Kenya - FNRB Report - GS 10792

Calculation of the fraction of
Calculation of the fraction of non-renewable biomass (f N R B ) | Kenya Page 1 of 17
non-renewable biomass (fNRB)
Kenya
CDM Tool 30 EB 115 Annex 22 v4.0 2022
August 2023
Report Information
Document name Calculation of the fraction of non-renewable biomass (fNRB) — Kenya
Number of pages 17
Author(s) Ruan de Wet, Nadine Kilala
Contact details Email: ruan@seedecology.com
Document version 1.0
Date 29 August 2023
Seed Ecology (Pty) Ltd. is a member of the Cape Climate Collective
Citation
de Wet, R. & Kilala, N. 2023. Calculation of the fraction of non-renewable biomass (fNRB) — Kenya
v1.0. Seed Ecology and the Cape Climate Collective.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction and context ........................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Estimating Woody Biomass Consumption (H) ............................................................................................ 7
3. Estimating Total Extent of Woody Cover (F), Extent of Inaccessible Woody Cover (P) and
Mean Annual Increment (MAI) .......................................................................................................................................... 8
4. Estimating renewable biomass (RB), non-renewable biomass (NRB) and the fraction of non-
renewable biomass (fNRB) .................................................................................................................................................. 11
5. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................................................... 13
6. References .......................................................................................................................................................................... 14
7. Annexures ............................................................................................................................................................................ 17
1. Introduction and context
The information presented in this section is intended as background context to this study. For data
sources, assumptions, and calculation approaches applied in the fNRB analysis, see Sections 2–7.
Situated in East Africa, Kenya has a diverse range of natural resource bases, including forests,
wetlands, dry lands, and marine resources (Figure 1)1,2. Kenya’s topography, location at the equator,
and the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone strongly influence its climate. The low-lying coastal plain
regions adjacent to the Indian Ocean are typically hot and humid, while the highlands in the
southwest are more temperate. The northern and north-eastern regions of the country are
characterised by a hot and arid climate (Figure 2)3. Kenya's high forest cover hotspots are in the
western and central regions. Forest-rich areas in the country cover less than 20% of Kenya’s total
land area while being home to more than 90% of its population due to the land’s high agricultural
productivity (Figure 1)1. Forests in Kenya are key natural resource bases for protecting land and
water resources, providing renewable resource materials, conserving biodiversity, and mitigating
climate change.
Kenya’s economy is strongly linked to its natural forest resources and services. Forest resources
and services intersect with multiple key sectors in Kenya. For instance, forests are vital in
maintaining water catchments that support the agriculture, tourism, industry, and energy sectors,
thus contributing to more than 3.6 percent of the national GDP4. In rural contexts, forests are a key
source of livelihood provisions such as income generation and household energy needs4.
Figure 1. Land cover map for Kenya (2019)2.
Kenya's forests covered 10% of the total area in 1964; however, in 2002, the forest cover declined to
6.2% of the total land area5,6. Kenya lost an estimated 116,700 ha of forest cover annually since 1990.
Seed Ecology (Pty) Ltd | Cape Town, South Africa | ruan@seedecology.com

Between 2000 to 2010, the country lost over 5,000 ha of forest cover annually, translating to a loss
of approximately 19 million (US Dollars) to the country’s forest economy6. From 2002 to 2020, Kenya
lost 49,400 ha of humid primary forest, losing 14% of its total forest cover7. According to the Ministry
of Environment and Forestry in Kenya, land cover mapping of the country’s forest cover in 2018
stood at 3,462,536 ha, approximately 5.9% of Kenya’s total area4. In 2022, the country lost 6,290 ha
of natural forest, equivalent to 3.29Mt of CO₂ emissions7.
Figure 2. Beck et al. (2018) Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification map for Kenya for present (1980-
2016) and future (2017-2100) conditions.3
A complex interaction of proximate and underlying drivers exacerbates forest loss and
degradation in Kenya. The proximate and underlying drivers are interlinked, resulting in land cover
and land-use changes in forested areas. Continued agricultural expansion, urbanisation, and
unsustainable exploitation (including timber harvesting, charcoal production, and forest grazing)
are Kenya's main proximate drivers of deforestation8. From the 1980s to the 1990s, the demand for
woodfuels grew because of the increased demand in urban areas due to rapid urbanisation and
population growth4. As a result, deforestation intensified to meet the growing population's
household energy provisions through affordable woodfuels such as charcoal and firewood. Peri-
urban areas in Kenya have experienced large forest cover loss and degradation due to the
household energy needs of the urban population not being satisfied thus, this has led to the
degradation of additional goods and services, both monetary and non-monetary, provided by
forests5.
The underlying factors that have compounded the proximate drivers of deforestation in Kenya
include population growth and socio-economic challenges. In addition, unresponsive policies and
poor governance in the forestry sector often have led to institutional failures in managing forest

