Hiagevs Notes

Li'kZ
Hkkx 2
d{kk 10 osQ fy, ¯gnh (f}rh; Hkk"kk) dh ikB~;iqLrd
ii
1057 – Li'kZ (Hkkx 2) ISBN 81-7450-647-0

d{kk 10 OksQ fy, ikB~;iqLrd
lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr
izFke laLdj.k q izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx
tuojh 2007 ek?k 1928 dks Nkiuk rFkk bySDVªkWfudh] e'khuh] iQksVksifz rfyfi] fjdkWfMZx±
iqueqZæ.k vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu% iz;ksx i¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k
vFkok izlkj.k oftZr gSA
uoacj 2007] tuojh 2009] fnlacj 2009]
q bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd izdk'kd dh
uoacj 2010] tuojh 2012] vDrwcj 2012]
iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk ;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn
uoacj 2013] fnlacj 2014] fnlacj 2015] osQ vykok fdlh vU; izdkj ls O;kikj }kjk m/kjh ij] iqufoZØ;
fnlacj 2016] fnlacj 2017] fnlacj 2018] ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA
flracj 2019] tuojh 2021 vkSj uoacj 2021 q bl izdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj
la'kksf/r laLdj.k vFkok fpidkbZ xbZ iphZ (fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr
vDrwcj 2022 dkfrZd 1944 dksbZ Hkh la'kksf/r ewY; xyr gS rFkk ekU; ugha gksxkA
PD 240T BS ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ izdk'ku izHkkx osQ dk;kZy;

,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSQa il
© jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj Jh vjfoan ekxZ
u;h fnYyh 110 016 iQksu % 011&26562708
izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] 2007] 2022
108] 100 iQhV jksM
gsyh ,DlVssa'ku] gksLMsoQs js
cuk'kadjh III LVst
csaxyq# 560 085 iQksu % 080&26725740
` 80.00
uothou VªLV Hkou
Mkd?kj uothou
vgenkckn 380 014 iQksu % 079&27541446
lh-MCY;w-lh- oSQa il
fudV% /udy cl LVkWi ifugVh
dksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033&25530454
lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDl
ekyhxkao
xqokgkVh 781 021 iQksu % 0361&2674869
izdk'ku lg;ksx
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-okVjekoZQ80th-,l-,e-isij vè;{k] izdk'ku izHkkx % vuwi OkqQekj jktiwr
ijeqfnzrA eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh % v#.k fprdkjk
eq[; O;kikj izca/d % fofiu fnoku
izdk'ku izHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlèa kku
eq[; laiknd (izHkkjh) % fcKku lqrkj
vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h
laiknd % ujs'k ;kno
fnYyh 110 016 }kjk izdkf'kr rFkk jkl VsDuksfizVa ]
lgk;d mRiknu vf/dkjh % jkts'k fiIiy
,&93] lsDVj&65] uks,Mk&201301 (m-iz-) }kjk
vkoj.k ,oa fp=k
eqfnzrA
dYyksy etwenkj
iii
vkeq[k
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk&2005 lq>krh gS fd cPpksa osQ LowQyh thou dks

ckgj osQ thou ls tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A ;g fl¼kar fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr
osQ foijhr gS ftlosQ izHkkoo'k gekjh O;oLFkk vkt rd LowQy vkSj ?kj osQ chp
varjky cuk, gq, gSA u;h jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ ij vkèkkfjr ikB~;Øe vkSj
ikB~;iqLrosaQ bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij vey djus dk iz;kl gSAa bl iz;kl esa gj
fo"k; dks ,d e”kcwr nhokj ls ?ksj nsus vkSj tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh izo`fÙk dk
fojks/ 'kkfey gSA vk'kk gS fd ;s dne gesa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) esa of.kZr
cky&osaQfnzr O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dkI+kQh nwj rd ys tk,¡xsA
bl iz;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ izkpk;Z vkSj
vè;kid cPpksa dks dYiuk'khy xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus vkSj
lh[kus osQ nkSjku vius vuqHkoksa ij fopkj djus dk fdruk volj nsrs gSAa geas
;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vk”kknh nh tk, rks cPps cM+kas }kjk
lkSaih xbZ lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqMd+ j vkSj tw>dj u, Kku dk l`tu djrs gSAa f'k{kk
osQ fofo/ lk/uksa ,oa Ïksrksa dh vuns[kh fd, tkus dk ize[q k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd
dks ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vk/kj cukus dh izof` Ùk gSA ltZuk vkSj igy dks fodflr
djus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd ge cPpksa dks lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa iwjk Hkkxhnkj ekusa
vkSj cuk,¡] mUgsa Kku dh fuèkkZfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk NksM+ nsAa
;s mís'; LowQy dh nSfud ¯”knxh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dkI+kQh isQjcny dh ek¡x
djrs gSaA nSfud le;&lkj.kh esa yphykiu mruk gh ”k:jh gS ftruk okf"kZd
oSQysaMj osQ vey esa pqLrh] ftlls f'k{k.k osQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k
gdhdr cu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fof/;k¡ Hkh bl ckr dks r; djsaxh
fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esa cPpksa osQ thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk cksfj;r
dh txg [kq'kh dk vuqHko cukus esa fdruh izHkkoh fl¼ gksrh gSA cks> dh
leL;k ls fuiVus osQ fy, ikB~;Øe fuekZrkvksa us fofHkUu pj.kksa esa Kku dk
iqufuZ/kZj.k djrs le; cPpksa osQ euksfoKku ,oa vè;kiu osQ fy, miyC/ le;
dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vf/d lpsr dksf'k'k dh gSA bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj
iv
xgjkus osQ ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj vkSj foLe;] NksVs lewgksa esa
ckrphr ,oa cgl] vkSj gkFk ls dh tkus okyh xfrfof/;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrh
gSA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bl iqLrd dh jpuk osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k
lfefr osQ ifjJe osQ fy, ÑrKrk O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~ Hkk"kk lykgdkj lfefr
osQ vè;{k izk-s ukeoj ¯lg vkSj bl iqLrd osQ eq[; lykgdkj izks- iq#"kksÙke
vxzoky dh fo'ks"k vkHkkjh gSA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fodkl esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us ;ksxnku
fd;k_ bl ;ksxnku dks laHko cukus osQ fy, ge muosQ izkpk;ks± osQ vkHkkjh gSaA ge
mu lHkh laLFkkvksa vkSj laxBuksa osQ izfr ÑrK gSa ftUgksua s vius lalk/uks]a lkexzh rFkk
lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn ysus esa gesa mnkjrkiwodZ lg;ksx fn;kA ge ekè;fed ,oa mPp
f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; }kjk çksI+kQs lj e`.kky ehjh ,oa çksI+ksQlj
th-ihns'kikaMs dh vè;{krk esa xfBr fuxjkuh lfefr (ekWfuVfjax desVh) osQ
lnL;ksa dks viuk ewY;oku le; vkSj lg;ksx nsus osQ fy, /U;okn nsrs gSAa
O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa vkSj vius izdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osQ izfr lefiZr ,u-
lh-bZ-vkj-Vh fVIif.k;ksa ,oa lq>koksa dk Lokxr djsxh ftuls Hkkoh la'kksèkuksa esa enn
yh tk losQA
funs'kd
u;h fnYyh jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlèa kku vkSj
20 uoacj 2006 izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
v
ikB~;iqLrdksa esa ikB~; lkexzh dk iqulZ;a kstu

dksfoM&19 egkekjh dks ns•rs gq,] fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ Åij ls ikB~; lkexzh dk
cks> de djuk vfuok;Z gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 2020 esa Hkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa
osQ fy, ikB~; lkexzh dk cks> de djus vkSj jpukRed uT+kfj, ls
vuqHkokRed vf/xe osQ volj çnku djus ij T+kksj fn;k x;k gSA bl
i`"BHkwfe es]a jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuql/
a ku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ us lHkh d{kkvksa
esa ikB~;iqLrdksa dks iqul±;ksftr djus dh 'kq#vkr dh gSA bl çfØ;k esa
jk-'kS-v-ç-i- }kjk igys ls gh fodflr d{kkokj lh•us osQ çfriQyksa dks
è;ku esa j•k x;k gSA
ikB~; lkefxz;ksa osQ iqul±;kstu esa fuEufyf•r fcanv q ksa dks è;ku esa
j•k x;k gS &&
• Ldwyh f'k{kk osQ fofHkUu Lrjksa dh ikB~;iqLrdksa ,oa iwjd ikB~;iqLrdksa
es a leku
fo/kvksa dk lek;kstu_
• Hkk"kk;h n{krk osQ fy, lh[kus osQ izfriQyksa dh izkfIr lac/a h fo"k;
oLrq dh mifLFkfr_
• dksfoM egkekjh ls iSnk ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ikB~;Øe&cks>
vkSj ijh{kk ruko dks de djuk_
• fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, lgt :i ls lqyHk ikB~; lkexzh dk gksuk] ftls
f'k{kdksa osQ vf/d gLr{ksi osQ fcuk] os •qn ls ;k lgikfB;ksa osQ
lkFk ikjLifjd :i ls lh• ldrs gks_a
• orZeku lanHkZ esa vçklafxd lkexzh dk gksukA
orZeku laLdj.k] Åij fn, x, ifjorZuksa dks 'kkfey djrs gq,
rS;kj fd;k x;k iqul±;ksftr laLdj.k gSA
vi
vii
Hkwfedk
ikB~;iqLrdksa dks orZeku ljksdkjkas osQ vuq:i v|ru cukus dh izfØ;k Lo:i 2005
esa u;h ikB~;p;kZ rS;kj dh xbZA bl ikB~;p;kZ esa lq>k, mís';ksa vkSj ewY;ksa osQ
eísu”kj uohu ikB~;Øe dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA uohu ikB~;Øe ij vk/kfjr ¯gnh
Hkk"kk dh iqLrd esa ¯gnh vius O;kid :i esa [kM+h cksyh] czt] vo/h vkSj
jktLFkkuh vkfn vusd cksfy;ksa dk leqPp; gSA blosQ vfrfjDr ¯gnh dk ,d nwljk
:i Hkh gS ftldh izoQ` fr jk"Vªh; gSA bl O;kid :i esa ¯gnh vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa
osQ lkFk laioZQ lw=k dk dke djrh gS vkSj Hkkjr dh lkekfld laLo`Qfr dh
vfHkO;fDr dk lk/u curh gSA
f}rh; Hkk"kk osQ :i esa ¯gnh osQ iBu&ikBu dk lh/k lac/ a ¯gnh osQ blh :i
ls gSA f}rh; Hkk"kk osQ :i esa ¯gnh i<+us okys fo|kFkhZ ewyr% os gksrs gSa ftudh
ekr`Hkk"kk ¯gnh u gksdj dksbZ vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk gksrh gSA izFke Hkk"kk osQ :i esa mUgksua s
¯gnh dk vè;;u blls igys ugha fd;k gksrk gSA ;|fi bu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izkFkfed
Lrj ij fdlh vU; Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk (tks muosQ izkra @{ks=k dh Hkk"kk gks) osQ vè;;u
dk volj fey pqdk gksrk gS rFkk nloha d{kk rd vkrs&vkrs os fiNys pkj o"kks±
ls ¯gnh Hkk"kk lh[kus dh izkjafHkd izfozQ;k ls xq”kj pqoQs gksrs gSAa os ¯gnh Hkk"kk osQ
pkjksa dkS'kyksa ls rFkk ¯gnh lkfgR; osQ fofHkUu :iksa ls Hkh ifjfpr gks pqoQs gksrs gSAa
vr% ;gk¡ x| ikBksa dk ladyu bl n`f"V ls fd;k x;k gS fd bu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks
fofo/ Hkk"kk&iz;ksxksa vkSj O;ogkjksa ls ifjfpr djk;k tk losQ] ftlls Hkk"kk vf/d
izHkkoiw.kZ vkSj lai"sz k.kh; curh gSA blosQ lkFk gh bl ckr dk Hkh iz;Ru fd;k x;k
gS fd bl d{kk osQ Nk=k ¯gnh osQ ew/UZ ; jpukdkjksa osQ lkFk&lkFk ¯gnhrj ,oa Hkkjrsrj
jpukdkjksa dh ys[ku 'kSyh ls Hkh ifjfpr gks losQa A
izLrqr ikB~;iqLrd esa x| dh ;FkklaHko fofo/ fo/k,¡ ladfyr djus dk iz;kl
fd;k x;k gSA bu ikBksa }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks oSpkfjd vkSj yfyr fuca/ksa osQ vfrfjDr
laLej.k] O;aX;] dgkuh] fIk+ QYe osQ ;knxkj {k.kksa dks vfHkO;fDr iznku djus okys
ltho] ljl ,oa ikBd dks ea=keqX/ djus okyh 'kSyh esa of.kZr fooj.kksa dk lkekU;
viii
ifjp; fey losQxkA lkFk gh bl ikB~;iqLrd esa yksddFkk vkSj ,dkadh dks Hkh LFkku
fn;k x;k gSA
nloha d{kk osQ fy, fufeZr f}rh; Hkk"kk dh ikB~;iqLrd ^Li'kZ* Hkkx 2 esa
fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks è;ku esa j[kk x;k gSµ
1- euq"; dh Hkkouk,¡ vkSj laons uk,¡ ,dleku gksrh gSAa og pkgs fdlh Hkh ns'k ;k izkra
dk gks ekuoh; vuqHkwfr;k¡ loZ=k ,dleku gksrh gSAa iQyLo:i gj Hkk"kk dk lkfgR;
rRdkyhu lekt dh izfrPNk;k gh gksrk gSA
d{kk 10 ^c* ikB~;Øe osQ Nk=k pkgs fdlh Hkh izkra osQ gksa mudh Hkkf"kd vkSj
ckSf¼d {kerk dk vkdyu djus osQ i'pkr~ gh Li'kZ Hkkx 2 dh ikB~;lkexzh dk
p;u fd;k x;k gSA bl ikB~;iqLrd esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks O;kdj.k lac/ a h Kku vyx
iqLrd eas u nsdj blh iqLrd osQ ekè;e ls gh fn;k x;k gSA
2- lalkj esa vkus osQ ckn f'k'kq lcls igys yksjh lqudj Hkko rYyhu gksrk gS rRi'pkr
oqQN cM+k gksus ij dFkk lkfgR; dks lqu dkSrgw y vkSj dYiuk osQ lalkj esa xksrs yxkus
yxrk gSA blh rF; dks è;ku esa j[kdj bl ckj ikB~;lkexzh osQ la;kstu esa i|
[kaM dks igys ,oa x| [kaM dks ckn esa j[kk x;k gSA i| [kaM esa dforkvksa dk Øe
fu/kZj.k dfo;ksa osQ dky Øekuqlkj fd;k x;k gS osQoy oSQIk+ Qh vk”keh vkSj johanuz kFk
BkoqQj dh jpuk,¡ ckn esa j[kh xbZ gSAa x| [kaM esa ljyrk ls dfBurk dh vksj ys
tkus osQ 'kSf{kd mís'; dh iwfrZ dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ikBksa dk Øe fuèkkZj.k fd;k
x;k gSA
3- ikBksa esa fofHkUu izdkj osQ iz'u&vH;klksa }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh Hkkf"kd vfHkO;fDr vkSj
O;kdj.k lac/ a h muosQ Kku dks vf/d csgrj cukus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k gSA vk'kk
gS bl iqLrd osQ ekè;e ls os ¯gnh Hkk"kk ij viuh idM+ e”kcwr djus esa liQy
gks losQa xsA
4- d{kk 10 rd vkrs&vkrs fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh Hkk"kk dh le> mUgsa lkfgR; esa fufgr ikB
osQ ewy osQa nzh; Hkko dks le>us esa l{ke cukrh gSA blh rF; dks è;ku esa j[krs
gq, x| ikBksa esa iQksfy;ks osQ fp=k la;kstu }kjk ;g iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd Nk=k
x| osQ ikBksa esa fufgr osQa nzh; Hkko dks vkRelkr dj losQa A ;Fkkµ
i) ^cM+s HkkbZ lkgc* esa irax osQ ekè;e ls vkdk'k esa oqQyk¡ps Hkjrs ckyeu esa mBrh
vkdka{kkvksa dks n'kkZrs gq, crk;k x;k gS fd irax dh Mksj dks dldj j[kuk vkSj
<hy nsuk Hkkoukvksa dks fdl izdkj e;kZfnr djuk gS ;g Li"V djrk gSA
ii) ^Mk;jh dk ,d iUuk* crkrk gS fd Hkkouk,¡ tc m}sfyr gks mBrh gSa rks orZeku
ix
esa miyC/ vk/qfud oaQI;wVjho`Qr lqfo/kvksa osQ miyC/ u gksus ij Hkh fdlh
”kekus esa ia[k Hkh Hkkoukvksa dks 'kCnc¼ djus dk liQy lk/u cu tkrk Fkk]
bl rF; }kjk izkphure ^ys[kuh* ls Nk=kksa dks ifjfpr djk;k x;k gSA
iii) yksddFkk ij vk/kfjr ^rrk¡jk&okehjks dFkk* n'kkZrh gS fd ryokj pkgs ydM+h
dh gh D;ksa u gks] ttZj :f<+;k¡ tc ca/u cudj thou dks cksf>y dj nsrh
gSa rc mUgsa rksMu+ s osQ fy, ydM+h dh ryokj esa Hkh /jrh dk lhuk phj Mkyus
dh 'kfDr vk tkrh gSA
iv) var%dj.k esa tc Hkkoukvksa dh osxorh izokfgr gksrh gS rks og vfHkO;fDr Lo:i
dfork] dgkuh] ukVd] fIk+ QYe] fp=kdyk ;k fdlh vU; f'kYi dk :i /kj.k
dj lekt osQ le{k mifLFkr gks tkrh gSA lân; lkekftd mldk jlkLoknu
djrk gS vkSj Hkk¡fr&Hkk¡fr ls ljkgrk gSA
^rhljh dle osQ f'kYidkj 'kSynas *z esa ,d xhrdkj osQ dfo ân; dh voqQykgV
,d fIk+ QYe fuekZrk dk :i ysdj yksxksa osQ le{k vkbZA
v) ^vc dgk¡ nwljksa osQ nq[k ls nq[kh gksus okys* dgkuh esa izk.khek=k osQ izfr izk.kh dh Hkkouk
gh thou gS] ;g crk;k x;k gSA ge lHkh mQij okys osQ cans gSa vkSj og vius lHkh
canksa dks mlh Hkk¡fr ,dleku I;kj djrk gS tSls ek¡ vius lHkh cPpksa esa fcuk Hksn&Hkko
osQ ,dleku Lusg&eerk ck¡Vrh gSA u dksbZ NksVk gS u dksbZ cM+k] fiQj og pkgs phaVh
gh D;ksa u gksA
vi) îr>j esa VwVh ifÙk;k¡* crkrh gSa fd ljnh] xjeh] /wi] cjlkr] vk¡/h] rwIk+ Qku
dks >sy pqdk thou] thou osQ lR; vuqHkoksa ls vksr&izkrs gksrk gSA fiQj pkgs
os îr>j esa VwVh ifÙk;k¡* gh D;ksa u gks]a os Hkh thou dh lPpkbZ dk lan's kk ns
tkrh gSAa
5- d{kk 9 osQ fy, fufeZr Li'kZ Hkkx 1 osQ x| [kaM vkSj i| [kaM osQ izkjaHk esa x|
vkSj dfork osQ iBu&ikBu ls lacfa /r oqQN ckrksa dk mYys[k dj fn;k x;k gSA vr%
mUgsa ;gk¡ nksgjk;k ugha tk jgkA vk'kk gS vè;kidksa dks blls x| osQ ikBksa vkSj dfork
osQ vè;kiu esa lgk;rk feyh gksxhA mu ckrksa dk os bl iqLrd osQ f'k{k.k esa Hkh
iz;ksx dj ldrs gSAa iqLrd dks vkSj vf/d mi;ksxh cukus gsrq vè;kidksa ,oa Nk=kksa
dh lqfo/k osQ fy, ;gk¡ oqQN ckrksa dks ikBksa osQ lanHkkZulq kj le>us gsrq iqu% fn;k
tk jgk gSA
x| fopkj&cks/
x
x| esa Hkkoksa dh vis{kk fopkjksa dh izèkkurk gksrh gS ftUgsa ys[kd lqlca ¼ vuqPNsnksa }kjk
vfHkO;Dr djrk gSA ikB esa vuqPNsnksa dk egÙo gksrk gS vr% mlh Øe esa i<+k;k tkuk
pkfg,A ikB i<+us osQ ckn mlosQ izHkko dh idM+ dk ijh{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
fopkj&cksèk osQ iz'u lexz ikB dks le>us esa lgk;d fl¼ gksrs gSAa iw.kZ izHkko osQ fy,
ikB esa vk, mu NksV&s NksVs fopkjksa osQ ijLij lacèa kksa ij Hkh fopkj djuk pkfg, tks lexz
izHkko cukus esa lgk;d gksrs gSAa ;Fkk] IkkB îr>j esa VwVh ifÙk;k¡* osQ va'kµxkaèkhth dHkh
vkn'kks± dks O;kogkfjdrk osQ Lrj ij mrjus ugha nsrs FksA cfYd O;kogkfjdrk dks vkn'kks±
osQ Lrj ij p<+krs FksA os lksus esa rk¡ck ugha cfYd rk¡cs esa lksuk feykdj mldh dher
c<+krs FksA
Hkk"kk&iz;ksx
ikB esa vk, gq, fofoèk Hkk"kk&iz;ksx fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ Hkk"kk&lh[kus ,oa mudh lai"zs k.k&{kerk
osQ fodkl esa lgk;d gks ldrs gSAa iBu&ikBu osQ le; mu ij vo'; è;ku fn;k
tkuk pkfg,A iz'u&vH;klksa esa fn, x, Hkk"kk&iz;ksx rks ckuxh ek=k gSAa gk¡] mUgsa vkèkkj
osQ :i esa vo'; Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd dgkorksa
vkSj eqgkojksa osQ iz;ksx ls Hkk"kk vfèkd lgt] O;atd] izHkkoiw.kZ vkSj lai"sz k.kh; curh
gSA okD; osQ LokHkkfod Øe dks dHkh&dHkh cny nsus ls Hkh vfHkO;fDr vfèkd l'kDr
cu tkrh gSA dgkuh ^cM+s HkkbZ lkgc* dh fuEufyf[kr iafDr;k¡ nsf[k,µ
rqeus rks vHkh osQoy ,d njtk ikl fd;k gS vkSj vHkh ls rqEgkjk flj fiQj x;k]
rc rks rqe vkxs i<+ pqoQs A ;g le> yks fd rqe viuh esgur ls ugha ikl gq,] vaèks
osQ gkFk cVsj yx xbZA exj cVsj osQoy ,d ckj gkFk yx ldrh gS] ckj&ckj ugha yx
ldrhA dHkh&dHkh xqYyh&MaMs esa Hkh vaèkk&pksV fu'kkuk iM+ tkrk gSA blls dksbZ lIk+ Qy
f[kykM+h ugha gks tkrkA lIk+ Qy f[kykM+h og gS] ftldk dksbZ fu'kkuk [kkyh u tk,A
fu'p; gh bl izdkj osQ iz;ksxksa ls Hkk"kk esa jokuxh vkus osQ lkFk&lkFk vfHkO;fDrxr
lkSna ;Z Hkh c<+ tkrk gSA ,sls iz;ksxksa ij u osQoy è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, cfYd muosQ
vfèkdkfèkd iz;ksx dks Hkh izkRs lkfgr djuk pkfg,A
dfork
;|fi dfork&f'k{k.k osQ lS¼kafrd i{k dh foospuk ^Li'kZ Hkkx 1* esa dh tk pqdh gS
rFkkfi izLrqr ladyu dh oqQN jpukvksa dks ysdj igys dgh gqbZ ckrksa dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh dfork dh le> dks vkSj n`<+ djus gsrq oqQN ckrksa dks nksgjk;k tk jgk gSA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fd'kksj eu dks dfork fo'ks"k :i ls izHkkfor djrh gS] D;ksfa d fd'kksj
xi
eu ljy] ftKklq vkSj jkxkRed gksrk gSA dfork fd'kksj Hkkoukvksa osQ ifj"dkj]
laons u'khyrk osQ fodkl ,oa lqjQfp fuekZ.k esa rks ;ksxnku djrh gh gS] lkFk gh ;g Nk=kksa
esa lqikB dh {kerk Hkh mRiUu djrh gSA
mYys[kuh; gS fd fganhrj fo|kFkhZ viuh ekr`Hkk"kk dh dforkvksa vkSj muosQ ukn] Hkko
rFkk fopkj&lkSna ;Z ls lqifjfpr gksrs gh gSAa bl ladyu dh dforkvksa dk rknkRE; mudh
ekr`Hkk"kk esa jfpr oqQN dforkvksa ls fcBkdj dkO;&f'k{k.k dks vkSj vfèkd #fpdj rFkk
mi;ksxh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
dkO;&ikB
dfork osQ vkuan dk vuqHko rks dfo eq[k ls dfork dk ikB lqudj gh feyrk gSA
oLrqr% dfo viuh o`Qfr dks lokZf/d ltxrkiwod Z mfpr y; vkSj izokg osQ lkFk
okpu djrk gSA ijarq loZnk ,slk laHko ugha gSA vr% vU; tks dksbZ Hkh dkO; ikB djs
mls bl rF; dks Lej.k j[kuk pkfg, fd dfork x| ugha gS] vr% x| dh Hkk¡fr ugha
i<+h tkrhA y; vkSj izokg gh mls x| ls fHkUu cukrs gSAa okpu ekSu gks ;k eq[kj] y;
vkSj izokg osQ lkFk gh gksuk pkfg,A y; dk fuèkkZj.k dkO;&iafDr;ksa esa fo|eku xfr]
fojke&fpÉ] ek=kk rFkk rqd ls gksrk gSA ek=kkvksa osQ ?kVus&c<+us ls mlosQ izokg esa jQdkoV
vkrh gSA vr% okpu esa 'kCnksa osQ mPpkj.k dk funks"Z k gksuk vko';d gSA la;Dq rk{kjksa dk
'kq¼ mPpkj.k u gksus ij Hkh dfork dh y; VwV tk,xh vkSj og d.kZdVq cu tk,xhA
mnkgj.kLo:i êuq";rk* dfork dh bu iafDr;ksa dks if<+,µ
vuar varfj{k esa vuar nso gSa [kM+]s
le{k gh Lockgq tks c<+k jgs cM+&s cM+As
ijLijkoyac ls mBks rFkk c<+ks lHkh]
vHkh veR;Z&vad esa viad gks p<+ks lHkhA
jgks u ;kas fd ,d ls u dke vkSj dk ljs]
ogh euq"; gS fd tks euq"; osQ fy, ejsAA
;gk¡ varfj{k] ijLijkoyac] veR;Z&vad vkfn dk mPpkj.k lgh u gksus ij dfork dk
ikB Bhd ls u gks losQxk vkSj og izHkkoghu gks tk,xhA
vk'kk gS vè;kidksa dks mi;qDZ r fooj.k ls x| osQ ikBksa vkSj dfork osQ vè;kiu esa
lgk;rk feysxhA os bl iqLrd osQ f'k{k.k esa budk iz;ksx dj f'k{k.k dks jkspd cuk ldrs
gSAa iqLrd dks vkSj vf/d mi;ksxh cukus gsrq vè;kidksa ,oa Nk=kksa osQ lq>koksa dk Lokxr
gSA
xii
xiii
ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr
vè;{k] Hkk"kk lykgdkj lfefr

