The first steamships arrived in Manila Bay in 1848. They were the Magallanes, Elcano, and Reina de Castilla.

The first railroad

- the Manila-Dagupan Railway - was established in 1891. It was owned by an English company. In Manila, a tramcar service (tranvia)
was opened to the public in 1893. Two years later the first electric light system appeared in the city.

New means of communication were introduced. In 1854 was established a monthly mail service between Manila and Hong
Kong. The first Philippine stamp was issued on February 1, 1854. In 1873 was established a steamship line between Manila and Spain.
The first tele- graph line was opened in 1873. In 1880 was laid the first cable which linked the Philippines to the outside world. The first
telephone ap- peared in Manila in 1890.

Commercial Progress. In 1810, fourteen years before the opening of Manila to world trade, the total volume of the foreign
trade reached only P11,025,000, of which P4,795,000 represented the exports and P6,230,000 the imports resulting in an unfavorable
balance of trade amounting to P1,435,000.

After the opening of the Philippines to world trade, the volume of the foreign commerce increased, as shown by the following
statistics:

Progress in Agriculture. The opening of the Philippines to world trade stimulated agricultural production. There was great
demand in the world markets for Philippine products, especially hemp, tobacco, sugar, and copra. Batangas became famous for coffee,
Isabela for tobacco, Laguna and Tayabas for coconuts, Camarines for hemp, and Negros for sugar. In the International Exposition held
in London in 1851, Cagayan tobacco was awarded a gold medal for its excellent quality. It is interest- ing to note that during the last
century of Spanish rule, the Philippines exported rice to China. The port of Sual (in Pangasinan) was known as the "Rice Port" because
its foreign export consisted mainly of rice.

Modern agricultural implements and scientific methods of cul- tivation were introduced into the Philippines. In 1836 Eulogio de
Otaduy introduced the first steam machine for hulling rice. A few years later, Nicholas Loney, British merchant, introduced the first steam
machine for hulling sugar in Negros. Beginning in 1838 various experimental farms were established by the government in Vigan (Ilocos
Sur), Magalang (Pampanga), Daraga (Albay), Ilagan (Isabela), and La Paz (Iloilo). In these farms, experiments were conducted on the
raising of new varieties of plants, the breeding of animals, and new methods of land cultivation.

In 1890 a model farm called La Granja was established by Governor Valeriano Weyler at La Carlota, Negros Occidental. Under
the able management of Don Jose Sanchez, Spanish soil physicist, this farm conducted the first experiments in scientific agriculture in
the Philip- pines.

Increase of Population. Economic prosperity and its accompa- nying social and health improvement brought an increase in
population. In 1591, twenty years after Legazpi's foundation of Manila, the total population was estimated by the Spanish authorities to
reach 667,612. This population estimate increased to 2,593,287 in 1829, five years before the opening of Manila to world trade.

After Manila's opening to world trade, the population showed a marked increase. This was revealed in the following statistics:

A New Middle Class. The advent of material prosperity after the opening of the Philippines to world trade gave birth to a middle
class who became the backbone of the nation. Those belonging to this class were well-to-do landlords, farmers, lawyers, physicians,
teachers, and government employees. They read books and periodicals, discussed public problems, and sent their children to colleges
and universities in Manila or abroad. Out of this new middle class sprang the leaders of the Propaganda Movement, which sowed the
seeds of the Philippine Revolution. They were Rizal, del Pilar, Lopez Jaena, Panganiban, Ponce, and many others.

Chapter 9 OUR SPANISH HERITAGE

BY RIGHT OF conquest, Spain ruled the Philippines for three centuries (1565-1898). During this long period, Spain imposed
her religion, lan- guage, customs, arts and sciences on the Filipinos. There was hardly any phase of Filipino life which did not feel the
impact of Spanish influence. It is fair to say that Spain's cultural legacy was more bene- ficial and comprehensive than her political and
economic endow- ments.
 Christianity, Spain's Greatest Legacy. The greatest legacy of Spain to the Filipino people is Christianity, specifically the Roman
Catholic religion. Strangely, this religion was Asian in origin, being founded by Jesus Christ in Palestine; it spread to Western Europe
after Christ's crucifixion and much later, in the 16th and 17th centuries, Spain propagated it across the Atlantic to the New World (West
Indies, North America, Central America, and South America) and across the Pacific to the Philippines, making her then the greatest
power.

The Christianization of the Filipinos was really the most out- standing achievement of the Spanish missionaries. These mission-
aries came with the Spanish conquistadores. As the latter subjugated the people to become vassals of Spain, they converted them to
Christianity. As a result of their apostolic labors, the Filipino people have become uniquely the only Christian nation in the entire Asian
world.

Diet and Dress. Spain improved the diet of the people by intro- ducing new food plants, such as wheat, corn, patatas (white
potatoes), cacao, coffee, cabbages, papayas, chicos, and guavas. The wheat grains were milled into snow-white wheat flour which was
baked in the oven to become bread. For the first time, the Filipinos learned to eat bread. From the seeds of the cacao came the chocolate
which became a popu- lar drink for breakfast or merienda. The people also learned to drink coffee. Other foodstuffs introduced by Spain
were beef (meat of the cattle), mutton, (sheep's meat), longanizas (sausages), jamon (ham), and sardines. During the Spanish times,
Filipinos learned for the first time to eat canned goods from Europe, such as chorizos de Bilbao, Spanish sardines, olive oil, and pickles
from England; to use spoons, forks, drinking glasses, table knives, and napkins while eating; and to drink foreign wines. I

A remarkable change in the people's dress developed during the Spanish period. The male jacket and bahag were replaced by
the Western coat and trousers. The coat was popularly called americana because it was introduced from America (Mexico). The men
began to wear hats, instead of the putong, and used slippers and shoes for foot- wear.

