CHEM NOTES M2 -CRITICAL PRESSURE (PC)- the minimum

pressure needed to liquefy it at the critical

PHASE DIAGRAM FOR WATER temperature.

-triple point of water occurs at 0.01°C and CRITICAL POINT- The combination of critical
0.00604 atm (4.59 mmHg) temperature and critical pressure

-the melting point of ice, which depends on the

amount of dissolved air and the atmospheric
pressure HEATING AND COOLING CURVES

-the triple point (273.16 K) is used to define the
absolute (Kelvin) temperature scale.
-The triple point also represents the lowest
pressure at which a liquid phase can existing
equilibrium with the solid or vapor.
Mark Twain (real name Samuel Langhorne
Clemens, 1835 – 1910- the steamboat was a
major means of transportation on the rivers
and lakes of the United States
- steamboat pilot on the Mississippi River for

-pressures less than 0.00604 atm = ice does - pen name from the measurement of water
not melt to a liquid as the temperature depth (twelve feet, which was a safe depth for
increases; the solid sublimes directly to water the boats)
vapor

-Sublimation of water at low temperature and HEATING CURVES

pressure can be used to “freeze-dry” foods and
beverages. -As the ice melts, its temperature does not rise.

2 VERSIONS OF THE PHASE DIAGRAM OF -During the melting process, the two states -
WATER solid and liquid - are in equilibrium

1.) LINEAR TEMPERATURE AND -Temperature is always constant during a

PRESSURE AXES- the boundary between ice
and liquid water is almost vertical.
2.) EXPANDED SCALE- illustrates the
decrease in melting point with increasing
pressure
change of state.
-Continued heating of the water after the ice
has completely melted will now increase the
kinetic energy of the liquid molecules and the
temperature will rise.

-The melting curve of ice slopes up and slightly -the added energy from the heat will cause the
to the left rather than up and to the right. liquid to begin to vaporize

-pressure dependence of the melting point of
water is of vital importance
THE PHASE DIAGRAM OF CARBON
DIOXIDE
-Once all the liquid has completely boiled away
continued heating of the steam (remember the
container is closed) will increase its
temperature above 100oC100Oc

-As we increased the temperature of a gas,

liquefaction becomes more and more difficult
because higher and higher pressures are
required to overcome the increased kinetic
energy of the molecules.

- CRITICAL TEMPERATURE (TC)- the highest

temperature at which a substance can exist as
a liquid.

-Substances with strong intermolecular forces

tend to form a liquid phase over a very large
temperature range and therefore have critical
temperatures.

- Substances with weak intermolecular

interactions have relatively low critical
temperatures.