Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Question 1-6
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/ OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Example
Equipment Hire:
40 plastic 4 ………………………….
Six 5 ………………………….
Costings:
Questions 11-15
A swifts
B bats
C cockroaches
D centipedes
Questions 16 and 17
Answer the questions below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
…………………………………………………………………..
17 What are the birds’s nests from the cave used for?
………………………………………………………………….
Questions 18-20
Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
18 carry a …………………
Questions 21-23
Questions 24 and 25
Complete the sentences below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
24 Mary’s plan must consider ……………………………. such as local rain or wind, the land and the
party members.
25 Mary’s plan does not need to consider things such as tropical storms or serious illnesses,
which are known as …………………………….
Complete the notes below. Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
WEATHER:
ACTIVITIES
hiding – first aid kit, map and a 27 …………………..
avoid routes where an avalanche, mudslide or 28 ………………….. is possible
GROUP MEMBERS
SECTION 4
Question 31-34
32 …………………………..
33 …………………………..
34 …………………………..
Questions 35-40
Hearing aids 35 …………………………… normal sounds, so they are good for mild hearing los but not
for severe loss. Cochlear implants help some people a lot, but do not work so well for everyone. The
brain gets different 36 …………………………… from an implant, so users must relearn how to hear.
Cochlear implants are not a cure. Users need ongoing training in 37 ……………………………, lip-reading
and sign language. The surgery can damage nerves. It may also destroy any 38 ……………………………;
in such cases, those users cannot go back to using a hearing aid. The most important factor for
selecting users is the 39 ……………………………, of their deafness, and also age and previous speaking
ability. Finally, the condition of the nerve cells in the cochlear is a factor, because 40
Section 1 is related to everyday situations and may have several short informational texts.
Section 2 contains one or more short texts on practical topics related to education and training.
There are forty questions, and a variety of task types similar to those in the Academic Reading module.
You should aim to spend about the same amount of time on each section.
Clear Lighting
Use energy more efficiently and help save the planet by switching to low-energy light bulbs.
Many of us still use traditional bulbs around the house. Bu simply replacing one traditional
100-watt bulb in your home with a low-energy equivalent will save your home the amount
of electricity required to make 1,200 cups of tea. It will also reduce your annual electricity
bill, so as well as using less energy, you’ll be paying less money. This is because traditional
bulbs only use 10% of the electrical energy to produce light, while the remaining 90% is
wasted as heat. Low-energy bulbs, which are also known as compact fluorescent lamps, or
CFL, are more efficient because most of the electrical energy is used to generate actual light
instead. CFLs are more expensive to buy, costing an average of £6 each compared to 40p for
a traditional equivalent, but they work out cheaper in the long run because they use less
electricity and are much more durable, lasting at least six times longer.
However, they do have some drawbacks. For example, they can have a slow start-up, taking
some time to reach their full brightness, so you are recommended to use them where they
will be left on for longer periods, such as your living room or hallway. This also avoids
frequent switching on and off, which may also shorten the life of the bulb.
CFLs are also noticeably dimmer when used in cold conditions, such as in a garage or
outside, as this can reduce the bulb’s efficiency, so this is not recommended. Finally, CFLs
are likely to be up three times heavier than traditional bulbs, which may make them
Questions 1-7
1. If you change your type of light bulb you could save both energy and ……………………...
2. Conventional bulbs convert most of the energy they use into ……………………...
3. You do not need to replace CFLs very often because they are very ……………………...
4. When they are first switched on, CFLs may have a ……………………...
7. CFLs may weigh more than other bulbs, so you must only use them with appropriate
……………………...
Do I need a contract?
A written contract of employment is useful to have because it sets out what you can
expect from your job and from your employer. There are laws to protect worker,
whether or not they have a written contract.
Every worker has the right to be paid and to enjoy a reasonably safe place of work. You
also have certain legal rights, such as the right not to be discriminated against at work
because of your sex, race or disability
Every employee has a legal right to receive a written statement which sets out your
terms of employment. You should get this within eight weeks of starting your job. The
terms include basic things like the name of your employer and where you will be
working, the date you started work, how much you will earn and when you will be paid.
