energy it is of utmost importance to find a
way out to solve the energy problem by some means within a very short period of time. So there
is a way out which is now developing. That is we are now able to convert the sun energy to
electrical by some means and that is why the importance of solar cell comes into play. Though it
is developing but if it is developed completely, then every household may produce the energy of
its own. The solar cell is a device which is made of p-n junction diode which effect photovoltaic
effect to convert light energy into electrical energy.

Construction of Solar Cell
The junction diode is made of SI OR GaAs . A thin layer of p-type is grown on the n-
type semiconductor. Top of the p-layer is provided with a few finer electrodes which leaves open
space for the light to reach the thin p-layer and it under lays p-n junction. Bottom of the n-layer
is provided with a current collecting electrode.
Working Principle of Solar Cell
When light reaches the p-n junction, electron is excited to the valance band under the
condition that light energy is higher than the band gap energy; it generates the electron and holes
which are equal in number in the valance and conduction band respectively. These electron hole
pairs move in opposite directions to the barrier field. Electrons move towards the n-side and the
hole is moved towards the p-side. So a voltage is set up which is known as photo voltage and
when a load is connected, the current flows.
V-I Characteristics of a Photovoltaic Cell

Materials Used in Solar Cell
The materials which are used for this purpose must have band gap close to 1.5ev. Commonly
used materials are- 1. Silicon. 2. GaAs. 3. CdTe. 4. CuInSe2
Criteria for Materials to be Used in Solar Cell
1. Must have band gap from 1ev to 1.8ev. 2. It must have high optical absorption. 3. It must have
high electrical conductivity. 4. The raw material must be available in abundance and the cost of
the material must be low.
Advantages of Solar Cell
1. No pollution associated with it. 2. It must last for a long time. 3. No maintenance cost.
Disadvantages of Solar Cell
1. It has high cost of installation. 2. It has low efficiency. 3. During cloudy day, the energy
cannot be produced and also at night we will not get solar energy.
Uses of Solar Generation Systems
1. It may be used to charge batteries. 2. Used in light meters. 3. It is used to power calculators
and wrist watches. 4. It can be used in spacecraft to provide electrical energy.

Characteristics and Parameters of a Solar Cell
Solar cell is the basic unit of solar energy generation system where electrical
energy is extracted directly from light energy without any intermediate process. The working of
a solar cell solely depends upon its photovoltaic effect hence a solar cell also known as
photovoltaic cell. A solar cell is basically a semiconductor device. The solar cell produce
electricity while light strikes on it and the voltage or potential difference established across the
terminals of the cell is fixed to 0.5 volt and it is nearly independent of intensity of incident light
whereas the current capacity of cell is nearly proportional to the intensity of incident light as well
as the area that exposed to the light. Each of the solar cells has one positive and one negative
terminal like all other type of battery cells. Typically a solar or photovoltaic cell has negative
front contact and positive back contact. A semiconductor p-n junction is in the middle of these
two contacts. While sunlight falling on the cell the some photons of the light are absorbed by
solar cell. Some of the absorbed photons will have energy greater than the energy gap between
valence band and conduction band in the semiconductor crystal. Hence one valence electron gets
energy from one photon and becomes excited and jumps out from the bond and creates one
electron – hole pair. These electrons and holes of e-h pairs are called light-generated electrons
and holes. The light – generated electrons near the p-n junction are migrated to n-type side of the
junction due to electrostatic force of the field across the junction. Similarly the light – generated
holes created near the junction are migrated to p – type side of the junction due to same
electrostatic force. In this way a potential difference is established between two sides of the cell
and if these two sides are connected by an external circuit current will start flowing from positive
to negative terminal of the solar cell. This was basic working principle of a solar cell now we
will discuss about different parameters of a solar or photovoltaic cell upon which the rating of a
solar panel depends. During choosing a particular solar cell for specific project it is essential to
know the ratings of a solar panel. These parameters tell us how efficiently a solar cell can
convert the light to electricity.
Short Circuit Current of Solar Cell