resources and addressing challenges of high energy demand and inadequate funding to support
forestry investments5,8. Before the implementation of the 2005 Forest Act, the de-gazetting of forest
lands for commercial use in agriculture and industry contributed to significant forest cover losses9.
The country reportedly has a siloed and segmented approach to forest governance from other
important government ministries such as agriculture; therefore, the woodfuel value chain in Kenya
still largely remains informal and underregulated by the government8.
Factors associated with socio-economic dynamics, such as unemployment and poverty in Kenya,
have exacerbated traditional woodfuel dependency on the poorest portions of the population. The
World Bank research on poverty incidence shows that Kenya had a poverty rate of 27.2% in 2019,
while the unemployment rate was 13.9% in the last quarter of 2022, according to the Kenyan
National Bureau of Statistics10,11. Charcoal is the principal fuel in Kenya, providing energy for 82% of
urban and 34% of rural households9. Most Kenyans rely on traditional woodfuels to meet their
domestic energy needs because they are the most readily available and affordable energy source
compared to modern energy options due to their affordability12.
Traditional methods of cooking using fuelwood and charcoal adversely affects public health and
contributes to high levels of household air pollution, unsustainable methods of fuel harvesting, and
greenhouse gas emissions13,14. To reduce the use of traditional cooking methods and the associated
impacts, improved cookstoves (ICS) have been designed to provide clean cooking and energy
efficient products to households in developing countries14,15. The use of ICS has many benefits,
including reduced wood fuel consumption, improved household air quality and human health,
improved livelihoods, and wellbeing’s of families as a result of a reduction in time spent to collect
fuelwood, a reduction in pressure on forest resources and, therefore, a reduction the rate of
deforestation14.
ICS supports several global Sustainable Development Goals, and national strategies and plans
relevant to health, climate change and biodiversity conservation. Determination of the
effectiveness of the project in reducing the national deforestation rate requires determination of
the fraction of non-renewable biomass (fNRB), which is an indication of the extent of fuelwood
biomass consumed unsustainably (Box 1). BURN Manufacturing has, therefore, appointed climate
change adaptation and mitigation specialists Seed Ecology (Pty) Ltd. and the Cape Climate
Collective to determine the national fNRB for Kenya by application of the latest Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) methodological tool (CDM Tool 30 EB 115 Annex 22 v4.0 2022)16.

2. Estimating Woody Biomass Consumption (H)
Domestic woody biomass consumption was estimated based on a combination of the household
statistics reported by Drigo et al.17 in their WISDOM analysis for Kenya and up-to-date population
numbers from the UN Statistics Division 18. This report was developed by the same authors as the
Bailis et al.19 paper relied upon in the latest CDM Tool 30 methodology and can therefore be
considered reliable.
Commercial energy and non-energy consumption estimates were based on the reported wood-
equivalent statistics from Drigo et al.17 for construction material, the public sector – which includes
schools, hospitals and prisons – and commercial and cottage industries – which includes
restaurants, brick-making, tobacco curing, fish smoking, jaggary, and tea drying. It is likely that the
full extent of commercial wood harvesting has been underestimated as this does not include
estimates of forest loss from agricultural expansion, illegal logging, or other forms of land cover
change that are known to be prevalent in Kenya.
Charcoal consumption has been converted to the equivalent wood biomass by the CDM Tool 33
(v2.0)20 default factor. The consumption estimates, conversion factors, and results of the
calculations are presented in Table 1 below.
Table 1: Figures used to calculate woody biomass consumption and the calculation result.
Variable Unit Value Source

