EMPTECH REV EXAM SEM2 Q1 BY ROAA
and spreadsheet capabilities online.
LESSON 1 INTRO TO ICT
Information and Communication Technologies
● ICT involves using communication
technologies like mobile phones and the
Internet to handle information. It aims to
create a unified communication system,
saving companies time and money.
● The Philippines is recognized as the "ICT
Hub of Asia," with significant growth in
ICT-related jobs, particularly in call centers
and BPO centers. In 2012, there were 106.8
cellphones per 100 Filipinos, highlighting
widespread mobile phone usage in the
country.
Web 2.0: Dynamic Web Pages
● Web 2.0 revolutionized the static nature of
Web 1.0 by introducing dynamic web pages,
enabling users to interact and shape their
online experience. Coined by Darcy
DiNucci in 1999, Web 2.0 features include:
1. Folksonomy: Users categorize information
using freely chosen keywords (tags), seen in
social networking sites like Twitter and
Instagram.
2. Rich User Experience: Content
dynamically responds to user input, offering
personalized experiences, such as
location-specific content on websites or
tailored social media feeds.
3. User Participation: Beyond website
owners, users contribute through comments,
reviews, and evaluations. Platforms like
Amazon allow readers to comment,
participate in polls, and review products.
4. Long Tail: Services are offered on demand
rather than one-time purchases, sometimes
with time-based pricing. This model is
exemplified by subscription-based data
plans or software services like Google Docs.
5. Software as a Service (SaaS): Users
subscribe to software as needed instead of
making permanent purchases. Google Docs,
a free web-based application, exemplifies
this approach, providing word processing
6. Mass Participation: Web 2.0 facilitates
universal web access, encouraging diverse
information sharing among users from
various cultural backgrounds.
Web 3.0 and the Semantic Web
● Web 3.0, building on Web 2.0 and closely
associated with the Semantic Web led by the
W3C, promotes the integration of semantic
content for shared data. Coined by Tim
Berners-Lee, it seeks to improve user
experience by enabling machines to
comprehend individual preferences and
deliver personalized web content.
● Unlike Web 2.0, which relies on collective
preferences for search results, Web 3.0
tailors suggestions based on users' past
choices, creating a more individualized
online experience.
However, full realization faces challenges:
1. Compatibility: Existing HTML files and
web browsers lack support for Web 3.0.
2. Security Concerns: Saving user
preferences raises security issues.
3. Vastness: With billions of web pages, the
sheer volume poses a challenge.
4. Vagueness: Ambiguities in certain words,
like "old" or "small," depend on user
interpretation.
5. Logic Limitations: Machines, relying on
logic, have constraints in predicting user
intent accurately.
Despite these hurdles, the potential of Web 3.0 lies in
its ability to learn and personalize content based on
individual user preferences, leading to a more
intuitive and tailored online experience.
Trends in ICT
As the world of ICT continues to grow, the industry
has focused on several innovations. These
innovations cater to the needs of the people that
benefit most out of ICT. Whether it is for business or
personal use, these trends are the current front
runners in the innovation of ICT.
1. Convergence: Combining technological
advancements to achieve tasks conveniently,
like using smartphones with cloud
technology and LTE for accessing files
anytime, anywhere.
2. Social Media: Social media, a platform for
user-generated content, dominates internet
usage, with users spending more time here
than on any other type of site. There are six
main types:
● Social Networks: Connect with
others sharing similar interests or
