PERFORMANCE TASK No.

3
NAME: ANNISSA PACALDO DATE PERFORMED: MARCH 5, 2024
GROUP NO: _________________________ DATE SUBMITTED: MARCH 7, 2024
SECTION: __________________________ RATING: ________________________

PART 1 # BLOOD GROUPING

Performing a blood grouping activity in a classroom setting / Laboratory
can be an engaging and educational experience for students to understand
the principles of blood types and compatibility. Here are guidelines for
conducting such a performance task:
OBJECTIVE:
To understand the principles of blood typing and compatibility through
hands-on experimentation.
MATERIALS NEEDED:
Blood typing kits containing:
Blood typing reagents (anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies)
Sterile lancets or needles
Microscope slides
Droppers
Mixing sticks or toothpicks
Blood typing chart
Gloves
Alcohol swabs

Safety goggles

Waste disposal container for used lancets and slides

Blood typing reference materials (books, online resources)

PROCEDURE:
Pre-Experiment Preparation:
Introduce the concept of blood typing, ABO blood groups, and the Rh
factor to the students through a brief lecture or discussion.
Emphasize the importance of safety precautions and proper handling of
blood-related materials.
Experiment Setup:
Divide students into small groups (ideally 3-4 students per group) to
facilitate collaboration and teamwork.
Provide each group with a blood typing kit and necessary materials.
Ensure that each group has access to clear instructions and safety
guidelines.
Blood Typing Procedure:
1. Instruct students to clean their fingertips with alcohol swabs and put
on gloves to minimize the risk of contamination.
2. Using a lancet or needle, students will puncture their fingertips to
obtain a small drop of blood.
3. Direct students to carefully place the blood droplets onto separate
microscope slides, ensuring no mixing of blood samples.
4. Add one drop of anti-A serum to one blood sample, one drop of anti-B
serum to another sample, and one drop of anti-Rh serum to a third sample.
Mix gently.
5. Observe any agglutination (clumping) reactions that occur after mixing
the blood samples with the respective antibodies.
6. Record the results and interpretations of the reactions based on the
blood typing chart provided.
7. Discuss the significance of the observed reactions in determining blood
type and compatibility.
Post-Experiment Discussion:
A. Facilitate a class discussion on the observed results and
interpretations.
B. Explore the concepts of blood transfusion compatibility and the
importance of blood typing in medical settings.
C. Encourage students to ask questions and share their observations and
insights.

Safety Precautions:
1. Emphasize the importance of wearing gloves and safety goggles
throughout the experiment.
2. Instruct students on proper disposal procedures for used lancets,
needles, and slides.
3. Ensure that students handle blood-related materials with care and avoid
contact with broken skin or mucous membranes.
ASSESSMENT:
Theoretical Understanding:
1. What are the four main blood types in the ABO blood group system?
- The four main blood types in the ABO blood group system are blood
type A, B, AB, and O.
2. Explain the significance of antigens and antibodies in blood typing.
Describe the role of the Rh factor in blood compatibility.
In blood typing, the presence of specific antigens and antibodies helps
determine an individual's blood type and compatibility with donor blood.
Compatibility with donor blood is evaluated by whether the recipient's
antibodies react with the donor's antigen which could cause adverse
immune reactions if incompatible blood is transfused. The Rh factor, also
known as Rhesus factor, is an extra antigen that determines whether a
blood type is Rh-positive or Rh-negative. Rh compatibility is important
in blood transfusions and pregnancy because mismatched Rh factors can
trigger immunological reactions.
Procedural Knowledge:
3. Outline the steps involved in performing the blood typing experiment.
Collect a blood sample from the individual.
1st - Using a lancet or needle, students will puncture their fingertips to
obtain a small drop of blood.
2nd - Direct students to carefully place the blood droplets onto separate
microscope slides, ensuring no mixing of blood samples.
3rd - Mix the blood sample with anti-A serum and observe for agglutination
(clumping) to determine if the blood contains A antigens.
4th - Mix another portion of the blood sample with anti-B serum and
observe for agglutination to determine if the blood contains B antigens.
5th- Determine the blood type based on the reactions with anti-A and anti-
B sera.
6th – Perform an additional test using anti-Rh serum to determine the Rh
factor.
4. What safety precautions should be taken when handling blood-related
materials?