It will also include terms about your hours of work, your holiday entitlement and any
benefits, such as holiday and sickness pay and pensions. It should also state the length
of notice you both have to give, as well as any disciplinary rules.
In many cases employers don’t do all of this. They either give employees a short offer
letter or nothing at all. This is partly because an employer can’t be fined for not giving
you a proper contract.
If you want a contract, but your employer won’t give you one, all you can do is apply to
an employment tribunal for a list of what should be included in your written statement.
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the extract above?
This 10-week course is for those with only a little experience but no confidence
in your computing skills. It aims to help you to get to know your way around
the computer, to understand the jargon and to use the basic applications of
word processing, database and spreadsheets. Fees: £25 payable at start of
course.
A certificate course offering three or more modules chosen from, e.g. word
processing, database, spreadsheets, spreadsheet graphic data and computer
art. This course is suitable for those with a basic understanding of computers.
Fees: £10 per month, payable at start of course.
Students wishing to apply will be assessed and entered for all the appropriate
exam course. All abilities are catered for, including absolute beginners with no
previous keyboard experience (Level I group). Fees £20, £25 or £30 according
to level. Additional examination fee of £10 - both payable in advance of course
to reserve a place.
Six set modules must be successfully completed in order to gain the certificate for
this 60-week course. The modules will include Electronic Communication, File
Management, Source Data Processing, Automated Presentation Production and
Publication Production. This is a high-level course aimed at further developing
business understanding, presentation and effective computing skills. Applicants must
have the IBT intermediate level certificate and an intermediate level qualification in
Desk Top Publishing, as well as experience of using email. Fees: £125 payable at start
of course only, Booking essential for course places.
Questions 14-20
Write the correct letter A-E in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
14. People who know nothing about computers can join this course.
15. This course does not lead to any formal qualification.
16. Students can pay for parts of this course at different times.
17. This is an advanced-level course.
18. Those applying for this course only need one relevant qualification.
19. Students on this course can choose the number of components they want to do.
20. Students have to pay extra money to take the final test on this course.
You will find a wide range of learning opportunities which reflect the County Council’s commitment
to community-based adult learning.
Our courses are very popular so we advise you to enroll early to avoid disappointment.
By Post: complete the booking form and return it together with your cheque to main centre
organising your course.
In person: at one of put main centres. Details of opening times can be found under the
information for each centre.
At an information week: this is held at our main centres prior to the beginning of term. You
can meet your tutor to make sure you have chosen the right course before you enroll.
At the first session: only if there are places available, so please telephone the centre
beforehand. Further information
You can telephone your main centre for the latest information on the availability of courses.
Ask for a course description sheet, which will give you more details on suitability of each
course.
Come to a main centre at the beginning of term where you can talk to members of staff.
We aim to accommodate students with disabilities into our provision wherever possible. Your
main centre can give you information on special equipment and/or individual learner support
which may be available to enable you to join our course. Disabled access does vary from
centre to centre, however, so please check with your centre before enrolling.
Many of our centres offer crèche facilities, which are staffed by experienced and qualified workers.
Please book early, as place are limited.
The prices are displayed in three bands and are inclusive of tuition and registration fees. However,
there may be additional costs such as examination fees, materials and books. You can find out about
these at the main centre.
NB If you are claiming a reduction in fees you will be required to bring evidence of your entitlement
when you enroll, and at the start of each term.
Questions 21-27
Complete the sentences below with words taken from the passage.
21. People who mail their applications have to send a …………………… together with
payment.
22. Before all the courses start, the main centres hold ……………………
24. For more information about course content, students can talk to tutors, check the
website or request a ……………………
25. Many centres have special facilities and services for students with physical
problems, but not all centres have ……………………
27. People such s senior citizens and those with little money can get a ……………………
SECTION 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which are based on
Reading Passage 3 below.
The world has declared war in the plastic bag. What did this harmless item do to such
a negative reaction? Caroline Williams explains.
For a growing number of environmentalists, the humble plastic bag has become public
enemy number one – an unnecessary evil that must be stopped. The only people who have
a good word to say about plastic bags are the plastic-bag industry, unsurprisingly. They
claim that plastic bags are nowhere near the world’s worst environmental problem and
say the reason they are under attack is because they are an easy and emotive target that
reflects individuals’ guilt about general environmental responsibility. So who is right?