ukeoj ¯lg] iwoZ vè;{k] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osQa nz] ts-,u-;w-] u;h fnYyhA
eq[; lykgdkj
iq#"kksÙke vxzoky] izkIs k+ Qs lj] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osQa nz] ts-,u-;w-] u;h fnYyhA
eq[; leUo;d
jketUe 'kekZ] iwoZ izkIs k+ Qs lj ,oa vè;{k] Hkk"kk f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h
fnYyhA
lnL;
vuqie feJ] lfpo] xka/h 'kkafr izfr"Bku] u;h fnYyhA
mfeZyk 'kekZ] vè;kfidk] tokgj uoksn; fo|ky;] tkIk+ Qjiqj] u;h fnYyhA
dkfeuh HkVukxj] izoDrk] lh-vkbZ-bZ-Vh] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyhA
iÁtk iz/ku] ofj"B vè;kfidk] Mh-,e- LowQy] {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-
Vh-] Hkqous'ojA
iznhi tSu] ofj"B vè;kid] ekWMuZ LowQy] ckjk[kack jksM] u;h fnYyhA
johanz dkR;k;u] izoDrk] fganh foHkkx] ,l-,u-Mh-Vh- efgyk fo'ofo|ky;] eqca bZA
fo'kEHkj] laiknd] f'k{kk foe'kZ] VksMh jetkuiqjk] t;iqjA
ohjsanz tSu] i=kdkj] lkaè; VkbEl] u;h fnYyhA
lnL;&leUo;d
Lusgyrk izlkn] iwoZ izkIs k+ Qs lj] Hkk"kk f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyhA
xiv
vkHkkj
bl iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa vdknfed lg;ksx osQ fy, ifj"kn~ fo'ks"k :i
ls vkeaf=kr fnyhi ¯lg] jftLVªkj] nf{k.k Hkkjr ¯gnh izpkj lHkk] psUubZ_
m"kk 'kekZ] izoDrk] Mh-vkbZ-bZ-Vh-] eksrh ckx] u;h fnYyh_ 'kkjnk 'kekZ]
izoDrk] Mh-vkbZ-bZ-Vh-] vkj-osQ- iqje] u;h fnYyh dh vkHkkjh gSA
ifj"kn~ jpukdkjks]a muosQ ifjtuksa @ laLFkkuksa @ izdk'kdksa osQ izfr vkHkkjh
gS ftUgksaus mudh jpukvksa dks izdkf'kr djus dh vuqefr iznku dhA
iqLrd fuekZ.k lac/a h dk;ks± esa rduhdh lg;ksx osQ fy, ifj"kn~
oaQI;wVj LVs'ku bapktZ (Hkk"kk foHkkx) ij'kjke dkSf'kd_ Mh-Vh-ih-
vkWijsVj lfpu oqQekj_ dkWih ,fMVj iwtk usxh] eukst eksgu ,oa ;rsUnz
dqekj ;kno dh vkHkkjh gSA
ifj"kn~] bl laLdj.k ds iqulZ;a kstu ds fy, ikB~;Øeksa] ikB~;iqLrdksa
,oa fo"k; lkexzh ds fo'ys"k.k gsrq fn, x, egRoiw.kZ lg;ksx ds fy,
ikB~;p;kZ lewg }kjk xfBr dh xbZ leh{kk lfefr esa Hkk"kk f'k{kk foHkkx
ds fganh ladk; lnL;ksa rFkk lh-ch-,l-bZ- ds izfrfuf/;ksa ds izfr vkHkkj
O;Dr djrh gSA
vkeq[k iii
ikB~;iqLrdksa esa ikB~; lkexzh dk iqulZa;kstu v
Hkwfedk viI
i| [kM
a
1- dchj & lk[kh 3
2- ehjk & in 8
3- eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr & euq";rk 13
4- lqfe=kkuanu iar & ioZr izns'k esa ikol 20
5- ohjsu Maxoky & rksi 26
6- oSQI+kQh vk”keh & dj pys ge fI+kQnk 31
7- johanzukFk BkoqQj & vkRe=kk.k 36
x| [kM
a
8- izes pan & cM+s HkkbZ lkgc 43
9- lhrkjke lsdlfj;k & Mk;jh dk ,d iUuk 58
xvi
10- yhyk/j eaMyksbZ & rrk¡jk&okehjks dFkk 67

11- izgykn vxzoky & rhljh dle osQ f'kYidkj 'kSynsa z 79
12- funk I+kQk”kyh & vc dgk¡ nwljs osQ nq[k ls nq[kh gksus okys 89
13- johanz osQysdj & ir>j esa VwVh ifÙk;k¡ % 97
(I) fxUuh dk lksuk
(II) >su dh nsu
14- gchc ruohj & dkjrwl (,dkadh) 107
lk[kh / 1
i| [kaM
,d jk"Vªh; vfLerk vkSj jk"Vªh; pfj=k dk fodkl Hkk"kk osQ
lkFk vfHkUu :i ls tqMk+ gksrk gSA Hkk"kk dks dksbZ x<+rk ugha]
og rks gok&ikuh dh rjg lgt Hkko ls cg ldrh gSA
vKs;
2 / Li'kZ
lk[kh / 3
dchj
(1398-1518)
dchj dk tUe 1398 esa dk'kh esa gqvk ekuk tkrk gSA xqjQ jkekuan osQ f'k"; dchj
us 120 o"kZ dh vk;q ikbZA thou osQ vafre oqQN o"kZ exgj esa fcrk, vkSj ogha
fpjfunzk esa yhu gks x,A
dchj dk vkfoHkkZo ,sls le; esa gqvk Fkk tc jktuhfrd] èkkfeZd vkSj
lkekftd Økafr;k¡ vius pje ij FkhaA dchj Økarn'khZ dfo FksA mudh dfork
esa xgjh lkekftd psruk izdV gksrh gSA mudh dfork lgt gh eeZ dks Nw ysrh
gSA ,d vksj /eZ osQ ckákMacjksa ij mUgksua s xgjh vkSj rh[kh pksV dh gS rks nwljh
vksj vkRek&ijekRek osQ fojg&feyu osQ Hkkoiw.kZ xhr xk, gSAa dchj 'kkL=kh; Kku
dh vis{kk vuqHko Kku dks vfèkd egÙo nsrs FksA mudk fo'okl lRlax esa Fkk
vkSj os ekurs Fks fd bZ'oj ,d gS] og fufoZdkj gS] v:i gSA
dchj dh Hkk"kk iwohZ tuin dh Hkk"kk FkhA mUgksua s tupsruk vkSj tuHkkoukvksa
dks vius lcn vkSj lkf[k;ksa osQ ekè;e ls tu&tu rd igqp ¡ k;kA
4 / Li'kZ
ikB izo's k
^lk[kh* 'kCn ^lk{kh* 'kCn dk gh rn~Hko :i gSA lk{kh 'kCn lk{; lss cuk gS
ftldk vFkZ gksrk gSµizR;{k KkuA ;g izR;{k Kku xqjQ f'k"; dks iznku djrk gSA
lar lainz k; esa vuqHko Kku dh gh egÙkk gS] 'kkL=kh; Kku dh ughaA dchj dk
vuqHko {ks=k foLr`r FkkA dchj txg&txg Hkze.k dj izR;{k Kku izkIr djrs FksA
vr% muosQ }kjk jfpr lkf[k;ksa esa voèkh] jktLFkkuh] Hkkstiqjh vkSj iatkch Hkk"kkvksa
osQ 'kCnksa dk izHkko Li"V fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA blh dkj.k mudh Hkk"kk
dks îpesy f[kpM+h* dgk tkrk gSA dchj dh Hkk"kk dks lèkqDdM+h Hkh dgk tkrk
gSA
^lk[kh* oLrqr% nksgk Nan gh gS ftldk y{k.k gS 13 vkSj 11 osQ foJke ls
24 ek=kkA izLrqr ikB dh lkf[k;k¡ izek.k gSa fd lR; dh lk{kh nsrk gqvk gh xqjQ
f'k"; dks thou osQ rRoKku dh f'k{kk nsrk gSA ;g f'k{kk ftruh izHkkoiw.kZ gksrh
gS mruh gh ;kn jg tkus ;ksX; HkhA
lk[kh / 5
lk[kh
,slh ck¡.kh cksfy;s] eu dk vkik [kksbA

viuk ru lhry djS] vkSju dkSa lq[k gksbAA
dLrwjh oqQa Mfy clS] e`x <¡<w S cu ek¡fgA

,slaS ?kfV ?kfV jk¡e gS] nqfu;k¡ ns[kS uk¡¯gAA
tc eSa Fkk rc gfj ugha] vc gfj gSa eSa uk¡fgA

lc v¡fèk;kjk fefV x;k] tc nhid ns[;k ek¡fgAA
lqf[k;k lc lalkj gS] [kk;S v: lksoSA

nqf[k;k nkl dchj gS] tkxS v: jksoSAA
fcjg Hkqoxa e ru clS] ea=k u ykxS dksbA

jke fc;ksxh uk ftoS] ftoS rks ckSjk gksbAA
¯und usMk+ jkf[k;s] vk¡xf.k oqQVh c¡èkkbA

fcu lkc.k ik¡.kha fcuk] fujey djS lqHkkbAA
iksFkh if<+ if<+ tx eqok] iafMr Hk;k u dksbA