N: Population
Urban number 15,669,052 UN Statistics Division (2023)18
Rural number 38,358,435 UN Statistics Division (2023)18
HW: Per capita consumption
Urban charcoal t/cap/year 0.269 Drigo et al. (2015)17
Urban wood t/cap/year 0.431 Drigo et al. (2015)17
Rural charcoal t/cap/year 0.238 Drigo et al. (2015)17
Rural wood t/cap/year 0.467 Drigo et al. (2015)17
NE+CE: Commercial woody biomass consumption
Construction material t/year 572,000 Drigo et al. (2015)17
Public sector t/year 1,553,000 Drigo et al. (2015)17
Commercial and cottage industries t/year 4,816,000 Drigo et al. (2015)17

Conversion factors
Charcoal-to-wood conversion factor - 4.00 CDM Tool 33 v2.0 (2020)20
Wood-equivalent consumption
Urban domestic t/year 22,760,055 Calculated
Rural domestic t/year 53,783,965 Calculated
Commercial t/year 6,941,000 Calculated
H: Total woody biomass consumption t/year 76,544,021 Calculated

3. Estimating Total Extent of Woody Cover (F), Extent of Inaccessible Woody

Cover (P) and Mean Annual Increment (MAI)
Estimation of total woody cover (F) was undertaken by analysis of spatial data from
Hansen/UMD/Google/USGS/NASA21 in R22–25 to determine the percentage of woody cover at 30 m
resolution. The method of analysis distinguished the woody cover change dynamics between
Forests (>10% cover) and Other Wooded Land (5%-10% cover), according to the FAO definitions26, as
well as for primary forests (Figure 3). In accordance with CDM Tool 30, woody cover change in Other
Land (<5% cover) was not considered.
Figure 3. FAO categories (left) and primary forest extent 27 (right) for Kenya.
The total woody cover dataset (Figure 4) was then disaggregated into the FAO global ecological
zones (GEZ)28 (Figure 5) for which the mean annual increment (MAI – tonnes/ha/year) has been
estimated by the IPCC29. These zones were further disaggregated into protected areas,
geographically remote areas, and geographically accessible areas to determine the total extent
of woody cover accessible for harvesting.

Figure 4: Total woody cover for Kenya (2000-2022)21.
Figure 5: FAO Global Ecological Zones (GEZ)28 within Kenya.

No standard threshold for fuelwood harvesting accessibility exists and a conservative estimate
based on the findings of several studies in the literature was therefore made. UN Environment
undertook a study in collaboration with the African Union Commission to determine woodfuel
biomass utilization practices across 22 African countries30. They found that households in Kenya
spend 1.0 hours per day collecting fuelwood for cooking, heating and lighting. Jumbe et al.31
conducted a household survey on Miombo fuelwood harvesting that indicated a mean harvesting
distance of 0.95 km. Banks et al.32 found 450 m to be a critical distance where woody biomass
increased from 2.1 to 16.6 t/ha. Bandyopadhyay et al.33 used remote sensing in combination with
household survey data and determined that both poor and non-poor households walked 0.6 hours
on average to collect fuelwood. At a pace of 4 km/hr, this equates to a distance that is well within
2.5 km from the nearest settlement. The latter distance from any settlement, road or track,
regardless of the remote nature of such a settlement, road or track, has therefore been taken as a
conservative threshold for defining remote and accessible wood resources.
Figure 6: Woody cover gain (left) and loss (right) for Kenya21.
The extent of woody cover was determined for each accessibility category within each GEZ by
summing the extent of woody cover for each grid cell therein to determine the total extent of woody
cover (F) and the extent of inaccessible (protected or remote) woody cover (P). The MAI was
multiplied by the number of hectares of cover in each GEZ to produce an annual growth rate of
renewable biomass (RB) production (Table 2). Where primary forest growth rates are available,
they were applied based on the primary forest extent data published by Turubanova et al.27.