Since it was introduced in the 1970s, the plastic bag – made from high-density
polyethylene – has become part of our lives, and today most people around the worlds
don’t use anything else to carry their shopping. I estimate differ, but is thought that the
UK gets through at least 9 billion plastic bags a year. Globally, we carry home between
500 billion and a trillion every year. That is 150 bags a year for every person on Earth, or,
to put it another way, a million a minute and rising. In the UK, even though up to 7 billion
plastic bags may be reused, they still end up in rubbish bins, while a few become street
litter. But ultimately the vast majority end up in landfill sites as waste. Only a fraction are
incinerated for energy production and an even smaller number are recycled into heavy-
duty plastic.
Samantha Fanshawe of the UK Marine Conservation Society points out that, ‘Plastic bags
exceed what you would anticipate to be their pollution impact because they are so much
more mobile than other types of litter’. Once the wind reaches them, they become a highly
visible problem, blowing around streets and getting caught in the branches of trees.
But plastic bags can also have a devastating effect on wildlife, and the problem is increasing.
One victim was a Minke whale washed up in northern France in 2002, with 800 kilograms of
plastic bags and other packaging blocking its stomach. The Planet Ark Environmental
Foundation in Australia estimates that tens of thousands of marine animals and birds are
killed every year, and since most marine animals die far out at sea, the real death toll may be
much higher.
Denmark was among the first to try reducing these problems in 1994 when they introduced
a tax on packaging, including carrier bags. This led to a 66% drop in take-up at the checkout,
despite the fact that it was the retailers and not their customers who had to pay up. Taiwan
followed in 2001, charging consumers about two pence for a plastic bag. The tax was
criticized by industry and the public as being confusing and unfair but still managed to slash
plastic bag usage by 69%.
In 2002, Bangladesh took a more drastic approach, bringing in a total ban on the production
and sale of polyethylene and introducing a £5 on-the-spot fine for using a plastic bag. If a
blanket ban seems a little extreme, it was prompted by more than just green thinking. In a
country with limited waste disposal and virtually no bins, most of the 10 million or so plastic
bags used every day were dropped in the street, thenwashed into rivers and sewers where
they chocked the country’s drainage system. Blocked drains are widely held responsible for
devastating monsoon floods of 1988 and 1989. In the two years since the ban, the one
floundering jute-bag industry has been resurrected and street children are reportedly doing
a roaring trade in handmade paper bags. A resurgenceof rebel plastic-bag manufacturers
this year has prompted a government crackdown, with manufacturers facing up to ten years
in jail and a fine of £9000.
According to Wilton, ‘Plastic bags are symbolic of a society in which we use things without thinking and
then throw away. Governments have realized that, by focusing on something so symbolic, they can get
messages across to people about their behavior and how it affects the environment.’
The plastic bag industry, unsurprisingly, takes issue with being blamed for general environmental
irresponsibility. But even with the facts on their side, manufacturers seem resigned, ‘Green marketing wins
out every time,’ says spokesman Peter Woodall.
Questions 28-31
Choose ONE WORD OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Look at the following situations and the list of places (A-E) below.
Write the correct letter A-E in boxes 32-38 on your answer sheet.
35. Money from plastic bag taxation is available for environmental projects.
A Denmark
B Taiwan
C Bangladesh
E Ireland
39. In the first part of this passage, the main aim of the writer is to
40. The writer suggests that action taken against plastic bags
WRITING TASK 1
STRATEGY
1. For General Training Task 1 you always need to write a letter, so your answer must look
like a letter on the page.
2. The prompt describes a situation. This will give you information about who you should
write to, so you will know whether the letter should be formal or informal. This is
important for the language you use and the opening and closing of the letter.
3. The situation also gives you the reason for writing the letter. Make this very clear of the
letter.
4. The three bullet pints tell you what information to include. Expand the bullets with your
own ideas.
5. The bullet points also help you to organize you letter. Use clear links between the
sections.
