SAINT JOSEPHINTEGRATEDTECHNICALCOLLEGE

JOSEPHITE BROTHERS
NYAMIRAMBO - KIGALI
P.O Box 1330Kigali
Tel : (+250) 782306593
Email: sjitc2010@yahoo.fr
www.sjitc.ac.rw

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.

OPTION OF BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION.
YEAR III EVENING PROGRAM

HEAT, VENTILATION AND

AIR
CONDITIONING

Assignment II

Names: UWITEKAZABE Israel Omar

Reg no: FT 202141734

18th January 2024

Q1. Explain detail classification of air conditioning system.
Ans.:
1. Based on System Type:
a. Window Air Conditioner: These units are self-contained systems that are installed
in a window or a hole in a wall. They consist of a single unit with all the components
housed together.
b. Split Air Conditioner: Split systems have two separate components: an indoor unit
that contains the evaporator coil and an outdoor unit that houses the compressor and
condenser coil. They are connected by refrigerant lines.
c. Packaged Air Conditioner: In this type, all the components, including the
compressor, condenser, and evaporator, are housed in a single unit. It is commonly used
for commercial buildings.

2. Based on Application:
a. Residential Air Conditioner: These air conditioners are designed for cooling
individual rooms or small spaces in residential buildings.
b. Commercial Air Conditioner: Commercial air conditioning systems are designed
to cool large spaces such as offices, retail stores, restaurants, and hotels.
c. Industrial Air Conditioner: Industrial air conditioners are used in industrial settings
like factories, warehouses, and production facilities, where temperature and humidity
control are critical for processes and equipment.

3. Based on Cooling Method:

a. Vapor Compression Air Conditioner: This is the most common type of air
conditioner. It uses a refrigerant to absorb heat from the indoor air, cool it in the
evaporator coil, and release the heat outside in the condenser coil.
b. Absorption Air Conditioner: Absorption systems use a heat source (such as natural
gas, propane, or solar energy) to drive the cooling process. They are less common and
primarily used in specific applications.
c. Evaporative Air Conditioner: Evaporative coolers, also known as swamp coolers,
use the evaporation of water to cool the air. They are mainly used in dry climates.

4. Based on Control Method:

a. Constant Air Volume (CAV) System: CAV systems deliver a fixed volume of
conditioned air to the space throughout the cooling cycle.
b. Variable Air Volume (VAV) System: VAV systems vary the volume of
conditioned air delivered to the space based on the cooling load. They provide more
precise temperature control and energy efficiency.
c. Dual Duct System: Dual duct systems use two separate air ducts, one for delivering
cool air and the other for delivering warm air. The air mixture is adjusted to achieve the
desired temperature.
These are some of the common classifications of air conditioning systems. The choice
of an air conditioning system depends on factors such as the size of the space, climate
conditions, energy efficiency requirements, and budget considerations.

Q2. Explain with neat sketch of working window air-conditioning.

Ans.:
The low pressure and low temperature refrigerant vapour from evaporator is sucked by
compressor. The compressor compresses the vapour to high pressure and high
temperature and discharges to the condenser. On the condenser the refrigerant vapour
condenses by dissipating heat to the cooling medium (air) the liquid refrigerant coming
out of condenser passes through filter, dryer into capillary tube where it is again
throated back to the evaporated pressure. The low pressure low temp liquid refrigerant
then flows to evaporator which it boil off by extracting heat from air to be circuited to
the conditioned space.

Q3. Difference between window and split air conditioning.

Ans.:
Split AC Window AC
AC is divided into two units. It has a single unit.
The evaporator is available in the inside The evaporator and compressor both are
unit, and the compressor is available in available in the same unit.
the outside unit.
The indoor unit can be mounted at any It can be placed or fitted in the window
suitable location in the room as per the only.
user's choice.
The noise of the compressor is very less The compressor is near the room, so it
in the room because it is placed outside produces more noise in the room.
the room.
The cost is more than the window air The cost is less than the split air
conditioner. conditioner.
It requires less space. It is difficult to relocate.
The installation of the air conditioner is The installation of the air conditioner is
complicated. very easy.
Installation charges are also high. Installation charges are also low.
The technician is required for the The technician is not required for the
installation of this AC. installation of this AC.
This air conditioner increases the beauty This air conditioner does not increase the
of the house as its inside unit is well beauty of the house.
designed.
It consumes less electricity compared to It consumes more electricity compared to
the window air conditioner. a split air conditioner.
Q4. Explain with neat sketch working of packaged Air Conditioning System ?
Ans.:
a packaged HVAC system works similarly to a standard split system. Still, you’ll notice
some differences upon closer inspection. For instance, the arrangement and ducting of
a single cabinet system sets it apart. Rather than connecting the various components
directly to your home’s structure, all the parts sit inside a single unit. Once you switch
it on, the action starts! Put simply, packaged HVAC units link up with the ductwork
that has both supply and return ducts. As warm air enters the system, the fan pulls it
over the cold evaporator coil, cooling it down. The dehumidified air then passes through
the ducts to cool down the desired area. Nowhere near as intimidating as you once
thought, right? But what about the differences in heat production? Let’s look at each
type of packaged system and how it works.

Q5. Explain the working of split A/C system with neat diagram ?
Ans.:
In split AC, indoor and outdoor are connected through copper pipe. Basically, it works
in two different processes.
1) Refrigeration cycle process
2)Air circulation process.