backgrounds, create profiles, add
friends, form groups, and share
content. Examples: Facebook and
Google+.
● Bookmarking Sites: Store and
manage links with the option to tag
for easy search and sharing.
Examples: StumbleUpon and
Pinterest.
● Social News: Users post news
items or links, allowing comments
and ranking. Voting determines
prominence. Examples: Reddit and
Digg.
● Media Sharing: Upload and share
media content with additional
features like liking, commenting,
and user profiles. Examples: Flickr,
YouTube, and Instagram.
● Microblogging: Focus on short
updates, shared with subscribers.
Examples: Twitter and Plurk.
● Blogs and Forums: Platforms for
posting and discussing content.
Examples: Blogger, WordPress,
Tumblr (blogs), and various forums
within websites.
3. Mobile Technologies The surge in
smartphone and tablet popularity is
attributed to their ability to perform tasks
previously exclusive to personal computers.
Many devices support high-speed Internet,
with the latest utilizing 4G Networking
(LTE), the fastest mobile network. Various
operating systems are employed:
● iOS: Used in Apple devices like
iPhone and iPad.
● Android: An open-source OS
developed by Google, adopted by
several mobile phone companies
for free.
● Blackberry OS: Exclusive to
Blackberry devices.
● Windows Phone OS: A
closed-source, proprietary OS
developed by Microsoft®.
● Symbian: The original smartphone
OS, used in Nokia devices.
● WebOS: Initially for smartphones,
now used in smart TVs.
● Windows Mobile: Developed by
Microsoft® for smartphones and
pocket PCs.
4. Assistive Media
● Assistive media is a nonprofit
service designed to help people
who have visual and reading
impairments. A database of audio
recordings is used to read to the
user.
LESSON 2: RULES OF NETIQUETTE
Online Safety and Security:
● The internet can be a powerful tool for
various purposes, but it also poses risks,
especially if users are not cautious. Personal
information, when shared online, can lead to
privacy and security threats.
Type of Information and Risks:
1. First name: Some risk, as hackers may
gather information even with just the first
name.
2. Last name: Higher risk, as it can lead to
identity theft and other cybercrimes.
3. Middle name: Moderate risk, especially
when shared with full name.
4. Current and previous school(s): Potential
risk for identity verification.
 5. Cellphone number: Should never be posted
online due to privacy concerns.
6. Parents' names: Can be used for identity
verification, risky if disclosed.
7. Siblings' names: Similar to parents' names,
poses a risk if shared.
8. Address: High risk, as it makes it easier for
criminals to locate you.
9. Home phone number: Risky, used in scams
and deception.
10. Birthday: Increases vulnerability to identity
theft.
Tips to Stay Safe Online:
1. Be mindful of what you share and where
you share it.
2. Read and understand terms and conditions.
3. Check privacy policies of websites.
4. Know and utilize security features of social
networking sites.
5. Do not share passwords, avoid public
networks, and be cautious of strangers.
6. Avoid posting vacation plans.
7. Add only real-life friends online.
8. Avoid visiting untrusted websites.
9. Install and update antivirus software.
10. Secure home Wi-Fi with a password.
11. Avoid downloading from untrusted sources.
12. Use licensed software.
13. Be cautious with suspicious emails and
links.
Internet Threats:
- Malware (Viruses, Worms, Trojans, Rogue
security software, Spyware, Adware):
Malicious software designed to harm or
exploit systems.
- Virus: Self-replicating program spreading
through networks or storage devices.
- Worm: Program transferring between
computers through various means.
- Trojan: Disguised as useful software,
leaving systems vulnerable.
- Rogue security software: Deceptive
program posing as security software.
