PERFORMANCE TASK No.

3
NAME: JUSTIN LORENZ CATLI DATE PERFORMED: MARCH 5, 2024
GROUP NO: _________________________ DATE SUBMITTED: MARCH 7, 2024
SECTION:ST12P3 RATING: ________________________

PART 1 # BLOOD GROUPING

Performing a blood grouping activity in a classroom setting / Laboratory
can be an engaging and educational experience for students to understand
the principles of blood types and compatibility. Here are guidelines for
conducting such a performance task:
OBJECTIVE:
To understand the principles of blood typing and compatibility through
hands-on experimentation.
MATERIALS NEEDED:
Blood typing kits containing:
Blood typing reagents (anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies)
Sterile lancets or needles
Microscope slides
Droppers
Mixing sticks or toothpicks
Blood typing chart
Gloves
Alcohol swabs

Safety goggles

Waste disposal container for used lancets and slides

Blood typing reference materials (books, online resources)

PROCEDURE:
Pre-Experiment Preparation:
Introduce the concept of blood typing, ABO blood groups, and the Rh
factor to the students through a brief lecture or discussion.
Emphasize the importance of safety precautions and proper handling of
blood-related materials.
Experiment Setup:
Divide students into small groups (ideally 3-4 students per group) to
facilitate collaboration and teamwork.
Provide each group with a blood typing kit and necessary materials.
Ensure that each group has access to clear instructions and safety
guidelines.
Blood Typing Procedure:
1. Instruct students to clean their fingertips with alcohol swabs and put
on gloves to minimize the risk of contamination.
2. Using a lancet or needle, students will puncture their fingertips to
obtain a small drop of blood.
3. Direct students to carefully place the blood droplets onto separate
microscope slides, ensuring no mixing of blood samples.
4. Add one drop of anti-A serum to one blood sample, one drop of anti-B
serum to another sample, and one drop of anti-Rh serum to a third sample.
Mix gently.
5. Observe any agglutination (clumping) reactions that occur after mixing
the blood samples with the respective antibodies.
6. Record the results and interpretations of the reactions based on the
blood typing chart provided.
7. Discuss the significance of the observed reactions in determining blood
type and compatibility.
Post-Experiment Discussion:
A. Facilitate a class discussion on the observed results and
interpretations.
B. Explore the concepts of blood transfusion compatibility and the
importance of blood typing in medical settings.
C. Encourage students to ask questions and share their observations and
insights.

Safety Precautions:
1. Emphasize the importance of wearing gloves and safety goggles
throughout the experiment.
2. Instruct students on proper disposal procedures for used lancets,
needles, and slides.
3. Ensure that students handle blood-related materials with care and avoid
contact with broken skin or mucous membranes.
ASSESSMENT:
Theoretical Understanding:
1. What are the four main blood types in the ABO blood group system?
Blood type A, B, AB, and O.
2. Explain the significance of antigens and antibodies in blood typing.
Describe the role of the Rh factor in blood compatibility.
When blood typing, some antigens and antibodies are beneficial ascertain
a person's blood type and suitability for receiving donated blood.The
recipient's antibodies are tested to see if they react with the donor's
antigen, which could lead to negative immunological reactions if
incompatible blood is transfused. The additional antigen that determines
whether a blood type is Rh-positive or Rh-negative is called the Rh
factor, sometimes referred to as the Rhesus factor. In pregnancy and
blood transfusions, Rh compatibility is crucial because mismatched Rh
factors might result in immunological reactions.
Procedural Knowledge:
3. Outline the steps involved in performing the blood typing experiment.
Collect a blood sample from the individual.
STEP 1: Collect a Blood Sample:
STEP 2: Prepare Reagents:
STEP 3: Perform Blood Typing Test (Place a drop of the individual's blood
on three separate clean glass slides or wells on a testing tray.
Add a drop of anti-A serum to one well, anti-B serum to another, and
anti-Rh serum (if needed) to the third well.
Mix each blood sample with its corresponding serum using a separate clean
applicator stick.)
STEP 4: Observe Agglutination:
STEP 5: Record Results:
STEP 6: Confirm Results:

4. What safety precautions should be taken when handling blood-

related materials?
Personal safety equipment such as goggles, lab coats, and gloves
must be worn during blood typing experiments. Disinfection of tools
and surfaces is crucial, including cleaning fingertips with alcohol
swabs before blood sampling and properly discarding used needles.
Procedures for handling and transferring blood samples should be
followed, including labeling, utilizing sample containers, and
exercising caution due to potential bloodborne pathogens.
5. How do you interpret the results of blood typing reactions?
The presence or lack of agglutination helps us understand the outcomes of
blood typing reactions. A positive reaction is indicated by
agglutination, whereas a negative reaction is indicated by no
agglutination. Depending on how anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh reactions It
is possible to ascertain the person's blood type, Rh factor, and sera.
Practical Application:
6. Why is it important to determine a person's blood type before a blood
transfusion?
Making ensuring the blood from the donor and the recipient are compatible
is crucial.
7. Discuss the potential consequences of incompatible blood transfusions.
Receiving blood transfusions that are not compatible might result in
serious immunological reactions, such as hemolytic transfusion reactions,
which can be fatal. It also said that it will cause side effects like
chills, fever, kidney failure, and possibly even death. Additional
repercussions include circulatory overload linked to transfusions and the
spread of infectious illnesses in the absence of appropriate screening
protocols.
8. How might the results of a blood typing experiment influence medical
treatment decisions?
Because blood compatibility for organ transplants, transfusions, and
prenatal care is vital information, the outcome of a blood typing
experiment can have an impact on medical treatment choices. Knowing a
patient's blood type is crucial because it enables medical professionals
to deliver blood products that are compatible with them and lower the
possibility of negative reactions. Additionally, avoiding Rh
incompatibility problems during pregnancy requires an understanding of
the Rh factor.
Critical Thinking and Analysis:
9. Compare and contrast the agglutination reactions observed with anti-A
and anti-B sera.
Agglutination happens when blood carrying A antigens is combined with
anti-A serum. This suggests a favorable response, demonstrating that red
blood cells' surfaces contain A antigens. Nevertheless, there won't be
any agglutination and a negative reaction if the blood doesn't contain A
antigens. In the same way, if anti-B serum is Agglutination happens when
blood carrying B antigens is combined with it.
10. Propose a scenario where knowing someone's blood type could be life-
saving.
A scenario where there is a major natural disaster, such as an earthquake
or a hurricane, that results in widespread injuries and a high demand for
blood transfusions. Knowing someone's blood type could be life-saving in
this situation because it would allow medical professionals to quickly
match them with compatible blood donors. This could prevent complications
such as transfusion reactions, which can be life-threatening. Knowing a
person's blood type ahead of time could also enable emergency responders
to prioritize treatment for those with rare blood types or specific
medical needs.
11. Reflect on the ethical considerations surrounding blood donation and
transfusion practices.
Protecting people's safety and wellbeing is at the center of ethical
considerations in blood donation and transfusion procedures. Donors need
to be aware of the advantages, hazards, and donation procedure. Donors’
ought to make the decision to give voluntarily, free from pressure or
rewards. The confidentiality of the personal and medical information of
donors is required. Blood processing and collecting must adhere to strict
safety regulations to stop infections and negative responses. All people
should have access to blood products, irrespective of their background or
socioeconomic condition. Allocating resources, ensuring the welfare of
donors and recipients, and ongoing improvement are all examples of
ethical considerations. When it comes to blood donation and transfusion
procedures, breaking these ethical rules can have detrimental effects on
both donors and recipients as well as the healthcare system as a whole.
PROBLEM SOLVING:
12. If a person's blood sample agglutinates with anti-A serum but not with
anti-B serum, what is their blood type?
Their blood type is A
13. How would you address a situation where a patient needs an urgent
blood transfusion, but their blood type is unknown?
If a patient needs a blood transfusion right away but I don't know what
their blood type is, I would give priority to giving blood type 0
negative, sometimes referred to as the universal donor. This minimizes
the possibility of negative responses and guarantees prompt transfusion
until the patient's blood type can be ascertained through testing.
REFLECTION:
14. What were the most challenging aspects of performing the blood typing
experiment, and how did you overcome them?
Performing a blood typing experiment can be challenging due to the need
for accuracy in sample handling and result interpretation, as well as the
risk of contamination and technical issues. To overcome these challenges,
it's essential to adhere strictly to standardized protocols and maintain
meticulous attention to detail throughout the experiment. This includes
following proper procedures for sample collection, labeling, and testing,
as well as implementing quality control measures to minimize the risk of
errors. Additionally, staying vigilant for any signs of contamination or
technical difficulties and addressing them promptly can help ensure
accurate results.
15. Discuss any unexpected observations or results encountered during the
activity.
There are no surprising observations made while completing the task.
There are no unexpected agglutination patterns, inconsistent reactions,
or differences between the results that are expected and those that are
observed.
16. How has your understanding of blood typing and compatibility evolved
as a result of this experience?
Antigen-antibody interactions, compatibility principles, and blood group
systems can all be better understood through blood typing tests. We now
understand the complexities of blood typing and compatibility as well as
the value of accuracy and close attention to detail in laboratory
practice thanks to our practical experience and study of the results.

PART 2 # BLOOD COMPATIBILITY

1. Students Guide to consider the compatibility rules:
2. A person with type A blood can receive type A or type O blood.
3. A person with type B blood can receive type B or type O blood.
4. A person with type AB blood can receive blood from any blood type
(universal recipient).
5. A person with type O blood can only receive type O blood (universal
donor).

PROCEDURE:
Pre-Experiment Preparation:
1. Ensure that both students understand the risks and procedures involved
in handling blood-related materials.
2. Emphasize the importance of following safety protocols and proper
disposal of materials.
3. Provide a brief overview of blood typing and compatibility principles.

SETUP:
1. Each student should clean their fingertip with an alcohol swab.
2. Put on gloves and safety goggles to minimize the risk of contamination.
3. Place a drop of blood from each student onto separate microscope
slides.

MIXING BLOOD DROPS:

Observe the reactions on each slide. Note any agglutination (clumping) of
blood cells.

INTERPRETATION
We didn't have a chance to take with this active. But based on my
understanding, someone who has blood type A mixed with another individual
with blood type B, their blood samples can cause clumping. This is due to
the fact that a person with type A blood contains anti-B antibodies in
their plasma, which would react with the B antigens on a person with type
B blood's red blood cells. The circumstance is the same when someone who
has blood types 0 combined with either A or B, and blood types B combined
with A. This response suggests that the two blood types are incompatible.
However, if blood type AB is combined with any kind of given that blood
is a universal recipient. Consequently, in this case, the Transfusion-
compatible blood types are limited to blood type AB.
DOCUMENTATION

A blood sample of my classmate (O+) we have the same blood type…