Direction vector of straight line in space:

𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 𝜽𝜽𝒙𝒙 , 𝜽𝜽𝒚𝒚 , 𝜽𝜽𝒛𝒛 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔, 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝒖𝒖 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖𝒖 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗 𝒊𝒊𝒊𝒊
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝒖𝒖 = 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝜽𝜽𝒙𝒙 , 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝜽𝜽𝒚𝒚 , 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝜽𝜽𝒛𝒛
𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳 𝒖𝒖 = 𝒍𝒍 , 𝒎𝒎 , 𝒏𝒏 , 𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍𝒍 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗 𝒅𝒅 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗 𝒄𝒄
∴ 𝒅𝒅 = 𝒌𝒌𝒖𝒖 , 𝒅𝒅 = 𝒌𝒌 𝒍𝒍 , 𝒎𝒎 , 𝒏𝒏
𝒅𝒅 = 𝒌𝒌 𝒍𝒍 , 𝒎𝒎 , 𝒏𝒏 , 𝒅𝒅 = 𝒂𝒂, 𝒃𝒃, 𝒄𝒄

𝒓𝒓 = 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 , 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 , 𝒛𝒛𝟏𝟏 + 𝒕𝒕 (𝒂𝒂 , 𝒃𝒃 , 𝒄𝒄 ) → 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 𝒓𝒓 = 𝑨𝑨 + 𝒕𝒕𝒅𝒅

𝒙𝒙 = 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 + 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 , 𝒚𝒚 = 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 + 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃 , 𝒛𝒛 = 𝒛𝒛𝟏𝟏 + 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 → 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑𝒑 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇

𝒙𝒙 − 𝒙𝒙𝟏𝟏 𝒚𝒚 − 𝒚𝒚𝟏𝟏 𝒛𝒛 − 𝒛𝒛𝟏𝟏

= = → 𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
𝒂𝒂 𝒃𝒃 𝒄𝒄
The angle between two straight lines in space:
∗ If 𝐋𝐋𝟏𝟏 , 𝐋𝐋𝟐𝟐 are two straight lines in the space the direction
vectors of
𝐋𝐋𝟏𝟏 , 𝐋𝐋𝟐𝟐 are 𝐝𝐝𝟏𝟏 , 𝐝𝐝𝟐𝟐 and 𝐝𝐝𝟏𝟏 = 𝐚𝐚𝟏𝟏 , 𝐛𝐛𝟏𝟏 , 𝐜𝐜𝟏𝟏 , 𝐝𝐝𝟐𝟐 = 𝐚𝐚𝟐𝟐 , 𝐛𝐛𝟐𝟐 , 𝐜𝐜𝟐𝟐

𝐝𝐝𝟏𝟏 ⊙ 𝐝𝐝𝟐𝟐 𝛑𝛑
∴ 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝛉𝛉 = 𝟎𝟎 ≤ 𝛉𝛉 ≤
𝐝𝐝𝟏𝟏 𝐝𝐝𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
∗ If 𝒍𝒍𝟏𝟏 , 𝒎𝒎𝟏𝟏 , 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 , 𝒍𝒍𝟐𝟐 , 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 , 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 are the direction cosines of the
two straight lines then: 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝛉𝛉 = 𝒍𝒍𝟏𝟏 𝒍𝒍𝟐𝟐 + 𝒎𝒎𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 + 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐

𝐋𝐋𝟏𝟏 ⊥ 𝐋𝐋𝟐𝟐 if 𝐝𝐝𝟏𝟏 � 𝐝𝐝𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎

𝒂𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒃𝒃𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝒄𝟏𝟏
𝟏𝟏) 𝒅𝒅𝟏𝟏 = 𝒌𝒌𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐) = = 𝟑𝟑) 𝒅𝒅𝟏𝟏 × 𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐 = 𝟎𝟎
𝒂𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒃𝒃𝟐𝟐 𝒄𝒄𝟐𝟐
‫ت‬ ‫ف‬
*d ‫ بﺪل اﻟـ‬n �‫ �ﺲ ﺑتب‬plane‫* ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟ�ﻼم ي� اﻟ ـ‬
Remember that:
1. If the two lines are parallel and there is a point belongs to one of them
satisfying the equation of the other then the two lines are coincident.
2. If 𝐋𝐋𝟏𝟏 , 𝐋𝐋𝟐𝟐 are not parallel then 𝐋𝐋𝟏𝟏 , 𝐋𝐋𝟐𝟐 are intersecting or skew
The angle between two planes in space:
∗ If 𝐧𝐧𝟏𝟏 , 𝐧𝐧𝟐𝟐 are two planes in the space the direction vectors
of 𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 = 𝐚𝐚𝟏𝟏 , 𝐛𝐛𝟏𝟏 , 𝐜𝐜𝟏𝟏 , 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 = 𝐚𝐚𝟐𝟐 , 𝐛𝐛𝟐𝟐 , 𝐜𝐜𝟐𝟐
𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 ⊙ 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 𝛑𝛑
∴ 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝛉𝛉 = 𝟎𝟎 ≤ 𝛉𝛉 ≤
𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