Table 2: Products of the F, P, MAI and RB determinations.
Mean annual Renewable

Total forest cover Inaccessible
FAO Global Ecological Zone (GEZ) increment (MAI – biomass (RB –
(F – ha) cover (P – ha)
t/ha/year) t/year)
Tropical rainforest 392,368 192,566 3.51 702,106
Tropical moist forest 2,355,122 1,816,026 0.89 481,804
Tropical dry forest 6,651,996 4,470,296 1.71 3,736,159

Forest
Tropical shrubland 627,244 231,706 0.90 355,813
Tropical mountain system 1,033,670 755,656 1.80 499,262
"Water" 133,652 74,319 1.62 95,957
Tropical rainforest 37,864 16,679 3.51 74,281

Other Wooded Land
Tropical moist forest 645,272 423,326 0.90 199,715
Tropical dry forest 2,848,014 1,879,313 1.60 1,551,304
Tropical shrubland 20,130 9,950 0.90 9,162
Tropical mountain system 2,474,188 1,814,954 1.80 1,186,678
"Water" 20,650 10,271 1.60 16,640
Total 17,240,171 11,695,063 - 8,908,882
4. Estimating renewable biomass (RB), non-renewable biomass (NRB) and the

fraction of non-renewable biomass (fNRB)
Renewable biomass (RB), non-renewable biomass (NRB) and the fraction of non-renewable
biomass (fNRB) were derived from H, F, P and MAI (see Sections 2 and 3). A summary of equations
applied to calculate these values is provided in (Box 1) below. The results of the calculations are
summarised in Table 3.

Box 1. Summary of the equations provided in the CDM Tool 30 Version 04.0 16.
Step 1 – Renewable Biomass (RB)
RB is the product of total extent of accessible forest cover (ha) and the mean annual increment
(MAI – t/ha/year) of woody biomass, as per the following equation:
𝑹𝑩 = & '𝑴𝑨𝑰𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕,𝒊 × ,𝑭𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕,𝒊 − 𝑷𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕,𝒊 01
+ & '𝑴𝑨𝑰𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓,𝒊 × ,𝑭𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓,𝒊 − 𝑷𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓,𝒊 01
Where:
MAI = Mean annual increment of woody biomass (t/ha/year)
Fforest = Extent of forest in the relevant period (ha)
Fother = Extent of other land in the relevant period (ha)
Pforest = Extent of non-accessible area within forest areas (ha)
Pother = Extent of non-accessible area within other land areas (ha)
i = Sub-category i of forest areas and other land areas.
Step 2 – Non-renewable Biomass (NRB)
NRB is the difference between the RB and the total annual biomass consumption (H) in
accordance with the following equation:
NRB = H – RB
Step 3 – Fraction of Non-renewable Biomass (𝑓NRB)
Fraction of Non-renewable Biomass (𝑓NRB) is the proportion of the harvested biomass that
exceeds the MAI. The 𝑓NRB ranges between 0 and 1 with 0 indicating that all harvested biomass
is renewable and 1 indicating that all harvested biomass is non-renewable. 𝑓NRB is calculated as
follows:
𝑵𝑹𝑩
𝒇𝑵𝑹𝑩 = 𝑵𝑹𝑩-𝑹𝑩
A cross-check was conducted, as required under CDM Tool 30, in which NRB (74,576,139 t/year) was
compared to the product of estimated annual forest area net change rate (17,740 ha/year
expansion)34 and the average above-ground forest biomass density (200.38 t/ha)34 reported by
FAO to produce a rate of biomass growth of 3,554,741 t/year. The reported forest expansion rate
appears to be the result of deforestation in Kenya not being estimated in the FAO 2020 Forest
Resources Assessment report34. The expansion of forest cover is inconsistent with the results based
on the CDM Tool 30 methodology and the significant deforestation reported elsewhere in the
literature; Bailis et al.19 report that Kenya has some of the highest rates of non-renewable biomass
utilization and per capita woodfuel consumption. It appears, therefore, that the forest area net
change calculation was reported in error in the FAO report.

An additional comparison was made, as required under Paragraph 6(b) of CDM Tool 3016, between
the fNRB value calculated using Tool 30 and the fNRB values reported in the literature. Bailis et al.19
estimated the national fNRB value for Kenya to be 63.9%. There are numerous assumptions applied
by Bailis et al. that diverge from the CDM Tool 30 methodology, and that explains the difference in
fNRB estimates. These include: (i) a significant under-estimation of wood consumption based on
2013 reports; (ii) a different definition of mean annual increment (MAI) that has been updated
under CDM Tool 30 since v1.0 and that differs from the default IPCC growth rates, resulting in an
over-estimation of renewable biomass (RB); (iii) an overly-generous definition of accessibility that
assumes that wood is evenly harvested within a 12-hour travel distance (24-hour round trip), which
is contradicted by numerous other local and regional studies in the literature (see Section 3); and
(iv) making adjustments and assumptions about plantations and the fraction of the country’s
forested area under formal management that is incongruent with the latest CDM Tool 30 version.
Table 3. Summary of the fraction of non-renewable biomass (fNRB) calculation.
Variable Unit Value
Total woody biomass consumption (H) t/year 83,485,021
Renewable biomass (RB) t/year 8,908,882
Non-renewable biomass (NRB) t/year 74,576,139
Fraction of non-renewable biomass (fNRB) % 89.33%
5. Conclusion
The calculated fNRB of 89.33% indicates that the consumption of woody biomass within Kenya is
non-renewable with only 10.67% being replaced by new growth annually. This finding is validated
by the rate of deforestation observed and reported in the literature.

