Infinitives & Gerunds

Infinitives and Gerunds
• Simple and complex

infinitives and gerunds
• Verbs, adjectives, nouns and
pronouns with infinitives and
gerunds
Pendaulat Amanah Negara

Powerpoint Templates Guardian of The Nation
Mengilham harapan, mencipta masa depan
Inspiring Futrures, Inspiring Possibilities
Before we start on this subject
• What are the six forms of the English
verb?
• Base
• Past
• Infinitive
• ‘s’ form
• Present Perfect (or ‘ing’ form)
• Past Perfect
Powerpoint Templates
Gerunds and Infinitives are
Verbals
• Verbals have some of • Verbs vary as to
the characteristics of person and number.
verbs. • Verbals do not vary
• Participle phrases, as to person and
Gerunds and number.
Infinitives are all
verbals.
What is a participle phrase?
• Participle phrases are verbal adjectives.

• They are made from the Present and Past
Participle forms of the verb.
• Present Participle Verbs always end in
‘ing’.
Examples of Present Participle
Phrases
• Active voice
• Knowing him well, • Passive voice
we asked for a ride. • Mr. Portly, being
• Having elected him known as a wealthy
mayor, his friends felt man, can easily borrow
they should be money.
rewarded.
• Which is a present
perfect participle?
Examples of Past
Participle Phrases
• There is only a • Somewhat
passive form. embarrassed by this
remark, Norris smiled
and made an
awkward bow.
We use the base form (the infinitive without to):
After the verbs make (force), let (allow) and have (get).
Note that make, let and have are followed by object+ base
form whereas force, allow and get are followed by object +
infinitive (to + base form)
e.g. They let us go home early.

They allowed us to go home early.
The teacher made the students stay after classes.

He forced then to clean the classroom.
TO-INFINITIVE, BARE-INFINITIVE & GERUND
--In a sentence, if a verb is used after the main verb, it can be in

3 different forms:
1. To-infinitive
e.g. I want to eat something.
(verb) (to-infinitive)
2. Bare-infinitive
e.g. I saw him cry yesterday.
(verb) (bare-inf)
3. Gerund
e.g. I like swimming.
(verb) (gerund)
(1) TO-INFINITIVE
Agree offer decide appear forget fail promise tell

refuse seem plan attempt learn hope afford ask
threaten want arrange pretend allow tend manage dare
-- ‘To-infinitive’ is usually used after the above verbs
e.g. I agreed to cooperate with them.

(verb) (to-infinitive)
He wants to buy this computer.

(verb) (to-inf)
Infinitives and infinitive phrases can be both subjects and objects
in sentences. Take a look at these examples:
(2) BARE-INFINITIVE
see , notice, observe, watch, hear, feel, smell, make, let
-- ‘Bare-infinitive’ is usually used after the above verbs.

-- An ‘object’ is usually placed between the ‘verb’ and ‘bare-
infinitive’.
e.g. She saw him steal your purse yesterday.

(verb) (object) (bare-inf)
They heard someone knock the door.

(verb) (object) (bare-inf)
(3) GERUND
stop keep postpone admit consider miss delay

finish mind imagine deny involve fancy regret
avoid risk practise enjoy suggest
-- ‘Gerund’ is usually used after the above verbs.
e.g. Do you mind opening the door?

(verb) (gerund)
I won’t risk doing this.

(verb) (gerund)
agree consent have offer start
aim continue hesitate ought stop
appear dare hope plan strive
arrange decide hurry prefer swear
ask deserve intend prepare threaten
attempt detest leap proceed try
be able dislike leave promise use
beg expect like propose wait
begin fail long refuse want
care forget love remember wish
choose get mean say
condescend happen neglect shoot
advise choose have love remind
allow command hire motivate require
ask dare instruct order send
beg direct invite pay teach
bring encourage lead permit tell
build expect leave persuade urge
buy forbid let prepare want
challenge force like promise warn
e.g. Everyone expected her to win.

Note: Some of these verbs are included in the list above and may be used
without an object.
❖When more than one verb follows the above verbs, only
the first verb needs to.
e.g. When I go to Eilat this summer, I hope to visit many interesting
places, go swimming and surfing, and generally have an unforgettable
time.
❖After the verbs seem, appear, and pretend we can use

to be + V-ing or to have+V3
e.g. She pretended to be reading.