- Spyware: Monitors and records user
activities.
- Adware: Sends unwanted advertisements.
- Spam and Phishing (including
Pharming): Unwanted emails, often used
for deception and acquiring sensitive
information.
- Phishing: Attempts to acquire personal
details by directing users to fraudulent
websites.
- Pharming: More complex phishing
exploiting the DNS system.
Protecting Reputations Online:
● Embarrassing moments captured online can
impact reputations. Consider the
consequences before posting, set posts to
private, avoid using names, and address
inappropriate content.
Think Before You Click:
● Consider who might see your posts and how
it could affect your reputation and others'.
Copyright Infringement:
● Understand intellectual property rights, be
responsible, and be creative. Know the law,
including fair use, and use credible sources.
Give proper credit when using information
for educational purposes.
Key Terms:
● Cybercrime: Criminal activities conducted
through the use of the internet or computer
networks.
● Privacy Policy: A document outlining how
a website or service collects, uses, and
protects users' data.
● Malware (Virus, Worm, Trojan, Spyware,
Adware): Malicious software designed to
harm or exploit computer systems.
● Spam and Phishing (Pharming):
Unwanted emails or deceptive practices to
acquire sensitive information, with
Pharming being a more sophisticated form
of phishing.
● Copyright: Legal protection for the
exclusive rights of creators over their
original works.
● Fair Use: Legal doctrine allowing limited use of
copyrighted material without permission for purposes
such as commentary, criticism, education, or research.
IMAGING AND DESIGN FOR ONLINE
ENVIRONMENT
Basic Principles of Graphics and Layout
1. Balance. The visual weight of objects,
texture, colors, and space is evenly
distributed on the screen.
2. Emphasis. An area in the design that may
appear different in size, texture, shape or
color to attract the viewer's attention.
3. Movement. Visual elements guide the
viewer's eyes around the screen.
4. Pattern, Repetition, and Rhythm. These
are the repeating visual element on an image
or layout to create unity in the layout or
image. Rhythm is achieved when visual
elements create a sense of organized
movement.
5. Proportion. Visual elements create a sense
of unity where they relate well with one
another.
6. Variety. This uses several design elements
to draw viewer's attention.
Basic Principles of Graphics and Layout
● Balance and Emphasis
● Movement
● Pattern, Repetition, and Rhythm
● Proportion
● Variety
● INFOGRAPHICS
Editing Tips:
While editing a block, you can use the various tools
on the left side of the page:
● Graphics – allows you to insert lines,
shapes, icons, and even photos.
● Uploads – allows you to upload images for
your infographic
● Backgrounds – changes the background of
a selected block
● Text – allows you to insert text to your
infographic with the option to add text
frames
● Styles – allows you to modify the color
scheme of your infographic
● Tools – allows you to create charts (similar
to ones in PowerPoint), maps (for
demographics), and videos.
● Double-click to edit the content
● When working with objects, the toolbox on
top of the topmost block will allow you to
manipulate it. This is similar to working
with objects in PowerPoint where you can
arrange an object to be on top or bottom of
another.
● When working with charts, double-click the
chart to open the datasheet editor.
● You may rename the title of your
infographic on the top toolbar.
● To save your work, click on the Save on the
top right of the page. To save it in your
computer, click on Download. In the
Download options, select the medium-sized
and the PNG file type.
PRINCIPLES AND BASIC TECHNIQUE OF
IMAGE MANIPULATION
Here are some tips to help you edit images for your
website:
1. Choose the right file format