The women also changed their mode of dressing. They discarded the sarong and used the saya (skirt) as lower apparel and for
upper apparel they adopted the camisa with long and wide sleeves in place of the old short-sleeved jacket. They continued to adorn
them- selves with jewelry, like their predecessors in pre-Spanish days. They wore gold earrings, rings, pendants, necklaces, and
bracelets, but not armlets and leglets. They learned to use slippers, shoes, stockings, hair combs, mantillas, and panuelos, like the
women of Spain.

By the middle of the 17th century, as Father Colin observed, the dress of the people had become "almost Spanish".

Family Life. Family life during the Spanish period was simple and wholesome because of the ennobling influence of Christianity.
The father, although recognized as the master of the family, was not despotic. He consulted his wife, the mother of his children, on family
matters - including the education of their children, the family expenses, and business deals affecting the sale or purchase of proper- ty.
The mother usually acted as the first tutor of the children. She taught them the first alphabet and the Christian prayers. She was the
custodian of the family fund and keys.

The family ties were intimately close. Parents and children prayed together the Angelus and the rosary every night. Hence, the
popular saying was true then- "The family that prays together stays together". They also prayed together before each meal. They went
to church together to hear the obligatory Sunday Mass and the Mass during the town fiestas and other religious holidays. Broken homes,
caused by husband and wife squabbles, were a rarity during the Spanish times. Parents spent much time with their children. They loved
their children, and, in return, the children obeyed and respected them. As a sign of respect, the children kissed the hands of their parents
after the evening prayers, upon leaving the home on a trip and upon returning home.

Speaking highly of family life under Spain, a British author, W. Gifford Palgrave, wrote as follows:

"Nowhere are family bonds closer drawn, family affections more enduring than among the Malay race... His family is a pleasing
sight; much subordination and little restraint, unity in gradation, liberty not license. Orderly children, respected parents, women subject
but not suppressed, men ruling but not despotic, reverence with kindness, obedience with affection - these form a lovable picture, nor by
any means a rare one in the villages of the Eastern Isles."

Filipino Women During Spanish Times. The position of Filipino women in society, already high during the pre-Spanish period
was further elevated under Spanish rule. Unlike in many Oriental countries and in some Christian countries in Europe, they were never
considered as mere chattel and were never used as beasts of burden laboring in the fields and on the roads. They were respected by
men. If still unmarried, they were strictly chaperoned when they attended dances and other social gatherings. They had no freedom to
study in the universities, to engage in the professions (law, medicine, engineering, etc.) and to mix freely with the men. They were,
however, permitted by custom and law to engage in business.

The young women were kept in seclusion at the home or in school. They were given education in the colegios (colleges) which
were exclu- sive schools for girls operated by nuns. At the colegio they were trained to observe the rigid rules of good conduct, to cook
well, to sew and embroider, and to know music so that they would become good wives and good mothers. Those young women who had
no intention of marrying or who were unfortunate in their romances usually entered the nunnery and consecrated their lives in the service
of God.

The beautiful Maria Clara of Rizal's novels typified the flower of Filipino womanhood during the Spanish times. In her were found
the best traits of a woman- charm, modesty, and religious devotion.

An American historian, James A. LeRoy, attributed the respectable position of Filipino women in society, during the Spanish
period to the influence of Christianity. He said: "It is perfectly safe to say that in no other part of the Orient have women relatively so much
free- dom nor do they play so large a part in the control of the family or in social and even industrial affairs... There seems every reason
for ascribing this relative improvement in the position of women in the Philippines as compared with surrounding countries in the Orient
to the influence of the Christian religion".?
 Introduction of the Gregorian Calendar. Until the year 1845, the Philippine calendar was one day behind that of European time.
It was Governor General Narciso Claveria who corrected the Philippine calendar. On August 16, 1844, he issued an order proclaiming
Tuesday, December 31, 1844, to be Wednesday, January 1, 1845. In other words, he advanced the calendar by one day, so that it would
be in accord with world standard time.

Spanish Surnames for Filipinos. During the early years of Spanish colonization the Filipinos, upon their conversion were given
the names of the saints as their first names, such as Juan, after San Juan, Pedro after San Pedro, Maria after Santa Maria, and Cecilia
after Santa Cecilia.

The native surnames proved to be confusing to the Spanish authorities who were unfamiliar with the Philippine dialects. Conse-
quently, Governor General Claveria issued an order on November 21, 1849, giving Spanish surnames to Filipino families. He sent lists
of Spanish family names to the authorities in the provinces and towns. His order was carried out, so that today Filipino families came to
acquire Spanish surnames, such as Gomez, Reyes, and Santos.

Many Filipino families who remained loyal to their ancestors refused to adopt the Spanish surnames. Their descendants still
use their Malayan surnames, such as Batungbakal, Kalaw, Makapagal, Mag- saysay, Magbanua, Sumulong and Tonogbanua.\

Latin Alphabet and Spanish Language. Among the lasting legacies of Spain to the Filipino people are the Latin alphabet and
the Spanish language. Being intelligent with a God-given talent for lan- guages, the people easily assimilated the Latin alphabet and the
Spanish language. As Father Pedro Chirino, Jesuit missionary and historian wrote in 1604: "They have learned our language and its
pronunciation, and write it even better than we do, for they are so clever and they learn anything with great ease".