The maximum current that a solar cell can deliver without harming its own constriction.
It is measured by short circuiting the terminals of the cell at most optimized condition of the cell

for producing maximum output. The term optimized condition I used because for fixed exposed
cell surface the rate of production of current in a solar cell also depends upon the intensity of
light and the angle at which the light falls on the cell. As the current production also depends
upon the surface area of the cell exposed to light, it is better to express maximum current density
instead maximum current. Maximum current density or short circuit current density rating is
nothing but ration of maximum or short circuit current to exposed surface area of the cell.
Where, Isc is short circuit current, Jsc maximum current density and A is the area of solar cell.
Open Circuit Voltage of Solar Cell

It is measured by measuring voltage across the terminals of the cell when no load is
connected to the cell. This voltage depends upon the techniques of manufacturing and
temperature but not fairly on the intensity of light and area of exposed surface. Normally open
circuit voltage of solar cell nearly equal to 0.5 to 0.6 volt. It is normally denoted by Voc.
Maximum Power Point of Solar Cell

The maximum electrical power one solar cell can deliver at its standard test
condition. If we draw the v-i characteristics of a solar cell maximum power will occur at the
bend point of the characteristic curve. It is shown in the v-i characteristics of solar cell by P m.
Current at Maximum Power Point
The current at which maximum power occurs. Current at Maximum Power Point is shown
in the v-i characteristics of solar cell by Im.

Voltage at Maximum Power Point
The voltage at which maximum power occurs. Voltage at Maximum Power Point is
shown in the v-i characteristics of solar cell by Vm.
Fill Factor of Solar Cell
The ratio between product of current and voltage at maximum power point to the product
of short circuit current and open circuit voltage of the solar cell.
Efficiency of Solar Cell

It is defined as the ratio of maximum electrical power output to the radiation
power input to the cell and it is expressed in percentage. It is considered that the radiation power
on the earth is about 1000watt/square meter hence if the exposed surface area of the cell is A
then total radiation power on the cell will be 1000A watts. Hence the efficiency of a solar cell
may be expressed as

