1. Derive Maxwell’s second equation from faraday’s law.

B increasing

Consider a closed circuit made of a single turn loop as shown in figure. As

seen the field is normal to the plane of the loop and increasing. So an emf is
induced in the conductor and current flows in the closed circuit.

Faraday’s law states that the total emf induced in a circuit is equal to the
rate of decrease of total magnetic flux linking the circuit.
emf = (1)
Where χm is the total flux

The direction of current is given by Lenz’s law which states that the current in
the closed conducting loop by change in magnetic flux through the loop is in a
direction such that flux generated by the induced current tends to counter balance
the change in original magnetic flux.

The total flux through a circuit is equal to the integral of normal

component of flux density B over the surface bounded by the circuit.
(2)
Substituting equation 2 in 1
emf = - (3)

If the circuit is stationary and B is varying with time, the right hand side of the
above equation can be modified by bringing the time derivative inside the
integral. Thus above equation becomes
Emf = - (4)
The emf in a circuit can be represented as the line integral of the
electric field around the closed path.
Emf = (5)
Comparing equations 4 and 5,
=- (6)
This is Maxwell’s second equation in integral form. This is also called transformer
induction equation.
 It states that the emf around a closed path is equal to the negative of the integral
of the time rate of change of magnetic flux density over the surface bounded by the
closed path.
Point or differential form can be obtained by stoke’s theorem. It is given by
=
Then equation 6 becomes
=-
Eliminating the surface integrals on both sides

This is Maxwell’s second equation in point or differential form.

2. Derive Maxwell’s first equation from ampere’s law

Ampere’s law states that magnetic lines of force surrounding the

current carrying conductor is equal to the current enclosed.
(1)
I can be expressed as I = (2)
From stoke’s theorem,
(3)
Substituting equations 2 and 3 in equation 1
=
Eliminating surface integrals on both sides

Taking divergence on both sides

From vector identity

So . However from equation of continuity. So

ampere’s law is inadequate for time varying fields and needs to be amended.
Adding a new term Jd
+Jd
Taking divergence on both sides

From point form of gauss law

 So the ampere’s law for time varying fields in point form is

+ (4)

The above equation is Maxwell’s first equation in point or differential

form.
Integrate equation 4 on both sides
(5)
From stoke’s theorem

Applying in equation 5

The above equation is integral form of Maxwell’s first equation .

It states that the magneto motive force around a closed path is
equal to the integral of conduction current density and displacement current
density over the surface bounded by the closed path.

3. Derive Maxwell’s third and fourth equations.

Maxwell’s third equation:
Gauss law for electric field:
The net outward flux from a closed surface is equal to the
charge enclosed.
χnet= Qenclosed (1)

χ= (2)

Q= (3)
By divergence theorem
(4)
Substituting 2, 3 and 4 in equation 1

Eliminating volume integrals on both sides

This is point form of gauss law

Maxwell’s fourth equation:
 If ρv = 0, implies D forms a closed loop. By nature, magnetic lines
of force always form closed loop.
Hence
The integral form of above equation is

4. Write Maxwell’s equations in phasor form for harmonic variations

Integral form:

Differential form:

5. Derive poynting theorem from Maxwell’s equations.

Maxwell’s firest equation in point form is

+
Taking dot product with E on both sides
E. (1)
From vector identity

Rearranging
(2)
Substituting 2 in 1
(3)

From point form of Maxwell’s second equation

(4)

Substituting equation 4 in 3
(5)

Substituting J=σE, B=μH and D=єE in equation 5

Rearranging

Integrating through out the volume

(6)
From divergence theorem

So equation 5 becomes
(7)

Equation 7 is the poynting theorem.

L.H.S – Total power leaving the volume

1st term in R.H.S – Ohmic power dissipated.

2nd term in R.H.S – Rate of decrease in energy stored in electric and magnetic field.

Poynting theorem states that the net power flowing out of a given volume V is
equal to the time rate of decrease in the energy stored within the volume V and the
conduction losses.

6. Derive an expression for power flow in a coaxial cable.

Consider a coaxial cable which has a dc

voltage V between the conductors and a steady current I flowing in the inner and
outer conductors. The radius of the inner conductor is a and outer is b.
By ampere’s law

a
I
+

V b

I
 H.(2пr)=I where a < r < b

H=
E due to infinitely long conductor

E=
the potential difference between the conductors is

V= )
Comparing equations for E & V

E=

Power density P=E×H

E and H are everywhere at right angles

P=EH

P=

The total power flow will be given by the integration of power density P over any
cross sectional surface.

Let the element of area be

ds=2 rdr
then total power
w= ×H).ds

w= (2 r dr)

w=

w=
 w=

w = VI

i.e. the power flow along the cable is the product of voltage and current

7. Explain about Instantaneous, average and complex poynting vector.

In an ac circuit instantaneous power is given by product of instantaneous voltage

and the instantaneous current .

[V ejwt] = Re [ =
[I ejwt] = Re [ =

=
It has second harmonic term and a dc term. Since the second harmonic term has zero
average value over an integral number of periods.

Average power is given by

where
Reactive power is given by

Complex power w is defined as one half the product of V and the complex conjugate
of I.

W=

where

W= Wav+jWreact

This shows that the average and reactive power may be recovered from the complex
power by taking real and imaginary parts.
Wav =
Wreact = ½ Im[VI*]

The instantaneous power flow per meter square is

Complex poynting vector P is

P = ½ (E X H*)

The average and reactive parts of power per square meter is given by

Pav = ½ Re (E X H*)

Preact = ½ Im(E X H*)