Although Spanish did not become a national language in the country, as it is in Mexico and other countries in Latin America, it
has enriched the national language called Pilipino. According to linguis- tical authorities, there are about 5,000 Spanish loan-words in our
national language.

The Filipinos are the only Spanish-speaking nation in Asia. With their knowledge of the Latin alphabet and the Spanish language
(plus the English language), the people have been linked closer to the Western world. Through these linguistical media, they have been
able to imbibe the wisdom of the West and to learn the ideas of Western philosophers and teachers.

Preservation of Philippine Languages. The Spanish friars, in- stead of preaching Christianity in Spanish, studied the native lan-
guages and used these languages to propagate the faith. By studying the native languages and using them in their missionary activities,
the Spanish friars, incidentally, preserved the Philippine native languages. The case was different in the Spanish colonies in Latin
America. In those colonies the missionaries forced the people to learn Spanish. Thus the Mexicans, Cubans, Chileans, Peruvians,
Argentines, Puerto Ricans, and other Latin Americans lost their native languages.

The early Spanish missionaries were the first to write the gram- mars and dictionaries of the Filipino languages. The first
published Tagalog grammar, entitled Arte y reglas de la lengua tagala (1610), was written by Fr. Francisco Blancas de San Jose, a
Spanish Dominican missionary. He was known as the "Demosthenes of the Tagalog Lan- guage," because of his eloquence in Tagalog.

Printing. The first Filipino press in the Philippines was estab- lished by the Dominicans in Manila in the year 1593. That was 47
years before the appearance of the first printing press in the United States. The first printing press in Manila printed books by means of
the old xylograhic method, that is, printing by using engraved wood blocks. It is still existing at the University of Santo Tomas Press and
is one of the oldest printing establishments in the world.

Early Filipino Printers. The first Filipino printer was Tomas Pinpin, the "Prince of Filipino Printers". He was also the first Tagalog
author, for he wrote the first Tagalog book ever published. This book, entitled Librong pag-aaralan nang manga Tagalog nang uicang
Castila (Book that the Tagalogs Should Study to Learn Spanish), was printed in Bataan in 1610. Tomas Pinpin had a worthy son, Simon,
who was also a good printer.

Other pioneer Filipino printers were Diego Talaghay, Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay, Laureano Atlas, Domingo Loag, and Cipriano
Bagay.

First Books Printed in the Philippines. All the early Filipino printers were trained by the Spanish missionaries in the art of printing.
They were master craftsmen. They were not only good printers, but also fine engravers.

As early as in 1593, books were being printed in the Philippines by xylographic method. Three of these early books have been
discovered in the archives and libraries of Europe in recent years, namely: (1) Doctrina Christiana en lengua española y tagala, Manila,
1593; (2) Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua China, printed by Keng Yong (Chinese), in the Parian, Manila; and (3) Tratado de la
Doctrina de la Santa Iglesia y de Ciencias naturales, written by Fr. Juan de Cobo, O.P., printed in Manila, 1593.

Education. Spain introduced the European system of education in the Philippines. The first schools to be established were
parochial schools, with the Spanish missionaries as teachers. Filipino children were taught the Catholic doctrine, the three R's (reading,
writing and arithmetic), music, and various arts and trades.

The first college for boys was founded by the Jesuits in Manila in 1589. Originally called the College of Manila, its name was
later changed to College of San Ignacio. The Jesuits also founded the College of San Ildefonso (1595) in Cebu and the College of San
Jose (1601) in Manila. Later, in 1859, they took charge of the Escuela Pia, a public school for boys in Manila, and transformed it into the
Ateneo de Manila, now one of the prestigious universities in the country.

Not to be outdone by their Jesuit rivals, the Dominicans who were equally good educators founded in Manila the College of Our
Lady of the Rosary (1611), whose name was later changed to College of Santo Tomas and still later to the University of Santo Tomas.
In 1630 they founded another college in Manila, called the College of San Juan de Letran. It is the oldest existing college for boys in the
Philippines.
 The curriculum for the boys colleges was patterned after that of the colleges in Europe. It consisted of Greek, Latin, Spanish,
philosophy, rhetoric, natural sciences, and humanities. The course lasted five years, after which the graduates were conferred the degree
of A.B. (Bachelor of Arts). After having completed the college course, the boys were ready to enter the universities.

University education in the Philippines is much older than that of the United States. The first university in the Philippines was
the University of San Ignacio. Originally founded as a college in 1589, it was elevated to the rank of a university in 1621 by Pope Gregory
XV. It was closed in 1768 when the Jesuits were expelled from the Philippines. The College of San Ildefonso, founded in Cebu in 1595,
was also closed. But it was reopened in 1783 as the Colegio-Seminario de San Carlos (which became the University of San Carlos in
1948).

The second university was the University of Santo Tomas, which was originally founded as a college in 1611 by the Dominican
prelate, Miguel de Buenavides, third Archbishop of Manila. Upon the request of King Philip IV of Spain, Pope Innocent X raised it to the
rank of a university in 1645, thereby becoming the only Royal and Pontifical University in all Asia. Still existing in Manila, it is 25 years
older than Harvard University, the oldest university in the United States.

The third university was the University of San Felipe, a govern- ment-sponsored university, which was established in Manila by
a royal decree of King Philip V of Spain. It never gained popularity and was closed in 1726.

The universities, particularly the University of Santo Tomas, offered the same courses as those given in the universities of
Europe, such as law, medicine, pharmacy, philosophy, theology, and humani- ties. All universities during the Spanish times were
exclusively for men.

