Renewable resources, often referred to as renewable energy resources or simply renewables, are

natural resources that can be naturally replenished over time. These resources are considered
sustainable because they are not depleted when used, or they are used at a rate that allows for
their continuous renewal. This is in contrast to non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels (coal,
oil, natural gas), which are finite and will eventually be exhausted. Here are some common
examples of renewable resources:

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Solar Energy: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, and solar thermal systems use sunlight
to generate heat for various applications.
.
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Wind Energy: Wind turbines harness the kinetic energy of wind to produce electricity.
.
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Hydropower: This involves using the energy of flowing or falling water to generate electricity,
often through dams or water turbines.
.
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Biomass: Biomass materials, such as wood, agricultural crops, and organic waste, can be used for
heating, electricity generation, and biofuels.
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Geothermal Energy: Geothermal power plants use heat from the Earth's core to produce
electricity and provide heating and cooling.
.
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Tidal and Wave Energy: These technologies capture the energy from the movement of tides and
waves to generate electricity.
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INTRODUCTION

Geothermal energy, a natural resource and form of energy conversion in which heat energy from
within Earth is captured and harnessed for cooking, bathing, space heating, electrical Heat from
Earth’s interior generates surface phenomena such as lava flows, geysers, fumaroles, hot springs,
and mud pots. The heat is produced mainly by the radioactive decay of potassium, thorium, and
uranium in Earth’s crust and mantle and also by friction generated along the margins of
continental plates.power generation, and other uses.

HISTORY OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Geothermal energy from natural pools and hot springs has long been used for cooking, bathing,
and warmth. There is evidence that Native Americans used geothermal energy for cooking as early
as 10,000 years ago. In ancient times, baths heated by hot springs were used by the Greeks and
Romans, and examples of geothermal space heating date at least as far back as the Roman city of
Pompeii during the 1st century CE. Such uses of geothermal energy were initially limited to sites
where hot water and steam were accessible.

Although the world’s first district heating system was installed at Chaudes-Aigues, France, in the
14th century, it was not until the late 19th century that other cities, as well as industries, began to
realize the economic potential of geothermal resources. Geothermal heat was delivered to the first
residences in the United States in 1892, to Warm Springs Avenue in Boise, Idaho, and most of the
city used geothermal heat by 1970. The largest and most-famous geothermal district heating
system is in Reykjavík, Iceland, where 99 percent of the city received geothermal water for space
heating starting in the 1930s. Early industrial direct-use applications included the extraction of
borate compounds from geothermal fluids at Larderello, Italy, during the early 19th century.

APPLICATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Generation of electricity: Geothermal power plants are usually installed within a two-mile radius of
the geothermal reserve. The steam from these reserves is either directly used to rotate the turbines
of an electrical generator or is used to heat water which then produces steam for the process.

Farming: In cold countries, geothermal energy is used to heat greenhouses or to heat water that is
used for irrigation.
Industry: Geothermal energy is used in industries for the purpose of food dehydration, milk
pasteurizing, gold mining, etc.
Heating: Geothermal energy is used to heat buildings through district heating systems in which hot
water through springs is directly transported to the buildings through pipelines.

ADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

1. Renewable resource: Geothermal energy is free and abundant. The constant flow of heat from
the Earth makes this resource inexhaustible and limitless to an estimated time span of 4 billion
years.
2. Green energy: Geothermal energy is non-polluting and environment-friendly as no harmful
gases are evolved with the use of geothermal energy, unlike the use of fossil fuels. Also, no residue
or by-product is generated.
3. Generation of employment: Geothermal power plants are highly sophisticated and involve
large-scale research before installation. This generates employment for skilled and unskilled
labourers at a very large scale at each stage of production and management.
Can be used directly: In cold countries, geothermal energy is used directly for the melting of ice on
the roads, heating houses in winters, greenhouses, public baths, etc. Although the initial cost of
installation is very high, the cost for maintenance and repair is negligible.

FUTURE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

The future of geothermal energy can pretty much be summed up with a single word: More.

Geothermal power is often considered the third or fourth most important source of renewable
energy, behind solar, wind, and hydro. Right now, it accounts for just a small portion of the world's
power capacity -- in 2010, it accounted for just around 10,709.7 MW of installed capacity -- but
analysts expect geothermal plants to begin proliferating around the globe at a rapid clip.

The technology is relatively simple; the basics have been understood for years. In fact, the first
commercial geothermal power plant was built in Larderello, Italy a full 100 years ago, in 1911. As
you'll recall from elementary school science class, heat is continually being generated by a layer of
magma below the Earth's crust. That heat rises up to the surface; it's hottest above active volcanic
regions and the seismically active spots between tectonic plates.