,soQS vf"kj iho dk] i<+S lq iafMr gksbAA
ge ?kj tkY;k vki.kk¡] fy;k eqjkM+k gkfFkA

vc ?kj tkykSa rkl dk] ts pyS gekjs lkfFkAA
lanHkZ % dchj xzaFkkoyh] ckcw ';kelqanj nkl

6 / Li'kZ
iz'u&vH;kl
(d) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,µ

1- ehBh ok.kh cksyus ls vkSjksa dks lq[k vkSj vius ru dks 'khryrk oSQls izkIr gksrh
gS\
2- nhid fn[kkbZ nsus ij v¡fèk;kjk oSQls feV tkrk gS\ lk[kh osQ lanHkZ esa Li"V
dhft,A
3- bZ'oj d.k&d.k eas O;kIr gS] ij ge mls D;ksa ugha ns[k ikrs\
4- lalkj esa lq[kh O;fDr dkSu gS vkSj nq[kh dkSu\ ;gk¡ ^lksuk* vkSj ^tkxuk* fdlosQ
izrhd gS\a bldk iz;ksx ;gk¡ D;ksa fd;k x;k gS\ Li"V dhft,A
5- vius LoHkko dks fueZy j[kus osQ fy, dchj us D;k mik; lq>k;k gS\
6- ^,soQS vf"kj iho dk] i<+S lq iafMr gksb*µbl iafDr }kjk dfo D;k dguk pkgrk
gS\
7- dchj dh m¼`r lkf[k;ksa dh Hkk"kk dh fo'ks"krk Li"V dhft,A
([k) fuEufyf[kr dk Hkko Li"V dhft,µ
1- fcjg Hkqoxa e ru clS] ea=k u ykxS dksbA
2- dLrwjh oqQa Mfy clS] e`x <w<¡ S cu ek¡fgA
3- tc eSa Fkk rc gfj ugha] vc gfj gSa eSa uk¡fgA
4- iksFkh if<+ if<+ tx eqok] iafMr Hk;k u dksbA
Hkk"kk vè;;u
1- ikB esa vk, fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ izpfyr :i mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj fyf[k,µ
mnkgj.kµ ftoS & thuk
vkSju] ek¡fg] ns[;k] Hkqoxa e] usMk+ ] vk¡xf.k] lkc.k] eqok] iho] tkykS]a rklA
lk[kh / 7
;ksX;rk foLrkj
1- ^lkèkq esa ¯unk lgu djus ls fou;'khyrk vkrh gS* rFkk Ô;fDr dks ehBh o
dY;k.kdkjh ok.kh cksyuh pkfg,*µbu fo"k;ksa ij d{kk esa ifjppkZ vk;ksftr
dhft,A
2- dLrwjh osQ fo"k; eas tkudkjh izkIr dhft,A
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
1- ehBh ok.kh @ cksyh lacèa kh o bZ'oj izes lacèa kh nksgksa dk ladyu dj pkVZ ij
fy[kdj fHkfÙk if=kdk ij yxkb,A
2- dchj dh lkf[k;ksa dks ;kn dhft, vkSj d{kk esa vaR;k{kjh esa mudk iz;ksx
dhft,A
'kCnkFkZ vkSj fVIif.k;k¡
ck¡.kh & cksyh
vkik & vga (vgadkj)
oqQa Mfy & ukfHk
?kfV ?kfV & ?kV&?kV esa @ d.k&d.k esa
Hkqoxa e & Hkqtxa @ lk¡i
ckSjk & ikxy
usM+k & fudV
vk¡xf.k & vk¡xu
lkc.k & lkcqu
vf"kj & v{kj
iho & fiz;
eqjkM+k & tyrh gqbZ ydM+h
8 / Li'kZ
ehjk
(1503-1546)
ehjkckbZ dk tUe tks/iqj osQ pksdM+h (oqQM+dh) xk¡o esa 1503 esa gqvk ekuk
tkrk gSA 13 o"kZ dh mez esa esokM+ osQ egkjk.kk lkaxk osQ oqQ¡ oj Hkkstjkt ls mudk
fookg gqvkA mudk thou nq[kksa dh Nk;k esa gh chrkA ckY;koLFkk esa gh ek¡ dk
nsgkar gks x;k FkkA fookg osQ oqQN gh lky ckn igys ifr] fiQj firk vkSj ,d
;q¼ osQ nkSjku 'olqj dk Hkh nsgkar gks x;kA HkkSfrd thou ls fujk'k ehjk us
?kj&ifjokj R;kx fn;k vkSj oan` kou esa Msjk Mky iwjh rjg fxjèkj xksiky Ñ".k
osQ izfr lefiZr gks xb±A
eè;dkyhu HkfDr vkanksyu dh vkè;kfRed izjs .kk us ftu dfo;ksa dks tUe
fn;k muesa ehjkckbZ dk fof'k"V LFkku gSA buosQ in iwjs mÙkj Hkkjr lfgr xqtjkr]
fcgkj vkSj caxky rd izpfyr gSAa ehjk ¯gnh vkSj xqtjkrh nksuksa dh dof;=kh
ekuh tkrh gSAa
lar jSnkl dh f'k";k ehjk dh oqQy lkr&vkB Ñfr;k¡ gh miyCèk gSAa ehjk
dh HkfDr nSU; vkSj ekèkq;HZ kko dh gSA bu ij ;ksfx;ks]a larksa vkSj oS".ko HkDrksa
dk lfEefyr izHkko iM+k gSA ehjk osQ inksa dh Hkk"kk esa jktLFkkuh] czt vkSj
xqtjkrh dk feJ.k ik;k tkrk gSA ogha iatkch] [kM+h cksyh vkSj iwohZ osQ iz;ksx
Hkh fey tkrs gSAa
in / 9
ikB izos'k
dgrs gSa ikfjokfjd larkiksa ls eqfDr ikus osQ fy, ehjk ?kj&}kj NksMd
+ j o`na kou
esa tk clh Fkha vkSj Ñ".ke; gks xbZ FkhaA budh jpukvksa eas buosQ vkjkè; dgha
fuxq.Z k fujkdkj czã] dgha lxq.k lkdkj xksihoYyHk JhÑ".k vkSj dgha fueksgZ h
ijns'kh tksxh osQ :i esa ladfYir fd, x, gSAa os fxjèkj xksiky osQ vuU;
vkSj ,dfu"B izse ls vfHkHkwr gks mBh FkhaA
izLrqr ikB esa ladfyr nksuksa in ehjk osQ bUgha vkjkè; dks lacksfèkr gSAa ehjk
vius vkjkè; ls euqgkj Hkh djrh ga]S ykM+ Hkh yM+krh gSa rks volj vkus ij
mykguk nsus ls Hkh ugha pwdrhaA mudh {kerkvksa dk xq.kxku] Lej.k djrh gSa
rks mUgsa muosQ drZO; ;kn fnykus esa Hkh nsj ugha yxkrhaA
10 / Li'kZ
in
(1)
gfj vki gjks tu jh HkhjA
nzksinh jh ykt jk[kh] vki <+k;ks phjA
Hkxr dkj.k :i ujgfj] èkj~;ks vki ljhjA
cw<r+ ks xtjkt jk[;ks] dkVh oqQ.tj ihjA
nklh ehjk¡ yky fxjèkj] gjks Egkjh HkhjAA
(2)
L;ke Egkus pkdj jk[kks th]
fxjèkkjh ykyk Egk¡us pkdj jk[kksthA
pkdj jgL;w¡ ckx yxkL;w¡ fur mB njl.k ikL;wA¡
fcUnjkou jh oaQq t xyh es]a xksfoUn yhyk xkL;wA¡
pkdjh esa njl.k ikL;w]¡ lqej.k ikL;w¡ [kjphA
Hkko Hkxrh tkxhjh ikL;w¡] rhuaw ckrk¡ ljlhA
eksj eqxV ihrkEcj lkSg]s xy oStUrh ekykA
fcUnjkou esa èksuq pjkos] eksgu eqjyh okykA
m¡Qpk m¡Qpk egy c.kkoa fcp fcp jk[kw¡ ckjhA
lk¡ofj;k jk njl.k ikL;w]¡ igj oqQlqEch lkM+hA
vkèkh jkr izHkq njl.k] nhT;ks teukth js rhjkaA
ehjk¡ jk izHkq fxjèkj ukxj] fgoM+ks ?k.kks vèkhjk¡AA
lanHkZ%ehjk¡xzaFkkoyh&2]dY;k.k¯lg'ks[kkor
in / 11
iz'u&vH;kl
1- igys in esa ehjk us gfj ls viuh ihM+k gjus dh fourh fdl izdkj dh gS\
2- nwljs in esa ehjkckbZ ';ke dh pkdjh D;ksa djuk pkgrh gS\a Li"V dhft,A
3- ehjkckbZ us JhÑ".k osQ :i&lkSna ;Z dk o.kZu oSQls fd;k gS\
4- ehjkckbZ dh Hkk"kk 'kSyh ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
5- os JhÑ".k dks ikus osQ fy, D;k&D;k dk;Z djus dks rS;kj gS\a
([k) fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dk dkO;&lkSan;Z Li"V dhft,µ
1- gfj vki gjks tu jh HkhjA
nzkis nh jh ykt jk[kh] vki c<+k;ks phjA
Hkxr dkj.k :i ujgfj] èkj~;ks vki ljhjA
2- cw<r+ ks xtjkt jk[;ks] dkVh oqQ.tj ihjA
nklh ehjk¡ yky fxjèkj] gjks Egkjh HkhjA
3- pkdjh esa njl.k ikL;w]¡ lqej.k ikL;w¡ [kjphA
Hkko Hkxrh tkxhjh ikL;w¡] rhuwa ckrk¡ ljlhA
Hkk"kk vè;;u
1- mnkgj.k osQ vkèkkj ij ikB esa vk, fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ izpfyr :i
fyf[k,µ
mnkgj.kµHkhj µ ihM+k @ d"V @ nq[k_ jh µ dh
phj --------------------
cw<r+ k --------------------
èkj~;ks ------------------
yxkL;w¡ --------------------
oqQ.tj -------------------- ?k.kk --------------------
fcUnjkou -------------------- ljlh --------------------
jgL;¡w --------------------
fgoM+k --------------------
jk[kks --------------------
oqQlqEch --------------------
;ksX;rk foLrkj
1- ehjk osQ vU; inksa dks ;kn djosQ d{kk esa lqukb,A
2- ;fn vkidks ehjk osQ inksa osQ oSQlsV fey losQa rks volj feyus ij mUgsa
lqfu,A
12 / Li'kZ
ifj;kstuk
1- ehjk osQ inksa dk ladyu djosQ mu inksa dks pkVZ ij fy[kdj fHkfÙk if=kdk
ij yxkb,A
2- igys gekjs ;gk¡ nl vorkj ekus tkrs FksA fo".kq osQ vorkj jke vkSj o`Q".k
ize[q k gSAa vU; vorkjksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djosQ ,d pkVZ cukb,A
c<+k;ks & c<+kuk
xtjkt & ,sjkor
oqaQtj & gkFkh
ikL;w¡ & ikuk
yhyk & fofoèk :i
lqej.k & ;kn djuk @ Lej.k
tkxhjh & tkxhj @ lkezkT;
ihrkacj & ihyk oL=k
oStarh & ,d iwQy
rhjka & fdukjk
vèkhjk¡ (vèkhj) & O;koqQy gksuk
æksinh jh ykt jk[kh & nq;ksèZ ku }kjk æzkis nh dk phjgj.k djkus ij
Jho`Q".k us phj dks c<+krs&c<+krs bruk c<+k
fn;k fd nq%'kklu dk gkFk Fkd x;k
dkVh oqQa tj ihj & oqQa tj dk d"V nwj djus osQ fy, exjePN
dks ekjk
euq";rk / 13
eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr
(1886-1964)
1886 esa >k¡lh osQ djhc fpjxk¡o eas tUes eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr vius thoudky esa gh
jk"Vªdfo osQ :i eas fo[;kr gq,A budh f'k{kk&nh{kk ?kj ij gh gqbAZ laLÑr] ckaXyk]
ejkBh vkSj vax”sz kh ij budk leku vfèkdkj FkkA
xqIr th jkeHkDr dfo gSAa jke dk dhfrZxku budh fpjlafpr vfHkyk"kk jghA bUgksua s
Hkkjrh; thou dks lexzrk esa le>us vkSj izLrqr djus dk Hkh iz;kl fd;kA
xqIr th dh dfork dh Hkk"kk fo'kq¼ [kM+h cksyh gSA Hkk"kk ij laLÑr dk izHkko
gSA dkO; dh dFkkoLrq Hkkjrh; bfrgkl osQ ,sls va'kksa ls yh xbZ gS tks Hkkjr osQ vrhr
dk Lo.kZ fp=k ikBd osQ lkeus mifLFkr djrs gSAa
xqIr th dh izeq[k Ñfr;k¡ gSµa lkosQr] ;'kksèkjk] t;nzFk oèkA
xq Ir th os Q firk ls B jkepj.k nkl Hkh dfo Fks vkS j buosQ Nks Vs
HkkbZ fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr Hkh izfl¼ dfo gq,A
ikB izo's k
izÑfr osQ vU; izkf.k;ksa dh rqyuk esa euq"; esa psruk&'kfDr dh izcyrk gksrh
gh gSA og vius gh ugha vkSjksa osQ fgrkfgr dk Hkh [k;ky j[kus es]a vkSjksa
osQ fy, Hkh oqQN dj ldus esa leFkZ gksrk gSA i'kq pjkxkg esa tkrs gS]a
vius&vius fgLls dk pj vkrs gS]a ij euq"; ,slk ugha djrkA og tks
dekrk gS] tks Hkh oqQN mRikfnr djrk gS] og vkSjksa osQ fy, Hkh djrk gS]
vkSjksa osQ lg;ksx ls djrk gSA
izLrqr ikB dk dfo viuksa osQ fy, thus&ejus okyksa dks euq"; rks ekurk
gS ysfdu ;g ekuus dks rS;kj ugha gS fd ,sls euq";ksa esa euq";rk osQ iwj&s iwjs
y{k.k Hkh gSAa og rks mu euq";ksa dks gh egku ekusxk ftuesa vius vkSj viuksa
osQ fgr ¯pru ls dgha igys vkSj loksiZ fj nwljksa dk fgr ¯pru gksA mlesa
os xq.k gksa ftuosQ dkj.k dksbZ euq"; bl e`R;qyksd ls xeu dj tkus osQ
ckotwn ;qxksa rd vkSjksa dh ;knksa esa Hkh cuk jg ikrk gSA mldh e`R;q Hkh
lqeR` ;q gks tkrh gSA vkf[kj D;k gSa os xq.k\
euq";rk
fopkj yks fd eR;Z gks u e`R;q ls Mjks dHkh]

ejks] ijarq ;ksa ejks fd ;kn tks djsa lHkhA
gqbZ u ;ksa lqeR` ;q rks o`Fkk ejs] o`Fkk ft,]
ejk ugha ogh fd tks ft;k u vkiosQ fy,A
ogh i'kq&izof` Ùk gS fd vki vki gh pjs]
mlh mnkj dh dFkk ljLorh c[kkurh]

mlh mnkj ls èkjk ÑrkFkZ Hkko ekurhA
mlh mnkj dh lnk ltho dhfrZ owQtrh_
rFkk mlh mnkj dks leLr l`f"V iwtrhA
v[kaM vkRe Hkko tks vlhe fo'o esa Hkjs]
{kqèkkrZ jafrnso us fn;k djLFk Fkky Hkh]

rFkk nèkhfp us fn;k ijkFkZ vfLFktky HkhA
m'khuj f{krh'k us Loekal nku Hkh fd;k]
lg"kZ ohj d.kZ us 'kjhj&peZ Hkh fn;kA
vfuR; nsg osQ fy, vukfn tho D;k Mjs\
lgkuqHkwfr pkfg,] egkfoHkwfr gS ;gh_

o'khÑrk lnSo gS cuh gqbZ Lo;a ghA
16 / Li'kZ
fojQ¼okn cq¼ dk n;k&izokg esa cgk]

fouhr yksdoxZ D;k u lkeus >qdk jgk\
vgk! ogh mnkj gS ijksidkj tks djs]
jgks u Hkwy osQ dHkh enkaèk rqPN foÙk es]a

lukFk tku vkidks djks u xoZ fpÙk esAa
vukFk dkSu gS ;gk¡\ f=kyksdukFk lkFk gS]a
n;kyq nhucaèkq osQ cM+s fo'kky gkFk gSaA
vrho HkkX;ghu gS vèkhj Hkko tks djs]
vuar varfj{k esa vuar nso gSa [kM+s]

le{k gh Lockgq tks c<+k jgs cM+&s cM+As
ijLijkoyac ls mBks rFkk c<+ks lHkh]
vHkh veR;Z&vad esa viad gks p<+ks lHkhA
jgks u ;kas fd ,d ls u dke vkSj dk ljs]
euq"; ek=k caèkq gS* ;gh cM+k foosd gS]

iqjk.kiqjQ"k Lo;aHkw firk izfl¼ ,d gSA
iQykuqlkj deZ osQ vo'; cká Hksn gSa]
ijarq varjSD; esa izek.kHkwr osn gSaA
vuFkZ gS fd caèkq gh u caèkq dh O;Fkk gjs]
pyks vHkh"V ekxZ esa lg"kZ [ksyrs gq,]

foifÙk] fo?u tks iMs+sa mUgsa <osQyrs gq,A
?kVs u gsyesy gk¡] c<+s u fHkUurk dHkh]
vroZQ ,d iaFk osQ lroZQ iaFk gkas lHkhA
rHkh leFkZ Hkko gS fd rkjrk gqvk rjs]
euq";rk / 17
iz'u&vH;kl
(d) fuEufyf[kr iz'ukas osQ mÙkj nhft,µ