Tip Strip
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
Remember to fill in a
name if your letter is A Canadian friend recently sent you a present by post. You want to thank him/her.
to someone you
know. If the letter is Write a letter to your friend. In your letter
formal, semi-formal
or informal make
say how you felt when you received the present
sure your ending is
appropriate, e.g. describe what you like about it
Yours sincerely, Kind explain how you will use the present
regards, With love,
Dear ……………………..,
STRATEGY
General Training Task 2 is very similar to Academic Writing Task 2, except that the
Istopics may be more personal. All the Task 2 Writing modules are useful preparation for
General Training Task 2 writing. Look at the Strategy sections for the Writing module in
Test 2 for a step-by-step approach to this specific task type.
Tip Strip
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.
Read the prompt You have been asked to write about the following topic.
carefully questions
you need to answer People who travel to another country to live, work or study for a period of time often suffer
before you make
your plan.
badly from homesickness.
Why is this?
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your experience.
Did you play outdoor games in your childhood? Why? Why not?
Would you let your children play outdoor games? Why? Why not?
when it was
what the event was
where it was
Follow up question: Why do you think some people prefer getting up early?
Do you think the time that people get up affects their mood for the day? How might it affect some
people?
How necessary do you think skills development and time management are for work?
What are some things that people can do to improve their time management?
SUN English Academic Department 22
IELTS GT LISTENING
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Example Answer
Email: 2 ................
Property Information
Material(s): 5 ................
Security measures
Coverage
☺contents
☺7 ................
Quotation: 8 £ ................
Questions 11-14
11 The top two proposal for the design of the swimming pool were chosen by
A the public.
C architects.
A price.
B safety.
C size.
What’s the theme of each continent based on the rooms of the clubhouse?
Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-H, next to questions 1.
B mountains
C space travel
D jewelry
E animals
F waterways
G volcano
H ancient forts
15 Asia ……….
16 Antarctica ……….
17 Africa ……….
19 Europe ……….
22 What does the tutor say about Ahmed’s preparation for the seminar?
C staying focused
Questions 27 and 28
Which TWO strategies does the tutor suggest for the next seminar?
Questions 29 and 30
Which TWO suggestions does the tutor make about taking notes?
D include self-analysis
DESERT PLANTS
Background
Examples of adaptations
Aloe Plant: leaf surface acts like a 40 ................. covering and keeps water inside
CREATIVE TOYS
A B
Bath time animals Chef’s outfit
Chimalong
D
An excellent choice, even for the very
young. This small xylophone has eight Carpenter’s tools
chimes, and is accompanied by a book, This fantastic junior tool box is great
with instructions for playing twelve for all young children who want to
familiar tunes. The chimes and copy adults and do some real
instructions are colour-coded, making woodworking. The set includes: a tool
it easy for children to learn how to play box, hammer, saw, mallet, chisel,
the tunes. spanners, sandpaper, screwdrivers and
pliers – everything needed to tackle
E simple projects. NB: Not suitable for
Cardboard playhouse children under eight years. Needs adult
supervision.
A unique playhouse providing hours of
fun and imaginative play for young
F
children. It is constructed in durable
cardboard and is 100 percent Doll-making kit
recyclable! It is easy to assemble, and
A great creative kit for making an adorable
can be folded flat or used as extra ballerina doll. Children can give her a name
storage when not in use. Pink, blue, and make it official with the birth
green, silver or brown – please state certificate which is included! No pins or
preference. Overall, size 90 x 67.5 x needles required. Contains one soft doll
128 centimetres. NB: This item is not body, wool, lace, ribbon, adhesive tape,
available for overseas delivery or our coloured pencils, birth certificate and
gift-wrapping service. detailed instructions. NB: Not suitable for
children under five years.
Look at the six advertisements for toys, A-F on the previous page.
Thank you for booking your stay with us at the Loch Cullen Hotel, one of Scotland’s best-known and
oldest family-run hotels.
We are delighted to confirm your reservation from 16 June to 20 June. Unfortunately, the double
room you requested is not available, and we only have single or twin rooms to offer during that
period. We have reserved a twin room for you, but please let us know if you would prefer two
singles.