Maximum Power Point Tracker

MPPT or Maximum Power Point Tracking is algorithm that included in charge
controllers used for extracting maximum available power from PV module under certain
conditions. The voltage at which PV module can produce maximum power is called ‘maximum
power point’ (or peak power voltage). Maximum power varies with solar radiation, ambient
temperature and solar cell temperature. Typical PV module produces power with maximum
power voltage of around 17 V when measured at a cell temperature of 25°C, it can drop to
around 15 V on a very hot day and it can also rise to 18 V on a very cold day
A MPPT or maximum power point tracker is an electronic DC to DC converter that
optimizes the match between the solar array (PV panels), and the battery bank or utility grid. To
put it simply, they convert a higher voltage DC output from solar panels (and a few wind
generators) down to the lower voltage needed to charge batteries.
(These are sometimes called "power point trackers" for short - not to be confused with PANEL
trackers, which are a solar panel mount that follows, or tracks, the sun).
MPPT charge controller
A MPPT solar charge controller is the charge controller embedded with MPPT
algorithm to maximize the amount of current going into the battery from PV module.
MPPT is DC to DC converter which operates by taking DC input from PV module,
changing it to AC and converting it back to a different DC voltage and current to exactly match
the PV module to the battery.
How Maximum Power Point Tracking works
Here is where the optimization or maximum power point tracking comes in.
Assume your battery is low, at 12 volts. A MPPT takes that 17.6 volts at 7.4 amps and converts
it down, so that what the battery gets is now 10.8 amps at 12 volts. Now you still have almost
130 watts, and everyone is happy.
Ideally, for 100% power conversion you would get around 11.3 amps at 11.5 volts,
but you have to feed the battery a higher voltage to force the amps in. And this is a simplified
explanation - in actual fact the output of the MPPT charge controller might vary continually to
adjust for getting the maximum amps into the battery.
On the left is a screen shot from the Maui Solar Software "PV Design Pro"
computer program (click on picture for full size image). If you look at the green line, you will
see that it has a sharp peak at the upper right - that represents the maximum power point. What
an MPPT controller does is "look" for that exact point, and then does the voltage/current
conversion to change it to exactly what the battery needs. In real life, that peak moves around
continuously with changes in light conditions and weather.
A MPPT tracks the maximum power point, which is going to be different from the
STC (Standard Test Conditions) rating under almost all situations. Under very cold conditions a
120 watt panel is actually capable of putting over 130+ watts because the power output goes up
as panel temperature goes down - but if you don't have some way of tracking that power point,
you are going to lose it. On the other hand under very hot conditions, the power drops - you
lose power as the temperature goes up. That is why you get less gain in summer.
MPPT's are most effective under these conditions:
Winter, and/or cloudy or hazy days - when the extra power is needed the most.
● Cold weather - solar panels work better at cold temperatures, but without a MPPT you are
losing most of that. Cold weather is most likely in winter - the time when sun hours are low
and you need the power to recharge batteries the most.
● Low battery charge - the lower the state of charge in your battery, the more current a MPPT
puts into them - another time when the extra power is needed the most. You can have both of
these conditions at the same time.
● Long wire runs - If you are charging a 12 volt battery, and your panels are 100 feet away, the
voltage drop and power loss can be considerable unless you use very large wire. That can be
very expensive. But if you have four 12 volt panels wired in series for 48 volts, the power loss
is much less, and the controller will convert that high voltage to 12 volts at the battery. That
also means that if you have a high voltage panel setup feeding the controller, you can use
much smaller wire.
How a Maximum Power Point Tracker Works:
The Power point tracker is a high frequency DC to DC converter. They take the DC
input from the solar panels, change it to high frequency AC, and convert it back down to a
different DC voltage and current to exactly match the panels to the batteries. MPPT's operate at
very high audio frequencies, usually in the 20-80 kHz range. The advantage of high frequency
circuits is that they can be designed with very high efficiency transformers and small
components. The design of high frequency circuits can be very tricky because the problems
with portions of the circuit "broadcasting" just like a radio transmitter and causing radio and TV
interference. Noise isolation and suppression becomes very important.
There are a few non-digital (that is, linear) MPPT's charge controls around. These are
much easier and cheaper to build and design than the digital ones. They do improve efficiency
somewhat, but overall the efficiency can vary a lot - and we have seen a few lose their "tracking
point" and actually get worse. That can happen occasionally if a cloud passed over the panel -
the linear circuit searches for the next best point, but then gets too far out on the deep end to
find it again when the sun comes out.
The power point tracker (and all DC to DC converters) operates by taking the DC
input current, changing it to AC, running through a transformer (usually a torrid, a doughnut
looking transformer), and then rectifying it back to DC, followed by the output regulator. In
most DC to DC converters, this is strictly an electronic process - no real smarts are involved
except for some regulation of the output voltage. Charge controllers for solar panels need a lot
more smarts as light and temperature conditions vary continuously all day long, and battery
voltage changes.

SIMULATION THEORY
1.1 THEORY:
MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) is a numerical registering condition and fourth-age

programming language. Created by Math Works, MATLAB permits grid controls, plotting of
capacities and information, usage of calculations, formation of UIs and interfacing with projects
written in different dialects, including C, C++, Java, and Fortran. In spite of the fact that
MATLAB is proposed principally for numerical figuring, a discretionary tool compartment
utilizes the MPAD representative motor, enabling access to emblematic registering abilities. An
extra bundle, Simulink, includes graphical multi-space recreation and Model-Based Design for
dynamic and installed frameworks. In 2004, MATLAB had around one million clients crosswise
over industry and the scholarly community. MATLAB clients originate from different
foundations of designing, science, and financial matters. MATLAB is generally utilized in
scholarly and inquire about establishments just as modern ventures.
1.2 MATLAB HISTORY:
Cleve Moler, the director of the software engineering division at the University of New
Mexico, began creating MATLAB in the late 1970s. He planned it to give his understudy's
entrance to LINPACK and EISPACK without them learning FORTRAN. It before long spread to
different colleges and found a solid group of onlookers inside the connected science network.
Jack Little, a specialist, was presented to it amid a visit Moler made to Stanford University in
1983. Perceiving its business potential, he joined with Moler and Steve Bangert. They changed
MATLAB in C and established Math Works in 1984 to proceed with its improvement. These
reworked libraries were known as JACKPAC. In 2000, MATLAB was revamped to utilize a
more current arrangement of libraries for lattice control, LAPACK.
MATLAB was first received by analysts and professionals in control building, Little's
strength, however rapidly spread to numerous different areas. It is currently likewise utilized in
instruction, specifically the educating of direct variable based math and numerical investigation,
and is well known among researchers associated with picture preparing.

