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Assigament-1
allahat isa rlation2 lwhat ae themopbies ot relatisn< Explan
ith an exampk.

Ar a logical stuchue which isa colleckin of tatati|

Relaions cneRa
tabes Consising hoizonkalDMs (buples) &vex heal culumn
(atibutes).

2Dhis con cept daes not reoresent how data is shoed in the
ghysical menory cf cemputez sysem
3.Fach table in the databare ba_ its uniqe table ame
4.Papertbes ofelatbunz
- Atable is comgose dof ows &colutnhS.
- Eoch table omW huple) represent asigngle entbty occurence
ithin the enthy set
Each fable calumn eprrents an attibute &eaeh calma has a
dishact _name. ealled o atibute name.

-Tntesecbin ofow&alnn eaêsents a single data aAelue als

Called oS
All values ina sane calumo must cenfo to the sane hmat of daka
-Each table ryust hae a siaale ethibute a set ol atnbutes thet
uhiguely idehies each w
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5. Fox eq in co leqe datobase,these is sbudent 4ebla that

Contaias all iafsmatun abot udents

Shudent Table

Id Name Class Branch Age Addaess Mobile Phene

QExplaan mhot is De ant hy gelatianal madel

Ans The eatianad model was fat moposed by E. F. Codd hence he
is knonND as fther of elabna daabases.
2. Relotna databe Se as an attengpt t singlhy database
Stnehre by making use cf tubles & cosmns
Tables Core lenown asolatons & columns are lengwn as ttibutes
Lguws ore knswn as hup'es
4. Somple Reahona Sehema

student Table
SIJ Neme class Maja
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A which type o statemeat opdake openaion is2 Exploinit ih nf

Lexomple.
sTncansistent data mey haxe Sonemob lemt while adelngypdetng
delehng cata in tukleleaing to data anomalies.
2. Redundant datais mare ylnaxable vaigus data anomalies ai
Fdata is updated at cnly ane lscatitn l natat ohey lacaha_!
then that datu becomesincanistent thioublem nfemed ta
update onorsaly.
3. Fer eq: corsicer the follawingtoblesi
Emplayee(Emp-Id, Ename, Adbes)
Emp Sdoy(Emp Id, payaeae, gos SaJoy, nelSudey)
Emp Desiqaaien(Emp. Id, Enaun&,Desq, Falate,tndDate)

G.Tnye) athanal model, which bype Constbreints can be apoied ao the

asle 2

s Ta preserNe the data integity onsicheasyt coectness, a

RDB MS shnutd imnse mos data integity Cinstrnintr. Some of tne
date integsy cansbraats
NOTNuLL Cunshaink
) UN IQUE Constraiat
2.CHECK Conitraint RPimary Key Can stoint

DEEAULÍ ConshrGint 6Rofeneail

Constaint
Tategity /foezn Key
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bde!)
Q.Hoscan castunt he violatedin elabonal

nstlathiuralschema nay hane me Teduadaayin aa b

desicnif it stoes tata samg cata a each tade

o. 1e same data is stored at mot than one lacahán, t

Tacansise data my Caule_pablatns nhen addina, upda k.

or cllobiaa date ia the tble which iy caled, upelate ons

4. Redund ant data is mare volnerablo b wanaus

daba
if dat isupdakdin anly one Jaccahan ast at ther anmaliya
lacabin
then dat becomes inconsistent k this poblen ircalld a

QExplain with exampe, cli terent wayr that may cause yialahia
çansbcinbs.
AxCanstdex follow. ng, LxOMple
Emglayae (Eap-Id, Enate, Addes)
Enp-Solo (Emp-I nan gayScae, sgronSaday netsalay
EopDesignaunlEmp-1J,Enane, Desg frodote enoDoy
contain the Enne atti bute thus ny
One emplayee willead bo ypeag hic nan&,change
in all
otheynise it al ales ore not updated, then ame
be in an in cgnsistent
stuteL
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2.Fex Iosetion Anamey Taaboeexampla,it is noh

205sible tu add a rOW ia Emp. Salany o Eanp-Desy table
foy an enplayee that daes not exist in Emplayae table
3Deleban Anamaly In abavt, example,itis nat assikle t
delete awin Employs e table if Eme-Salooy tble a
EmeDes table cantains daba foy vespechie employee

Qha ooe the di Merent advantaLs FooP 2

Pesisteney
.Tdentity
Canplexih
5. Redabonshi p
G nheitance

QExplaiag0parbes af g0? with exounples

1.
abËeck ,it abjects theE
Per sistency- 00f can crtate persigdeatexe.aubon tewinates.
memain in memy RNen atteN gryran

This feabe autumaically intoduces the cancept of aveny &

ConCmh
Sstty
cersrsney cfdatbase -
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2. Tdnbby:yey abieut in Oor has a unique idanhty

Complexity An ohject in o9P can hare caaplex intemal stau
with ouliple lenelLf tamplexity
h Encapculatiun Encapsulaben is cne cf the inpatant choackeit
f 00 systea. The idea cf encapsulehon in pgYamtning langa
camey fam absbract datatypes. This is relate d to datahie.
Concept in co langeges.
s Relatiehshi hle maintin elabenshp betaeen buo dhjetr usiss
Concept of inuense eterence One ohiect mantaiag ITD fotteyd
Uice NeYS a

-For eg Obiject A objets

OTDefRt12544 541213+0iD GA

G. Lnhunatzncei Creaing a new obect fam eyisteg abieet sch khat

the neuabËe ct iaheits alchata cteisbes ei existhag ahiect

-Fa ee Mobile Nunic(19,9): EnpMob Mebilei/

Sup bype Subbype
(Creatng newhype)