✓ Wearing personal protective equipment such as gloves, lab coats, and

goggles.
✓ Using proper disinfection techniques for surfaces and equipment.
This includes cleaning the fingertips with alcohol swabs before
getting some blood samples.
✓ Properly disposing of used needles and other sharp objects.
✓ Following established protocols for handling and transporting blood
samples.
 a. Labeling
b. Use of Specimen Containers:
c. Handle blood samples with caution
✓ Being aware of potential bloodborne pathogens and adhering to
universal precautions.
5. How do you interpret the results of blood typing reactions?
- We interpret the results of blood typing reactions through the
presence or absence of agglutination. Agglutination indicates a
positive reaction, while no agglutination indicates a negative
reaction. Based on the reactions with anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh
sera, the individual's blood type and Rh factor can be determined.
Practical Application:
6. Why is it important to determine a person's blood type before a blood
transfusion?
- It is important to ensure compatibility between the donor and
recipient blood.
7. Discuss the potential consequences of incompatible blood transfusions.
- Based on my findings when I research some information about it,
mismatched blood transfusions can lead to severe immune reactions,
including hemolytic transfusion reactions, which can be life-
threatening. It also stated that it will lead to complications such
as fever, chills, kidney failure, and potentially death. Other
consequences include transfusion-associated circulatory overload and
the transmission of infectious diseases if proper screening measures
are not in place.
8. How might the results of a blood typing experiment influence medical
treatment decisions?
- The results of a blood typing experiment can influence medical
treatment decisions by providing crucial information about blood
compatibility for transfusions, organ transplants, and prenatal
care. The primary essential factor to this is knowing a patient's
blood type allows healthcare providers to administer compatible
blood products and reduce the risk of adverse reactions.
Additionally, understanding the Rh factor is essential for
preventing Rh incompatibility issues during pregnancy.
Critical Thinking and Analysis:
9. Compare and contrast the agglutination reactions observed with anti-A
and anti-B sera.
- When anti-A serum is mixed with blood containing A antigens,
agglutination occurs. This indicates a positive reaction, confirming
the presence of A antigens on the surface of red blood cells.
However, if blood lacks A antigens, no agglutination will occur,
resulting in a negative reaction. Similarly, when anti-B serum is
mixed with blood containing B antigens, agglutination occurs,
 indicating a positive reaction for the presence of B antigens.
Conversely, if blood lacks B antigens, there will be no
agglutination, resulting in a negative reaction. The main difference
between the reactions is the specificity of the antibodies present
in the sera. Anti-A serum contains antibodies that specifically bind
to A antigens, whereas anti-B serum contains antibodies that bind to
B antigens. If the blood contains both A and B antigens (type AB),
it will agglutinate with both anti-A and anti-B sera. Conversely, if
the blood lacks both A and B antigens (type O), it will not
agglutinate with either serum.
10. Propose a scenario where knowing someone's blood type could be life-
saving.
- a patient sustains serious injuries and requires an emergency blood
transfusion. The patient's blood type remains unclear, but time is
of the essence. Without knowing the patient's blood type, giving
incompatible blood could result in life-threatening problems such
hemolytic responses. However, if the medical team is aware of the
patient's blood type in advance, they can rapidly obtain compatible
blood from the blood bank, assuring a safe and successful
transfusion. Knowing the patient's blood type could save their life
by averting problems and providing prompt treatment.
11. Reflect on the ethical considerations surrounding blood donation and
transfusion practices.
- Based on the information I gathered, ethical considerations in blood
donation and transfusion practices revolve around ensuring safety
and well-being. Donors must understand the donation process, risks,
and benefits. Donors should freely choose to donate without coercion
or incentives. Donors' personal and medical information must be kept
confidential. Blood collection and processing must meet stringent
safety standards to prevent infections and adverse reactions. Blood
products should be accessible to all, regardless of socio-economic
status or background. Ethical consideration includes Allocation of
Resources, Donor and Recipient Welfare, and Continuous Improvement.
Failure to uphold these ethical considerations in blood donation and
transfusion practices can have serious consequences for both donors
and recipients, as well as the overall healthcare system.
PROBLEM SOLVING:
12. If a person's blood sample agglutinates with anti-A serum but not with
anti-B serum, what is their blood type?
- Their blood type is A, as indicated by agglutination with anti-A
serum. The lack of agglutination with anti-B serum confirms the
absence of B antigens on their red blood cells.
13. How would you address a situation where a patient needs an urgent
blood transfusion, but their blood type is unknown?
- In a situation where a patient requires an urgent blood transfusion
but their blood type is unknown, I would prioritize administering
 type O-negative blood as it is known as the universal donor. This
ensures immediate transfusion while minimizing the risk of adverse
reactions until the patient's blood type can be determined through
testing.