1- dfo us oSQlh e`R;q dks lqe`R;q dgk gS\
2- mnkj O;fDr dh igpku oSQls gks ldrh gS\
3- dfo us nèkhfp] d.kZ vkfn egku O;fDr;ksa dk mnkgj.k nsdj êuq";rk* osQ
fy, D;k lan's k fn;k gS\
4- dfo us fdu iafDr;ksa esa ;g O;Dr fd;k gS fd geas xoZ&jfgr thou O;rhr
djuk pkfg,\
5- êuq"; ek=k caèkq gS* ls vki D;k le>rs gS\a Li"V dhft,A
6- dfo us lcdks ,d gksdj pyus dh izjs .kk D;ksa nh gS\
7- O;fDr dks fdl izdkj dk thou O;rhr djuk pkfg,\ bl dfork osQ vkèkkj
ij fyf[k,A
8- êuq";rk* dfork osQ ekè;e ls dfo D;k lan's k nsuk pkgrk gS\
1- lgkuqHkwfr pkfg,] egkfoHkwfr gS ;gh_
o'khÑrk lnSo gS cuh gqbZ Lo;a eghA
fojQ¼okn cq¼ dk n;k&izokg esa cgk]
fouhr yksdoxZ D;k u lkeus >qdk jgk\
2- jgks u Hkwy osQ dHkh enkaèk rqPN foÙk es]a
lukFk tku vkidks djks u xoZ fpÙk esAa
vukFk dkSu gS ;gk¡\ f=kyksdukFk lkFk gS]a
n;kyq nhucaèkq osQ cM+s fo'kky gkFk gSAa
3- pyks vHkh"V ekxZ esa lg"kZ [ksyrs gq,]
foifÙk] fo?u tks iMsas+ mUgsa <osQyrs gq,A
?kVs u gsyesy gk¡] c<+s u fHkUurk dHkh]
vroZQ ,d iaFk osQ lroZQ iaFk gkas lHkhA
18 / Li'kZ
;ksX;rk foLrkj
1- vius vè;kid dh lgk;rk ls jafrnso] nèkhfp] d.kZ vkfn ikSjkf.kd ik=kksa osQ
fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr dhft,A
2- îjksidkj* fo"k; ij vkèkkfjr nks dforkvksa vkSj nks nksgksa dk ladyu dhft,A
mUgsa d{kk esa lqukb,A
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
1- v;ksè;k ¯lg mikè;k; ^gfjvkSèk* dh dfork ^deZohj* rFkk vU; dforkvksa
dks if<+, rFkk d{kk esa lqukb,A
2- Hkokuh izlkn feJ dh îzk.kh ogh izk.kh gS* dfork if<+, rFkk nksuksa dforkvksa
osQ Hkkoksa esa O;Dr gqbZ lekurk dks fyf[k,A
eR;Z & ej.k'khy
i'kq&izof` Ùk & i'kq tSlk LoHkko
mnkj & nku'khy @ lân;
ÑrkFkZ & vkHkkjh @ /U;
dhfrZ & ;'k
owQtrh & eèkqj èofu djrh
{kqèkkrZ & Hkw[k ls O;koqQy
jafrnso & ,d ije nkuh jktk
djLFk & gkFk esa idM+k gqvk @ fy;k gqvk
nèkhfp & ,d izfl¼ Íf"k ftudh gfa;ksa ls banz dk otz cuk
Fkk
ijkFkZ & tks nwljksa osQ fy, gks
vfLFktky & gfa;ksa dk lewg
m'khuj & xaèkkj ns'k dk jktk
f{krh'k & jktk
Loekal & vius 'kjhj dk ekal
d.kZ & nku nsus osQ fy, izfl¼ oqQa rh iq=k
euq";rk / 19
egkfoHkwfr & cM+h Hkkjh iwt

¡ h
o'khÑrk & o'k esa dh gqbZ
fo#¼okn cq¼ dk
n;k&izokg esa cgk & cq¼ us djQ.kko'k ml le; dh ikjaifjd ekU;rkvksa
dk fojksèk fd;k Fkk
enkaèk & tks xoZ ls vaèkk gks
foÙk & èku&laifÙk
ijLijkoyac & ,d&nwljs dk lgkjk
veR;Z&vad & nsork dh xksn
viad & dyad&jfgr
Lo;aHkw & ijekRek @ Lo;a mRiUu gksus okyk
varjSD; & vkRek dh ,drk @ var%dj.k dh ,drk
izek.kHkwr & lk{kh
vHkh"V & bfPNr
vroZQ & roZQ ls ijs
lroZQ iaFk & lkoèkku ;k=kh
lqfe=kkuanu iar
(1900-1977)
20 ebZ 1900 dks mÙkjk[kaM osQ dkSlkuh&vyeksMk+ esa tUes lqfe=kkuanu

iar us cpiu ls gh dfork fy[kuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA lkr lky dh
mez esa LowQy esa dkO; ikB osQ fy, iqjLÑr gq,A 1915 esa LFkk;h :i
ls lkfgR; l`tu 'kq: fd;k vkSj Nk;kokn osQ ize[q k LraHk osQ :i eas
tkus x,A
iar th dh vkjafHkd dforkvksa eas izÑfr izes vkSj jgL;okn >ydrk
gSA blosQ ckn os ekDlZ vkSj egkRek xkaèkh osQ fopkjksa ls izHkkfor gq,A
budh ckn dh dforkvksa eas vj¯on n'kZu dk izHkko Li"V u”kj vkrk
gSA
thfodk osQ {ks=k esa iar th mn;'kadj laLÑfr osQa nz ls tqMAs+
vkdk'kok.kh osQ ijke'kZnkrk jgsA yksdk;ru lkaLÑfrd laLFkk dh LFkkiuk
dhA 1961 esa Hkkjr ljdkj us bUgsa iÁHkw"k.k lEeku ls vyaÑr fd;kA
¯gnh osQ igys KkuihB iqjLdkj fotsrk gq,A
iar th dks dyk vkSj cw<k+ pk¡n dfork laxgz ij 1960 esa lkfgR;
vdknseh iqjLdkj] 1969 esa fpnacjk laxgz ij KkuihB iqjLdkj lfgr
vusd iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA mudk fuèku 28 fnlacj 1977
dks gqvkA
budh vU; ize[q k Ñfr;k¡ gSµ
a oh.kk] iYyo] ;qxok.kh] xzkE;k] Lo.kZfdj.k
vkSj yksdk;ruA
ikB izos'k
Hkyk dkSu gksxk ftldk eu igkM+kas ij tkus dks u epyrk gksA ftUgsa lqnjw
fgeky; rd tkus dk volj ugha feyrk os Hkh vius vklikl osQ ioZr
izn's k esa tkus dk volj 'kk;n gh gkFk ls tkus nsrs gksAa ,sls esa dksbZ dfo
vkSj mldh dfork vxj d{kk esa cSB&s cSBs gh og vuqHkwfr ns tk, tSls og
vHkh&vHkh ioZrh; vapy esa fopj.k djosQ ykSVk gks] rks!
izLrqr dfork ,sls gh jksekap vkSj izÑfr osQ lkSna ;Z dks viuh vk¡[kksa
fuj[kus dh vuqHkwfr nsrh gSA ;gh ugha] lqfe=kkuanu iar dh vfèkdka'k dfork,¡
i<+rs gq, ;gh vuqHkwfr gksrh gS fd ekuks gekjs vklikl dh lHkh nhokjsa dgha
foyhu gks xbZ gksAa ge fdlh ,sls jE; LFky ij vk igqp ¡ s gSa tgk¡ igkM+kas dh
vikj kÜ [a` kyk gS] vklikl >jus cg jgs gSa vkSj lc oqQN Hkwydj ge mlh
esa yhu jguk pkgrs gSAa
egkizk.k fujkyk us Hkh dgk Fkk % iar th esa lcls ”kcjnLr dkS'ky tks
gS] og gS ^'ksyh* (shelley) dh rjg vius fo"k; dks vusd miekvksa ls
l¡okjdj eèkqj ls eèkqj vkSj dksey ls dksey dj nsukA
22 / Li'kZ
ioZr izns'k esa ikol

ikol Írq Fkh] ioZr izn's k]
iy&iy ifjofrZr izÑfr&os'kA
es[kykdkj ioZr vikj

vius lglz n`x&lqeu iQkM+]
voyksd jgk gS ckj&ckj
uhps ty esa fut egkdkj]
µftlosQ pj.kksa esa iyk rky

niZ.k&lk iSQyk gS fo'kky!
fxfj dk xkSjo xkdj >j&>j

en esa ul&ul mÙksftr dj
eksrh dh yfM+;ks&a ls lqna j
>jrs gSa >kx Hkjs fu>Zj!
fxfjoj osQ mj ls mB&mB dj
mPpkdka{kkvksa ls rjQoj
gSa >k¡d jgs uhjo uHk ij
vfues"k] vVy] oqQN ¯prkijA
mM+ x;k] vpkud yks] Hkwèkj

ikBkarj % okfjn iQM+dk vikj ikjn· osQ ij!
ioZr izn's k eas ikol / 23
jo&'ks"k jg x, gSa fu>Zj!
gS VwV iM+k Hkw ij vacj!
èk¡l x, èkjk esa lHk; 'kky!

mB jgk èkqvk¡] ty x;k rky!
µ;ksa tyn&;ku esa fopj&fopj
Fkk banz [ksyrk banztkyA
iz'u&vH;kl
1- ikol Írq esa izoQ` fr esa dkSu&dkSu ls ifjorZu vkrs gS\a dfork osQ vkèkkj ij
Li"V dhft,A
2- ês[kykdkj* 'kCn dk D;k vFkZ gS\ dfo us bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx ;gk¡ D;ksa fd;k
gS\
3- ^lglz n`x&lqeu* ls D;k rkRi;Z gS\ dfo us bl in dk iz;ksx fdlosQ fy,
fd;k gksxk\
4- dfo us rkykc dh lekurk fdlosQ lkFk fn[kkbZ gS vkSj D;ks\a
5- ioZr osQ ân; ls mBdj m¡Qps&m¡Qps o`{k vkdk'k dh vksj D;ksa ns[k jgs Fks vkSj
os fdl ckr dks izfr¯cfcr djrs gS\a
6- 'kky osQ o`{k Hk;Hkhr gksdj èkjrh esa D;ksa èk¡l x,\
7- >jus fdlosQ xkSjo dk xku dj jgs gS\a cgrs gq, >jus dh rqyuk fdlls dh
xbZ gS\
1- gS VwV iM+k Hkw ij vacjA
2- µ;ksa tyn&;ku esa fopj&fopj
Fkk banz [ksyrk bant
z kyA
3- fxfjoj osQ mj ls mB&mB dj
mPpkdka{kkvksa ls r#oj
gSa >k¡d jgs uhjo uHk ij
vfues"k] vVy] oqQN ¯prkijA
24 / Li'kZ
dfork dk lkSna ;Z
1- bl dfork esa ekuohdj.k vyadkj dk iz;ksx fdl izdkj fd;k x;k gS\ Li"V
dhft,A
2- vkidh n`f"V esa bl dfork dk lkSna ;Z buesa ls fdl ij fuHkZj djrk gSµ
(d) vusd 'kCnksa dh vko`fÙk ijA
([k) 'kCnksa dh fp=ke;h Hkk"kk ijA
(x) dfork dh laxhrkRedrk ijA
3- dfo us fp=kkRed 'kSyh dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ikol Írq dk ltho fp=k vafdr
fd;k gSA ,sls LFkyksa dks Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,A
;ksX;rk foLrkj
1- bl dfork esa o"kkZ Írq esa gksus okys izko`Qfrd ifjorZuksa dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA
vki vius ;gk¡ o"kkZ Írq esa gksus okys izko`Qfrd ifjorZuksa osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh
izkIr dhft,A
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
1- o"kkZ Írq ij fy[kh xbZ vU; dfo;ksa dh dforkvksa dk laxgz dhft, vkSj d{kk
esa lqukb,A
2- ckfj'k] >jus] banèz kuq"k] ckny] dks;y] ikuh] i{kh] lwjt] gfj;kyh] iwQy] iQy
vkfn ;k dksbZ Hkh izoQ` fr fo"k;d 'kCn dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ,d dfork fy[kus
dk iz;kl dhft,A
ikol & o"kkZ Írq
izÑfr&os'k & izÑfr dk :i
es[kykdkj & dj?kuh osQ vkdkj dh igkM+ dh <ky
lglz & g”kkj
n`x&lqeu & iq"i :ih vk¡[ksa
voyksd & ns[kuk
ioZr izn's k eas ikol / 25
egkdkj & fo'kky vkdkj

niZ.k & vkbZuk
en & eLrh
>kx & isQu
mj & ân;
mPpkdka{kk & m¡Qpk mBus dh dkeuk
r#oj & isM+
uhjo uHk & 'kkar vkdk'k
vfues"k & ,dVd
¯prkij & ¯pfrr @ ¯prk esa Mwck gqvk
Hkwèkj & igkM+
ikjn osQ ij & ikjs osQ leku /oy ,oa pedhys ia[k
jo&'ks"k & osQoy vkok”k dk jg tkuk @ pkjksa vksj 'kkar] fuLrCèk okrkoj.k
esa osQoy ikuh osQ fxjus dh vkok”k dk jg tkuk
lHk; & Hk; osQ lkFk
'kky & ,d o`{k dk uke
rky & rkykc
tyn&;ku & ckny :ih foeku
fopj & ?kweuk
banztky & tknwxjh
26 / Li'kZ
ohjsu Maxoky
(1947-2015)
5 vxLr 1947 dks mÙkjk[kaM osQ fVgjh x<+oky f”kys osQ dhfrZuxj esa tUes ohjsu
Maxoky us vkjafHkd f'k{kk uSuhrky esa vkSj mPp f'k{kk bykgkckn esa ikbZA is'ks ls
izkè;kid Maxoky i=kdkfjrk ls Hkh tqMs+ gq, gSAa
lekt osQ lkèkkj.k tu vkSj gkf'k, ij fLFkr thou osQ foy{k.k C;ksjs vkSj n`';
ohjsu dh dforkvksa dh fof'k"Vrk ekuh tkrh gSA bUgksua s ,slh cgqr&lh ph”kksa vkSj
tho&tarvq ksa dks viuh dfork dk vkèkkj cuk;k gS ftUgsa ge ns[kdj Hkh vuns[kk
fd, jgrs gSAa
ohjsu osQ vc rd nks dfork laxgz blh nqfu;k esa vkSj nq"pØ esa lz"Vk izdkf'kr
gks pqoQs gSAa igys laxgz ij izfrf"Br Jhdkar oekZ iqjLdkj vkSj nwljs ij lkfgR;
vdknseh iqjLdkj osQ vykok bUgsa vU; dbZ iqjLdkjksa ls Hkh lEekfur fd;k x;kA ohjsu
Maxoky us dbZ egÙoiw.kZ dfo;ksa dh vU; Hkk"kkvksa esa fy[kh xbZ dforkvksa dk ¯gnh
esa vuqokn Hkh fd;k gSA 28 flracj 2015 dks budk nsgkolku gqvkA
rksi / 27
ikB izo's k
izrhd vkSj èkjksgj nks fdLe dh gqvk djrh gSaA ,d os ftUgsa ns[kdj ;k
ftuosQ ckjs esa tkudj gesa vius ns'k vkSj lekt dh izkphu miyfCèk;ksa dk
Hkku gksrk gS vkSj nwljh os tks gesa crkrh gSa fd gekjs iwoZtksa ls dc] D;k
pwd gqbZ Fkh] ftlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ns'k dh dbZ ihf<+;kasa dks nk#.k nq[k vkSj
neu >syuk iM+k FkkA
izLrqr ikB esa ,sls gh nks izrhdksa dk fp=k.k gSA ikB gesa ;kn fnykrk gS fd
dHkh bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh Hkkjr esa O;kikj djus osQ bjkns ls vkbZ FkhA Hkkjr us
mldk Lokxr gh fd;k Fkk] ysfdu djrs&djkrs og gekjh 'kkld cu cSBhA
mlus oqQN ckx cuok, rks oqQN rksias Hkh rS;kj dhaA mu rksiksa us bl ns'k dks
fiQj ls vk”kkn djkus dk liuk lkdkj djus fudys tk¡ck”kksa dks ekSr osQ ?kkV
mrkjkA ij ,d fnu ,slk Hkh vk;k tc gekjs iwot Z ksa us ml lÙkk dks m[kkM+
isQa dkA rksi dks fuLrst dj fn;kA fiQj Hkh gesa bu izrhdksa osQ cgkus ;g ;kn
j[kuk gksxk fd Hkfo"; esa dksbZ vkSj ,slh oaQiuh ;gk¡ ik¡o u tekus ik, ftlosQ
bjkns usd u gksa vkSj ;gk¡ fiQj ogh rkaMo eps ftlosQ ?kko vHkh rd gekjs
fnyksa esa gjs gSAa Hkys gh var esa mudh rksi Hkh mlh dke D;ksa u vk, ftl
dke esa bl ikB dh rksi vk jgh gS---
28 / Li'kZ
rksi
oaQiuh ckx osQ eqgkus ij
èkj j[kh xbZ gS ;g 1857 dh rksi
bldh gksrh gS cM+h lEgky] fojklr esa feys
oaQiuh ckx dh rjg
lky esa pedkbZ tkrh gS nks ckjA
lqcg&'kke oaQiuh ckx esa vkrs gSa cgqr ls lSykuh
mUgsa crkrh gS ;g rksi
fd eSa cM+h tcj
mM+k fn, Fks eSua s
vPNs&vPNs lwjekvksa osQ èkTts
vius ”kekus esa
vc rks cgjgky
NksVs yM+dksa dh ?kqM+lokjh ls vxj ;g Ik+ Qkfjx gks
rks mlosQ mQij cSBdj
fpfM+;k¡ gh vdlj djrh gSa xi'ki
dHkh&dHkh 'kSrkuh esa os blosQ Hkhrj Hkh ?kql tkrh gSa
[kkl dj xkSj;S as
os crkrh gSa fd njvly fdruh Hkh cM+h gks rksi
,d fnu rks gksuk gh gS mldk eqg¡ canA
rksi / 29
iz'u&vH;kl