2. Choose the right image size
3. Caption it
The Art of Photo Manipulation
Manual photo manipulation techniques include:
1. Airbrushing: Using an air-operated painting
tool to conceal signs of photo alteration.
2. Darkroom Manipulation: Techniques such
as dodging, burning, and masking done by
hand in the darkroom.
3. Double Exposure: Deliberately or
accidentally exposing the same frame of
film twice, creating artistic or blurry effects.
 4. Negative Scratching: A 19th-century
technique involving manual scratching or
manipulation of the negative for artistic
expression.
Contemporary Photo Manipulation: Digital
Techniques
1. Doctoring: Altering images digitally, often
used for various purposes including
deception.
2. Age Progression: Using software like
Photoshop to make a subject appear older in
a photograph, commonly used in law
enforcement.
3. Fading Smoke Effect: Creating abstract
photography using Photoshop or Illustrator
to generate stunning smoke effects that
gradually fade.
4. Color Combustion: Combining multiple
images using various digital manipulation
techniques to create a digitally-enhanced
final image.
5. Photo Cutouts: Utilizing tools like the
magnetic lasso or magic wand tool in
software to create cutouts of subjects from
photographs, offering various methods for
achieving this effect.
ONLINE PLATFORMS FOR ICT CONTENT
DEVELOPMENT
PLATFORM
● A group of technologies that is used as a
base upon which other applications or
process are developed. It helps us to produce
and share more meaningful information.
● technopedia defines “platform” in
computing as the operating system and
computer hardware.
● that follow a set of standards that enables
software developers to develop software
applications for the platform. these standards
allow owners and managers to purchase
appopriate applications and hardware.
WEB DESIGN PRINCIPLES
● “web design is a concept of planning,
creating and maintaining
websites”.-cleverism.
● it is a process of creatively designing and
constructing a website and updating it
regularly to incorporate changes. designing
for web publication equates to
communication. visual on a web page are
utmost importance since it is one of the
ways how you communicate with the
viewer.
VISUAL HIERARCHY
● this explains the order in which human eye
perceives what is sees. this technique
wherein; as the developer, you have to
distinguish the importance of every part of
your web page. element should be rank
according to its importance and your
objectives. it can be shown through the use
of varying sizes and amount of content.
PROPORTION
● you can make use of the golden ratio, a
magical number approximately equal to
1.618 that makes all things aesthetically
pleasing.
HICK’S LAW
● this law can be considered as a guideline for
decision making in a viewers perspective.
FITTS’ LAW
● according to this law, the time needed to
move to a target is dependent upon the size
of the target as well as the distance to the
target.
ACCESSIBILITY
● when a visitor enters a website, he she must
be able to access each bit of information in
the easiest manner.
VISIBLE LANGUAGE
● a web page design should communicate with
the users clearly and in an engaging manner.
the following are principles for a successful
 visual language: organize, economize, and
communicate.
WHITE SPACE AND SIMPLE DESIGN
● white space helps divide the web page into
several distinct parts or areas that make it
simpler for the users to process information.
the following are some of the other things
that can be considered as a part of a simple
design:
Collaborative Development in ICT
Team Structure and Dynamics
Team Structure:
● Less hierarchical organizational structure.
● Individuals are divided into teams.
Team Dynamics:
● Psychological forces influencing behavior
and performance.
● Focus on shared goals and interdependence.