Though there are different kinds of geothermal power plants, they all do the same basic thing: they
capture rising steam or hot water and use it to power an electric generator.

The reason that geothermal is expected to play an important role in the future is that we're getting
better and better at doing this: we're now drilling geothermal wells with increasing efficiency,
allowing more energy to be captured in each plant.
Engineers have also devised and improved 'binary cycle' plants that release no emissions except
water vapor. You see, traditional 'dry steam' geothermal plants emit greenhouse gases -- sure, the
emit only 1/8th that of coal plants, but they're emissions nonetheless. Dry steam plants tap directly
into the steam coming out of a hydrothermal convection zone, and some inevitably escapes. Binary
cycle plants create a closed loop system that runs hot water through a heat exchanger that heats
up another liquid, like isobutane, that boils at a lower temperature than water. The hot water is
then sent back underground, while the isobutane runs the generator.

Geothermal is also getting cheaper, as the technology improves. According to the Union of
Concerned Scientists, since 1980, the cost of operating geothermal power plants has declined by as
much as 50%. In some markets, buying power from geothermal plants will soon be as cheap as it is
from its much dirtier fossil fuel counterparts.

But the biggest looming technology is called Enhanced Geothermal Systems. See, as of now, only
around 10% of the world's area is fit for geothermal power production. That's because you need
hydrothermal convection systems -- places where hot water or steam bubbles up to the surface
then sinks back down. If we're going to truly take advantage of the potential of geothermal, we'll
need to begin injecting water deeper down, in 'hot dry rock' areas.

Why would we want to bother with something like that? Well, as the USUCS notes, The amount of
heat within 10,000 meters (about 33,000 feet) of Earth's surface contains 50,000 times more energy
than all the oil and natural gas resources in the world.

INTRODUCTION
People have used biomass energy—energy from living things—since the earliest hominids first
made wood fires for cooking or keeping warm.

Biomass is organic, meaning it is made of material that comes from living organisms, such as plants
and animals. The most common biomass materials used for energy are plants, wood, and waste.
These are called biomass feedstocks. Biomass energy can also be a nonrenewable energy source.

Biomass contains energy first derived from the sun: Plants absorb the sun’s energy through
photosynthesis, and convert carbon dioxide and water into nutrients (carbohydrates).

The energy from these organisms can be transformed into usable energy through direct and
indirect means. Biomass can be burned to create heat (direct), converted into electricity (direct), or
processed into biofuel (indirect).

ADVANTAGES OF BIOMASS ENERGY

1. Biomass energy is a renewable resource.
We can use any organic material to produce biomass energy. That’s why the emphasis is on
garbage, manure, and dead plants. Even though it takes time to renew the foundation of plant
materials each year, our daily activities can supplement the materials needed to create the
electricity or fuels we require to manage our responsibilities. Most sources of biomass can
regenerate themselves within a few months, and several grass species can do so within a few
weeks when the growing conditions are carefully managed.

2. It reduces our dependence on fossil fuel resources.

Since we can convert biomass energy into electricity and various fuels, the supplies we generate
from this resource help to reduce fossil fuel dependencies. The finite nature of natural gas, crude
oil, coal, and other raw materials make those resources a cause for concern in some circles. When
we can transition more of society’s energy needs to this renewable option, then our ability to
extend other commodities helps to ensure that future generations have access to what they need.

3. Biomass can be a carbon-neutral proposition for energy generation.

When we use combustion to generate energy from biomass, then it releases greenhouse gases
into the atmosphere. What makes it a carbon-neutral proposition is the natural way that plants
take carbon out of the atmosphere during the photosynthesis process. When we grow materials in
a sustainable way, then the new growth will remove what gets released during electricity
generation, refinement, or heating needs. It creates a careful balance where we get to replace
everything that gets consumed.

4. It gives us a way to divert waste away from our landfills.

Waste accumulation is a matter of significant concern for most countries. The average person in
the United States adds five pounds of trash into its landfills every day. That means the total
generation of municipal solid waste in 2017 was over 267 million short tons that went into
American landfills. Significant levels of trash go through a similar process in every developed
country globally.

When we use biomass to generate electricity, then we can divert some of this waste into
something that’s useful for society. If we can produce this resource sustainably, then we have an
effective way to create fuel while promoting a healthier environment. California’s efforts to
generate biomass energy already diverts about 10 million tons of low-value organic waste away
from landfills.

