Experiment No.

6
NAME: Ronel Catanpatan DATE PERFORMED: 09/09/2023
GROUP NO: ________________________ DATE SUBMITTED: 10/20/2023
SECTION: ST12P3 RATING: _________________________

How Plant Tissues Look Like

Introduction:

The cells in a eukaryote number in millions to billion and come in all shapes and sizes in a living
world. These tiny structures are the basic unit of living organisms. Cells comprise tissues, tissues
comprise organs. Organs form organ systems and organ systems work together in an organism. This lab
activity focuses on classifying tissues specifically plant and animal tissues.

Objective:

 To familiarize some common cell types in a plant cell.

Specific objective:

 Identify phloem and xylem tissues in Plants from the prepared slides
 Draw their labeled diagrams
 Describe plant cells

Materials

Prepared slide of Parenchyma tissue

Prepared slide of Sclerenchyma tissue
Compound microscope

Procedure

1. Take the slide containing the parenchyma tissue and place it on the slide of the compound
microscope.
2. Observe the features of the tissue using the low power lens (40X) of the compound microscope.
3. Draw the diagram based on your observations and label the features.
4. Repeat the same procedure for the slide containing the sclerenchyma tissue.
Dicot Ixora leaf

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Stomatal crypt with

trichomes
Spongy layer

Figure description:

• Under the microscope, the Dicot Ixora leaf shows a complex and interesting structure. The
spongy layer, which makes up the majority of the leaf's layers, is present throughout.
• This layer, which is found near the bottom of the leaf, is in charge of gas exchange.
• The stomatal crypts, which are tiny holes in the leaf through which gases can enter and exit,
can also be observed. Finally, it is possible to see the trichomes, which are tiny hair-like
structures on the surface of the leaf. Herbivores are discouraged and water loss is decreased by
these structures, which act as barriers.

Monocot (Corn Macerated stem W. m.

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Epidermis

Xylem

Fibers
 Figure description:

• A monocot is a kind of flowering plant that, in its embryonic stage, has only one cotyledon. The
epidermis, xylem, and fibres are the three main structures that may be seen while examining a maize
macerated stem under a microscope.

• The epidermis is the top layer of skin cells, which guards the stem and controls water loss. Water and
minerals are moved from the roots to other areas of the plant by the xylem.

• Lastly, the stem is supported and strengthened by the fibres, which are long, thin cells. One can learn
more about the anatomy of monocots and their crucial roles in plant growth and development by
looking at these structures.

Questions:

1. How does phloem and xylem different in terms of function? Shape?

- The differences between xylem and phloem's traits highlight the importance of both tissues to a
plant's circulatory system. The plant's system for transporting water and minerals is called
xylem, and it has strong, lignified vessels that act as structural supports. Phloem, on the other
hand, serves as the pathway for the transfer of photosynthetic products, employing live sieve
tubes with flexible walls for effective transport and companion cells that provide metabolic
support. Together, these two different vascular tissues ensure the vital material transportation
necessary for a plant's growth and health. They are crucial elements of a plant's circulatory
system because of their unique structural characteristics and specialized functions.

2. What comprises the Phloem? Xylem?

Phloem and xylem are essential plant tissues in charge of moving essential nutrients throughout a plant.
While xylem delivers water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves, phloem transports sugars and
organic compounds from leaves to other plant components. Together, they are essential for a plant's life
because they make sure that every portion gets the nutrients and water it needs for healthy growth and
function.

CONCLUSION:

Phloem and xylem are two vital vascular tissues in plants that aid in the transportation of critical
elements. While xylem transports water and nutrients from roots to leaves, phloem transfers organic
substances from leaves to other plant sections. While xylem is made up of tracheid, vessel elements,
fibers, and parenchyma cells, phloem is composed of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibers, and
phloem parenchyma cells. These tissues play crucial functions in the general health and development
of the plant by working together to ensure its survival and efficient operation.
 Experiment No. 7
NAME: Ronel Catanpatan DATE PERFORMED: 09/09/2023
GROUP NO: ________________________ DATE SUBMITTED: 10/20/2023
SECTION: St12P3 RATING: _________________________

How do Animal Tissues Look Like?