1. grid-based layout- the content of this layout Glimpse of History

is divided into columns, boxes, and different ● In 1968, Dr. Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider
sections. envisioned computer networks for
2. f-pattern design- design a web page or communication.
website in a way that complements the
natural reading behavior of the visitors like Common Principles of Collaboration
the “f-pattern”.
3. conventional designs- conventional or 1. Participation: Encourage involvement from
conservative designs still work well as far as across the organization.
visitor response or likeability is concerned. 2. Collective Action: Reach consensus and act
they add a hint of trust, reliability as well as collectively.
brand credibility. 3. Transparency: Foster feedback and trust by
sharing information openly.
REGULAR TESTING 4. Independence: Prevent groupthink,
● regular testing test early and test often, or encourage individual thinking.
teto, is another web design principle that all 5. Persistence: Consistently apply
designers and website owners must consider. collaborative principles.
● conducting usability tests every now and 6. Emergence: Focus on achieving goals
then provides important results and insights collectively.
into many kinds of problems and
complications related to a website layout or Dr. Graham Bill advises companies to tailor
aspects of design. websites constantly need collaboration technology to fit their organization's
upgrades and updates to maintain the visitor style. Team dynamics differ between teams, where
customer’s interests and trends. members share goals and rely on each other, and
groups, which consist of individuals with common
SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORM S interests but less interdependence.
● Facebook
● Twitter Strategies to Strengthen Team Dynamics
● Instagram ● Know your team.
BLOGGING PLATFORM S ● Address problems promptly with feedback.
● Tumblr ● Define roles and responsibilities clearly.
● WordPress.com ● Break down barriers.
● Blogger (formerly Blogspot) ● Prioritize communication.
CONTENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ● Pay attention.
● WordPress
● Drupal Online Collaborative Tools and Processes
● Joomla ● Collaborating online is the way to bridge the
distance between employees, as they can
 work together on the same documents at the ● A project and workflow
same time as if they were all in the same management tool offering
room. customizable interfaces.
● Users can assign tasks, set
5 Essential Features of an Online Collaborative milestones, and track progress
Tool across platforms.
1. Easy and clean interface: Applications that
are simple and intuitive are much easier to 4. Google Apps:
learn to use, so you and your team would not ● Provides Gmail, Hangouts,
have to waste time in long tutorials. Calendars, Docs, Sheets, Slides,
2. Permission control: Users need to be able etc.
to easily add people to workspaces and ● Facilitates real-time collaboration
control what they are able to do in each on documents and project
workspace or document. management features.
3. File Storage with document versioning:
You need to be sure that all document 5. Yammer:
versions are saved on the tool. This will ● A communication and
make it easy to track the progress of a collaboration tool for employees,
document, and if any past versions need to akin to Facebook.
be referenced, it is easy to do so. ● Features include profiles, group
4. Whiteboard: Is very useful in a creation, sharing, liking, and file
collaboration tool, as they let team members attachments.
communicate in a more informal way. It also
possible to host a virtual brainstorming Project Management in ICT
session, so the flow of ideas never stops.
5. Document Locking: This feature ensures Key Objectives of Project Management:
that only one person is working on a 1. Ensure projects are based on a sound
document at a time. This way, no two peole business rationale and properly authorized.
can change the document at the same time, 2. Manage projects to achieve specified goals
keeping documents completely organized, on schedule.
and preventing confusion. 3. Control the transition of project deliverables
to production and deployment.
Common Online Collaborative Tools 4. Realize project benefits.