5. Biomass energy has abundant availability.

The amount of potential we have with biomass energy is massive. We currently use corn and
sugarcane to produce ethanol, a fuel that can act as a gasoline substitute. Biodiesel is a more eco-
friendly option that the fossil fuel version that gets used each day. Some fields can produce four
crops of grass annually that is useful as an energy-producing option. Then we have all of the trash
and waste that gets produced by human activities in each country.

As consumption levels continue to rise around the world, the growing availability of animal and
plant waste allows us to have more access to this energy generation resource.

6. We can make biofuels with low emissions profiles.

Biomass energy allows us to turn organic materials into a variety of different fuels that we can use
each day. Some of them are relatively clean, including alcohol, ethanol, and methane. It can be an
expensive and time-consuming process to generate resources that fit into this benefit, but these
efforts are also a way to ensure our climate change activities start to reduce. Building refineries and
production facilities that operate on the largest scale possible can make this energy resource more
affordable to the average family.

7. Biomass crops can grow almost anywhere.

Since we can produce biomass-related crops almost anywhere on our planet, we can lower the
transportation expenses of the industry by growing usable items near each facility. There are
always costs to consider when combusting materials to generate power or fuel, but we can control
them effectively when the processes occur near each processing facility. This benefit is the one key
that can unlock the full potential of this renewable energy resource.

8. We can use biomass energy in several different ways.

The United States and Brazil dedicate significant resources to produce biomass energy in the form
of ethanol. We can use it to create electricity or produce heating gas that lets us have comfortable
indoor environments during each season. Some manufacturers can turn the organic materials into
biochemicals, biodiesel, and similar fuels. We can take waste products like sawdust, turn them into
pellets, and then combust them to generate basic heat. The amount of versatility available from the
core products of this industry makes it one of the most useful energy items we can use right now.
FUTURE OF BIOMASS ENERGY
According to a study sponsored by the MNRE, biomass availability in India could translate to a
potential of about 28 GW. In addition, about 14 GW additional power could be generated through
bagasse-based cogeneration in the country’s 550 sugar mills, if they adopt technically and
economically optimal levels of cogeneration for extracting power from the bagasse produced by
them.

However, India has not scaled its ambition in the biomass sector, despite its potential and even as
India is eyeing more from solar and wind power sectors. From the target of having 100 GW from
solar and 60 GW from wind in 2022, India has an ambitious plan of 280 GW of solar and 140 GW
from wind to reach 450 GW installed capacity of renewable energy by 2030. The share of biomass
power by 2030, however, remains at 10 GW only due to factors such as seasonal fuel availability.

The lack of ambition and support for the sector is also visible in the words of India’s minister for
power and new and renewable energy R.K. Singh who recently told the parliament that MNRE has
been implementing a scheme to support the promotion of biomass-based cogeneration in sugar
mills and other industries. “The scheme was applicable for projects set up across India. The scheme
was notified on May 11, 2018 and was valid till March 31, 2021. The proposal for continuation of
the scheme beyond March 31, 2021 is under consideration,” Singh told the parliament on August
5.

Under this scheme, the minister said, that central financial assistance at Rs 2.5 million per MW of
surplus exportable capacity for bagasse cogeneration projects and Rs. five million per MW of
installed capacity for non-bagasse cogeneration projects was being provided to plants utilising
biomass like bagasse, agro-based industrial residue, crop residues, wood produced through energy
plantations, weeds, wood waste produced in industrial operations, etc.

Earlier this year, a parliamentary panel, while discussing the progress of India’s 175 GW target, had
expressed satisfaction at achieving the biomass power target while noting down the problems
being faced by the sector and asking for corrective action.

While Adhia said, “With consistent farm yields over a period of time and hence corresponding
availability of agro-residue, biomass-based power generation capacities are expected to more or
less remain stable unless we see a drastic improvement in technology, efficiencies or yields.”

INTRODUCTION

Hydropower also known as water power, is the use of falling or fast-running water to produce
electricity or to power machines. This is achieved by converting the gravitational potential or
kinetic energy of a water source to produce power. Hydropower is a method of sustainable energy
production. Hydropower is now used principally for hydroelectric power generation, and is also
applied as one half of an energy storage system known as pumped-storage hydroelectricity.
Hydropower is an attractive alternative to fossil fuels as it does not directly produce carbon dioxide
or other atmospheric pollutants and it provides a relatively consistent source of power.
Nonetheless, it has economic, sociological, and environmental downsides and requires a
sufficiently energetic source of water, such as a river or elevated lake.International institutions such
as the World Bank view hydropower as a low-carbon means for economic development.

