Evaporation and Transpiration

I. Multiple Choices

1. What is the primary source of energy for the process of evaporation?

a. Geothermal energy
b. Solar radiation
c. Wind power
d. Hydroelectric power

2. Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of evaporation?
a. Temperature
b. Humidity
c. Wind speed
d. Atmospheric pressure

3. What is the term for the process by which water is released from plants into the
atmosphere?
a. Precipitation
b. Condensation
c. Evapotranspiration
d. Infiltration

4. When you’re calculating evapotranspiration, all of these elements are considered in

the equation EXCEPT .
a. Leaf Cover
b. Irrigation type
c. Vapor density
d. Elevation

5. Evaporation is a cooling process because:

a. Heat is radiated during the process
b. Heat is released during the process
c. Temperature remains constant
d. It is not related to temperature changes

6. What instrument is commonly used to measure evaporation from open water bodies?
a. Hygrometer
b. Anemometer
c. Pyranometer
d. Class A pan

7. Evapotranspiration is the combined process of:

a. Evaporation and precipitation
b. Evaporation and infiltration
c. Evaporation and transpiration
d. Infiltration and transpiration

8. Evaporation is the process of .

a. Water soaking into the ground
b. Water transfer within the ground
c. Water condensing on surfaces
d. Water being absorbed by the air

9. What is the standard unit for expressing pan evaporation?

a. Inches per day (in/day)
b. Centimeters per hour (cm/hr)
c. Gallons per week (gal/week)
d. Pounds per square inch (psi)

10. Which climate condition would result in the highest potential evapotranspiration?
a. Cold and humid
b. Hot and humid
c. Cold and dry
d. Hot and dry

11. What is the impact of wind on the rate of evaporation?

a. Wind decreases evaporation
b. Wind has no effect on evaporation
c. Wind increases evaporation
d. Wind changes the direction of evaporation

12. What is the unit of measurement for evapotranspiration?

a. Cubic meters per second (m³/s)
b. Millimeters per day (mm/day)
c. Degrees Celsius (°C)
d. Kilograms per square meter (kg/m²)

13. Which of the following surfaces would have the lowest albedo and, therefore,
contribute to higher evaporation rates?
a. Snow-covered surface
b. Dark asphalt pavement
c. Vegetated area
d. White concrete surface

14. What is evaporation?

a. The conversion of a liquid into a gas
b. The conversion of a gas into a liquid
c. The process of freezing a liquid
d. The formation of a solid from a gas

15. What is the significance of evaporation and evapotranspiration in the water cycle?
a. They have no impact on the water cycle
b. They contribute to precipitation
c. They regulate groundwater levels
d. They control river flow rates
 3.2 RELEVANT BASIC TERMS

A rooftop garden has a surface area of 150 square meters. The incoming solar radiation is
measured to be 400 watts per square meter, and the surface albedo (α) is 0.20. The outgoing
longwave radiation is measured to be 150 watts per square meter. Calculate the net radiation
on the rooftop
garden surface.

3.3 EVAPORATION FROM OPEN WATER SURFACE

On 24 January 2013, the observed climate data at Austin Bergstrom Airport data are:
temperature 14°C, relative humidity 83%, and wind speed 0.8 m/s. Determine the potential
evaporation by the aerodynamic method. (Use 0.0048x10-3 mm/day Pa as your vapor coefficient, B)

3.4 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM LAND

Calculate the potential evapotranspiration from an area New Delhi in the month of November
by Penman’s Formula. The following data are available:

Latitude : 28°4’N A = 1.00 mm/°C

Elevation : 230m (above sea level) ew = 16.50 mm of Hg
Mean monthly temperature : 19°C Ha = 9.506 mm of water/day
Mean relative humidity : 75% N = 10.716 h
Mean observed sunshine hours : 9 hours n/N = 0.84
Wind velocity at 2m height : 85 km/day
Nature of surface cover : Close-ground green crop From the given data:

Wind velocity at 2m height = 85 ea = (16.50)(0.75) = 12.375 mm of Hg

klm/day Mean relative a = 0.29 cos 28° 4’ = 0.2559
humidity = 75% b = 0.52
Latitude = 28° 4’ N σ = 2.01 x 10-9 mm/day
T= 19°C Tα = 273 + 19 = 292 K
𝜎T4 = 2.01 x 10-9 x (292)4 = 14.613
r = 0.25

3.5 FIELD MEASUREMENTS

Determine
(1) Pan evaporation
(2) Reference evapotranspiration (ET0)
(3) Crop evapotranspiration Irrigated Gross Pasture in Central California (ETc)

Type of pan : Class A evaporation pan

Water depth in pan on day 1 = 150 mm
Rainfall (during 24 hours) = 1 mm
Water depth in pan on day 2 = 144 mm (after 24 hours)
I. Multiple Choices
1. What is the primary source of energy for the process of evaporation?
a. Geothermal energy
b. Solar radiation
c. Wind power
d. Hydroelectric power

2. Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of evaporation?
a. Temperature
b. Humidity
c. Wind speed
d. Atmospheric pressure

3. What is the term for the process by which water is released from plants into the
atmosphere?
a. Precipitation
b. Condensation
c. Evapotranspiration
d. Infiltration

4. When you’re calculating evapotranspiration, all of these elements are considered in

the equation EXCEPT .
a. Leaf Cover
b. Irrigation type
c. Vapor density
d. Elevation

5. Evaporation is a cooling process because:

a. Heat is radiated during the process
b. Heat is released during the process
c. Temperature remains constant
d. It is not related to temperature changes

6. What instrument is commonly used to measure evaporation from open water bodies?
a. Hygrometer
b. Anemometer
c. Pyranometer
d. Class A pan

7. Evapotranspiration is the combined process of:

a. Evaporation and precipitation
b. Evaporation and infiltration
c. Evaporation and transpiration
d. Infiltration and transpiration

8. Evaporation is the process of .

a. Water soaking into the ground
b. Water transfer within the ground
c. Water condensing on surfaces
d. Water being absorbed by the air

9. What is the standard unit for expressing pan evaporation?

a. Inches per day (in/day)
b. Centimeters per hour (cm/hr)
c. Gallons per week (gal/week)
d. Pounds per square inch (psi)

10. Which climate condition would result in the highest potential evapotranspiration?
a. Cold and humid
b. Hot and humid
c. Cold and dry
d. Hot and dry

11. What is the impact of wind on the rate of evaporation?

a. Wind decreases evaporation
b. Wind has no effect on evaporation
c. Wind increases evaporation
d. Wind changes the direction of evaporation

12. What is the unit of measurement for evapotranspiration?

a. Cubic meters per second (m³/s)
b. Millimeters per day (mm/day)
c. Degrees Celsius (°C)
d. Kilograms per square meter (kg/m²)

13. Which of the following surfaces would have the lowest albedo and, therefore,
contribute to higher evaporation rates?
a. Snow-covered surface
b. Dark asphalt pavement
c. Vegetated area
d. White concrete surface

14. What is evaporation?

a. The conversion of a liquid into a gas
b. The conversion of a gas into a liquid
c. The process of freezing a liquid
d. The formation of a solid from a gas

15. What is the significance of evaporation and evapotranspiration in the water cycle?
a. They have no impact on the water cycle
b. They contribute to precipitation
c. They regulate groundwater levels
d. They control river flow rates
3.2 RELEVANT BASIC TERMS

A rooftop garden has a surface area of 150 square meters. The incoming solar radiation is
measured to be 400 watts per square meter, and the surface albedo (α) is 0.20. The outgoing
longwave radiation is measured to be 150 watts per square meter. Calculate the net radiation
on the rooftop
garden surface.

3.3 EVAPORATION FROM OPEN WATER SURFACE

On 24 January 2013, the observed climate data at Austin Bergstrom Airport data are:
temperature 14°C, relative humidity 83%, and wind speed 0.8 m/s. Determine the potential
evaporation by the aerodynamic method. (Use 0.0048x10-3 mm/day Pa as your vapor coefficient, B)
3.4 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM LAND
Calculate the potential evapotranspiration from an area New Delhi in the month of November by
Penman’s Formula. The following data are available:

Latitude : 28°4’N A = 1.00 mm/°C

Elevation : 230m (above sea level) ew = 16.50 mm of Hg
Mean monthly temperature : 19°C Ha = 9.506 mm of water/day
Mean relative humidity : 75% N = 10.716 h
Mean observed sunshine hours : 9 hours n/N = 0.84
Wind velocity at 2m height : 85 km/day
Nature of surface cover : Close-ground green crop From the given data:
ea = (16.50)(0.75) = 12.375 mm of Hg
Wind velocity at 2m height = 85 klm/day
a = 0.29 cos 28° 4’ = 0.2559
Mean relative humidity = 75%
b = 0.52
Latitude = 28° 4’ N
σ = 2.01 x 10-9 mm/day
T= 19°C
Tα = 273 + 19 = 292 K
𝜎T4 = 2.01 x 10-9 x (292)4 = 14.613
r = 0.25
3.5 FIELD MEASUREMENTS

Determine
(1) Pan evaporation
(2) Reference evapotranspiration (ET0)
(3) Crop evapotranspiration Irrigated Gross Pasture in Central California (ETc)

Type of pan : Class A evaporation pan

Water depth in pan on day 1 = 150 mm
Rainfall (during 24 hours) = 1 mm
Water depth in pan on day 2 = 144 mm (after 24 hours)