She seemed to have disappeared.
❖After certain verbs we can use either a gerund or an infinitive.
These verbs are: begin, continue, hate, not stand/bear, intend,
like, love, remember, start, stop, try.
e.g. As soon as we left, the baby began to cry.

As soon as we left, the baby began crying.
Remember! After the following verbs we can use either the infinitive
or object + infinitive
want ask expect help
mean=intend would like would prefer
e.g. I want to be home early tonight. I wanted Gil to help me.

I would like to drink a cup of coffee. I would like my friends to visit me.
After the following verbs we can us either object + infinitive or gerund.
allow permit advise encourage
e.g. They don’t allow people to smoke in here (verb + object + infinitive)
They don’t allow smoking in here (verb + gerund)
After “suggest” we use a gerund or a that… construction:
e.g. I suggest going there.

I suggest that you go now.
Need + Infinitive = “it is necessary to…”
e.g. The students need to do these exercises.
Need + Gerund = “need to be done”
e.g. The car is broken. It needs fixing.
Needn’t + base form is used as a modal
e.g. You needn’t hurry up. You don’t have to hurry up.
Gerunds
• Gerunds are formed with ING:

– walking, talking, thinking, listening
• A gerund is a noun made from a verb by
adding "-ing."
• The gerund form of the verb "read" is
"reading." You can use a gerund as the
subject, the complement, or the object of a
sentence.
Examples
– Reading helps you learn English.
subject of sentence
– Her favorite hobby is reading.
noun
– I enjoy reading.
object of sentence
There are some words that look like gerunds. However, they are NOT.
Which ones are gerunds here?
1. Nir is going to the cinema this afternoon.
2. I enjoy reading books in the evening.
3. The movie was really boring.
4. We talked about moving to a new apartment.
5. The family is planning to go to Eilat in the summer.
All gerunds can be the subject of a sentence.
e.g. Breathing is necessary.

Driving a car requires good vision.
Helping other people makes me feel good.
A gerund can be a direct object.

e.g. Daniel enjoys swimming more than spending time with his
friends.
A gerund can be an indirect object.
e.g. Daniel gives swimming all of his energy and time.
A gerund can be used as an object of preposition
e.g. The police arrested him for speeding.

Gerunds can be used in the
following cases
As the subject of a sentence
• Smoking in bad for your health.

• We all enjoy eating out.
As an object of certain verbs and
expressions.
• That car isn’t worth buying.
Verbs Followed by Gerunds
• avoid • practice
• deny • remember
• dislike • risk
• enjoy • stop
• finish • suggest
• keep
• miss
admit delay imagine practice
advise deny involve reject
allow dislike keep resist
appreciate enjoy mention risk
avoid escape mind stop
can’t help fancy miss suggest
can’t stand finish permit understand
consider go (swimming) postpone waste (time)
Stop shouting!
Jim admitted robbing the bank.
Do you enjoy playing tennis?
She couldn’t help laughing.
After prepositions
• He is interested in collecting
stamps.
• I’m tired of waiting for him.
Gerunds are used after prepositions.
• Most commonly, these are "verb +

preposition + V-ing.
➢He can’t talk about her without crying.

➢Thanks for helping me.
➢Let’s thing about moving to Kfar Saba.
➢She prefers driving to taking the bus.
A Gerund is used after these
propositions
• in • from
• without • by
• for • after
• of • before
• on • about
• against • at
• to
A Gerund is used after these
common expressions
• Be used to • Give up
• Can’t help • It’s no use
• Can’t stand • It’s (not) worthwhile
• End up • Keep on
• Feel like • Look forward to
• Get used to • Not mind
Examples
• My sister and I are used to staying alone
at night.
• We are looking forward to having you
stay for the summer.
• I don’t feel like staying. Let’s go out.
• Harry can’t stand arguing with his parents
all the time.
admit to approve of apologize for argue about
be accused of be excited about be used to believe in
blame for care about complain about concentrate on
confess to count on depend on disapprove of
discourage dream about feel like forget about

from
famous for insist on instead of interested in
keep from look forward to object to plan on
prevent from profit from refrain from succeed in
take care talk about think about worry about