HISTORY OF HYDRO POWER

Evidence suggests that the fundamentals of hydropower date to ancient Greek civilization. Other
evidence indicates that the waterwheel independently emerged in China around the same
period.Evidence of water wheels and watermills date to the ancient Near East in the 4th century
BC. Moreover, evidence indicates the use of hydropower using irrigation machines to ancient
civilizations such as Sumer and Babylonia. Studies suggest that the water wheel was the initial form
of water power and it was driven by either humans or animals.

ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER

1. Hydropower is a renewable source of energy. The energy generated through hydropower relies
on the water cycle, which is driven by the sun, making it renewable
2. Hydropower provides benefits beyond electricity generation by providing flood control,
irrigation support, and clean drinking water
3. Hydropower is affordable. Hydropower provides low-cost electricity and durability over time
compared to other sources of energy. Construction costs can even be mitigated by using
preexisting structures such as bridges, tunnels, and dams.
4. Hydropower creates jobs in rural locations and boosts local economies.

FUTURE OF HYDRO ENERGY

.While it’s impossible to know which of these methods will bear more fruit than others and what
technologies will be invented to take advantage of new sources of hydropower it’s a safe bet to
say that in the future, more of our energy will come from the 70 percent of the planet covered by
water.

Environmental considerations have to be weighed carefully, especially given that a major

motivation for developing new energy sources is to wean ourselves of fossil fuels. But my bet is
that in five to ten years, tidal pools, currents like the Gulf Stream and breaking waves around the
seven seas will be keeping the lights on.

INTRODUCTION
1. wind energy is aaaa source of renewaable energy . It does not contaminate, it is inexhaustible
and reduces the use of fossil fule ; which are the origin of greenhouse gasses that cause global
warming .
2. In addition , wind energy is a "native" energy , because it is available practically everywhere on
the planet, which contributes to reducing energy imports and to creating wealth and local
employment.
3. for these reason, producing electricity thtough wind energy and its efficient use contribututes to
sustainable development.

HISTORY
1. Wind-powered machines use to grind to grain and pump water . The windmill and wind pump
were developed in what is now Iran, Afghanistan , Indian and Pakistan by the 9th century.
2. By 1000AD windmills are used for pumping seawater to make salt in chaina and sicily.
3. the first windmill used for the production of electric power was built in scotland in july
4. By 2000 Global Wind Power Capicity reaches 17,400 MWs.
5. 2009 The fist floating off shore wind turbine was installed outside Karmory Norway, by Statoil.
The 2.3 MV wind turbin was designed by Siemes and more of these wind turbines were planned to
be installed in the North Sea.

TYPES OF WIND FARMS

There are two types of windfarms
1. Offshore Wind farms
Onshore wind turbine technology has advanced significantly over the past decade. Larger and
more reliable
turbines, along with higher hub heights and larger rotor diameters, have combined to increase
capacity factors
2. Onshore Wind farms
Offshore wind technology has matured rapidly since 2010. Indeed, there was a twenty-fold increase
in
cumulative deployed capacity between 2010 and 2022, from 3.1 GW to 63.2 GW (IRENA, 2023a).
Floating
offshore wind has entered the early commercial stage, with the first plants already demonstrating
the
potential to exploit the vast wind potential in deeper waters.

ADVANTAGES OF WIND ENERGY

1. Wind power is a clean and renewable energy source. Wind turbines harness energy from the
wind using mechanical power to spin a generator and create electricity. Not only is wind an
abundant and inexhaustible resource, but it also provides electricity without burning any fuel or
polluting the air.
2. Wind power is cost-effective. Land-based, utility-scale wind turbines provide one of the lowest-
priced energy sources available today. Furthermore, wind energy’s cost competitiveness continues
to improve with advances in the science and technology of wind energy.
3. Wind turbines work in different settings. Wind energy generation fits well in agricultural and
multi-use working landscapes. Wind energy is easily integrated in rural or remote areas, such as
farms and ranches or coastal and island communities, where high-quality wind resources are often
found.

FUTURE OF WIND ENERGY

Wind energy has grown rapidly, but its long-term contribution to energy supply depends, in part,
on future costs and value. The new study finds that cost reductions have accelerated in recent
years: faster than previously predicted by most forecasters, and faster than historical rates of
decline. The experts surveyed anticipate future reductions and growing use of value-enhancement
measures, both for onshore wind and offshore wind.

“All else being equal, these trends will enable wind to play a larger role in global energy supply
than previously thought while facilitating energy-sector decarbonization,” concluded co-author
Joachim Seel, also with Berkeley Lab. “Analysts, investors, planners, and policymakers should avoid
outdated assumptions and forecasts.” At the same time, as documented in the study, uncertainties
in the magnitude of future cost reduction are significant, illustrating the importance of embedding
uncertainty considerations in modeling and in policy, planning, investment, and research decisions