1.3 SIMULINK:
SIMULINK, created by Math Works, is a business device for displaying, reproducing

and examining multi-space dynamic frameworks. Its essential interface is a graphical square
outlining device and an adaptable arrangement of square libraries. It offers tight combination
with whatever is left of the MATLAB condition and can either drive MATLAB or be scripted
from it. SIMULINK is generally utilized in charge hypothesis and advanced flag preparing for
multi-space reproduction and Model-Based Design.
SIMULINK is a square graph condition for multi-space reenactment and Model-Based

Design. It bolsters framework level structure, reproduction, programmed code age, and ceaseless
test and check of installed frameworks. SIMULINK gives a graphical supervisor, adaptable
square libraries, and solvers for displaying and mimicking dynamic frameworks. It is coordinated
with MATLAB, empowering you to consolidate MATLAB calculations into models and fare
reenactment results to MATLAB for further investigation.
1.4 Building the Model:
SIMULINK gives a lot of predefined obstructs that you can consolidate to make a point
by point square chart of your framework. Devices for various leveled demonstrating, information
the board, and subsystem customization empower you to speak to even the most perplexing
framework succinctly and precisely.
1.4.1 Selecting Blocks
The SIMULINK Library Browser contains a library of squares generally used to display a
framework. As appeared in Fig 1.1 these include:

Fig 1.1: Building a new model
•Continuous and discrete elements squares, for example, Integration and Unit Delay
•Algorithmic squares, for example, Sum, Product, and Lookup Table
•Structural squares, for example, Mux, Switch, and Bus Selector
We can manufacture modified capacities by utilizing these squares or by fusing

transcribed MATLAB, C, FORTRAN, or Ada code into the model. The custom squares can be
put away in claim libraries inside the SIMULINK Library Browser.
Fig 1.2: Commonly used blocks

Semolina add-on items let you fuse particular segments for aviation, correspondences,
PID control, control rationale, flag handling, video and picture preparing, and different
applications. Extra items are likewise accessible for displaying physical frameworks with
mechanical, electrical, and water powered parts. To manufacture a model as appeared in Fig.1.2
by hauling obstructs from the Semolina Library Browser into the SIMULINK Editor, we at that
point associate these squares with flag lines to build up scientific connections between
framework parts.
Graphical organizing apparatuses, for example, brilliant aides and savvy flag steering,
help we control the presence of the model as we fabricate it. We can include chain of command
by embodying a gathering of squares and flags as a subsystem in a solitary square.
SIMULINK Editor gives a full oversight over what we see and use inside the model. For
instance, we can add directions and submenus to the manager and setting menus. We can
likewise add a custom interface to a subsystem or model by utilizing a cover that conceals the
subsystem's substance and furnishes the subsystem with its very own symbol and parameter
exchange box.
1.4.2 Navigating Through the Model Hierarchy
The Explorer bar and Model Browser in SIMULINK explores the model. The Explorer
bar shows the dimension of chain of importance that we are right now survey and gives us a
chance to can climb and down the progressive system. The Model Browser gives a total various
leveled tree perspective on your model, and like the Explorer bar, can be utilized to travel
through the dimensions of progression.
1.4.3 Managing Signals and Parameters
SIMULINK models contain the two signs and parameters. Signs are time-changing
information spoken to by the lines associating squares. Parameters are coefficients that
characterize framework elements and conduct. SIMULINK decides the accompanying sign and
parameter qualities as appeared in fig.