The rate will be £55.00 per person per night, which includes a full Scottish breakfast and tax. We are
currently offering a special rate for Sunday nights - £25 per person – please contact us as soon as
possible if you wish to extend your stay and take up this offer.
Check-in is from 2p.m. and check-out is 11 a.m. on the morning of your departure. If for any reason
you require a different time then please let us know in advance and we’ll do our best to help you.
The Loch Cullen Hotel has a choice of two distinctly different dining experiences. Choose either the
Lounge Bar where you’ll find freshly produced light meals, or the Loch Restaurant for more formal
dining, but with a relaxed atmosphere. We can offer you a range of locally-sourced food, such as our
award-winning haggis or Scottish smoked salmon. Throughout the hotel we use the very best fresh
Scottish produce.
On departure, guests can settle their bill in cash, or by cheque, debit card or credit card. Thank you
for guaranteeing your booking with a credit card number which will only be used in the event of a
late cancellation. If cancelled up to 24 hours before the day of arrival no fee will be charged. If
cancelled later, or in the case that a guest doesn’t arrive, the first night will be charged in full.
If you have any questions about your reservation or the hotel, please don’t hesitate to contact use.
We look forward to welcoming you on your arrival.
Yours sincerely,
Do the following statements with the information given in the text above?
Write
10. Prices will be reduced for guests who do not require breakfast.
Questions 15-21
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the text for each answer.
Turn up punctually for work (call if you need to change your 17 ………………………..
The following tips can help you take control of your career and make yourself more
attractive to both your current and any future employer.
Ensuring you are up-to-date with the latest trends in your industry through
attending conferences can make you an invaluable employee, and change the way
managers see you, says John Grange, an adviser at free business advice and support
service Business Link.
In recent years, online networking, using corporate sites such as LinkedIn, has also
given employees the ability to liaise with people doing similar work. It’s a great way
of keeping up-to-date with what people in similar jobs and industries are thinking
about , and plenty of people are willing to help if you have a problem or want some
advice.
But Leon Benjamin, author of the book Winning By Sharing, warns that the
effectiveness of such sites in advancing your career varies considerably, depending
on your industry sector ‘For people who’re working in digital media it’s everything,
but in the building trade it’s almost pointless because of its low level of take up’, he
says.
Finding the right type of training, though, is vital. Apart from on-the-job training,
there are self-help books that can be found in book shops or libraries, as well as
formal courses. Individuals should decide what their genuine areas of weakness are,
and then talk about them with their Staff Development coordinator to find out what
kind of training might be best.
Grange says, ‘If you have an appreciation of what goes on within all departments
you become much more valuable to the business, because you understand that if
you take an action over here, there’s knock-on effect over there.
One of the key skills is dealing with your boss, and part of that is knowing what your
boss is being judged by. They all have targets, from the chief executive and other
more senior managers, so look at ways in which you can help them to deliver those
while still helping yourself.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.
going to conferences
22 ……………………. , using business websites (but not useful for employees in the 23
……………………. )
26 …………………….
Find out what their 27 ……………………. Are and help them succeed
Despite its rather dull plumage and less than impressive vocal repertoire, the Spotted
Flycatcher has always attracted a great deal of public attention in Britain. However, the
bird is resident here for only a small part of the year. Although one of the last summer
visitors to arrive, it begins to move south in late July, heading through western France and
Iberia from August to October, and reaching North Africa in September. Recoveries of birds
that have been ringed suggest that many winter in coastal West Africa, but others continue
south to cross the Equator. Just how far south the birds winter is unclear, one juvenile
ringed in Wales during August (which could have been on passage from a breeding area
outside Britain) was recovered in South Africa the following March.
In the eighteenth century, Gilbert White, one of the first English naturalists to make careful
observations of his surroundings and record these in a systematic way, commented that
the annual return of ‘his’ Spotted Flycatchers occurred almost exactly to the day. An
examination of his journals confirms this consistency in arrival dates, with a concentration
of sightings around 20 May each year. Records logged through a British Trust for
Ornithology (BTO)-led project show that the pattern of arrival still delivers the bulk of
Spotted Flycatchers to Britain in the second half of May, though average arrival dates may
now be slightly earlier than they were during White’s time.