1. Trello: Key Roles in Project Management:

● A customizable project ● Project Owner: Head of the business unit
management tool resembling a responsible for successful project
digital to-do list. implementation.
● Organize tasks with cards and share ● Project Steering Group: Representatives
them in real-time. from business, ICT, and vendors ensuring
alignment with business objectives.
2. Podio: ● Process Owner: Chairperson of the steering
● An enterprise social network group.
integrating project management ● Project Manager: Responsible for daily
features. project management and delivering
● Users have profiles and access to agreed-upon deliverables at the desired
chat, email, calendar, and tasks. quality level.

3. Asana: Project Management Office (PMO):

 ● Established to centralize project resources
and develop/update project practices and
management policies.
ICT Platform in hosting Data
● A web hosting service is an internet service
that allows individual users and
organizations to make their website
accessible over the World Wide Web
● The most basic scope of web hosting service
is web page and small-scale file hosting,
where files can be uploaded via File
Transfer Protocol (FTP) or a web interface.
Most common hosting technologies that are
readily available over the internet.
1. Windows Hosting Means hosting of web
services that run on the Windows operating
system
2. Unix Hosting Hosting of web pages that run
on the Unix operating system, Unix was the
first web server operating system.
3. Linux Hosting Hosting of web services that
run on the Linux OS
4. ASP Active Server Pages is a server-side
scripting technology developed by
Microsoft. You can create dynamic web
pages by putting script code inside your
HTML pages.
5. PHP Is the widely-used, free, and efficient
alternative to competitors such as
Microsoft’s ASP
6. JSP (Java Server Pages) is a server-side
technology much like ASP, developed by
Sun, you can create dynamic web pages by
putting Java code inside your HTML pages
7. ColdFusion is another server-side scripting
language used to develop dynamic web
pages, developed by Adobe.
8. Adobe Dreamweaver is a website design
tool owned by Adobe Systems. Allows users
to develop a website without any deep
knowledge of web development.
9. Secure Server Can transmit data encrypted.
If you plan to do online credit card
transactions, or other types that need to be
protected against unauthorized access
10. Cloud Hosting Cloud offers unlimited
ability to handle high traffic. A team of
servers(cloud) works together to host a
group of websites. This allows multiple
computers to work together to handle high
traffic levels for any particular website.
ADVANCED WORD PROCESSING SKILLS
Productivity Tools
● refers to the software that people use to
create and produce documents,
presentations, databases, charts, and graphs.
● Productivity tools help you create
professional quality documents,
presentations, graphics, and more.
Why should you learn productivity
tools?
● While there are a wide range of benefits of
using productivity tools, the best reason is
that it just makes it essential. Everyday we
use computers to do different tasks more
efficiently.
Common productivity tools
1. Microsoft word
2. Microsoft excel
3. Microsoft PowerPoint
4. LibreOffice
Word Processor
● an electronic device or computer software
application that performs the task of
composing, editing, formatting, and printing
of documents
MICROSOFT WORD
● Microsoft Word is a word processor
developed by Microsoft. It was first released
on October 25, 1983. It is also known as MS
Word.
● Press “Windows Logo” + R then type
“winword” then enter.
MICROSOFT WORD FEATURES (its basic but
u can check the ppt)
Mail Merge and Label Generation
Mail Merge:
 ● A feature in word processing that enables
the creation of multiple letters, labels,
envelopes, etc., personalized to a group of
recipients from a database or spreadsheet.
Components:
1. Main Document: Template containing field
names for merging.
2. Data Source: List or file with information to
be merged.
3. Merge Document: Output after merging.
Steps:
1. Open a Word document.
2. Click Mailings > Start Mail Merge > Step by
Step Mail Merge Wizard.
3. Select the main document and data source.
4. Fill in recipient list details.
5. Add placeholders for recipient data.
6. Preview and complete the merge.
Label Generation:
● Creating labels for envelopes or other
purposes using Mail Merge.
Steps:
1. Click Mailings > Start Mail Merge >
Envelopes.
2. Customize envelope settings (size, fonts).
3. Select recipients and insert an address block.
4. Update labels and complete the merge.
Integrating Images and External Materials:
● Microsoft Word allows integration of
various materials to enhance documents.
Materials:
● Pictures (JPEG, GIF, PNG)
● Icons, Shapes, SmartArt, Charts,
Screenshots
Wrapping Options for Image Placement:
● In Line with Text
● Square
● Tight
● Through
● Top and Bottom
● Behind Text
● In Front of Text
Advanced Formulas and Computations in
Spreadsheet
Excel Functions
● Microsoft Excel provides several functions
which are very useful in calculating data.
These functions are categorized into
financial, logical, text, date and time, lookup
and reference, math and trigonometry,