1- fojklr esa feyh ph”kksa dh cM+h l¡Hkky D;ksa gksrh gS\ Li"V dhft,A
2- bl dfork ls vkidks rksi osQ fo"k; esa D;k tkudkjh feyrh gS\
3- oaQiuh ckx esa j[kh rksi D;k lh[k nsrh gS\
4- dfork esa rksi dks nks ckj pedkus dh ckr dh xbZ gSA ;s nks volj dkSu&ls
gksxa \s
1- vc rks cgjgky
+ okjh ls vxj ;g Ik+ Qkfjx gks
NksVs yM+dkas dh ?kqMl
rks mlosQ mQij cSBdj
fpfM+;k¡ gh vdlj djrh gSa xi'kiA
2- os crkrh gSa fd njvly fdruh Hkh cM+h gks rksi
,d fnu rks gksuk gh gS mldk eqg¡ canA
3- mM+k fn, Fks eSua s
vPNs&vPNs lwjekvksa osQ èkTtsA
Hkk"kk vè;;u
1- dfo us bl dfork esa 'kCnksa dk lVhd vkSj csgrjhu iz;ksx fd;k gSA bldh
,d iafDr nsf[k, ^èkj j[kh xbZ gS ;g 1857 dh rksi*A ^èkj* 'kCn ns'kt gS
vkSj dfo us bldk dbZ vFkks± esa iz;ksx fd;k gSA ^j[kuk*] ^èkjksgj* vkSj ^lap;*
osQ :i esAa
2- ^rksi* 'kh"kZd dfork dk Hkko le>rs gq, bldk x| esa :ikarj.k dhft,A
30 / Li'kZ
;ksX;rk foLrkj
1- dfork jpuk djrs le; mi;qDr 'kCnksa dk p;u vkSj mudk lgh LFkku ij
iz;ksx vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gSA dfork fy[kus dk iz;kl dhft, vkSj bls
lef>,A
2- rs”kh ls c<+rh tula[;k vkSj ?kuh vkcknh okyh txgksa osQ vklikl ikdks±
dk gksuk D;ksa ”k:jh gS\ d{kk esa ifjppkZ dhft,A
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
1- Lora=krk lSukfu;ksa dh xkFkk lac/a h iqLrd dks iqLrdky; ls izkIr dhft, vkSj
i<+dj d{kk esa lqukb,A
eqgkus & izo's k }kj ij
èkj j[kh & j[kh xbZ
lEgky & ns[kHkky
fojklr & iwoZ ihf<+;ksa ls izkIr oLrq,¡
lSykuh & n'kZuh; LFkyksa ij vkus okys ;k=kh
lwjek(vks)a & ohj
èkTts & fpFkM+&s fpFkM+s djuk
I+kQkfjx & eqDr @ [kkyh
oaQiuh ckx& xqyke Hkkjr esa ^bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh* }kjk txg&txg ij cuok,
x, ckx&cxhpksa esa ls dkuiqj esa cuok;k x;k ,d ckx
oSQIk+ Qh vk”keh
(1919-2002)
vrgj gqluS fj”koh dk tUe 19 tuojh 1919 dks mÙkj izn's k osQ vk”kex<+ f”kys esa
eteka xk¡o esa gqvkA vnc dh nqfu;k esa vkxs pydj os oSQIk+ Qh vk”keh uke ls e'kgwj
gq,A oSQIk+ Qh vk”keh dh x.kuk izxfr'khy mnwZ dfo;ksa dh igyh iafDr esa dh tkrh gSA
oSQIk+ Qh dh dforkvksa esa ,d vksj lkekftd vkSj jktuSfrd tkx:drk dk lekos'k gS
rks nwljh vksj ân; dh dkseyrk Hkh gSA viuh ;qokoLFkk esa eq'kk;jksa esa okg&okgh ikuss okys
oSQIk+ Qh vk”keh us fIk+ QYeksa osQ fy, lSdM+kas csgrjhu xhr Hkh fy[ks gSAa
10 ebZ 2002 dks bl nqfu;k ls jQ[klr gq, oSQIk+ Qh osQ ik¡p dfork laxgz >adkj]
vkf[kj&,&'kc] vkokjk l”kns] ljek;k vkSj fIk+ QYeh xhrksa dk laxzg esjh vkok”k lquks
izdkf'kr gq,A vius jpukdeZ osQ fy, oSQIk+ Qh dks lkfgR; vdknseh iqjLdkj lfgr dbZ
iqjLdkjksa ls uoktk x;kA oSQIk+ Qh dykdkjksa osQ ifjokj ls FksA buosQ rhuksa cM+s HkkbZ Hkh 'kk;j
FksA iRuh 'kkSdr vk”keh] csVh 'kckuk vk”keh e'kgwj vfHkusf=k;k¡ gSAa
32 / Li'kZ
ikB izo's k
¯”knxh izk.khek=k dks fiz; gksrh gSA dksbZ Hkh bls ;w¡ gh [kksuk ugha pkgrkA vlkè;
jksxh rd thou dh dkeuk djrk gSA thou dh j{kk] lqj{kk vkSj mls ftyk,
j[kus osQ fy, izÑfr us u osQoy reke lkèku gh miyCèk djk, gS]a lHkh
tho&tarv q ksa esa mls cuk,] cpk, j[kus dh Hkkouk Hkh fijksbZ gSA blhfy, 'kkafrfiz;
tho Hkh vius izk.kksa ij ladV vk;k tku mldh j{kk gsrq eqdkcys osQ fy, rRij
gks tkrs gaAS
ysfdu blls Bhd foijhr gksrk gS lSfud dk thou] tks vius ugha] tc vkSjksa
osQ thou ij] mudh vk”kknh ij vk curh gS] rc eqdkcys osQ fy, viuk lhuk
rku dj [kM+k gks tkrk gSA ;g tkurs gq, Hkh fd ml eqdkcys esa vkSjksa dh ¯”knxh
vkSj vk”kknh Hkys gh cph jgs] mldh viuh ekSr dh laHkkouk lcls vfèkd gksrh
gSA
izLrqr ikB tks ;q¼ dh i`"BHkwfe ij cuh fIk+ QYe ^gdhdr* osQ fy, fy[kk
x;k Fkk] ,sls gh lSfudksa osQ ân; dh vkok”k c;ku djrk gS] ftUgsa vius
fd,&èkjs ij uk”k gSA blh osQ lkFk bUgsa vius ns'kokfl;ksa ls oqQN vis{kk,¡ Hkh
gSaA pwf¡ d ftuls mUgas os vis{kk,¡ gSa os ns'koklh vkSj dksbZ ugha] ge vkSj vki gh
gS]a blfy, vkb,] bls i<+dj vius vki ls iwNas fd ge mudh vis{kk,¡ iwjh
dj jgs gSa ;k ugha\
dj pys ge fI+kQnk / 33
dj pys ge fIk+ Qnk
dj pys ge fIk+ Qnk tkuks&ru lkfFk;ks

vc rqEgkjs gokys oru lkfFk;ks
lk¡l Fkerh xbZ] uC”k terh xbZ
fiQj Hkh c<+rs dne dks u jQdus fn;k
dV x, lj gekjs rks oqQN xe ugha
lj fgeky; dk geus u >qdus fn;k
ejrs&ejrs jgk ck¡diu lkfFk;ks

¯”knk jgus osQ ekSle cgqr gSa exj

tku nsus dh #r jks”k vkrh ugha
gqLu vkSj b'd nksuksa dks jQLok djs
oks tokuh tks [kw¡ esa ugkrh ugha
vkt èkjrh cuh gS nqYkgu lkfFk;ks

jkg oqQckZfu;ksa dh u ohjku gks

rqe ltkrs gh jguk u, dkfIk+ Qys
Ik+ Qrg dk t'u bl t'u osQ ckn gS
¯”knxh ekSr ls fey jgh gS xys
ck¡èk yks vius lj ls dI+kQu lkfFk;ks

34 / Li'kZ
[khap nks vius [kw¡ ls ”keha ij ydhj

bl rjI+kQ vkus ik, u jkou dksbZ
rksM+ nks gkFk vxj gkFk mBus yxs
Nw u ik, lhrk dk nkeu dksbZ
jke Hkh rqe] rqEgha y{e.k lkfFk;ks
vc rqEgkjs gokys oru lkfFk;ksA
iz'u&vH;kl
1- D;k bl xhr dh dksbZ ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe gS\
2- ^lj fgeky; dk geus u >qdus fn;k*] bl iafDr esa fgeky; fdl ckr dk
izrhd gS\
3- bl xhr esa èkjrh dks nqygu D;ksa dgk x;k gS\
4- xhr esa ,slh D;k [kkl ckr gksrh gS fd os thou Hkj ;kn jg tkrs gS\a
5- dfo us ^lkfFk;ks* lacksèku dk iz;ksx fdlosQ fy, fd;k gS\
6- dfo us bl dfork esa fdl dkfIk+ Qys dks vkxs c<+krs jgus dh ckr dgh gS\
7- bl xhr esa ^lj ij dIk+ Qu ck¡èkuk* fdl vksj laoQs r djrk gS\
8- bl dfork dk izfrik| vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
1- lk¡l Fkerh xbZ] uC”k terh xbZ
fiQj Hkh c<+rs dne dks u jQdus fn;k
2- [khap nks vius [kw¡ ls ”keha ij ydhj
bl rjIk+ Q vkus ik, u jkou dksbZ
3- Nw u ik, lhrk dk nkeu dksbZ
jke Hkh rqe] rqEgha y{e.k lkfFk;ks
Hkk"kk vè;;u
1- bl xhr esa oqQN fof'k"V iz;ksx gq, gSAa xhr osQ lanHkZ esa mudk vk'k; Li"V
djrs gq, vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,A
dj pys ge fI+kQnk / 35
dV x, lj] uC”k terh xbZ] tku nsus dh jQr] gkFk mBus yxs
2- è;ku nhft, lacksèku esa cgqopu ^'kCn :i* ij vuqLokj dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk_
tSlµ
s Hkkb;ks] cfguks] nsfo;ks] lTtuks vkfnA
;ksX;rk foLrkj
1- oSQIk+ Qh vk”keh mnwZ Hkk"kk osQ ,d izfl¼ dfo vkSj 'kk;j FksA ;ss igys x”ky fy[krs
FksA ckn esa fIk+ QYeksa esa xhrdkj vkSj dgkuhdkj osQ :i esa fy[kus yxsA fuekZrk psru
vkuan dh fIk+ QYe ^gdhdr* osQ fy, bUgksua s ;g xhr fy[kk Fkk] ftls cgqr izflf¼
feyhA ;fn laHko gks losQ rks ;g fIk+ QYe nsf[k,A
2- ^fIk+ QYe dk lekt ij izHkko* fo"k; ij d{kk esa ifjppkZ vk;ksftr dhft,A
3- oSQIk+ Qh vk”keh dh vU; jpukvksa dks iqLrdky; ls izkIr dj if<+, vkSj d{kk esa
lqukb,A blosQ lkFk gh mnwZ Hkk"kk osQ vU; dfo;ksa dh jpukvksa dks Hkh if<+,A
4- ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- }kjk oSQIk+ Qh vk”keh ij cukbZ xbZ fIk+ QYe ns[kus dk iz;kl dhft,A
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
1- lSfud thou dh pqukSfr;ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, ,d fucaèk fyf[k,A
2- vk”kkn gksus osQ ckn lcls eqf'dy dke gS ^vk”kknh cuk, j[kuk*A bl fo"k;
ij d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A
3- vius LowQy osQ fdlh lekjksg ij ;g xhr ;k vU; dksbZ ns'kHkfDriw.kZ xhr xkdj
lqukb,A
fI+kQnk & U;ksNkoj gokys & lkSaiuk
#r & ekSle gqLu & lqna jrk
#Lok & cnuke [kw¡ & [kwu
dkfI+kQys & ;kf=k;ksa dk lewg I+kQrg & thr
t'u & [kq'kh eukuk uC”k & ukM+h
oqQckZfu;k¡ & cfynku ”keha & ”kehu
ydhj & js[kk
36 / Li'kZ
johanuz kFk BkoqQj

(1861-1941)
6 ebZ 1861 dks caxky osQ ,d laiUu ifjokj esa tUes johanuz kFk BkoqQj
ukscy s iqjLdkj ikus okys igys Hkkjrh; gSAa budh f'k{kk&nh{kk ?kj ij gh
gqbAZ NksVh mez esa gh Lokè;k; ls vusd fo"k;ksa dk Kku vftZr dj fy;kA
cSfjLVªh i<+us osQ fy, fons'k Hksts x, ysfdu fcuk ijh{kk fn, gh ykSV
vk,A
johanuz kFk dh jpukvksa esa yksd&laLÑfr dk Loj ize[q k :i ls eq[kfjr
gksrk gSA izÑfr ls bUgsa xgjk yxko FkkA bUgksua s yxHkx ,d g”kkj dfork,¡
vkSj nks g”kkj xhr fy[ks gSAa fp=kdyk] laxhr vkSj Hkkou`R; osQ izfr buosQ
fo'ks"k vuqjkx osQ dkj.k johanz laxhr uke dh ,d vyx èkkjk dk gh
lw=kikr gks x;kA bUgksua s 'kkafr fuosQru uke dh ,d 'kSf{kd vkSj lkaLÑfrd
laLFkk dh LFkkiuk dhA ;g viuh rjg dk vuwBk laLFkku ekuk tkrk gSA
viuh dkO; Ñfr xhrkatfy osQ fy, ukscy s iqjLdkj ls lEekfur gq,
johanuz kFk BkoqQj dh vU; ize[q k Ñfr;k¡ gSµ
a uSo|S ] iwjch] cykdk] {kf.kdk]
fp=k vkSj lkaè;xhr] dkcqyhokyk vkSj lSdM+ka s vU; dgkfu;k¡_ miU;klµxksjk]
?kjs ckbjs vkSj johanz osQ fucaèkA
vkRe=kk.k / 37
ikB izos'k
rSjuk pkgus okys dks ikuh esa dksbZ mrkj rks ldrk gS] mlosQ vkl&ikl
Hkh cuk jg ldrk gS] exj rSjuk pkgus okyk tc Lo;a gkFk&ik¡o pykrk
gS rHkh rSjkd cu ikrk gSA ijh{kk nsus tkus okyk tkrs le; cM+kas ls
vk'khokZn dh dkeuk djrk gh gS] cM+s vk'khokZn nsrs Hkh gS]a ysfdu ijh{kk
rks mls Lo;a gh nsuh gksrh gSA blh rjg tc nks igyoku oqQ'rh yM+rs
gSa rc mudk mRlkg rks lHkh n'kZd c<+krs gS]a blls mudk eukscy c<+rk
gS] exj oqQ'rh rks mUgsa [kqn gh yM+uh iM+rh gSA
izLrqr ikB esa dfoxqjQ ekurs gSa fd izHkq esa lc oqQN laHko dj nsus
dh lkeF;Z gS] fiQj Hkh og ;g drbZ ugha pkgrs fd ogh lc oqQN dj
nsAa dfo dkeuk djrk gS fd fdlh Hkh vkin&foin es]a fdlh Hkh }a}
esa liQy gksus osQ fy, la?k"kZ og Lo;a djs] izHkq dks oqQN u djuk iM+As
fiQj vkf[kj og vius izHkq ls pkgrs D;k gS\a
johanuz kFk BkoqQj dh izLrqr dfork dk caxyk ls ¯gnh esa vuqokn
J¼s; vkpk;Z gtkjhizlkn f}osnh th us fd;k gSA f}osnh th dk ¯gnh
lkfgR; dks le`¼ djus esa viwoZ ;ksxnku gSA ;g vuqokn crkrk gS fd
vuqokn oSQls ewy jpuk dh ^vkRek* dks v{kq..k cuk, j[kus esa l{ke
gSA
38 / Li'kZ
vkRe=kk.k
foinkvksa ls eq>s cpkvks] ;g esjh izkFkZuk ugha

osQoy bruk gks (d#.kke;)
dHkh u foink esa ikm¡Q Hk;A
nq%[k&rki ls O;fFkr fpÙk dks u nks lkaRouk ugha lgh
ij bruk gksos (d#.kke;)
nq[k dks eSa dj lowQ¡ lnk t;A
dksbZ dgha lgk;d u feys
rks viuk cy ikSjQ"k u fgys_
gkfu mBkuh iM+s txr~ esa ykHk vxj oapuk jgh
rks Hkh eu esa uk ekuw¡ {k;AA
esjk =kk.k djks vuqfnu rqe ;g esjh izkFkZuk ugha
cl bruk gksos (d#.kk;e)
rjus dh gks 'kfDr vuke;A
esjk Hkkj vxj y?kq djosQ u nks lkaRouk ugha lghA
osQoy bruk j[kuk vuqu;µ
ogu dj lowQ¡ bldks fuHkZ;A
ur f'kj gksdj lq[k osQ fnu eas
ro eq[k igpkuw¡ fNu&fNu esAa
nq%[k&jkf=k esa djs oapuk esjh ftl fnu fuf[ky egh
ml fnu ,slk gks d#.kke;]
rqe ij d:¡ ugha oqQN la'k;AA
vuqokn % gtkjhizlkn f}osnh

vkRe=kk.k / 39
iz'u&vH;kl
1- dfo fdlls vkSj D;k izkFkZuk dj jgk gS\
2- ^foinkvksa ls eq>s cpkvks] ;g esjh izkFkZuk ugha*µdfo bl iafDr osQ }kjk D;k
dguk pkgrk gS\
3- dfo lgk;d osQ u feyus ij D;k izkFkZuk djrk gS\
4- var esa dfo D;k vuqu; djrk gS\
5- ^vkRe=kk.k* 'kh"kZd dh lkFkZdrk dfork osQ lanHkZ esa Li"V dhft,A
6- viuh bPNkvksa dh iwfrZ osQ fy, vki izkFkZuk osQ vfrfjDr vkSj D;k&D;k
iz;kl djrs gS\a fyf[k,A
7- D;k dfo dh ;g izkFkZuk vkidks vU; izkFkZuk xhrksa ls vyx yxrh gS\ ;fn
gk¡] rks oSQls\
([k) fuEufyf[kr va'kksa dk Hkko Li"V dhft,µ
1- ur f'kj gksdj lq[k osQ fnu esa
ro eq[k igpkuw¡ fNu&fNu esAa
2- gkfu mBkuh iM+s txr~ esa ykHk vxj oapuk jgh
rks Hkh eu esa uk ekuw¡ {k;A
3- rjus dh gks 'kfDr vuke;
esjk Hkkj vxj y?kq djosQ u nks lkaRouk ugha lghA
;ksX;rk foLrkj
1- johanuz kFk BkoqQj us vusd xhrksa dh jpuk dh gSA muosQ xhr&laxgz esa ls nks
xhr Nk¡fV, vkSj d{kk esa dfork&ikB dhft,A
2- vusd vU; dfo;ksa us Hkh izkFkZuk xhr fy[ks gS]a mUgas i<+us dk iz;kl dhft,_
tSlµs
(d) egknsoh oekZµD;k iwtk D;k vpZu js!
([k) lw;dZ kar f=kikBh fujkykµnfyr tu ij djks d#.kkA
(x) bruh 'kfDr gesa nsuk nkrk
eu dk fo'okl de”kksj gks u
40 / Li'kZ
ge pysa usd jLrs ij ge ls