• Data type—single, twofold, marked, or unsigned 8-, 16-or 32-bit numbers; Boolean;
identification; or fixed point
•Dimensions—scalar, vector, grid, N-D, or variable-sized clusters
•Complexity—genuine or complex qualities
•Minimum and most extreme range, starting quality, and building units
On the off chance that we decide not to indicate information qualities, SIMULINK decides
them consequently through spread calculations, and behaviors consistency checking to guarantee
information honesty. These flag and parameter properties can be indicated either inside the
model or in a different information lexicon. We would then be able to utilize the Model Explorer
to compose, see, alter, and include information without exploring through the whole model as
appeared in fig.
Fig 1.3: Signal Attributes tab

Fig 1.4: Model Explorer Window
1.4.4 Simulating the Model:
We can recreate the dynamic conduct of the framework and view the outcomes as the
reproduction runs. To guarantee reenactment speed and exactness, SIMULINK gives fixed-advance and
variable-advance ODE solvers, a graphical debugger, and a model profiler.
1.4.5 Choosing a Solver:
Solvers as appeared in Fig.1.5 are numerical combination calculations that register the
framework elements after some time utilizing data contained in the model. SIMULINK gives
solvers to help the recreation of an expansive scope of frameworks, including nonstop time
(simple), discrete-time (computerized), mixture (blended flag), and multi rate frameworks of any
size.

Fig 1.5: Configuration Parameters dialog box showing the Solver pane
These solvers can reproduce solid frameworks and frameworks with discontinuities. We
can determine reenactment choices, including the sort and properties of the solver, recreation
begin and stop times, and whether to load or spare reproduction information. We can likewise set
advancement and indicative data. Diverse mixes of alternatives can be spared with the model.
1.4.6 Running the Simulation
We can run your recreation intelligently from the SIMULINK Editor or methodically
from the MATLAB order line. The accompanying recreation modes are accessible:
•Normal (the default), which interpretively mimics the model
•Accelerator, which expands recreation execution by making and executing accumulated target
code yet at the same time gives the adaptability to change demonstrate parameters amid
reproduction
• Rapid Accelerator, which can recreate models quicker than Accelerator mode by making
an executable that can keep running outside SIMULINK on a second preparing center

To decrease the time required to run different recreations, we can run those reproductions
in parallel on a multi-center PC or PC group.
1.4.7 Analyzing Simulation Results

In the wake of running a reproduction, we can break down the reenactment results in
MATLAB and SIMULINK. It incorporates troubleshooting devices to comprehend the
reproduction conduct.
1.4.8 Viewing Simulation Results
We can envision the reenactment conduct by survey signals with the showcases and
degrees gave in SIMULINK. We can likewise see reproduction information inside the
Simulation Data Inspector, where we can look at numerous signs from various reenactment runs.
Extension is the square in SIMLINK by which we can gauge and view the voltage, flow, and
power in electrical space. Fig.1.6 demonstrates the yield of a staggered converter through
extension. On the other hand, we can fabricate custom HMI shows utilizing MATLAB, or log
signs to the MATLAB workspace to see and dissect the information utilizing MATLAB
calculations and perception instruments.
Fig 1.6: Multi-step waveform

1.4.9 Debugging the Simulation
SIMULINK underpins troubleshooting with the Simulation Stepper, which gives we a

chance to venture forward and backward through your recreation seeing information on degrees
or examining how and when the framework changes states. With the SIMULINK debugger we
can venture through a recreation one technique at any given moment and look at the aftereffects
of executing that strategy. As the model recreates, you can show data on square states, square
sources of info and yields, and square technique execution inside the SIMULINK Editor.
1.5 SIM POWER SYSTEMS
SIM Power Systems™ gives segment libraries and examination instruments for
demonstrating and recreating electrical power frameworks. The libraries incorporate models of
electrical power segments, including three-stage machines, electric drives, and segments for
applications, for example, adaptable AC transmission frameworks (FACTS) and sustainable
power source frameworks. Symphonious examination, estimation of complete consonant
contortion (THD), load stream, and other key electrical power framework investigations are
mechanized. SIM Power Systems was created by Hydro-Québeco Montreal. SIM Power Systems
models as appeared in Fig 1.6 can be utilized to create control frameworks and test framework
level execution. We can parameterize the models utilizing MATLAB® factors and articulations,
and configuration control frameworks for the electrical power framework in SIMULINK.
We can include mechanical, water driven, pneumatic, and different segments to the
model utilizing SIM scape and test them all in a solitary reproduction condition. To send models
to other reenactment conditions, incorporating equipment on the up and up (HIL) frameworks,
SIM Power Systems underpins C-code age.
Beginning with Math Works Release, SIM Power Systems and SIM Mechanics of the
Physical Modeling item family cooperate with SIMULINK to demonstrate electrical, mechanical
and control frameworks. Electrical power frameworks are mixes of electrical circuits and
electromechanical gadgets like engines and generators. Specialists working in this order are
always improving the execution of the frameworks. Necessities for definitely expanded