about
Spelling rules for gerunds and
participles
• Rule 1: If a verb ends with a consonant +
single vowel + consonant combination,
double the final consonant before adding
‘ing’.
• Example: stopping
participles
• Rule 2: If a verb ends with a consonant +
double vowel + consonant combination, do
NOT double the final consonant before
adding ‘ing’.
• Example: lean > leaning
participles
• Rule 3: If a one-syllable verb ends with
double consonants, do NOT double the
final consonant before adding ‘ing’.
• Example: risk > risking
participles
• Rule 4: If a verb ends with the letter ‘e’,
drop it before adding ‘ing’.
• Example: write > writing
participles
• Rule 5: If a two-syllable verb end with a
stressed syllable, double the final
consonant before adding ‘ing’.
• Example: begin > beginning
participles
• Rule 6: If a two-syllable verb begins with a
stressed syllable, do not double the final
consonant before adding ‘ing’.
• Example: gather > gathering
participles
• Rule 7: If a verb ends with ‘y’, simply add
‘ing’ to the verb.
• Example: fly > flying
Fill in the blanks by using ‘to-inf’, ‘bare-inf’ or
‘gerund’.
making
1. Could you please stop ____________(make) so much noise?
to lend
2. Tom refused ____________(lend) me any money.
3. Don’t let them ____________(try)
try this dangerous game!
4. I don’t enjoy ____________
writing (write) letters.
to talk
5. Miss Lee was very strict. No one dared ____________ (talk)
during her
lessons.
to play
6. I ‘ve arranged ____________(play) tennis tomorrow afternoon.
cry
7. Tom made Ann ____________(cry) yesterday.
washing
8. Have you finished ____________(wash) your hair yet?
to look
9. Ann offered ____________(look) after our children while we were
out.
stealing
10.He admitted _____________(steal) our car.
11.She doesn’t want ____________(go)
to go home now.
to talk
12.It is not allowed ____________(talk) in the library.
answering
13.Would you mind ____________(answer) me some questions?
play
14.They are watching their children ____________(play).

Infinitives &amp; Gerunds

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Infinitives &amp; Gerunds

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Infinitives and Gerunds

• Simple and complex

Pendaulat Amanah Negara

• Participle phrases are verbal adjectives.

e.g. They let us go home early.

The teacher made the students stay after classes.

--In a sentence, if a verb is used after the main verb, it can be in

Agree offer decide appear forget fail promise tell

-- ‘To-infinitive’ is usually used after the above verbs

e.g. I agreed to cooperate with them.

He wants to buy this computer.

see , notice, observe, watch, hear, feel, smell, make, let

-- ‘Bare-infinitive’ is usually used after the above verbs.

e.g. She saw him steal your purse yesterday.

They heard someone knock the door.

stop keep postpone admit consider miss delay

-- ‘Gerund’ is usually used after the above verbs.

e.g. Do you mind opening the door?

I won’t risk doing this.

e.g. Everyone expected her to win.

❖After the verbs seem, appear, and pretend we can use

e.g. She pretended to be reading.

e.g. As soon as we left, the baby began to cry.

want ask expect help

mean=intend would like would prefer

e.g. I want to be home early tonight. I wanted Gil to help me.

allow permit advise encourage

After “suggest” we use a gerund or a that… construction:

e.g. I suggest going there.

e.g. The students need to do these exercises.

Need + Gerund = “need to be done”

e.g. The car is broken. It needs fixing.

Needn’t + base form is used as a modal

• Gerunds are formed with ING:

Which ones are gerunds here?

1. Nir is going to the cinema this afternoon.

2. I enjoy reading books in the evening.

3. The movie was really boring.

4. We talked about moving to a new apartment.

5. The family is planning to go to Eilat in the summer.

e.g. Breathing is necessary.

A gerund can be a direct object.

A gerund can be an indirect object.

e.g. Daniel gives swimming all of his energy and time.

A gerund can be used as an object of preposition

e.g. The police arrested him for speeding.

• Smoking in bad for your health.

• That car isn’t worth buying.

• Most commonly, these are "verb +

➢He can’t talk about her without crying.

be accused of be excited about be used to believe in

blame for care about complain about concentrate on

confess to count on depend on disapprove of

discourage dream about feel like forget about

keep from look forward to object to plan on

prevent from profit from refrain from succeed in

take care talk about think about worry about

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