statistical, engineering, cube, and file-related
information.
● Formula - is an equation that performs
operation on worksheet data. A formula in
Microsoft Excel always begins with an equal
sign (=).
BASIC EXCEL FORMULAS
● Addition (+)
● Subtraction (-)
● Multiplication ()
● Division (/)
● type <=> before the formula, thus: =a1+a2
<then, hit the ENTER key>
● Average – a function used to compute for
the average of the number of a range.
● COUNTIF – a function used to count the
cells with a specified content within a range.
● SUMIF – a function used to compute for the
summation of a range if a certain condition
is met
● AVERAGEIF – a function used to compute
for the average of a range if a certain
condition is met
SPREADSHEET
● Numerical, data, cell
MS Excel Parts and Functions
1. Office Button: Provides access to
workbook-level features and program
options.
2. Quick Access Toolbar: Collection of
buttons for commonly used commands like
Save, Undo, and Redo.
3. Title Bar: Displays the name of the active
workbook and the Excel program name.
 4. Ribbon: Main set of commands organized
into tabs, with groups and commands.
5. Column Headings: Letters along the top of
the worksheet for column identification.
6. Row Headings: Numbers along the left of
the worksheet for row identification.
7. Worksheet Window: Displays the Excel
workbook (spreadsheet) content.
8. Horizontal Scroll Bar: Scrolls horizontally
through the workbook window.
9. Vertical Scroll Bar: Scrolls vertically
through the workbook window.
10. Zoom Slider/Control: Controls for
magnifying and shrinking the content
displayed in the active workbook.
11. View Shortcuts: Buttons to change the
display mode of the worksheet (Normal,
Page Layout, or Page Break Preview).
12. Sheet Tabs: Tabs displaying the names of
worksheets in the workbook.
13. Sheet Tabs Scrolling Buttons: Buttons to
scroll the list of sheet tabs in the workbook.
14. Select All Button: Selects all cells in the
active workbook.
15. Active Cell:the currently selected cell in the
active workbook.
16. Formula Bar: Displays the value or
formula entered in the active cell.
17. status Bar: Displays information about the
current state of the workbook, such as Ready
or Editing.
MS Excel Creating Formula
1. Equals Sign: A sign that tells Excel that the
succeeding characters constitute a formula.
2. Operator: A sign or symbol that specifies
the type of calculations to perform within an
expression.
3. Cell Reference/Argument: The address of
a cell based on the relative position of the
cell that contains the formula.
4. Constant Value: A value that is not
calculated and therefore does not perform
any calculations.
IF Formula in Excel:
● The IF function performs a logical test and
returns one value for a TRUE result and
another for a FALSE result.
● Syntax:`=IF(logical_test,[value_if_true],[val
ue_if_false])`
● `logical_test`: Value or logical expression
that can be evaluated as TRUE or FALSE.
● `[value_if_true]`: Value to return when
`logical_test` evaluates to TRUE.
● `[value_if_false]`: Value to return when
`logical_test` evaluates to FALSE.
● Example: `=IF(C6>=70,"Pass","Fail")`
VLOOKUP:
● The VLOOKUP function performs a vertical
lookup by searching for a value in the first
column of a table and returning the value in
the same row in the specified position.
● Syntax:
`=VLOOKUP(lookup_value,table_array,col
_index_num,[range_lookup])`
● lookup_value`: Value to look up.
● table_array`: Range of cells containing the
data to be searched.
● `col_index_num`: Column number in the
table from which to retrieve the value.
● `[range_lookup]`: Optional parameter
specifying whether to find an exact match
(`TRUE`) or an approximate match
(`FALSE`).
● Example: `=VLOOKUP(E1, A2:B6, 2,
FALSE)`
Common Error Values Encountered from Faulty
Formulas:
1. #DIV/0!: Arises from division by zero or
referencing blank cells or zeroes. Resolve by
ensuring non-zero divisors or updating cell
references.
2. #####: Indicates insufficient column width
for content or negative dates/times. Rectify
by widening the column.
3. #NAME?: Occurs when referencing
nonexistent range names or omitting
quotation marks for text in formulas.
4. #N/A: Seen with inappropriate lookup
values, unsorted tables, mismatched array
formula dimensions, missing function
 arguments, unavailable custom functions, or 3. Employ bullets or short sentences for
macros returning #N/A. simplicity.
5. #NULL!: Results from using space instead 4. Integrate graphics judiciously to aid, not
of comma to separate function arguments distract.
with cell references. 5. Maintain design consistency.
6. #NUM!: Occurs due to numerical issues like 6. Opt for contrasting colors for improved
wrong argument types or calculations legibility.
yielding extremely large or small numbers.
7. #REF!: Arises from invalid cell references Imaging and Design for The Online Environment
caused by cell deletion or overwriting.
8. #VALUE!: Indicates incorrect argument What is an Image?
types/operators or mathematical operations ● An image represents the external form of a
on text entries, leading to invalid person or thing in art. It can be
calculations. 2-dimensional, like a photograph, or
3-dimensional, like a statue.
Advanced Animations and Timing in Presentation
Software Image Formats:

Microsoft PowerPoint offers diverse animation 1. JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group):
styles: Supports no transparency or animation
● Entrance (.jpeg or .jpg)
● Emphasis 2. GIF (Graphics Interchange Format):
● Exit Supports transparency and animation (.gif)
● Motion Paths 3. PNG (Portable Networks Graphics):
● Supports transparency but not animation
Animations enhance presentation dynamics. (.png)

● Slide: A single page in a presentation, Layout:

collectively forming a slide deck. Insert a ● Layout in graphic design arranges visual
new slide with Ctrl + M. elements on a page.
● Design Templates: Pre-designed graphic
styles applicable to slides. Basic Principles of Graphics and Layout:
● Slide Show Button: Sequential pages
containing text and images for audience 1. Balance: Evenly distribute visual weight.
presentation. Begin with F5 or click the slide 2. Emphasis: Highlight specific areas to attract
show button. attention.
● Animation: Effects applied to text or 3. Movement: Guide viewer's eyes around the
graphics within slides. screen.
● Transitions: Motion effects adding 4. Pattern: Create familiarity and organize
movement between slides in Slide Show design.
view. 5. Repetition: Bring consistency and flow.
● Presentation Views: Buttons for normal, 6. Proportion: Scale elements for coherence.
outline, slide sorter, notes page, and reading 7. Harmony: Utilize familiar design traits.
views. 8. Contrast: Highlight differences and
Tips for Effective Presentations: emphasize importance.
1. Minimize slide count for clarity and 9. Variety: Add interest and engagement.
audience attention.
2. Use easily readable font styles. Infographics:
 ● Infographics creatively represent 5. File Management: Online platform for file
information to attract attention. conversion and management without
downloading software.
5 Principles in Making an Effective Infographic
Design: Basic Web Design Principles and Elements:
1. Be Unique ● Visual Language: Consistent template,
2. Keep It Simple contrast, common font style, high-quality
3. Be Creative and Bold pictures.
4. Less is More ● Balance: Distribution of elements,
5. Importance of Clarity alignment, placing important information
near the top.
Image Principles, Techniques, and Hosting: ● Paradox of Choice: Eliminate unimportant
options, and focus on user needs.
1. Choose the right file format based on ● Focus on Content: Match content with
purpose. purpose, spellchecked and organized
2. Consider monitor resolution for image size. content, include images, regular updates.
3. Caption images when relevant. ● Simplify: Minimal design, simple content,
minimal animated graphics, consistent look
Image Manipulation Techniques: and feel.
1. Cropping
2. Color Balance Basic Web Design Elements:
3. Brightness and Contrast ● Illustrations and Styles
4. Compression and Resizing ● Links
5. Filters ● Buttons and Menus
6. Cloning ● Images
7. Changing Background
8. Removing Color Web Templates and WYSIWYG Platforms: Platforms
9. Combining Text, Graphics, and Image allowing web page creation without coding skills,
using drag-and-drop interfaces and providing
The Principles and Techniques of Design and templates.
Applications to Develop ICT Content

Collaborative ICT Development

Nature and Purposes of Online Platforms and
Applications
1. Presentation or Visualization: This online
platform enables sharing presentations,
infographics, and videos.
2. Cloud Computing: Internet-based
computing allowing data-sharing,
centralized storage, and online access to
services/resources.
3. Social Media: Websites and online
communication tools facilitating information
sharing and social/professional networking.
4. Web Page Creation: Platform for building
web pages with text, images, and links
without web programming skills.
ONLINE COLLABORATION
● Online Collaboration enables a group to
work together in real-time over the internet.
WEB CONFERENCE
● Web Conference provides live audio/video
communication between multiple locations
for meetings, training, or presentations via
the Internet.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ONLINE COLLAB &
WEB CONF
● Online Collaboration involves sharing
information to achieve a group's goal, while
 Web Conference is akin to a meeting
discussing a specific topic.

SECURITY IN ONLINE COLLABORATION

● Security measures like encryption and SSL
ensure data privacy and integrity.

A GOOD COLLABORATIVE TOOL:

● Easy to use
● Fits the purpose
● User-friendly with real-time updates
● Prioritizes security

ONLINE COLLABORATIVE TOOLS AND

WEB PORTAL

WEB PORTAL
● Web Portal aggregates information from
various sources into a single, uniform
platform.

EXAMPLES OF WEB PORTALS:

● Yahoo.com
● MySpace
● Facebook
● YouTube
● Google

ONLINE COLLABORATIVE TOOLS

EXAMPLES OF ONLINE COLLABORATIVE

TOOLS:
● Facebook Groups
● WordPress
● G Suite (Google Docs, Sheets, Slides)
● Microsoft Office Online
● Microsoft's Yammer
● Trello

These tools facilitate remote collaboration, enabling

teams to work effectively regardless of location.