The girls were given a special education during the Spanish re- gime. Two kinds of schools for girls were established, namely;
the colegio, a regular school for girls, and the beaterio, a combined school and nunnery. The schools for girls in Manila during the Spanish
period were the College of Santa Potenciana (1594), the College of Santa Isabel (1632), the Beaterio de la Compañia de Jesus (1694),
the Beaterio de Santa Catalina (1696), the Beaterio de San Sebastian (1719), the College of Santa Rosa (1750), the College of La
Concordia (1869), and the Assumption Convent School (1892). The College of Santa Isabel, which absorbed the College of Santa
Potenciana, is the oldest existing college for girls in the Philippines. The Beaterio de la Compañia de Jesus, founded by a Filipino nun,
Sor Ignacia de Espiritu Santo, was the only college exclusively for Filipino girls. It is now St. Mary's College in Quezon City.

The first public school system in the country was established by Spain in accordance with the Educational Decree of 1863.5
This law provided for the establishment of a public elementary school for boys and another for girls in every town. Boys and girls, therefore,
attended separate schools. There was no co-education in the Philippines during the Spanish regime.

Vocational Education. It should be noted that vocational edu- cation was also promoted by the Spanish authorities. The seeds
of Philippine vocational education were sown by the missionaries who taught the people not only religion, but also better methods of
farming, the cultivation of foreign plants (indigo, corn, cotton, wheat, etc.) and various crafts (printing, carpentry, masonry, and dyeing).

In the 19th century various vocational and technical schools were established by the Spanish government. Among them were
the Nautical Academy (1820), the School of Commerce (1840), the Academy of Fine Arts (1849), the School of Agriculture (1889), and
the School of Arts and Trades (1890). All these schools were in Manila.

On March 16, 1861, a private school of arts and trades was founded by Filipinos, Father Juan P. Zita and Felino Gil, in Bacolor,
Pampanga. It is now the Pampanga School of Arts and Trades, a public school.

Educational Progress under Spain. The schools established by Spain contributed to the intellectual growth of the Filipino people.
In 1843 the percentage of literacy in the Philippines was relatively high. As Sinibaldo de Mas commented: "In proportion, there are more
persons who can read and write in these islands than in Spain and in some other civilized countries"

In 1867 there were in the Philippines 593 elementary schools, with an enrolment of 133,990 children. At the end of the Spanish
rule in 1898, the schools numbered 2,150, with a total enrolment of more than 200,000.

Judged by contemporary Western educational standards, the schools founded by Spain in the Philippines were highly defective,
as satirized in the witty chapter, "The Class in Physics," in Dr. Rizal's El Filibusterismo. But according to Dr. Laubach, the Spanish
schools, though inadequate, were better than in other Spanish colonies and compared favorably with the schools in Spain in the same
period.?

Journalism. The first newspaper in the Philippines was Del Superior Govierno (Of the Superior Government), with Governor
General Manuel Gonzales de Aguilar (1810-13) as editor. It appeared for the first time in Manila on August 8, 1811. Its last issue came
out on July 4, 1813.

More newspapers appeared locally during later years. Among them were La Esperanza (1846), the first daily newspaper in the
Philip- pines; La Illustracion Filipina (1859), the first illustrated periodical; El Catolico Filipino (1862), the first religious newspaper; La
Opinion (1887), the first political newspaper; El Ilokano (1889), the first vernacular newspaper, founded and edited by Isabelo de los
Reyes; and El Hogar (1893), the first women's magazine.

Literature. Philippine literature during the early years of the Spanish regime was mostly religious in character. It consisted of
prayer books, doctrinas, novenas, biographies of saints, and other religious matters. These reading materials were popularized by the
missionaries in order to propagate Christianity.

Another type of literature which became popular among the masses consisted of the awits (chivalric-heroic poems) and corridos
(legendary-religious poems). Examples of this folk literature were Siete Infantes de Lara, Ibong Adarna, and Bernardo Carpio. They were
Filipinized versions of Spanish and French medieval romances.
 The favorite reading matter of the people during the Lent season was the pasion, the story in verse of the life, suffering and
crucifixion of Christ. The first Tagalog pasion was written by Gaspar Aquino de Belen and published in 1704. Other well-known versions
of the pasion were those of Luis Gian (1750), Father Mariano Pilapil (1814), and Father Aniceto de la Merced (1856).

The most popular epic of Tagalog literature was produced during the Spanish times. It was Florante at Laura, the poetical
masterpiece of Balagtas, the "Prince of Tagalog Poets". The real name of Balagtas was Francisco Baltazar (1789-1862). In his honor
was named balagtasan the modern Tagalog poetical joust. Another gem of Tagalog prose was Urbana at Feliza, a book on proper
behavior for women, written by a Tagalog priest, Father Modesto de Castro.

Famous in Ilocos literature was the popular Ilocano epic, Lam-ang which recounts the fabulous deeds of the Ilocano legendary
hero. It was popularized by Pedro Bukaneg, a blind poet, who was hailed as the "Father of Ilocos Literature".

In Pampango literature, Gonzalo de Cordova, a stirring metrical romance, gained popular celebrity. It was written by Father
Anselmo Fajardo, a Pampango priest-writer.

Filipino-Spanish literature flowered during the last century of Spanish rule. Talented Filipinos, who acquired Spanish education,
wrote novels, essays, poems, and plays in sonorous Spanish. Dr. Jose Rizal, greatest Filipino genius, excelled in both prose and poetry.
Dr. Pedro A. Paterno wrote the first Filipino novel, Ninay (1885). The trinity of Filipino poets, Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero,
and Jose Palma, won enduring fame in Spanish poetry. The Spanish poem of Jose Palma entitled Filipinas became the lyrics of the
Philippine National Anthem.