REFLECTION:
14. What were the most challenging aspects of performing the blood typing
experiment, and how did you overcome them?
- The most challenging aspects of performing a blood typing experiment
was when we need to ensure accuracy in sample handling and
interpretation of results, as well as dealing with potential
contamination or technical difficulties. To overcome these
challenges, one did adhere strictly to standardized protocols and
maintain meticulous attention to detail.
15. Discuss any unexpected observations or results encountered during the
activity.
- In performing the activity, there are no unexpected observations
encountered. There are no inconsistent reactions, unexpected
agglutination patterns, or discrepancies between expected and
observed outcomes.
16. How has your understanding of blood typing and compatibility evolved
as a result of this experience?
- Engaging in blood typing experiments can deepen understanding of
blood group systems, antigen-antibody reactions, and compatibility
principles. Through hands-on experience and analysis of results, we
now gain insights into the complexity of blood typing and
compatibility, as well as the importance of precision and attention
to detail in laboratory practice.
 PART 2 # BLOOD COMPATIBILITY
1. Students Guide to consider the compatibility rules:
2. A person with type A blood can receive type A or type O blood.
3. A person with type B blood can receive type B or type O blood.
4. A person with type AB blood can receive blood from any blood type
(universal recipient).
5. A person with type O blood can only receive type O blood (universal
donor).

PROCEDURE:
Pre-Experiment Preparation:
1. Ensure that both students understand the risks and procedures involved
in handling blood-related materials.
2. Emphasize the importance of following safety protocols and proper
disposal of materials.
3. Provide a brief overview of blood typing and compatibility principles.

SETUP:
1. Each student should clean their fingertip with an alcohol swab.
2. Put on gloves and safety goggles to minimize the risk of contamination.
3. Place a drop of blood from each student onto separate microscope
slides.

MIXING BLOOD DROPS:

Observe the reactions on each slide. Note any agglutination (clumping) of
blood cells.

INTERPRETATION
In this activity, our time runs out and we didn’t have the chance to
perform the activity. But I do some research and I found out that if the
person has blood type A and mixed with second person who has blood type
B, their blood samples could result in agglutination. This is because a
person with type A blood has anti-B antibodies in their plasma, which
would react with the B antigens present on the red blood cells of the
person with type B blood. It is the same situation when a person who has
blood type B mixed with blood type A and blood type O mixed with either A
or B. This reaction indicates incompatibility between 2 different blood
types. But blood type AB will not agglutinate if mixed in any types of
blood since it is a universal receiver. Therefore, in this scenario, the
blood types are not compatible for transfusion unless it is a blood type
AB.
DOCUMENTATION