Most Spotted Flycatcher nests are built against a vertical surface, such as a wall, but some
may be positioned on a beam, and very occasionally, the species will make use a hole.
Although both sexes get involved in building the nest, it is the female who does most of the
work. The nest itself is a fairly delicate structure, slightly built and containing moss, wool,
hair, and cobwebs. The female will deposit four or five eggs or, rarely, six, into this before
who initiates incubation – a job that she undertakes almost entirely on her own. Bouts of
incubation are broken by short periods of seven to ten minutes, when the female may leave
the nest to feed. While she is away the male willappear, typically as if from nowhere, to
watch the nest, vey occasionally even settling on the eggs.
Once the eggs hatch, the female will continue to brood them until they are seven to ten days
old; the young are blind and naked through to day five. Both sexes will then provide food
for the growing chicks, sometimes bringing them through to successful fledging, and
avoiding the unwelcome attention of nest predators like cats. Newly fledged young are
fairly conspicuous; noisily, they continue to beg for food from their parents for at least
another 10-12 days. The pair may then initiate another breeding attempt, sometimes in the
same nest. There are records of young from the first brood attending and feeding young
from the second brood, a behaviour that also occurs in a number of other bird species.
Over the main period of egg production females take more calcium-rich prey (like small
snails and woodlice). If a second batch of eggs is laid, the number of eggs is reduced to
three or four, probably reflecting a reduction in the availability of insect prey later in the
season. Research has shown that on cold days (or in the cool of early morning) the Spotted
Flycatcher switches from taking larger, aerial insect prey to gleaning smaller prey from
amongst foliage. These smaller preys are likely to be less nutritious, and a run of cooler
days late in the breeding season may reduce the chance of the birds successfully rearing a
second brood.
The Spotted Flycatcher lacks the more brightly marked plumage of many other birds, and
the lack of easily recognizable features means it can be mistaken for another, equally drab
species, such as the Dunnock, or even the female House Sparrow. Fortunately, the Spotted
Flycatcher can also be identified from its behaviour. Spotted Flycatchers are seldom seen
on the ground, but usually feed from a perch, making sallies after aerial insects. The
flycatcher often adopts an upright posture when perching, making the bird appear rather
sleek. Additionally, it is rare to see several Spotted Flycatchers together unless they happen
to be a family of two adults feeding newly-fledged young (the latter looking very different
from their parents because of their strongly patterned plumage). One other feature is the
audible snapping sound that the bill sometimes makes when the bird snatches an insect
from the air.
Data from the BTO show an 86 percent downturn in the breeding population of Spotted
Flycatchers over the period 1967-2006, a pattern seemingly repeated elsewhere in Europe,
where numbers are estimated to have fallen by 59 percent since 1980. However, ongoing
and planned work should help to reveal the underlying causes of this trend. In particular,
Questions 28-40
Choose the correct heading, i-ix, from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i A breeding partnership
ix Physical features
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer.
The Spotted Flycatcher can be hard to identify, as its singing his unremarkable, and its feathers
are quite 35 …………………………… . It can best be distinguished by its behaviour.
The Spotted Flycatcher usually waits for its prey on a 36 …………………………… . It is normally seen
alone, or as part of a 37 …………………………… . Finally, when it catches prey it often produces a 38
…………………………… .
Questions 39-40.
39 What does the writer say about the seasonal movements of Spotted Flycatchers?
B Their time of arrival in Britain has changed considerably since the eighteenth
century.
C Ringing them has only provided evidence of their routes within Europe.
WRITING TASK 1
You want something that you can’t buy in your own country. You decide to ask an English
friend to help you.
Dear ……………….. ,
WRITING TASK 2
Some people think that there are now too many cars on the roads, and that
they are spoiling our towns and cities.
Give reasons for your answer, and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
what song it is
who the singer is
what it reminds you of
and explain how you feel when you listen to the song.
Is the music young people listen to now different from in the past? In what way?
Why do you think that some local singers or musicians aren’t as successful as some from other
countries?
Do you think that the language of the song matters? Why do you think that?
Do you think the Internet has affected the music industry? In what ways?
Do you think there will be further changes in the music industry in the future?
SUN English Academic Department - 2017 43