The Theatre. The early forms of the Philippine drama were the duplo and the karagatan. The duplo was a poetical debate held
by trained men and women on the ninth night or last night, of the mourning period for the dead. The male participants were called
bellocos, the female participants, bellacas. The karagatan was also a poetical debate, like the duplo, but its partakers were amateurs.

The first recorded drama was staged in Cebu in 1598. It was a comedia written by Vicente Puche and was performed in honor
of Msgr. Pedro de Agurto, Cebu's first bishop. Eleven years later, in 1609, another play portraying the life of Santa Barbara was staged
in Bohol.

Three kinds of plays became popular among the masses during the Spanish era. They were the cenaculo, the moro-moro, and
the zarzuela. The cenaculo was a religious play depicting the life and sufferings of Christ. It was performed during the Lent season. The
moro-moro was a cloak-and-dagger play depicting the wars between the Christians and the Muslims, with the Christians always on the
winning side. The first moro-moro was written by Fr. Jeronimo Perez and was staged in Manila in 1637, to commemorate Governor
General Corcuera's victory against the Moros of Mindanao. It became the favorite play of the people, especially during town fiestas. The
zarzuela was a musical comedy. Rizal wrote a zarzuela entitled Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig).

It was not until the end of the 17th century that the first theatre was established in Intramuros, Manila. It was called Teatro
Comico. Other theaters arose in Manila in later times, such as the Primitivo Teatro de Tondo, Primitivo Teatro de Arroceros, Teatro de
Binondo, Teatro de Principe Alfonso, Teatro de Variedades, and Teatro Zorilla.

Music. The music of the Filipinos was enriched by Spanish and Mexican influences. Their popular folk dances, such as the
polka, the lanceros, the rigodon, the cariñosa, and the surtido, came from Spain. The Filipino pandango, jarabe, kuratsa, were of Mexican
origin. The Filipino songs were also Hispanized, as evidenced by the Sampaguita (composed by Dolores Paterno) and Bella Filipina
(composed by T. Masaguer). The Philippine National Anthem which was composed by Julian Felipe shows remarkable similarity to the
Spanish National Anthem.

From Mexico and Europe came the violin, the flute, the piano, the harp, the guitar, and other musical instruments. From bamboo,
the Filipinos made musical instruments resembling those which came from foreign countries. In many of the towns and villages during
the Spanish times there were many bands, called musikong buho (bamboo musicians). These musicians could not read musical notes,
for they had never studied in any conservatory; yet they could play European music on their bamboo musical instruments. They learned
practically any kind of music by ear.

Pedro A. Paterno wrote the first Filipino novel, Ninay (1885). The trinity of Filipino poets, Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero,
and Jose Palma, won enduring fame in Spanish poetry. The Spanish poem of Jose Palma entitled Filipinas became the lyrics of the
Philippine National Anthem.

The Theatre. The early forms of the Philippine drama were the duplo and the karagatan. The duplo was a poetical debate held
by trained men and women on the ninth night or last night, of the mourning period for the dead. The male participants were called
bellocos, the female participants, bellacas. The karagatan was also a poetical debate, like the duplo, but its partakers were amateurs.

The first recorded drama was staged in Cebu in 1598. It was a comedia written by Vicente Puche and was performed in honor
of Msgr. Pedro de Agurto, Cebu's first bishop. Eleven years later, in 1609, another play portraying the life of Santa Barbara was staged
in Bohol.

Three kinds of plays became popular among the masses during the Spanish era. They were the cenaculo, the moro-moro, and
the zarzuela. The cenaculo was a religious play depicting the life and sufferings of Christ. It was performed during the Lent season. The
moro-moro was a cloak-and-dagger play depicting the wars between the Christians and the Muslims, with the Christians always on the
winning side. The first moro-moro was written by Fr. Jeronimo Perez and was staged in Manila in 1637, to commemorate Governor
General Corcuera's victory against the Moros of Mindanao. It became the favorite play of the people, especially during town fiestas. The
zarzuela was a musical comedy. Rizal wrote a zarzuela entitled Junto al Pasig (Beside the Pasig).

It was not until the end of the 17th century that the first theatre was established in Intramuros, Manila. It was called Teatro
Comico. Other theaters arose in Manila in later times, such as the Primitivo Teatro de Tondo, Primitivo Teatro de Arroceros, Teatro de
Binondo, Teatro de Principe Alfonso, Teatro de Variedades, and Teatro Zorilla.
 Music. The music of the Filipinos was enriched by Spanish and Mexican influences. Their popular folk dances, such as the
polka, the lanceros, the rigodon, the cariñosa, and the surtido, came from Spain. The Filipino pandango, jarabe, kuratsa, were of Mexican
origin. The Filipino songs were also Hispanized, as evidenced by the Sampaguita (composed by Dolores Paterno) and Bella Filipina
(composed by T. Masaguer). The Philippine National Anthem which was composed by Julian Felipe shows remarkable similarity to the
Spanish National Anthem.

The Spanish missionaries contributed greatly to the development of Philippine music. The first music teacher to win distinction
in Philippine history was the Franciscan missionary, Fr. Geronimo de Aguilar, who arrived in Manila in 1582. He founded a music school
in the Franciscan Convent of Manila and was the first to teach music to the Filipinos of Bicolandia. In 1742 a music conservatory, called
Colegio de Niños Triples, was established in the Manila Cathedral by Archbishop Juan Angel Rodriguez. Many poor and gifted boys who
studied in this conservatory became famous musicians. One of the them was Marcelo Adonay (1848-1928) from Pakil, Laguna, the
foremost Filipino composer of church music and a splendid organist. He was hailed as the "Palestrina of the Philippines".