6. References
1. The World Bank Group. Climate Risk Profile: Kenya.; 2021. Accessed August 29, 2023.
https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-05/15724-
WB_Kenya%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf
2. Buchhorn M, Smets B, Bertels L, et al. Copernicus Global Land Service: Land Cover 100m (CGLS-
LC100) 2015-2019. Collection 3. Version 3.0.1. Published 2020. Accessed November 30, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3938963
3. Beck HE, Zimmermann NE, McVicar TR, Vergopolan N, Berg A, Wood EF. Present and future Köppen-
Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution. Sci Data. 2018;5. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214
4. Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Kenya. The National Forest Reference Level
(FRL) for REDD+ Implementation.; 2020. Accessed August 29, 2023.
https://redd.unfccc.int/files/kenya_national_frl_report-_august_2020.pdf
5. Njora B, Yilmaz H. Analysis of the Effects of Deforestation on the Environment and Agriculture in Kenya.
International Journal of Water Management and Diplomacy. 2022;(4).
6. Rotich B, Ojwang D. Trends and drivers of forest cover change in the Cherangany hills forest ecosystem,
western Kenya. Glob Ecol Conserv. 2021;30:e01755. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01755
7. Global Forest Watch. Kenya. Published August 29, 2023. Accessed August 29, 2023.
https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/KEN/
8. Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Kenya. National REDD+ Strategy.; 2021.
Accessed August 29, 2023. https://www.un-redd.org/sites/default/files/2022-
05/NATIONAL%20REDD%2B%20STRATEGY%202022.pdf
9. Awuor OR, Olajide OA, Evans B. Analysis of Household Use of Traditional Fuels and Possible
Contribution to Deforestation in Kisii County, Kenya. Open J Ecol. 2022;12(11):756-772.
doi:10.4236/oje.2022.1211044
10. The World Bank Group. The World Bank in Kenya. Published March 31, 2023. Accessed August 29,
2023. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kenya/overview
11. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). Quarterly Labour Force Report 2022: Quarter 4.; 2023.
12. Ndegwa G, Breuer T, Hamhaber J. Woodfuels in Kenya and Rwanda: Powering and Driving the
Economy of the Rural Areas.; 2011. Accessed August 29, 2023. https://cleancooking.org/reports-and-
tools/woodfuels-in-kenya-and-rwanda-powering-and-driving-the-economy-of-the-rural-areas/
13. Arora P, Jain S, Sachdeva K. Physical characterization of particulate matter emitted from wood
combustion in improved and traditional cookstoves. Energy for sustainable development. 2013;v.
17(5):497-503-2013 v.17 no.5. doi:10.1016/j.esd.2013.06.003
14. Mehetre SA, Panwar NL, Sharma D, Kumar H. Improved biomass cookstoves for sustainable
development: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017;73:672-687.
doi:10.1016/J.RSER.2017.01.150
15. Karekezi S, Majoro L. Improving modern energy services for Africa’s urban poor. Energy Policy.
2002;30(11):1015-1028. doi:10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00055-1