Hkwy dj Hkh dksbZ Hkwy gks u
bl izkFkZuk dks <w<¡ d
+ j iwjk if<+, vkSj lef>, fd nksuksa izkFkZukvksa esa D;k lekurk
gS\ D;k vkidks nksuksa esa dksbZ varj Hkh izrhr gksrk gS\ bl ij vkil esa ppkZ
dhft,A
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
1- johanuz kFk BkoqQj dks ukscy
s iqjLdkj ikus okys igys Hkkjrh; gksus dk xkSjo izkIr
gSA muosQ fo"k; esa vkSj tkudkjh ,d=k dj ifj;kstuk iqfLrdk esa fyf[k,A
2- johanuz kFk BkoqQj dh ^xhrkatfy* dks iqLrdky; ls ysdj if<+,A
3- johanuz kFk BkoqQj us dydÙkk (dksydkrk) osQ fudV ,d f'k{k.k laLFkku dh
LFkkiuk dh FkhA iqLrdky; dh enn ls mlosQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh ,df=kr
dhft,A
4- johanuz kFk BkoqQj us vusd xhr fy[ks] ftUgsa vkt Hkh xk;k tkrk gS vkSj mls johanz
laxhr dgk tkrk gSA ;fn laHko gks rks johanz laxhr lacèa kh oSQlsV o lh-Mh- ysdj
lqfu,A
foink & foifÙk @eqlhcr d#.kke; & nwljksa ij n;k djus okyk
nq%[k rki & d"V dh ihM+k O;fFkr & nq[kh
lgk;d & ennxkj ikS#"k & ijkozQe
{k; & uk'k =kk.k & Hk; fuokj.k @ cpko @
vkJ;
vuqfnu & izfrfnu vuke; & jksx jfgr @ LoLFk
vuqu; & fou; ur f'kj & flj >qdkdj
nq%[k jkf=k & nq[k ls Hkjh jkr oapuk & èkks[kk nsuk @ Nyuk
fuf[ky & lai.w kZ la'k; & langs
lkaRouk & <k¡<l+ c¡èkkuk] rlYyh nsuk
x| [kaM
vk/qfud Hkkjr dh laLÑfr ,d fodflr 'krny dey osQ
leku gS ftldk ,d&,d ny ,d&,d izkra h; Hkk"kk vkSj
mldh lkfgR;&laLÑfr gSA fdlh ,d dks feVk nsus ls ml
dey dh 'kksHkk gh u"V gks tk,xhA ge pkgrs gSa fd Hkkjr
dh lc izkra h; cksfy;k¡ ftuesa lqna j lkfgR; l`f"V gqbZ gS]
vius&vius ?kj esa (izkra es)a jkuh cudj jgs]a vkSj vk/qfud
Hkk"kkvksa osQ gkj dh eè; ef.k fganh Hkkjr Hkkjrh gksdj fojktrh
jgsA
johaæukFk BkoqQj
42 / Li'kZ
cM+s HkkbZ lkgc / 43
izes pan
(1880-1936)
31 tqykbZ 1880 dks cukjl osQ djhc yegh xk¡o esa tUes /uir jk; us
mnZw esa uokc jk; vkSj ¯gnh esa izes pan uke ls ys[ku dk;Z fd;kA futh
O;ogkj vkSj i=kkpkj /uir jk; uke ls gh djrs jgsA mnwZ esa izdkf'kr igyk
dgkuh laxgz ^lks”ksoru* vax”sz k ljdkj us tCr dj fy;kA vkthfodk osQ
fy, LowQy ekLVjh] baLisDVjh] eSut s jh djus osQ vykok bUgksua s ^gal*] êk/
qjh* tSlh ize[q k if=kdkvksa dk laiknu Hkh fd;kA oqQN le; cacbZ (eqca bZ)
dh fIk+ QYe uxjh esa Hkh fcrk;k ysfdu og mUgsa jkl ugha vkbZA ;|fi mudh
dbZ Ñfr;ksa ij ;knxkj fIk+ QYesa cuhaA
vke vkneh osQ nq[k&nnZ osQ cstksM+ fprsjs izes pan dks muosQ thou dky
esa gh dFkk lezkV] miU;kl lezkV dgk tkus yxk FkkA mUgksua s fganh dFkk
ys[ku dh ifjikVh iwjh rjg cny Mkyh FkhA viuh jpukvksa esa mUgksua s mu
yksxksa dks ize[q k ik=k cukdj lkfgR; esa txg nh ftUgsa thou vkSj txr
esa osQoy izrkM+uk vkSj ykaNu gh feys FksA
8 vDrwcj 1936 esa mudk nsgkolku gqvkA izes pan us ftruh Hkh
dgkfu;k¡ fy[kha os lc ekuljksoj 'kh"kZd ls vkB [kaMksa esa ladfyr gSAa
muosQ ize[q k miU;kl gSµ
a xksnku] xcu] izes kJe] lsoklnu] fueZyk] deZHkwfe]
jaxHkwfe] dk;kdYi] izfrKk vkSj eaxylw=k (viw.kZ)A
44 / Li'kZ
ikB izos'k
vHkh rqe NksVs gks blfy, bl dke esa gkFk er MkyksA ;g lqurs gh dbZ ckj
cPpksa osQ eu esa vkrk gS dk'k] ge cM+s gksrs rks dksbZ gesa ;ksa u VksdrkA ysfdu
bl Hkqykos esa u jfg,xk] D;ksfa d cM+s gksus ls oqQN Hkh djus dk vf/dkj ugha
fey tkrkA ?kj osQ cM+s dks dbZ ckj rks mu dkeksa esa 'kkfey gksus ls Hkh vius
dks jksduk iM+rk gS tks mlh mez osQ vkSj yM+oQs cs/M+d djrs jgrs gSAa tkurs
gks D;ks]a D;ksfa d os yM+osQ vius ?kj esa fdlh ls cM+s ugha gksrAs
izLrqr ikB esa Hkh ,d cM+s HkkbZ lkgc gS]a tks gSa rks NksVs gh] ysfdu ?kj esa
muls NksVk ,d HkkbZ vkSj gSA mlls mez esa osQoy oqQN lky cM+k gksus osQ dkj.k
muls cM+h+ &cM+h vis{kk,¡ dh tkrh gSAa cM+k gksus osQ ukrs og [kqn Hkh ;gh pkgrs
vkSj dksf'k'k djrs gSa fd og tks oqQN Hkh djsa og NksVs HkkbZ osQ fy, ,d
felky dk dke djsA bl vkn'kZ fLFkfr dks cuk, j[kus osQ isQj esa cM+s HkkbZ
lkgc dk cpiuk frjksfgr gks tkrk gSA
cM+s HkkbZ lkgc
esjs HkkbZ lkgc eq>ls ik¡p lky cM+]s ysfdu osQoy rhu njts vkxsA mUgksua s Hkh mlh mez
eas i<+uk 'kq: fd;k Fkk] tc eSua s 'kq: fd;k ysfdu rkyhe tSls egÙo osQ ekeys eas og
tYnck”kh ls dke ysuk ilan u djrs FksA bl Hkou dh cqfu;kn [kwc e”kcwr Mkyuk
pkgrs Fks] ftl ij vkyh'kku egy cu losQA ,d lky dk dke nks lky esa djrs FksA
dHkh&dHkh rhu lky Hkh yx tkrs FksA cqfu;kn gh iq[rk u gks] rks edku oSQls ik;snkj
cusA
eSa NksVk Fkk] og cM+s FksA esjh mez ukS
lky dh Fkh] og pkSng lky osQ FksA mUgsa
esjh rEchg vkSj fuxjkuh dk iwjk vkSj
tUefl¼ vfèkdkj Fkk vkSj esjh 'kkyhurk
blh esa Fkh fd muosQ gqDe dks dkuwu
le>wA¡
og LoHkko ls cM+s vè;;u'khy FksA
gjne fdrkc [kksys cSBs jgrs vkSj 'kk;n
fnekx dks vkjke nsus osQ fy, dHkh
dkWih ij] fdrkc osQ gkf'k;ksa ij fpfM+;ks]a
oqQÙkks]a fcfYy;ksa dh rlohjsa cuk;k djrs
FksA dHkh&dHkh ,d gh uke ;k 'kCn ;k okD; nl&chl ckj fy[k MkyrsA dHkh ,d
'ksj dks ckj&ckj lqna j v{kjksa eas udy djrsA dHkh ,slh 'kCn&jpuk djrs] ftlesa u dksbZ
vFkZ gksrk] u dksbZ lkeatL;A elyu ,d ckj mudh dkWih ij eSua s ;g bckjr
ns[khµLis'ky] vehuk] Hkkb;ks&a Hkkb;ks]a njvly] HkkbZ&HkkbZA jkèks';ke] Jh;qr jkèks';ke]
,d ?kaVs rdµblosQ ckn ,d vkneh dk psgjk cuk gqvk FkkA eSua s cgqr ps"Vk dh fd
bl igsyh dk dksbZ vFkZ fudkyw]¡ ysfdu vliQy jgkA vkSj muls iwNus dk lkgl u
gqvkA og ukSoha tekr esa Fks] eSa ik¡poha esAa mudh jpukvksa dks le>uk esjs fy, NksVk
eq¡g cM+h ckr FkhA
esjk th i<+us esa fcyoqQy u yxrk FkkA ,d ?kaVk Hkh fdrkc ysdj cSBuk igkM+ FkkA
ekSdk ikrs gh gksLVy ls fudydj eSnku esa vk tkrk vkSj dHkh oaQdfj;k¡ mNkyrk] dHkh
dkx”k dh frrfy;k¡ mM+krk vkSj dgha dksbZ lkFkh fey x;k] rks iwNuk gh D;kA dHkh
pkjnhokjh ij p<+dj uhps owQn jgs gSAa dHkh iQkVd ij lokj] mls vkxs&ihNs pykrs
gq, eksVjdkj dk vkuan mBk jgs gS]a ysfdu dejs esa vkrs gh HkkbZ lkgc dk og #nz&:i
ns[kdj izk.k lw[k tkrsA mudk igyk loky ;g gksrkµ^dgk¡ Fks*\ ges'kk ;gh loky]
46 / Li'kZ
blh èofu esa ges'kk iwNk tkrk Fkk vkSj bldk tokc esjs ikl osQoy ekSu FkkA u tkus
esjs eqg¡ ls ;g ckr D;ksa u fudyrh fd ”kjk ckgj [ksy jgk FkkA esjk ekSu dg nsrk Fkk
fd eq>s viuk vijkèk Lohdkj gS vkSj HkkbZ lkgc osQ fy, mlosQ flok vkSj dksbZ bykt
u Fkk fd Lusg vkSj jks"k ls feys gq, 'kCnksa esa esjk lRdkj djsAa
¶bl rjg vax”sz kh i<+kxs ]s rks ¯”knxh&Hkj i<+rs jgksxs vkSj ,d gIk+ QZ u vk,xkA vax”sz kh
i<+uk dksbZ g¡lh&[ksy ugha gS fd tks pkgs] i<+ ys] ugha ,sjk&xSjk uRFkw&[kSjk lHkh vaxs”z kh
osQ fo}ku gks tkrsA ;gk¡ jkr&fnu vk¡[ksa iQksMu+ h iM+rh gSa vkSj [kwu tykuk iM+rk gS] rc
dgha ;g fo|k vkrh gSA vkSj vkrh D;k gS] gk¡ dgus dks vk tkrh gSA cM+&s cM+s fo}ku
Hkh 'kq¼ vax”sz kh ugha fy[k ldrs] cksyuk rks nwj jgkA vkSj eSa dgrk gw]¡ rqe fdrus ?kks?a kk
gks fd eq>s ns[kdj Hkh lcd ugha ysrAs eSa fdruh fegur djrk gw]¡ ;g rqe viuh vk¡[kksa
ls ns[krs gks] vxj ugha ns[krs] rks ;g rqEgkjh vk¡[kksa dk dlwj gS] rqEgkjh cqf¼ dk dlwj
gSA brus esy&s rek'ks gksrs gS]a eq>s rqeus dHkh ns[kus tkrs ns[kk gS\ jks”k gh fØosQV vkSj
gkWdh eSp gksrs gSAa eSa ikl ugha iQVdrkA ges'kk i<+rk jgrk gwA¡ ml ij Hkh ,d&,d
njts esa nks&nks] rhu&rhu lky iM+k jgrk gw]¡ fiQj Hkh rqe oSQls vk'kk djrs gks fd rqe
;ksa [ksy&owQn esa oDr x¡okdj ikl gks tkvksx\s eq>s rks nks gh rhu lky yxrs gS]a rqe
mez&Hkj blh njts esa iM+s lM+rs jgksx\s vxj rqEgsa bl rjg mez x¡okuh gS] rks csgrj gS]
?kj pys tkvks vkSj e”ks ls xqYyh&MaMk [ksyksA nknk dh xk<+h dekbZ osQ #i;s D;ksa cjckn
djrs gks\¸
eSa ;g yrkM+ lqudj vk¡lw cgkus yxrkA tokc gh D;k FkkA vijkèk rks eSua s fd;k]
yrkM+ dkSu lgs\ HkkbZ lkgc mins'k dh dyk esa fuiq.k FksA ,slh&,slh yxrh ckrsa dgrs]
,sl&s ,sls lwfDr&ck.k pykrs fd esjs ftxj osQ VqdM+&s VqdM+s gks tkrs vkSj fgEer VwV tkrhA
bl rjg tku rksMd + j esgur djus dh 'kfDr eSa vius esa u ikrk Fkk vkSj ml fujk'kk
esa ”kjk nsj osQ fy, eSa lkspus yxrkµ^D;ksa u ?kj pyk tkm¡QA tks dke esjs cwrs osQ ckgj
gS] mlesa gkFk Mkydj D;ksa viuh ¯”knxh [kjkc d:¡A* eq>s viuk ew[kZ jguk ea”kwj Fkk]
ysfdu mruh esgur ls eq>s rks pDdj vk tkrk Fkk] ysfdu ?kaV&s nks ?kaVs osQ ckn fujk'kk
osQ ckny iQV tkrs vkSj eSa bjknk djrk fd vkxs ls [kwc th yxkdj i<å¡ x+ kA pViV ,d
Vkbe&Vsfcy cuk MkyrkA fcuk igys ls uD'kk cuk, dksbZ Ldhe rS;kj fd, dke oSQls
'kq: d:¡A Vkbe&Vsfcy esa [ksyowQn dh en fcyoqQy mM+ tkrhA izkr%dky N% cts
mBuk] eqg¡ &gkFk èkks] uk'rk dj] i<+us cSB tkukA N% ls vkB rd vax”sz kh] vkB ls ukS
rd fglkc] ukS ls lk<+s ukS rd bfrgkl] fiQj Hkkstu vkSj LowQyA lk<+s rhu cts LowQy
ls okfil gksdj vkèkk ?kaVk vkjke] pkj ls ik¡p rd Hkwxksy] ik¡p ls N% rd xzkej] vkèkk
?kaVk gksLVy osQ lkeus gh Vgyuk] lk<+s N% ls lkr rd vax”sz kh oaQiks”kh'ku] fiQj Hkkstu
djosQ vkB ls ukS rd vuqokn] ukS ls nl rd ¯gnh] nl ls X;kjg rd fofoèk&fo"k;]
fiQj foJkeA
exj Vkbe&Vsfcy cuk ysuk ,d ckr gS] ml ij vey djuk nwljh ckrA igys gh
fnu mldh vogsyuk 'kq: gks tkrhA eSnku dh og lq[kn gfj;kyh] gok osQ
gyosQ&gyosQ >ksoa Qs ] iqQVcky dh og mNy&owQn] dcah osQ og nk¡o&?kkr] okWyhcky
dh og rs”kh vkSj iqQjrh] eq>s vKkr vkSj vfuok;Z :i ls [khap ys tkrh vkSj ogk¡ tkrs
gh eSa lc oqQN Hkwy tkrkA og tkuysok Vkbe&Vsfcy] og vk¡[kiQksM+ iqLrosQa ] fdlh dh
;kn u jgrh vkSj HkkbZ lkgc dks ulhgr vkSj Ik+ Qthgr dk volj fey tkrkA eSa muosQ
lk;s ls Hkkxrk] mudh vk¡[kksa ls nwj jgus dh ps"Vk djrk] dejs esa bl rjg ncs ik¡o
vkrk fd mUgsa [kcj u gksA mudh u”kj esjh vksj mBh vkSj esjs izk.k fudysA ges'kk flj
ij ,d uaxh ryokj&lh yVdrh ekywe gksrhA fiQj Hkh tSls ekSr vkSj foifÙk osQ chp
Hkh vkneh eksg vkSj ek;k osQ caèku esa tdM+k jgrk gS] eSa iQVdkj vkSj ?kqMf+ d;k¡ [kkdj
Hkh [ksy&owQn dk frjLdkj u dj ldrk FkkA
(2)
lkykuk bfErgku gqvkA HkkbZ lkgc Ik+ Qs y gks x,] eSa ikl gks x;k vkSj njts esa izFke vk;kA
esjs vkSj muosQ chp esa osQoy nks lky dk varj jg x;kA th esa vk;k] HkkbZ lkgc dks
vkM+s gkFkksa ywµ ¡ ^vkidh og ?kksj riL;k dgk¡ xbZ\ eq>s nsf[k,] e”ks ls [ksyrk Hkh jgk
vkSj njts esa vOoy Hkh gwA¡ * ysfdu og brus nq[kh vkSj mnkl Fks fd eq>s muls fnyh
gennhZ gqbZ vkSj muosQ ?kko ij ued fNM+dus dk fopkj gh yTtkLin tku iM+kA gk¡]
vc eq>s vius mQij oqQN vfHkeku gqvk vkSj vkRelEeku Hkh c<+kA HkkbZ lkgc dk og
jkSc eq> ij u jgkA vk”kknh ls [ksyowQn esa 'kjhd gksus yxkA fny e”kcwr FkkA vxj mUgksua s
fiQj esjh Ik+ Qthgr dh] rks lkIk+ Q dg nwx¡ kµ^vkius viuk [kwu tykdj dkSu&lk rhj ekj
fy;kA eSa rks [ksyrs&owQnrs njts esa vOoy vk x;kA* ”kcku ls ;g gsdM+h trkus dk
lkgl u gksus ij Hkh esjs jax&<ax ls lkIk+ Q ”kkfgj gksrk Fkk fd HkkbZ lkgc dk og vkrad
eq> ij ugha FkkA HkkbZ lkgc us bls Hkk¡i fy;kµmudh lgt cqf¼ cM+h rhoz Fkh vkSj ,d
fnu tc eSa Hkksj dk lkjk le; xqYyh&MaMs dh HksVa djosQ Bhd Hkkstu osQ le; ykSVk]
rks HkkbZ lkgc us ekuks ryokj [khap yh vkSj eq> ij VwV iM+µ s ns[krk gw]¡ bl lky ikl
gks x, vkSj njts esa vOoy vk x,] rks rqEgsa fnekx gks x;k gS] exj HkkbZtku] ?keaM rks
cM+&s cM+s dk ugha jgk] rqEgkjh D;k gLrh gS\ bfrgkl esa jko.k dk gky rks i<+k gh gksxkA
mlosQ pfj=k ls rqeus dkSu&lk mins'k fy;k\ ;k ;ksa gh i<+ x,\ eg”k bfErgku ikl
dj ysuk dksbZ ph”k ugha] vly ph”k gS cqf¼ dk fodklA tks oqQN i<+k]s mldk vfHkizk;
le>ksA jko.k HkweMa y dk Lokeh FkkA ,sls jktkvksa dks pØorhZ dgrs gSAa vktdy vax”sz kksa
osQ jkT; dk foLrkj cgqr c<+k gqvk gS] ij bUgsa pØorhZ ugha dg ldrsA lalkj esa vusd
jk"Vª vax”sz kksa dk vkfèkiR; Lohdkj ugha djrs] fcyoqQy Lokèkhu gSAa jko.k pØorhZ jktk
Fkk] lalkj osQ lHkh eghi mls dj nsrs FksA cM+&s cM+s nsork mldh xqykeh djrs FksA vkx
48 / Li'kZ
vkSj ikuh osQ nsork Hkh mlosQ nkl Fks] exj mldk var D;k gqvk\ ?keaM us mldk
uke&fu'kku rd feVk fn;k] dksbZ mls ,d pqYyw ikuh nsus okyk Hkh u cpkA vkneh
vkSj tks oqQdeZ pkgs djs] ij vfHkeku u djs] brjk;s ughaA vfHkeku fd;k vkSj
nhu&nqfu;k nksuksa ls x;kA
'kSrku dk gky Hkh i<+k gh gksxkA mls ;g vfHkeku gqvk Fkk fd bZ'oj dk mlls c<+dj
lPpk HkDr dksbZ gS gh ughaA var esa ;g gqvk fd LoxZ ls ujd esa <osQy fn;k x;kA 'kkgs:e
us Hkh ,d ckj vgadkj fd;k FkkA Hkh[k ek¡x&ek¡xdj ej x;kA rqeus rks vHkh osQoy ,d
njtk ikl fd;k gS vkSj vHkh ls rqEgkjk flj fiQj x;k] rc rks rqe vkxs i<+ pqoQs A ;g
le> yks fd rqe viuh esgur ls ugha ikl gq,] vaèks osQ gkFk cVsj yx xbZA exj cVsj
osQoy ,d ckj gkFk yx ldrh gS] ckj&ckj ugha yx ldrhA dHkh&dHkh xqYyh&MaMs esa
Hkh vaèkk&pksV fu'kkuk iM+ tkrk gSA blls dksbZ liQy f[kykM+h ugha gks tkrkA liQy
f[kykM+h og gS] ftldk dksbZ fu'kkuk [kkyh u tk,A
esjs Ik+ Qs y gksus ij er tkvksA esjs njts esa vkvksx]s rks nk¡rkas ilhuk vk tk,xk] tc
vytcjk vkSj tkesVhª osQ yksgs osQ pus pckus iM+xas s vkSj baxfyLrku dk bfrgkl i<+uk
iM+xs kA ckn'kkgksa osQ uke ;kn j[kuk vklku ughaA vkB&vkB gsujh gks xq”kjs gSAa dkSu&lk
dkaM fdl gsujh osQ le; esa gqvk] D;k ;g ;kn dj ysuk vklku le>rs gks\ gsujh
lkrosa dh txg gsujh vkBok¡ fy[kk vkSj lc uacj xk;cA lIk+ QkpVA flIk+ Qj Hkh u feysxk]
flIk+ Qj HkhA gks fdl [k;ky esAa njtuksa rks tsEl gq, gS]a njtuksa fofy;e] dksfM+;ksa pkYlZA
fnekx pDdj [kkus yxrk gSA vkaèkh jksx gks tkrk gSA bu vHkkxksa dks uke Hkh u tqMr+ s
FksA ,d gh uke osQ ihNs nks;e] lks;e] pgk:e] iapeq yxkrs pys x,A eq>ls iwNrs]
rks nl yk[k uke crk nsrkA
vkSj tkesVªh rks cl] [kqnk gh iukgA v c t dh txg v t c fy[k fn;k vkSj
lkjs uacj dV x,A dksbZ bu funZ;h eqerfguksa ls ugha iwNrk fd vkf[kj v c t vkSj
v t c esa D;k Ik+ QoZQ gS] vkSj O;FkZ dh ckr osQ fy, D;ksa Nk=kksa dk [kwu djrs gksA
nky&Hkkr&jksVh [kkbZ ;k Hkkr&nky&jksVh [kkbZ] blesa D;k j[kk gS] exj bu ijh{kdksa dks
D;k ijokgA og rks ogh ns[krs gSa tks iqLrd esa fy[kk gSA pkgrs gSa fd yM+oQs
v{kj&v{kj jV MkysAa vkSj blh jVar dk uke f'k{kk j[k NksMk+ gSA vkSj vkf[kj bu
cs&flj&iSj dh ckrksa osQ i<+us ls Ik+ Qk;nk\
bl js[kk ij og yac fxjk nks] rks vkèkkj yac ls nqxuq k gksxkA iwfN,] blls iz;kstu\
nqxuq k ugha] pkSxuq k gks tk,] ;k vkèkk gh jgs] esjh cyk ls] ysfdu ijh{kk esa ikl gksuk
gS] rks ;g lc [kqjkIk+ Qkr ;kn djuh iM+xs hA
dg fn;kµ^le; dh ikcanh* ij ,d fucaèk fy[kks] tks pkj iUuksa ls de u gksA
vc vki dkWih lkeus [kksys] dye gkFk esa fy, mlosQ uke dks jksb,A dkSu ugha
tkurk fd le; dh ikcanh cgqr vPNh ckr gSA blls vkneh osQ thou esa la;e
vk tkrk gS] nwljksa dk ml ij Lusg gksus yxrk gS vkSj mlosQ dkjksckj esa mUufr
gksrh gS] ysfdu bl ”kjk&lh ckr ij pkj iUus oSQls fy[ksa\ tks ckr ,d okD; esa
dgh tk losQ] mls pkj iUuksa esa fy[kus dh ”k:jr\ eSa rks bls fgekdr dgrk gwA¡
;g rks le; dh fdI+kQk;r ugha] cfYd mldk nq#i;ksx gS fd O;FkZ esa fdlh ckr
dks Bw¡l fn;k tk,A ge pkgrs gS]a vkneh dks tks oqQN dguk gks] pViV dg ns vkSj
viuh jkg ysA exj ugha] vkidks pkj iUus j¡xus iM+axs ]s pkgs tSls fyf[k, vkSj iUus
Hkh iwjs iqQyLosQi vkdkj osQA ;g Nk=kksa ij vR;kpkj ugha] rks vkSj D;k gS\ vuFkZ
rks ;g gS fd dgk tkrk gS] la{ksi esa fy[kksA le; dh ikcanh ij la{ksi esa ,d fucaèk
fy[kks] tks pkj iUuksa ls de u gksA BhdA la{ksi esa rks pkj iUus gq,] ugha 'kk;n
lkS&nks&lkS iUus fy[kokrsA rs”k Hkh nkSfM+, vkSj èkhjs&èkhjs HkhA gS myVh ckr] gS ;k
ugha\ ckyd Hkh bruh&lh ckr le> ldrk gS] ysfdu bu vè;kidksa dks bruh
reh”k Hkh ughaA ml ij nkok gS fd ge vè;kid gaAS esjs njts esa vkvksxs ykyk]
rks ;s lkjs ikiM+ csyus iM+xas s vkSj rc vkVs&nky dk Hkko ekywe gksxkA bl njts esa
vOoy vk x, gks] rks ”kehu ij ik¡o ugha j[krsA blfy, esjk dguk ekfu,A yk[k
I+kQs y gks x;k gw]¡ ysfdu rqels cM+k gw]¡ lalkj dk eq>s rqels dgha ”;knk vuqHko gSA
tks oqQN dgrk gw¡ mls fxjg ck¡fèk,] ugha iNrkb,xkA
LowQy dk le; fudV Fkk] ugha bZ'oj tkus ;g mins'k&ekyk dc lekIr gksrhA Hkkstu
vkt eq>s fu%Lokn&lk yx jgk FkkA tc ikl gksus ij ;g frjLdkj gks jgk gS] rks Ik+ Qs y
gks tkus ij rks 'kk;n izk.k gh ys fy, tk,¡A HkkbZ lkgc us vius njts dh i<+kbZ dk tks
Hk;adj fp=k [khapk Fkk] mlus eq>s Hk;Hkhr dj fn;kA LowQy NksMd + j ?kj ugha Hkkxk] ;gh
rkTtqc gS] ysfdu brus frjLdkj ij Hkh iqLrdksa esa esjh v#fp T;ks&a dh&R;ksa cuh jghA
[ksy&owQn dk dksbZ volj gkFk ls u tkus nsrkA i<+rk Hkh] exj cgqr deA cl] bruk
fd jks”k VkLd iwjk gks tk, vkSj njts esa ”kyhy u gksuk iMsA+ vius Åij tks fo'okl
iSnk gqvk Fkk] og fiQj yqIr gks x;k vkSj fiQj pksjksa dk&lk thou dVus yxkA
(3)
fiQj lkykuk bfErgku gqvk vkSj oqQN ,slk la;ksx gqvk fd eSa fiQj ikl gqvk vkSj HkkbZ
lkgc fiQj Ik+ Qs y gks x,A eSua s cgqr esgur ugha dh] ij u tkus oSQls njts esa vOoy
vk x;kA eq>s [kqn vpjt gqvkA HkkbZ lkgc us izk.kkard ifjJe fd;kA dkslZ dk
,d&,d 'kCn pkV x, Fks] nl cts jkr rd bèkj] pkj cts Hkksj ls mèkj] N% ls lk<+s
ukS rd LowQy tkus osQ igysA eqnkz dkafrghu gks xbZ Fkh] exj cspkjs Ik+ Qs y gks x,A eq>s
mu ij n;k vkrh FkhA urhtk lquk;k x;k] rks og jks iM+s vkSj eSa Hkh jksus yxkA vius
ikl gksus dh [kq'kh vkèkh gks xbZA eSa Hkh Ik+ Qs y gks x;k gksrk] rks HkkbZ lkgc dks bruk
nq%[k u gksrk] ysfdu fofèk dh ckr dkSu Vkys!
50 / Li'kZ
esjs vkSj HkkbZ lkgc osQ chp esa vc osQoy ,d njts dk varj vkSj jg x;kA esjs
eu esa ,d oqQfVy Hkkouk mn; gqbZ fd dgha HkkbZ lkgc ,d lky vkSj Ik+ Qs y gks tk,¡]
rks eSa muosQ cjkcj gks tkm¡Q] fiQj og fdl vkèkkj ij esjh Ik+ Qthgr dj losaQxs] ysfdu
eSua s bl fopkj dks fny ls cyiwod Z fudky MkykA vkf[kj og eq>s esjs fgr osQ fopkj
ls gh rks Mk¡Vrs gSAa eq>s bl oDr vfiz; yxrk gS vo';] exj ;g 'kk;n muosQ mins'kksa
dk gh vlj gS fd eSa nuknu ikl gks tkrk gw¡ vkSj brus vPNs uacjksa lsA
vc HkkbZ lkgc cgqr oqQN uje iM+ x, FksA dbZ ckj eq>s Mk¡Vus dk volj ikdj Hkh
mUgksua s èkhjt ls dke fy;kA 'kk;n vc og [kqn le>us yxs Fks fd eq>s Mk¡Vus dk vfèkdkj
mUgsa ugha jgk] ;k jgk Hkh] rks cgqr deA esjh LoPNanrk Hkh c<+hA eSa mudh lfg".kqrk dk
vuqfpr ykHk mBkus yxkA eq>s oqQN ,slh èkkj.kk gqbZ fd eSa ikl gh gks tkm¡Qxk] i<¡å+ ;k u
i<¡å]+ esjh rdnhj cyoku gS] blfy, HkkbZ lkgc osQ Mj ls tks FkksMk+ &cgqr i<+ fy;k djrk
Fkk] og Hkh can gqvkA eq>s dudkS, mM+kus dk u;k 'kkSd iSnk gks x;k Fkk vkSj vc lkjk
le; iraxck”kh dh gh HksVa gksrk Fkk] fiQj Hkh eSa HkkbZ lkgc dk vnc djrk Fkk vkSj mudh
u”kj cpkdj dudkS, mM+krk FkkA eka>k nsuk] dUus ck¡èkuk] irax VwukZeVas dh rS;kfj;k¡ vkfn
leL;k,¡ lc xqIr :i ls gy dh tkrh FkhaA eSa HkkbZ lkgc dks ;g langs u djus nsuk pkgrk
Fkk fd mudk lEeku vkSj fygk”k esjh u”kjksa esa de gks x;k gSA
,d fnu laè;k le;] gksLVy ls nwj eSa ,d dudkSvk ywVus csrgk'kk nkSMk+ tk jgk
FkkA vk¡[ksa vkleku dh vksj Fkha vkSj eu ml vkdk'kxkeh ifFkd dh vksj] tks ean xfr
ls >werk iru dh vksj pyk vk jgk Fkk] ekuks dksbZ vkRek LoxZ ls fudydj fojDr
eu ls u, laLdkj xzg.k djus tk jgh gksA ckydksa dh iwjh lsuk yXxs vkSj >kMn+ kj ck¡l
fy, budk Lokxr djus dks nkSMh+ vk jgh FkhA fdlh dks vius vkxs&ihNs dh [kcj
u FkhA lHkh ekuks ml irax osQ lkFk gh vkdk'k esa mM+ jgs Fks] tgk¡ lc oqQN lery
gS] u eksVjdkjsa ga]S u Vªke] u xkfM+;k¡A
lglk HkkbZ lkgc ls esjh eqBHksM+ gks xbZ] tks 'kk;n ck”kkj ls ykSV jgs FksA mUgksua s ogha
gkFk idM+ fy;k vkSj mxz Hkko ls cksyµ s bu ck”kkjh ykSMa ksa osQ lkFk èksys osQ dudkS, osQ
fy, nkSMr+ s rqEgsa 'keZ ugha vkrh\ rqEgsa bldk Hkh oqQN fygkt ugha fd vc uhph tekr
esa ugha gks] cfYd vkBoha tekr esa vk x, gks vkSj eq>ls osQoy ,d njtk uhps gksA
vkf[kj vkneh dks oqQN rks viuh iks”kh'ku dk [k;ky j[kuk pkfg,A
,d ”kekuk Fkk fd yksx vkBok¡ njtk ikl djosQ uk;c rglhynkj gks tkrs FksA eSa
fdrus gh fefMyfp;ksa dks tkurk gw¡] tks vkt vOoy njts osQ fMIVh eSftLVªVs ;k
lqi¯jVsMa Vas gSAa fdrus gh vkBoha tekr okys gekjs yhMj vkSj lekpkji=kksa osQ laiknd
gSaA cM+&s cM+s fo}ku mudh ekrgrh esa dke djrs gSa vkSj rqe mlh vkBosa njts esa vkdj
ck”kkjh ykSMa ksa osQ lkFk dudkS, osQ fy, nkSM+ jgs gksA eq>s rqEgkjh bl de vDyh ij
nq%[k gksrk gSA rqe ”kghu gks] blesa 'kd ugha] ysfdu og ”ksgu fdl dke dk tks gekjs
vkRexkSjo dh gR;k dj MkysA rqe vius fny esa le>rs gksx]s eSa HkkbZ lkgc ls eg”k
,d njtk uhps gw¡ vkSj vc mUgsa eq>dks oqQN dgus dk gd ugha gS] ysfdu ;g rqEgkjh
xyrh gSA eSa rqels ik¡p lky cM+k gw¡ vkSj pkgs vkt rqe esjh gh tekr esa vk tkvks
vkSj ijh{kdksa dk ;gh gky gS] rks fuLlangs vxys lky rqe esjs led{k gks tkvksxs
vkSj 'kk;n ,d lky ckn eq>ls vkxs Hkh fudy tkvks] ysfdu eq>esa vkSj rqeesa tks
ik¡p lky dk varj gS] mls rqe D;k] [kqnk Hkh ugha feVk ldrkA eSa rqels ik¡p lky
cM+k gw¡ vkSj ges'kk jgwx¡ kA eq>s nqfu;k dk vkSj ¯”knxh dk tks rtqjck gS] rqe mldh
cjkcjh ugha dj ldrs] pkgs rqe ,e-,- vkSj Mh-fiQy~ vkSj Mh-fyV~ gh D;ksa u gks tkvksA
le> fdrkcsa i<+us ls ugha vkrh] nqfu;k ns[kus ls vkrh gSA gekjh vEek¡ us dksbZ njtk
ugha ikl fd;k vkSj nknk Hkh 'kk;n ik¡poha&NBh tekr osQ vkxs ugha x,] ysfdu ge
nksuksa pkgs lkjh nqfu;k dh fo|k i<+ ys]a vEek¡ vkSj nknk dks gesa le>kus vkSj lqèkkjus
dk vfèkdkj ges'kk jgsxkA osQoy blfy, ugha fd os gekjs tUenkrk gS]a cfYd blfy,
fd mUgsa nqfu;k dk gels ”;knk rtqjck gS vkSj jgsxkA vesfjdk esa fdl rjg dh
jkt&O;oLFkk gS] vkSj vkBosa gsujh us fdrus C;kg fd, vkSj vkdk'k esa fdrus u{k=k
gSa] ;g ckrsa pkgs mUgsa u ekywe gks]a ysfdu g”kkjksa ,slh ckrsa ga]S ftudk Kku mUgsa gels
vkSj rqels ”;knk gSA
nSo u djs] vkt eSa chekj gks tkm¡Q] rks rqEgkjs gkFk&ik¡o iwQy tk,¡xAs nknk dks
rkj nsus osQ flok rqEgsa vkSj oqQN u lw>xs k] ysfdu rqEgkjh txg nknk gka]s rks fdlh
dks rkj u nsa] u ?kcjk,¡] u cngokl gksaA igys [kqn ej”k igpkudj bykt djsxa s]
mlesa liQy u gq,] rks fdlh MkWDVj dks cqyk,¡xAs chekjh rks [kSj cM+h ph”k gSA
ge&rqe rks bruk Hkh ugha tkurs fd eghus&Hkj dk [kpZ eghuk&Hkj oSQls pysA tks
oqQN nknk Hkstrs gS]a mls ge chl&ckbZl rd [kpZ dj Mkyrs gSa vkSj fiQj iSls&iSls
dks eqgrkt gks tkrs gSAa uk'rk can gks tkrk gS] èkksch vkSj ukbZZ ls eq¡g pqjkus yxrs
gaS] ysfdu ftruk vkt ge vkSj rqe [kpZ dj jgs gS]a mlosQ vkèks esa nknk us viuh
mez dk cM+k Hkkx b””kr vkSj usdukeh osQ lkFk fuHkk;k gS vkSj oqQVqEc dk ikyu
fd;k gS ftlesa lc feydj ukS vkneh FksA vius gsMekLVj lkgc gh dks ns[kksA ,e-
,- gaS fd ugha vkSj ;gk¡ osQ ,e-,- ugha] vkDliQksMZ osQA ,d g”kkj #i;s ikrs gaS_
ysfdu muosQ ?kj dk bar”kke dkSu djrk gS\ mudh cw<+h ek¡A gsMekLVj lkgc dh
fMxzh ;gk¡ csdkj gks xbZA igys [kqn ?kj dk bar”kke djrs FksA [kpZ iwjk u iM+rk FkkA
d”kZnkj jgrs FksA tc ls mudh ekrk th us izcaèk vius gkFk esa ys fy;k gS] tSls
?kj esa y{eh vk xbZ gSA rks HkkbZtku] ;g x:j fny ls fudky Mkyks fd rqe esjs
lehi vk x, gks vkSj vc Lora=k gksA esjs ns[krs rqe csjkg u pyus ikvksxAs vxj
rqe ;ksa u ekuksxs rks eSa (FkIiM+ fn[kkdj) bldk iz;ksx Hkh dj ldrk gw¡A eSa tkurk
gw¡] rqEgsa esjh ckrsa ”kgj yx jgh gSaA---
52 / Li'kZ
eSa mudh bl u;h ;qfDr ls ur&eLrd