productivity have constrained power framework fashioners to utilize control electronic gadgets
and modern control framework ideas that duty conventional examination devices and strategies.
Further confusing the examiner's job is the way that the framework is regularly so nonlinear that
the best way to comprehend it is through reproduction.
Land-based power age from hydroelectric, steam, or different gadgets isn't the main
utilization of intensity frameworks. A typical trait of these frameworks is their utilization of
intensity hardware and control frameworks to accomplish their execution goals. SIM Power
Systems was intended to give a cutting edge configuration apparatus that enables researchers and
architects to quickly and effectively construct models that reproduce control frameworks.
SIM Power Systems utilizes the SIMULINK condition, enabling you to manufacture a
model utilizing basic snap and drag methodology. Not exclusively would you be able to draw the
circuit topology quickly, yet your examination of the circuit can incorporate its cooperation with
mechanical, warm, control, and different orders. This is conceivable on the grounds that all the
electrical pieces of the reenactment connect with the broad SIMULINK displaying library. Since
it utilizes MATLAB as its computational motor, architects can likewise utilize MATLAB tool
kits and SIMULINK square sets. SIM Power Systems and SIM Mechanics share an exceptional
Physical Modeling square and association line interface. Clients can quickly give SIM Power
Systems something to do.
The libraries contain models of run of the mill control gear, for example, transformers,
lines, machines, and power hardware. These models are demonstrated ones originating from
reading material, and their legitimacy depends on the experience of the Power Systems Testing
and Simulation Laboratory of Hydro-Québec, a huge North American utility situated in Canada.
The abilities of SIM Power Systems for displaying an ordinary electrical framework are
delineated in show records. What's more, for clients who need to revive their insight into power
framework hypothesis, there are likewise self-learning contextual investigations.

Fig 1.7: SIM Power System plane
1.6 MODELING ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEMS

With SIM Power Systems, we fabricate a model of a framework similarly as we would
amass a physical framework. The parts in the model are associated by physical associations that
speak to perfect conduction ways. This methodology depicts the physical structure of the
framework as opposed to determining and actualizing the conditions for the framework. From
the model, which intently looks like a schematic, SIM Power Systems naturally builds the
differential logarithmic conditions (DAEs) that describe the conduct of the framework. These
conditions are coordinated with whatever remains of the SIMULINK demonstrate.
We can utilize the sensor hinders in SIM Power Systems to gauge current and voltage in
your capacity system, and after that pass these signs into standard SIMULINK squares. Source
squares empower SIMULINK signs to dole out qualities to the electrical factors flow and
voltage. Sensor and source squares associate a control calculation created in SIMULINK to a
SIM Power Systems arrange.
1.7 MODELING CUSTOM COMPONENTS

SIM Power Systems empowers to display custom parts by utilizing the key components
incorporated into its libraries and by joining these components with SIMULINK squares.

Fig 1.8: SIM power system Libraries

Electrical components: Linear and saturable transformers; arrestors and breakers; and
transmission line models.
Electrical elements: Models of synchronous, perpetual magnet synchronous, and DC machines;
excitation frameworks; and models of pressure driven and steam turbine-senator frameworks.
Electric machinery: Diodes, disentangled and complex Thyristors, GTOs, switches, IGBT
models, and all inclusive scaffolds that permit choice of standard extension topologies
Power electronics: Diodes, simplified and complex Thyristors, GTOs, switches, IGBT models,
and universal bridges that allow selection of standard bridge topologies
Control and measurement: Voltage, current, and impedance estimations; RMS estimations;
dynamic and receptive power computations; clocks, multi meters, and Fourier investigation;
HVDC control; all out symphonious mutilation; abc-to-dq0 and dq0-to-abc changes Electrical
sources: To execute sinusoidal flow source, sinusoidal voltage source, conventional battery
demonstrate, Controlled AC Current and Voltage sources, DC Voltage Source. To execute three-
stage voltage source with programmable time variety of abundancy, stage, recurrence, and
music, and to actualize three-stage source with inside R-L impedance. The whole square sets is
appeared in Fig 5.8.