16. CDM. Methodological Tool 30: Calculation of the Fraction of Non-Renewable Biomass. Version 04.0.;
2022. Accessed November 30, 2022. https://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/tools/am-
tool-30-v4.0.pdf
17. Drigo R, Bailis R, Ghilardi A, Masera O. Analysis of Woodfuel Supply, Demand and Sustainability in
Kenya.; 2015. Accessed August 29, 2023. https://cleancooking.org/reports-and-tools/tier-ii-wisdom-
kenya-analysis-of-woodfuel-supply-demand-and-sustainability-in-kenya/
18. United Nations Statistics Division. Population by sex and urban/rural residence. Published 2022.
http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=POP&f=tableCode%3A1
19. Bailis R, Drigo R, Ghilardi A, Masera O. The carbon footprint of traditional woodfuels. Nat Clim Chang.
2015;5(3):266-272. doi:10.1038/nclimate2491
20. CDM. Methodological Tool 33: Default Values for Common Parameters. Version 02.0.; 2022. Accessed
November 30, 2022. https://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/tools/am-tool-33-v2.0.pdf
21. Hansen/UMD/Google/USGS/NASA. Global Forest Change 2000–2022. Version 1.10. Published 2023.
Accessed August 29, 2023. https://glad.earthengine.app/view/global-forest-change
22. Pebesma EJ, Bivand RS. Classes and methods for spatial data in R. Published 2005. https://cran.r-
project.org/package=sp
23. Hijmans RJ. raster: Geographic data analysis and modeling. Published 2016. https://cran.r-
project.org/package=raster
24. Pebesma E. Simple features for R: Standardized support for spatial vector data. R J. 2018;10(1):439-
446. doi:10.32614/rj-2018-009
25. R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Published 2022. https://www.r-
project.org/
26. FAO. Terms and Definitions. Forest Resources Assessment Working Paper 188.; 2018. Accessed
August 29, 2023. https://www.fao.org/3/I8661EN/i8661en.pdf
27. Turubanova S, Potapov P V., Tyukavina A, Hansen MC. Ongoing primary forest loss in Brazil,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Indonesia. Environmental Research Letters. 2018;13(7).
doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aacd1c
28. FAO. Global ecological zones for FAO forest reporting: 2010 Update. Forest resources Assessment
Working Paper 179. Published online 2012:42.
29. IPCC. Forest Land. In: Refinement to 2006 IPCC Guidelines National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Vol.
4 Agriculture Forestry and Other Land Use . Vol 4. ; 2019. Accessed December 21, 2021.
https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html
30. United Nations Environment Programme. Review of Woodfuel Biomass Production and Utilization in
Africa.; 2019. Accessed August 29, 2023. https://wedocs.unep.org/20.500.11822/28515
31. Jumbe CBL, Angelsen A. Modeling choice of fuelwood source among rural households in Malawi: A
multinomial probit analysis. Energy Econ. 2011;33(5):732-738. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2010.12.011
32. Banks DI, Griffin NJ, Shackleton CM, Shackleton SE, Mavrandonis JM. Wood supply and demand
around two rural settlements in a semi-arid Savanna, South Africa. Biomass Bioenergy. 1996;11(4):319-
331. doi:10.1016/0961-9534(96)00031-1

33. Bandyopadhyay S, Shyamsundar P, Baccini A. Forests, biomass use and poverty in Malawi. Ecological
Economics. 2011;70(12):2461-2471. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.08.003
34. FAO. Global Forest Resources Assessment: Kenya. Published 2020. Accessed August 29, 2023.
https://fra-data.fao.org/KEN/fra2020/home/

7. Annexures
Annexure 1. Summary of data / parameters and sources for the CDM Tool 30 v4.0 2022.
Data / Data
Description Source
Parameters unit
UN Statistics Division (2023) Population by

Number of households
sex and urban/rural residence. [Online]
number consuming wood fuel within the
N Available from:
applicable area in the relevant
http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=POP&f=ta
period
bleCode%3A1
tonnes/ Average consumption of wood

HW year fuel per capita in the applicable
area in the relevant period
Calculated from
Commercial woody biomass Drigo R, Bailis R, Ghilardi A, Masera O. (2015)

consumption for energy Analysis of Woodfuel Supply, Demand and
tonnes/y Sustainability in Kenya. Available from:
applications that are extracted
NE ear https://cleancooking.org/reports-and-
from forests or other land areas
in the applicable area in the tools/tier-ii-wisdom-kenya-analysis-of-
relevant period woodfuel-supply-demand-and-
sustainability-in-kenya/
Commercial woody biomass
consumption for non-energy
tonnes/y
applications that are extracted
CE ear from forests or other land areas
in the applicable area in the
relevant period
Extent of forests or other land in

ha sub-category i in the relevant Calculated from
F
period Hansen/UMD/Google/USGS/NASA (2023)
Global Forest Change 2000–2022. Version
1.10. [Online] Available from:
Extent of non-accessible area
ha https://glad.earthengine.app/view/global-
P within forests or other land sub-
forest-change
category i in the relevant period
Mean Annual Increment of IPCC (2019) Forest Land. Refinement to

tonnes/h
woody biomass growth per 2006 IPCC Guid. Natl. Greenh. Gas Invent.
a/ hectare in sub-category i of Vol. 4 Agric. For. Other L. Use 4, 1–29.
MAI
year forest areas in the relevant Available from: https://www.ipcc-
period nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/vol4.html