gks x;kA eq>s vkt lpeqp viuh y?kqrk
dk vuqHko gqvk vkSj HkkbZ lkgc osQ izfr
esjs eu esa J¼k mRiUu gqbAZ eaSus lty
vk¡[kksa ls dgkµgjfx”k ughaA vki tks
oqQN Ik+ Qjek jgs gS]a og fcyoqQy lp gS
vkSj vkidks mlosQ dgus dk vfèkdkj
gSA
HkkbZ lkgc us eq>s xys ls yxk fy;k
vkSj cksysµeSa dudkS, mM+kus dks euk
ugha djrkA esjk Hkh th yypkrk gS_
ysfdu d:¡ D;k] [kqn csjkg py¡]w rks rqEgkjh j{kk oSQls d:¡\ ;g drZO; Hkh rks esjs flj
gSA
la;ksx ls mlh oDr ,d dVk gqvk dudkSvk gekjs Åij ls xq”kjkA mldh Mksj yVd
jgh FkhA yM+dksa dk ,d xksy ihNs&ihNs nkSMk+ pyk vkrk FkkA HkkbZ lkgc yacs gSa ghA
mNydj mldh Mksj idM+ yh vkSj csrgk'kk gksLVy dh rjIk+ Q nkSMAs+ eSa ihNs&ihNs nkSM+
jgk FkkA
iz'u&vH;kl
ekSf[kd
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ,d&nks iafDr;ksa esa nhft,µ
1- dFkk uk;d dh jQfp fdu dk;ks± eas Fkh\
2- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc NksVs HkkbZ ls gj le; igyk loky D;k iwNrs Fks\
3- nwljh ckj ikl gksus ij NksVs HkkbZ osQ O;ogkj esa D;k ifjorZu vk;k\
4- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc NksVs HkkbZ ls mez esa fdrus cM+s Fks vkSj os dkSu&lh d{kk esa i<+rs
Fks\
5- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc fnekx dks vkjke nsus osQ fy, D;k djrs Fks\
fyf[kr
(d) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj (25-30 'kCnksa es)a fyf[k,µ
1- NksVs HkkbZ us viuh i<+kbZ dk Vkbe&Vsfcy cukrs le; D;k&D;k lkspk vkSj fiQj
mldk ikyu D;ksa ugha dj ik;k\
2- ,d fnu tc xqYyh&MaMk [ksyus osQ ckn NksVk HkkbZ cM+s HkkbZ lkgc osQ lkeus
igqp
¡ k rks mudh D;k izfrfØ;k gqb\Z
3- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc dks vius eu dh bPNk,¡ D;ksa nckuh iM+rh Fkha\
4- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc NksVs HkkbZ dks D;k lykg nsrs Fks vkSj D;ks\a
5- NksVs HkkbZ us cM+s HkkbZ lkgc osQ uje O;ogkj dk D;k Ik+ Qk;nk mBk;k\
([k) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj (50-60 'kCnksa es)a fyf[k,µ
1- cM+s HkkbZ dh Mk¡V&iQVdkj vxj u feyrh] rks D;k NksVk HkkbZ d{kk eas vOoy
vkrk\ vius fopkj izdV dhft,A
2- bl ikB esa ys[kd us lewph f'k{kk osQ fdu rkSj&rjhdksa ij O;aX; fd;k gS\ D;k
vki muosQ fopkj ls lger gS\a
3- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc osQ vuqlkj thou dh le> oSQls vkrh gS\
54 / Li'kZ
4- NksVs HkkbZ osQ eu esa cM+s HkkbZ lkgc osQ izfr J¼k D;ksa mRiUu gqb\Z
5- cM+s HkkbZ dh LoHkkoxr fo'ks"krk,¡ crkb,\
6- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc us ¯”knxh osQ vuqHko vkSj fdrkch Kku esa ls fdls vkSj D;ksa
egÙoiw.kZ dgk gS\
7- crkb, ikB osQ fdu va'kksa ls irk pyrk gS fdµ
(d) NksVk HkkbZ vius HkkbZ lkgc dk vknj djrk gSA
([k) HkkbZ lkgc dks ¯”knxh dk vPNk vuqHko gSA
(x) HkkbZ lkgc osQ Hkhrj Hkh ,d cPpk gSA
(?k) HkkbZ lkgc NksVs HkkbZ dk Hkyk pkgrs gSAa
(x) fuEufyf[kr osQ vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
1- bfErgku ikl dj ysuk dksbZ ph”k ugha] vly ph”k gS cqf¼ dk fodklA
2- fiQj Hkh tSls ekSr vkSj foifÙk osQ chp Hkh vkneh eksg vkSj ek;k osQ caèku eas
tdM+k jgrk gS] eaS iQVdkj vkSj ?kqMf+ d;k¡ [kkdj Hkh [ksy&owQn dk frjLdkj u
dj ldrk FkkA
3- cqfu;kn gh iq[rk u gks] rks edku oSQls ik;snkj cus\
4- vk¡[ksa vkleku dh vksj Fkha vkSj eu ml vkdk'kxkeh ifFkd dh vksj] tks ean
xfr ls >werk iru dh vksj pyk vk jgk Fkk] ekuks dksbZ vkRek LoxZ ls
fudydj fojDr eu ls u, laLdkj xzg.k djus tk jgh gksA
Hkk"kk vè;;u
1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnkas osQ nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ
ulhgr] jks"k] vk”kknh] jktk] rkTtqc
2- izes pan dh Hkk"kk cgqr iSuh vkSj eqgkojsnkj gSA blhfy, budh dgkfu;k¡ jkspd
vkSj izHkkoiw.kZ gksrh gaAS bl dgkuh esa vki ns[ksxa s fd gj vuqPNsn esa nks&rhu
eqgkojksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA mnkgj.kr% bu okD;ksa dks nsf[k, vkSj è;ku ls
if<+,µ
· esjk th i<+us esa fcyoqQy u yxrk FkkA ,d ?kaVk Hkh fdrkc ysdj cSBuk
igkM+ FkkA
· HkkbZ lkgc mins'k dh dyk esa fuiq.k FksA ,slh&,slh yxrh ckrsa dgrs]
,sl&s ,sls lwfDr ck.k pykrs fd esjs ftxj osQ VqdM+&s VqdM+s gks tkrs vkSj
fgEer VwV tkrhA
· og tkuysok Vkbe&Vsfcy] og vk¡[kiQksM+ iqLrosQa ] fdlh dh ;kn u jgrh vkSj
HkkbZ lkgc dks ulhgr vkSj Ik+ Qthgr dk volj fey tkrkA
fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
flj ij uaxh ryokj yVduk] vkM+s gkFkksa ysuk] vaèks osQ gkFk cVsj yxuk] yksgs
osQ pus pckuk] nk¡rksa ilhuk vkuk] ,sjk&xSjk uRFkw [kSjkA
3- fuEufyf[kr rRle] rn~Hko] ns'kh] vkxr 'kCnksa dks fn, x, mnkgj.kksa osQ vkèkkj
ij Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,A
rRle rn~Hko ns'kt vkxr (vax”sz kh ,oa mnwZ @ vjch&Ik+ Qkjlh)
tUefl¼ vk¡[k nky&Hkkr iks”kh'ku] Ik+ Qthgr
rkyhe] tYnck”kh] iq[rk] gkf'k;k] ps"Vk] tekr] gIk+ QZ ] lwfDrck.k] tkuysok]
vk¡[kiQksM]+ ?kqMf+ d;k¡] vkfèkiR;] iUuk] esyk&rek'kk] elyu] Lis'ky] Ldhe]
iQVdkj] izkr%dky] fo}ku] fuiq.k] HkkbZ lkgc] vogsyuk] Vkbe&Vsfcy
4- fØ;k,¡ eq[;r% nks izdkj dh gksrh gSµ a ldeZd vkSj vdeZdA
ldeZd fØ;kµokD; esa ftl fØ;k osQ iz;ksx esa deZ dh vis{kk jgrh gS] mls
ldeZd fØ;k dgrs gS_a tSlµ s 'khyk us lsc [kk;kA
eksgu ikuh ih jgk gSA
vdeZd fØ;kµokD; esa ftl fØ;k osQ iz;ksx esa deZ dh vis{kk ugha gksrh]
mls vdeZd fØ;k dgrs gS_a tSlµ s 'khyk g¡lrh gSA
cPpk jks jgk gSA
uhps fn, okD;ksa esa dkSu&lh fØ;k gSµldeZd ;k vdeZd\ fyf[k,µ
(d)mUgksua s ogha gkFk idM+ fy;kA ----------------------------------
([k) fiQj pksjks&a lk thou dVus yxkA ----------------------------------
(x) 'kSrku dk gky Hkh i<+k gh gksxkA ----------------------------------
(?k) eSa ;g yrkM+ lqudj vk¡lw cgkus yxrkA ----------------------------------