Fig 1.9: Block sets of electrical sources used in SIM Power Systems
Three-phase components: RLC loads and branches; breakers and issues; pi-segment lines;
voltage sources; transformers; synchronous and non-concurrent generators; and engines,
analyzers, and estimations
Electric Drives and Other Application Libraries: SIM Power Systems gives the
accompanying particular application libraries:
Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS): Phase models of adaptable AC transmission
frameworks
Distributed Resources: Phase models of wind turbines
Electric Drives: Editable models of electric drives that incorporate point by point depictions of
the engine, converter, and controller for each drive. The Electric Drives library incorporates
changeless magnet, synchronous, and no concurrent (acceptance) engines. The converters and
controllers execute the most well-known methodologies for controlling the speed and torque for
these engines, for example, direct-torque control and field-arranged control. SIM Power Systems
bolsters the improvement of mind boggling, independent power frameworks, for example, those
in cars, flying machine, fabricating plants, and power utility applications
You can consolidate SIM Power Systems with other Math Works physical demonstrating
items to display complex communications in multi-area physical frameworks. The square
libraries and reenactment strategies in SIM Power Systems were created by Hydro-Québec of
Montreal.

Along these lines clients can quickly give SIM Power Systems something to do. The
libraries that containing models of common power gear, for example, transformers, lines,
machines, and power gadgets are utilized to build an electrical circuit and the totally planned
circuit of the equivalent in SIMULINK window.
.
1.8 CONNECTING TO HARDWARE:
We can associate the SIMULINK model to equipment for quick prototyping, equipment
on the up and up (HIL) reproduction, and arrangement on an inserted framework.
1.8.1 Running Simulations on Hardware
SIMULINK gives worked in help to prototyping, testing, and running models on ease
target equipment, including Arduino®, LEGO® MINDSTORMS® NXT, Panda Board, and
Beagle Board. We can plan calculations in SIMULINK for control frameworks, apply autonomy,
sound preparing, and PC vision applications and see them perform progressively.
Fig 1.10: Hardware Interface to Simulink

SIMULINK gives worked in help to prototyping, testing, and running models on minimal
effort target equipment, including Arduino®, LEGO® MINDSTORMS® NXT, and Beagle
Board as appeared in Fig.5.11.
Fig 1.11: Low-cost target hardware
With Real-Time Windows Target™, we can run SIMULINK models continuously on

Microsoft® Windows® PCs and interface with a scope of I/O loads up to make and control an
ongoing framework as appeared in Fig.5.11. To run the model continuously on an objective PC,
we can utilize XPC Target™ for HIL recreation, quick control prototyping, and other constant
testing applications. See XPC Target Turnkey for accessible target PC equipment. SIMULINK
models can be arranged and made prepared for code age. By utilizing SIMULINK with extra
code age items, you can produce C and C++, HDL, or PLC code straightforwardly from your
model.
1.9 APPLICATIONS
Various Math Works and outsider equipment and programming items are accessible for
use with SIMULINK. For instance, State stream expands SIMULINK with a structure domain
for creating state machines and stream graphs. Combined with SIMULINK Coder, another item
from Math Works, SIMULINK can naturally create C source code for continuous usage of
frameworks. As the productivity and adaptability of the code improves, this is winding up more
broadly embraced for generation frameworks, notwithstanding being a prevalent instrument for
implanted framework configuration work due to its adaptability and limit with regards to fast
emphasis. Installed Coder makes code sufficiently proficient for use in implanted frameworks.