In the old Catholic church of Las Piñas, a few miles south of Manila, is a unique old bamboo organ, the only organ of its kind in
the world. It was built in 1818 by Fr. Diego Cerra, a Recollect priest- musician.

The Bamboo Organ of Las Piñas is more than a historical relic of the vanished Spanish past; it is also one of the living glories
of Philip- pine musical art. For over 100 years, it has remained intact having survived the violent earthquakes, typhoons, revolutions, and
wars which have swept the land. It is still in good condition and is one of the greatest tourist attractions of the Philippines.

Architecture. In Manila and other populous cities and towns, the stone houses of the well-to-do families were constructed in
Spanish architectural style, with the characteristic azotea and Andalucian court- yard. Other types of architecture were introduced by
Spain found expression in the churches, many of which are still existing. These churches are of Doric, lonian, Corinthian, Graeco-Roman,
Gothic, Byzantine, and Baroque architectural designs.

Painting. European painting was introduced in the Philippines by the early Spanish missionaries. The first Filipino painter to win
fame was Damian Domingo, the "Father of Filipino Painting". About 1820 he founded the first school of painting in Manila, which subse-
quently became the Academy of Fine Arts.

The two greatest Filipino painters, Juan Luna and Felix Resur- reccion Hidalgo, obtained their art education from Spanish
masters of the brush. Their paintings were acclaimed not only in the Philippines, but also in Europe. Other prominent Filipino painters
during the Spanish times were Antonio Malantic, Rafael Enriquez, Lorenzo Guerrero, and Miguel Zaragoza.

Sculpture. From the early Spanish missionaries, the Filipinos learned the elements of Western sculpture. In due time many
Filipino sculptors attained distinction. Isabelo Tampingco was celebrated for his exquisite wood carvings in the Jesuit Church of St.
Ignatius. Manuel Asuncion, Jose Arevalo, Romualdo de Jesus, and others became famous as carvers of beautiful figures of saints. Dr.
Jose Rizal was also a talented sculptor.

One Filipino sculptor, Mariano Madriñan (1858-1939) of Paete, Laguna won high honors in the Amsterdam Exposition of 1883.
His sculptural masterpiece, Mater Dolorosa, was awarded a diploma of honor and a gold medal.

Sciences. The first scientists in the Philippines were the Spanish friars. Father Blas de la Madre de Dios (Franciscan) wrote in
1611 the first work on Philippine flora. Most famous of the friar-botanists was Father Manuel Blanco, whose botanical work, Flora de
Filipinas, was published for the first time in 1837. He was called the "Prince of Botanists".

During the closing decades of the Spanish regime several Filipino scientists distinguished themselves in botanical research.
Among them were Dr. Jose Rizal, Dr. T.H. Pardo de Tavera, and Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero.

Father Castro de Elera (Dominican) wrote the first work on Philippine zoology which was highly commended in the scientific
circles of the world. He was a zoology professor at the University of Santo Tomas.

Three Filipino scientists acquired fame in chemistry, namely: Anacleto del Rosario, Antonio Luna, and Mariano V. del Rosario.
In 1888 Anacleto del Rosario became the first Filipino director of the Manila Laboratory. He was called the "Prince of Filipino Chemists".

The establishment of the courses in medicine and pharmacy in the University of Santo Tomas fostered scientific knowledge.
The first Filipino physicians, pharmacists, chemists, botanists, and zoologists were graduates of this university.

The first sundials in the Philippines were built in 1871 at Tagudin, Ilocos Sur, by Father Juan Sorolla, Spanish Augustinian.

The crowning glory of the Philippine sciences during the Spanish times was the Observatory of Manila, a Jesuit legacy to the
Filipino people. It was founded by the Jesuits in 1865. Under the guidance of Fr. Federico Faura, its first director, it attracted world
attention because of its accurate forecasts of typhoons and its scientific recordings of earthquakes.

The fame of the Observatory was enhanced by the achievements of the Jesuit scientists, notably Fr. Faura (1840-97), inventor
of the "Faura Barometer"; Fr. Jose Algue (1856-1930), inventor of the "Barocyclometer"; Fr. Ricardo Cirera (1864-1932), authority on
Philip- pine terrestrial magnetism; Fr. Jose Corona (1871-1937), authority on Philippine typhoons; and their worthy brethren - Fathers
Juan Doyle, Miguel Saderra Maso, Miguel Selga, and George M. Zwack.

The Observatory of Manila, still existing, is the oldest observatory in Asia.

Spanish Blood. Many Spaniards, in the course of more than three centuries of colonization, freely intermarried with the Filipinos.
Unlike British or Dutch colonials, the Spanish had no prejudice in marrying the natives of Asia and Latin America. The descendants of
those inter-racial marriages, known as mestizos and mestizas, bore no social stigma.
 The Spanish-Filipino marriages improved the Filipino racial stock. Because of their Spanish blood and their Hispanized mentality,
the Filipinos came to assimilate the sterling Spanish traits, such as religious devotion, delicadeza (honor), romanticism, loyalty to family,
and urbanidad (good manners). The Spanish-Filipino mestizas are noted for their beauty and charm, such as Virginia Llamas (Mrs. Carlos
P. Romulo), who became the queen of the Manila Carnival of 1926; Baby Santiago, Queen of the Pacific, 1968; Margie Moran, Miss
Universe of 1973, and other Filipina beauties.