Introduction:

The basic unit of living tissue is the cell. Cells are specialized in their anatomy and physiology to
perform different tasks. All cells exhibit a voltage difference across the cell membrane. Nerve cells and
muscle cells are excitable. Their cell membrane can produce electrochemical impulses and conduct
them along the membrane. In muscle cells, this electric phenomenon is also associated with the
contraction of the cell. In other cells, such as gland cells and ciliated cells, it is believed that the
membrane voltage is important to the execution of cell function.

Objectives:

 To identify the basic animal cell type (e.g animal tissues) from the prepared slides;
 To classify an animal tissue.

Materials Required

Prepared slide of epidermal, connective, muscular, and nervous tissues

Compound microscope

Procedure

 Take the slide containing the epidermal tissue and place it on the slide of the compound
microscope.
 Observe the features of the epidermal tissue using the scanner, low power lens and high power
lens of the compound microscope.
 Draw the diagram based on your observations and label the features.
 Repeat the same procedure for the slide containing the connective, muscular, and nervous
tissues.
Epidermal Tissue (Grasshopper (meiosis testis sec)

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Meiosis

Spermatozoa

Spermatogonia

Observations- Grasshopper Tissue

 A grasshopper's testis can be observed under low magnification under a microscope as a long,
coiled structure made up of countless tiny tubules. The black, spherical testis cell nuclei may be
seen, and variations in their size and shape indicate different stages of meiosis, the cell division
process necessary for the creation of sperm.
 In-depth examinations of a grasshopper's testis at high magnification show that individual cells
within the tubules are elongated structures with defined boundaries. These cells' clearly
discernible nuclei enable distinction of different meiotic stages, such as the presence of visible
chromosomes in early prophase and the separation of chromosome groups in late anaphase.
 High magnification detailed observations of a grasshopper's testis reveal that individual cells
within the tubules are elongated structures with distinct boundaries. Differentiating between
different meiotic stages, such as the presence of visible chromosomes in early prophase and the
division of chromosomal groups in late anaphase, is made possible by the unique nuclei of these
cells.

Skele
tal
Mus
cle
(strai
ted)
 Nervous Tissue (Histology mammalian motor nerve ending)

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axo
n Sypn
atic
Observations- Nervous Tissue kno
b
 The axon can be seen extending towards the skeletal muscle when the mammalian motor nerve
terminal is observed under low magnification.
 while a little bulge at the end of the axon is what the synaptic knob looks like. When magnified
significantly
 Numerous synaptic vesicles, which contain neurotransmitters released to promote muscle
contraction, can be observed in the synaptic knob.
 phase.

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 ____________________________________________
 ____________________________________________
 ____________________________________________

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  ____________________________________________
 ____________________________________________
 ____________________________________________

Questions:

1. How striated muscle fiber and a nerve cell different in terms of function? Shape?

Both striated muscle fibres and nerve cells, each with a unique function and structure, are necessary
parts of the human body. While brain cells carry information and have a distinctive shape with a cell
body, dendrites, and an axon, striated muscle fibres are in charge of movement and have a striped look.
Their distinct responsibilities in the body are highlighted by these variations in function and anatomy.

2. How does the nerve cell conduct electricity on an animal body?

The highly specialised function of neurons, or nerve cells, is the transmission of information via electrical
impulses that move along their structures, such as dendrites and axons. Our ability to detect, think, and
control our motions is made possible by the complex process of creating and transferring electrical
signals as well as the release of neurotransmitters at synapses.

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, nerve cells and striated muscle fibres are separate but equally significant parts of the
human body, each with specific functions and physical characteristics. Striated muscle fibres drive
movement and have a distinctive elongated shape, while nerve cells permit electrical impulse
communication, forming the complex functioning of the neurological system that supports our capacity
for perception, thought, and control over our body's movements.