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Calculation of the fraction of

Calculation of the fraction of non-renewable biomass (f N R B ) | Kenya Page 1 of 17

non-renewable biomass (fNRB)

CDM Tool 30 EB 115 Annex 22 v4.0 2022

Document name Calculation of the fraction of non-renewable biomass (fNRB) — Kenya

Author(s) Ruan de Wet, Nadine Kilala

Contact details Email: ruan@seedecology.com

Document version 1.0

Date 29 August 2023

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1. Introduction and context ........................................................................................................................................... 4

2. Estimating Woody Biomass Consumption (H) ............................................................................................ 7

1. Introduction and context

Figure 1. Land cover map for Kenya (2019)2.

Seed Ecology (Pty) Ltd | Cape Town, South Africa | ruan@seedecology.com

Seed Ecology (Pty) Ltd | Cape Town, South Africa | ruan@seedecology.com

Seed Ecology (Pty) Ltd | Cape Town, South Africa | ruan@seedecology.com

2. Estimating Woody Biomass Consumption (H)

Variable Unit Value Source

Urban number 15,669,052 UN Statistics Division (2023)18

Rural number 38,358,435 UN Statistics Division (2023)18

HW: Per capita consumption

Urban charcoal t/cap/year 0.269 Drigo et al. (2015)17

Urban wood t/cap/year 0.431 Drigo et al. (2015)17

Rural charcoal t/cap/year 0.238 Drigo et al. (2015)17

Rural wood t/cap/year 0.467 Drigo et al. (2015)17

NE+CE: Commercial woody biomass consumption

Construction material t/year 572,000 Drigo et al. (2015)17

Public sector t/year 1,553,000 Drigo et al. (2015)17

Commercial and cottage industries t/year 4,816,000 Drigo et al. (2015)17

Charcoal-to-wood conversion factor - 4.00 CDM Tool 33 v2.0 (2020)20

Urban domestic t/year 22,760,055 Calculated

Rural domestic t/year 53,783,965 Calculated

Commercial t/year 6,941,000 Calculated

H: Total woody biomass consumption t/year 76,544,021 Calculated

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3. Estimating Total Extent of Woody Cover (F), Extent of Inaccessible Woody

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Figure 4: Total woody cover for Kenya (2000-2022)21.

Figure 5: FAO Global Ecological Zones (GEZ)28 within Kenya.

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Table 2: Products of the F, P, MAI and RB determinations.

Mean annual Renewable

Tropical moist forest 2,355,122 1,816,026 0.89 481,804

Tropical dry forest 6,651,996 4,470,296 1.71 3,736,159

Tropical shrubland 627,244 231,706 0.90 355,813

Tropical mountain system 1,033,670 755,656 1.80 499,262

"Water" 133,652 74,319 1.62 95,957

Tropical rainforest 37,864 16,679 3.51 74,281

Tropical moist forest 645,272 423,326 0.90 199,715

Tropical dry forest 2,848,014 1,879,313 1.60 1,551,304

Tropical shrubland 20,130 9,950 0.90 9,162

Tropical mountain system 2,474,188 1,814,954 1.80 1,186,678

"Water" 20,650 10,271 1.60 16,640

Total 17,240,171 11,695,063 - 8,908,882

4. Estimating renewable biomass (RB), non-renewable biomass (NRB) and the

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Step 1 – Renewable Biomass (RB)

𝑹𝑩 = & '𝑴𝑨𝑰𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕,𝒊 × ,𝑭𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕,𝒊 − 𝑷𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕,𝒊 01

+ & '𝑴𝑨𝑰𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓,𝒊 × ,𝑭𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓,𝒊 − 𝑷𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓,𝒊 01

Step 2 – Non-renewable Biomass (NRB)

Step 3 – Fraction of Non-renewable Biomass (𝑓NRB)