Many great Filipinos in history had Spanish blood in their veins. Among them were Fathers Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora, the
"Martyrs of 1872"; Dr. Pedro A. Paterno, the President of the Malolos Congress; General Martin Delgado, Iloilo's revolutionary hero;
Felipe G. Calderon, author of the Malolos Constitution; General Maximo Hizon, revolutionary hero of Pampanga; Dr. T.H. Pardo de
Tavera, eminent scholar; Cayetano Arellano, distinguished jurist; Manuel L. Quezon, "Father of Philippine Independence"; and Manuel
A. Roxas, first Presi- dent of the Third Republic of the Philippines.

Hospitals and Orphanages. Owing to the humanitarian influence of Christianity, social welfare was promoted in the Philippines.
As early as the 16th century, the sick and the needy were given great care. In 1578 a Franciscan lay brother named Juan Clemente,
founded the first hospital in Manila. Out of this hospital originated the present Hospital de San Juan de Dios and San Lazaro Hospital,
two of the oldest existing hospitals in Southeast Asia. Other hospitals which rose in Manila were the Hospital de San Gabriel (1588) and
the Hospital Real (1612). Hospitals were also established in the provinces, such as the Hospital de Agua Santas in Los Baños (1602),
the Hospital de San Jose in Cavite (1641), the Leper Hospital in Laoag (1814), and the Leper Hospital in Cebu (1850).

At the beginning of the 17th century, the Philippines surpassed many civilized countries of the world, including the United States,
in the care of the sick. The first hospital in the United States was the Pennsylvania Hospital, which was founded in 1751, one hundred
seventy-three years after the establishment of the first hospital in the Philippines.

In the early years of Spanish rule, the orphaned and homeless children were cared for in the colleges and monasteries. In 1810
the first regular orphanage, called Real Hospicio de San Jose, was established in Manila. It is still existing today. Other orphanages
founded during the Spanish period were the Asylum of St. Vincent de Paul (1885) in Manila (still existing), the Asylum for Girls (1882) in
Mandaluyong, and the Asylum for Boys (1883) in Malabon.

Fiestas. Numerous fiestas and holidays were introduced by Spain in the Philippines. Every town or barrio had its own patron
saint. Each year the feast day of the patron saint was celebrated with a fiesta. This fiesta was celebrated with gay music, feasting and
dancing, thrilling display of fireworks, religious processions, and the traditional moro-mora (stage show depicting the war between
Christians and Moros) or zarzuela (musical comedy).

The official holidays during the Spanish times were January 1, New Year; January 6, Epiphany; Holy Week (Semana Santa);
November 1, All Saints' Day (Todos los Santos); November 30, St. Andrew's Day (commemorating Spanish victory over Lim-Ah-Hong);
December 8, Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception; December 25, Christmas Day; and the birthdays of the popes, Spanish monarchs,
and governors general.

The Lent season, beginning with Ash Wednesday and ending on Easter Sunday, was a solemn period of the year. During this
period all joyous festivities were suspended. People chanted the pasion or attended the cenaculo (religious play portraying the life,
sufferings and crucifixion of Christ.

The happiest period of the year was the Christmas season. The Philippine Christmas until the present day is the longest in the
world, for it begins on December 16, the first Misa de Gallo (Morning Mass), and ends on January 6, Epiphany or Feast Day of the Three
Kings.

Cockfighting. Cockfighting existed in the archipelago before the coming of Magellan. Antonio Pigafetta, chronicler of the
expedition, saw it in Palawan. But it was Spain who introduced cockfighting as legalized gambling. As such, it became popular and has
continued to be so until the present time.

Horse Races. Horse racing, popularly known as "the sport of kings", was introduced in 1868 when the Manila Jockey Club was
founded. It was the popular pastime of the elite - governors general and other high officials, military and naval officers, society ladies,
businessmen, landlords, and foreign merchants.

The hippodrome (race track) was located at the suburb of Santa Ana, Manila. The horse racing season lasted three days, during
which business in Manila was suspended, all shops and government offices were closed, and the walled city (Intramuros) was practically
deserted because its residents in their best holiday dresses were at the horse races.

The Manila Lottery. Spain also introduced the lottery as legalized gambling for purposes of government revenues. It was
established by the Royal Decree of January 29, 1850 and was under the supervision and management of a government office called the
Loteria Nacional (National Lottery). The lottery draws were held monthly at the Lottery Building in Intramuros. Every ticket holder was
free to see the numbered prize balls revolving inside a huge cylinder.

Lottery tickets were sold in Manila and the provinces, in Hong Kong, Amoy, Shanghai, Singapore, and Calcutta. It is said that
the government derived an annual profit of one half million pesos.

It should be recalled that Dr. Rizal was an avid patron of the Manila Lottery. He also purchased a lottery ticket. While living in
exile at Dapitan in September, 1892, his lottery ticket No. 9736 which be bought in partnership with Captain Ricardo Carnicero (his sailor
in Dapitan), and Señor Francisco Equilor (Spanish resident in Dipolog) won the second prize. His share of the winning ticket was P6,200,
a huge sum in those days.
people, the Filipinos. Prior to her coming to the Orient, the country was a mere geographical expression, a nameless archipelago
of many islands, and the people, an unknown people of many diverse tribes.
 Throughout a 300-year colonial period, Spain unwittingly caused the diverse native tribes (Tagalog, Visayans, Bicolanos,
Ilocanos, Pampangueños, etc.) to unite into one people - the Filipino nation.