XPC Target together with X86-based constant frameworks gives a domain to reproduce
and test SIMULINK and State stream models continuously on the physical framework. Installed
Coder likewise bolsters explicit implanted targets, including Infineon C166, Motorola68HC12,
Motorola MPC 555, TI C2000,
TI C6000, RenesasV850 and Renesas With HDL Coder, additionally from Math Works,
SIMULINK and State stream can naturally create synthesizable VHDL and Very log.
SIMULINK Verification and Validation empowers methodical confirmation and

approval of models through demonstrating style checking, necessities detectability and model
inclusion investigation. SIMULINK Design Verifier utilizes formal techniques to recognize
structure mistakes like whole number flood, division by zero and dead rationale, and creates
experiment situations for model checking inside the SIMULINK condition.
The orderly testing instrument TPT offers one approach to perform formal test-check and
approval procedure to invigorate SIMULINK models yet in addition amid the advancement stage
where the designer produces contributions to test the framework. By the substitution of the
Constant and Signal generator squares of SIMULINK the incitement moves toward becoming
reproducible. SIM Events includes a library of graphical structure hinders for demonstrating
lining frameworks to the SIMULINK condition. It additionally includes an occasion based
recreation motor to the time sensitive reenactment motor in SIMULINK

Simulation Results
Simulation parameters
Schematic diagram
2 SPV array variables consisting of (a) Voltage (b) Current (c) Power (d) insolation

how that converter output of the system
4 (a) and (b) Show that inverter output of the system with different simulation
show stator current and back EMF of BLDC motor.

shows output of BLDC motor pump consisting of (g) Load Torque (h) Electromagnetic
Torque (k) Speed

VII. CONCLUSION
In this work, a new power electronic converter (PEC) has been developed for plug-in electric
vehicles (PEVs) utilizing both grid and solar PV sources. The proposed PEC has capability to
operate for all modes of vehicles, i.e., charging, propulsion (PP) and regenerative braking (RB).
The charging is achieved through grid (plug-in charging (PIC)) and solar PV system. The
proposed PEC is operated as an isolated SEPIC during charging from grid and as an non-isolated
SEPIC during solar PV charging. While, in PP and RB modes, it operates as a conventional
boost and buck converters, respectively. Conventional boost and buck operation of the converters
provide low stresses on switching devices than SEPIC operation of the converter. Therefore,
stress on switching devices in PP and RB modes are lower than PIC and solar PV modes, which
is desirable for vehicle application because usually PP and RB modes rated for high power than
PIC and solar PV modes. The modes of the proposed system have been validated through
computer simulation and prototype model for 800 W charging power and 48 V battery. The
overall system provides a reliable and efficient solution for electric vehicle battery charging
system and can be a promising solution for future electric vehicles.

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Technology: Matlab/Simulink

A Multifunctional Solar PV and Grid Based On-

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Fig. 1. Configuration of the proposed PEC

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Fig. 2. Operation of the proposed PEC during PIC mode.

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II. OPERATING MODES OF THE CONVERTER

Fig. 3. Operation of the proposed PEC during solar PV mode.

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where NC = Not conducting, NIL = 0 V, iL1,pp = inductor L1 current in PP mode, iL1,RB =

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P1 is selected as Vhv and current rating is decided as max . The voltage

. The switch P3 does not have any voltage

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Fig. 6. Control strategy for PIC and solar PV modes.

Fig. 7. Control strategy for PP and RB modes.

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Solar Power Generation

Principles of Solar Electricity

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Application of Solar Electricity

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It is always economical to install a solar light or a solar power source where it is

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Types of Solar Power Station

There are mainly four types of solar power stations.

Stand Alone or Off Grid Solar Power Station

This is most commonly used photovoltaic installation used to provide localized

Grid Tie Solar Power Station

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Grid Tie with Power Backup Solar Power Generation

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Grid Fallback Solar Power Generation

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Construction of Solar Cell

Working Principle of Solar Cell

V-I Characteristics of a Photovoltaic Cell

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Materials Used in Solar Cell

Criteria for Materials to be Used in Solar Cell

Advantages of Solar Cell

Disadvantages of Solar Cell

Uses of Solar Generation Systems

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Characteristics and Parameters of a Solar Cell

Short Circuit Current of Solar Cell

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Open Circuit Voltage of Solar Cell

Maximum Power Point of Solar Cell

Current at Maximum Power Point

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Voltage at Maximum Power Point

Fill Factor of Solar Cell