Refrigeration process: When we switch on the unit using the thermostat, the
compressor starts to compress the refrigerant then the temperature and pressure of the
refrigerant increases and it flows to the condenser. Condenser rejects heat and converts
vapor refrigerant to liquid refrigerant. Then it passes to the expansion device, here
temperature decreases due to a sudden decrease in pressure. Then this low temperature
and pressure liquid refrigerant pass to evaporator inside the copper tube. As we know
indoor and outdoor is connected by copper pipe and expansion device is fitted in
outdoor (to avoid noise expansion device is fitted in outdoor). When lowtemperature
liquid refrigerant passes through the copper pipe then there are chances it will convert
into vapor refrigerant because the copper pipe is open to the surrounding. If it happens
then liquid refrigerant can’t reach to the evaporator. Hence we use insulation to cover
copper pipe to avoid this. Low temperature and low-pressure liquid refrigerant enters
the evaporator and it absorbs heat from the room and it converts liquid refrigerant into
vapor refrigerant. Then this vapor refrigerant goes to compressor. In this way, this cycle
continues the process.

Air circulation process: This process of the split AC consists of the following parts,
In this process, One blower is fitted behind the evaporator. It sucks the hot air from the
room which first passes over the evaporator and then gets chilled. Then cooled air is
supplied to the room with the help of a blower. Propeller fan is fitted behind the
condenser. It sucks the atmospheric air and blows it over the condenser. Condenser
gives up the heat to the atmospheric air

Q6. Write the merits and demerits of split air conditioning

Ans.:
Advantage of split AC:
• Low initial cost.
• Less noise and easy to install.
• Good alternative as compared to a ducted system.
• Each system is totally independent and has its own control.
Disadvantage of split AC:
• There is a limitation in the distance between the indoor and outdoor units.
• Limited air is thrown which can lead to possible cold/hot spots.
• Maintenance is within the occupied space.
• Impact on large building aesthetics because too many outdoor units will spoil the
appearance of the building.

Q7. Describe briefly about variable refrigerant volume (VRV)/ variable

refrigerant flow (VRF)?
Ans.:
Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRV) and Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) are both
advanced HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) technologies that allow
for precise control of refrigerant flow in air conditioning systems. While the terms VRV
and VRF are often used interchangeably, VRV is a registered trademark of Daikin
Industries Ltd., and VRF is a more generic term used to describe similar systems from
other manufacturers.
Here's how VRV/VRF systems work:
1. Outdoor Unit: The outdoor unit houses the compressor, condenser, and expansion
valve. It circulates the refrigerant through the system and adjusts the refrigerant flow
rate based on demand.
2. Indoor Units: Multiple indoor units, such as fan coil units or air handlers, are
installed in different zones or rooms within the building. Each indoor unit is
individually controlled and connected to the outdoor unit through refrigerant lines.
3. Refrigerant Control: VRV/VRF systems use advanced control mechanisms to
regulate the flow of refrigerant. They employ variable-speed compressors that can
adjust their rotational speed to match the required cooling or heating load of each zone.
Additionally, electronic expansion valves control the refrigerant flow into each indoor
unit, allowing precise temperature control.
4. Zoning and Individual Control: VRV/VRF systems offer zoning capabilities,
allowing different zones or rooms to be cooled or heated independently. Each indoor
unit can be individually controlled, enabling personalized comfort settings.

Q8. Write down the applications of ductable AC

Ans.:
1. Residential Buildings: Ductable AC systems are commonly used in residential
buildings, including single-family homes, apartments, or condominiums. They provide
centralized cooling or heating, allowing for consistent temperature control throughout
the entire living space.
2. Commercial Buildings: Ductable AC systems are extensively used in commercial
buildings, such as offices, retail stores, restaurants, hotels, and hospitals. These systems
provide efficient and uniform cooling or heating across multiple rooms or areas,
ensuring comfort for occupants.
3. Large Spaces: Ductable AC systems are suitable for cooling or heating large spaces,
such as conference halls, auditoriums, theaters, or exhibition centers. By distributing
air through ducts and strategically placed vents, these systems can effectively maintain
comfortable temperatures in expansive areas.
4. Multi-Zone Cooling: Ductable AC systems are ideal for buildings with multiple
zones or rooms that require individual temperature control. By using dampers within
the ductwork, these systems can redirect airflow to specific zones or rooms, allowing
for personalized comfort settings.
5. Retail Spaces: Ductable AC systems are commonly employed in retail spaces, such
as shopping malls or department stores. They provide efficient cooling throughout the
entire retail area, ensuring a comfortable shopping experience for customers.
6. Educational Institutions: Ductable AC systems are utilized in schools, colleges,
and universities to maintain a comfortable learning environment. These systems can be
designed to cool or heat classrooms, libraries, administration areas, and other
educational spaces.
7. Hospitality Industry: Ductable AC systems are widely used in the hospitality
industry, including hotels, resorts, and guest houses. These systems provide consistent
and comfortable cooling or heating to ensure a pleasant stay for guests.
8. Industrial Applications: Ductable AC systems find application in certain industrial
settings where temperature and humidity control are critical, such as data centers, server
rooms, cleanrooms, laboratories, and manufacturing facilities