The Carillo. A unique cardboard puppet show, called the carillo, became popular during Spanish times in Manila. It first appeared
in 1879 at Magdalena Street. Within a short time, other carillo shows mushroomed in other places, including San Sebastian (near Bilibid
Viejo), Castillejos Street, and Crespo Street.

Other Amusements during the Spanish Regime. Aside from the religious fiestas and official holidays and the cockfights, horse
races, and bullfights, Filipinos under Spanish rule had other amusements. Many parties were frequent held in the homes of rich and poor
families to celebrate birthday anniversaries, baptisms, weddings, and the siyaman (9th day after the burial of a family member). During
summertime (March to May) there were picnics at the rivers or sea- shores; excursions to scenic spots; pilgrimages to Antipolo, Pakil,
and other holy shrines; and moonlight haranas (serenades) at the homes of the pretty maidens. During the romantic month of May, the
month of flowers, numerous towns in the provinces held the traditional Flores de Mayo and Santacruzan festivals.

Filipinos had their indoor and outdoor games which they played with joyful delight. The popular indoor games during the Spanish
times were the duplo and karagatan, dramatic debates in ver- nacular verse; storytelling of legends and ghost stories; and card games,
such as juego de prenda, pangguingi, manilla, and tres siete. The outdoor games were swimming, boat racing, patintero, juego de anillo
(game of the rings), sipa (native football using a small rattan ball), and kiteflying.

Spain's Contribution to Filipino Nationalism. To Spain, Filipinos are eternally indebted for having given them their identity as a
nation. Because of her three centuries of colonization, the country came to be known to the world as the Philippines (Filipinas) and the
people, the Filipinos. Prior to her coming to the Orient, the country was a mere geographical expression, a nameless archipelago of many
islands, and the people, an unknown people of many diverse tribes.

Throughout a 300-year colonial period, Spain unwittingly caused the diverse native tribes (Tagalog, Visayans, Bicolanos,
Ilocanos, Pampangueños, etc.) to unite into one people - the Filipino nation.

Chapter 10 FILIPINO SERVICES TO SPAIN

THE FILIPINOS HELPED the Spaniards to remain and rule in the Philippines for more than three centuries. Without the
cooperation of the Filipinos themselves, Spain could have not used our country as its base in Asia. Unfortunately, the foreigners got the
best homes, best lands and best jobs. And they made the decisions for us. The Filipinos had to obey them and we were not united or
enlightened enough to break away from Spanish rule until the 19th century.

Why Did the Filipinos Serve Spain? The Filipinos served Spain instead of serving their own countrymen because of three
reasons:
1. The Filipinos were not united. They did not think of themselves as one nation. So the Spaniards divided and conquered them. Spain
played one tribe against another. For example, the Visayans were used to put down a revolt in the Tagalog region. The Christian
Filipinos were used to fight the Filipino Muslims (Moros) and the Pagan minorities.
2. The Filipinos were converted to the Roman Catholic religion, so the Filipinos were taught to be loyal to the Spanish officials and
priests who converted them into that religion. The Filipinos fought on the side of Catholic Spain, against the Muslims and against the
Protestant Dutch and British.
3. The Filipinos were offered rewards and honors by the Spanish rulers. The Spaniards flattered and took care of the loyal Filipinos.
But they punished and killed the Filipinos who disobeyed or revolted. Loyal Filipinos were given positions in the local government as
gobernadorcillos (little governors) and cabezas de barangay (barangay chiefs). Master-of-Camp Francisco Laksamana received the
highest military honor given by Spain to a native. In June 1662, he became the military commander of Fort Santiago for 24 hours
(one day). That was his reward for putting down the Third Chinese Revolt (1662).

How Did Filipinos Serve Spain? The Filipino services to Spain during the Spanish era included the following:
1. Filipinos provided food for the Spaniards.
2. Filipinos worked in industries owned by Spaniards.
3. Filipinos fought on the side of Spain against Portugal.
4. Filipinos joined the military expeditions to Borneo and the Moluccas.
5. Filipinos fought on the side of Spain against the Dutch and British.
6. Filipinos joined the expedition to Indochina.
7. Filipinos joined the expedition to Taiwan
8. Filipinos helped to colonize the Marianas, Palaus and Caroline Islands.
9. Filipinos helped put down the Chinese revolts and to stop the invasion of Lim-Ah-Hong.
10. Christian Filipinos fought with Spain against the Filipino Muslims (Moros).

Filipinos as Farmers. It is not true that the Spaniards took away all the land from the Philippines. The land owned by the religious
orders and foreigners in the Philippines were small as compared to those owned by the wealthy Filipinos. But even in the farms owned
by the Spaniards and other foreigners, the Filipinos became the real farmers.

This was because the Spaniards did not like manual work. They thought it was shameful to be seen working in dirty jobs like
dig- ging, farming, cleaning or carrying heavy loads.

So the Filipinos tilled the land and raised foodstuffs and livestock. All the Spaniards - officials, priests, soldiers, and civilians -
would have died of starvation if the Filipinos had not provided them with food.

Filipinos in Industries. The Filipinos became good builders of ships for the Spaniards during the Spanish era. They constructed
many galleons used in the Manila-Acapulco trade, and numerous galleys and frigates used by the Spaniards to fight their enemies. These
ships were then made of wood, and there were good native forests for shipyards in the Philippines. The shipyards were located at Cavite,
Albay, Camarines, Marinduque, Masbate, and Mindoro.