Chola Village Administration

The Chola dynasty, which ruled over a significant part of South India from around the 9th to the 13th century, had a
well-organized administrative system. The administration of Chola villages during this period was characterized by a
decentralized and hierarchical structure. Here are some key aspects of the historical administration of Chola villages:

1. Local Administration:

- The basic administrative unit was the village, known as "Ur" in Tamil. Each village had its own local administration
and governance structure.

- The village administration was headed by a local chief or headman, often referred to as the "Grama Bhojaka" or
"Ur-vari."

- The headman was responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and overseeing various local affairs.

2. Revenue System:

- The Cholas implemented an efficient revenue system known as "Kani" or "Land Survey." This involved a detailed
survey of the land to assess its fertility and productivity.

- The revenue was usually collected in kind, with a significant portion of the agricultural produce going to the state.
This system helped in the equitable distribution of resources.

3. Social Structure:

- The society was divided into various classes, and each class had its own set of duties and responsibilities.

- The administrative system recognized the importance of local leaders and village councils in maintaining social
order.

4. Central Authority:

- While local administration was largely autonomous, there was a central authority that oversaw the entire
kingdom. The king, as the central authority, appointed officials to oversee different regions.

5.Judicial System:

- The Cholas had a well-defined judicial system. Local disputes were often resolved by village assemblies, and more
complex cases were brought to higher authorities.

- The king or his appointed officials acted as the ultimate authority in settling legal matters.

6.Infrastructure and Public Works:

- The Cholas were known for their patronage of art, literature, and public works. They invested in the construction
of temples, irrigation systems, and other infrastructure projects.

7. Trade and Economy:

- Chola villages were active in trade and commerce. The economy was largely agrarian, but trade with other regions
was also significant.

The administration of Chola villages was a well-organized system that contributed to the overall stability and
prosperity of the dynasty. The combination of local autonomy and central authority allowed for effective governance
across their vast kingdom.