(Ä) le; dh ikcanh ij ,d fuca/ fy[kksA ----------------------------------
(p) eSa ihNs&ihNs nkSM+ jgk FkkA ----------------------------------
5- ^bd* izR;; yxkdj 'kCn cukb,µ

fopkj] bfrgkl] lalkj] fnu] uhfr] iz;ksx] vf/dkj
;ksX;rk foLrkj
56 / Li'kZ
1- izes pan dh dgkfu;k¡ ekuljksoj osQ vkB Hkkxksa esa ladfyr gSAa buesa ls dgkfu;k¡
if<+, vkSj d{kk esa lqukb,A oqQN dgkfu;ksa dk eapu Hkh dhft,A
2- f'k{kk jVar fo|k ugha gSµbl fo"k; ij d{kk esa ifjppkZ vk;ksftr dhft,A
3- D;k i<+kbZ vkSj [ksy&owQn lkFk&lkFk py ldrs gSµ a d{kk esa bl ij
okn&fookn dk;ZØe vk;ksftr dhft,A
4- D;k ijh{kk ikl dj ysuk gh ;ksX;rk dk vk/kj gS\ bl fo"k; ij d{kk esa ppkZ
dhft,A
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
1- dgkuh esa ¯”knxh ls izkIr vuqHkoksa dks fdrkch Kku ls ”;knk egÙoiw.kZ crk;k
x;k gSA vius ekrk&firk] cM+s HkkbZ&cfguksa ;k vU; cq”kqxZ @ cM+s lnL;ksa ls muosQ
thou osQ ckjs esa ckrphr dhft, vkSj irk yxkb, fd csgrj <ax ls ¯”knxh
thus osQ fy, D;k dke vk;kµle>nkjh @ iqjkus vuqHko ;k fdrkch i<+kbZ\
2- vkidh NksVh cfgu @ NksVk HkkbZ Nk=kkokl esa jgrh @ jgrk gSA mldh i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ
osQ lac/
a esa mls ,d i=k fyf[k,A
'kCnkFkZ ,oa fVIif.k;k¡
rkyhe & f'k{kk
iq[rk & e”kcwr
rEchg & Mk¡V&MiV
lkeatL; & rkyesy
elyu & mnkgj.kr%
bckjr & ys[k
ps"Vk & dksf'k'k
tekr & d{kk
gI+kZQ & v{kj
fegur (esgur) & ifjJe
yrkM+ & Mk¡V&MiV
lwfDr&ck.k & O;aX;kRed dFku @ rh[kh ckrsa
Ldhe & ;kstuk
vey djuk & ikyu djuk
vogsyuk & frjLdkj
ulhgr & lykg
I+kQthgr & vieku
frjLdkj & mis{kk
lkykuk bfErgku & okf"kZd ijh{kk
yTtkLin & 'keZukd
'kjhd & 'kkfey
vkrad & Hk;
vOoy & izFke
vkfèkiR; & izHkqRo @ lkezkT;
Lokèkhu & Lora=k
eghi & jktk
oqQdeZ & cqjk dke
vfHkeku & ?keaM
eqerfgu & ijh{kd
iz;kstu & mís';
[kqjkI+kQkr & O;FkZ dh ckrsa
fgekdr & csoowQIk+ Qh
fdI+kQk;r & cpr (ls)
nq#i;ksx & vuqfpr mi;ksx
fu%Lokn & fcuk Lokn dk
rkTtqc & vk'p;Z
VkLd & dk;Z
tyhy & viekfur
izk.kkard & izk.k ysus okyk @ izk.kksa dk var djus okyk
dkafrghu & psgjs ij ped u gksuk
LoPNanrk & vk”kknh
lfg".kqrk & lgu'khyrk
dudkSvk & irax
vnc & b””kr
”kghu & izfrHkkoku
rtqjck & vuqHko
cngokl & csgky
eqgrkt (eksgrkt) & nwljs ij vkfJr
58 / Li'kZ
lhrkjke lsdlfj;k
(1892-1982)
1892 eas jktLFkku osQ uoyx<+ eas tUes lhrkjke lsdlfj;k dk vf/dka'k thou dydÙkk
(dksydkrk) esa chrkA O;kikj&O;olk; ls tqMs+ lsdlfj;k vusd lkfgfR;d] lkaLÑfrd
vkSj ukjh f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa osQ izjs d] laLFkkid] lapkyd jgsA egkRek xka/h osQ vkàku ij
Lora=krk vkanksyu esa c<+&p<+dj fgLlsnkjh dhA xqjQnso johanuz kFk BkoqQj] egkRek xka/h]
usrkth lqHkk"kpanz cksl osQ djhch jgsA lR;kxzg vkanksyu osQ nkSjku tsy ;k=kk Hkh dhA oqQN
lky rd vk”kkn ¯gn Ik+ QkSt osQ ea=kh Hkh jgsA Hkkjr ljdkj us mUgsa 1962 esa iÁJh lEeku
ls lEekfur fd;kA
lhrkjke lsdlfj;k dks fo|ky;h f'k{kk ikus dk volj ugha feykA Lokè;k; ls gh
i<+uk&fy[kuk lh[kkA Le`frd.k] eu dh ckr] chrk ;qx] u;h ;kn vkSj nks Hkkxksa esa ,d
dk;ZdrkZ dh Mk;jh mudh mYys[kuh; Ñfr;k¡ gSAa
Mk;jh dk ,d iUuk / 59
ikB izos'k
vax”sz kksa ls ns'k dks eqfDr fnykus osQ fy, egkRek xka/h us lR;kxzg vkanksyu
NsMk+ FkkA bl vkanksyu us turk esa vk”kknh dh vy[k txkbZA ns'k Hkj ls
,sls yk[kksa yksx lkeus vk, tks bl egklaxkz e esa viuk loZLo U;ksNkoj djus
dks rRij FksA 26 tuojh 1930 dks xqyke Hkkjr esa igyh ckj Lora=krk fnol
euk;k x;k FkkA ;g flyflyk vkxs Hkh tkjh jgkA vk”kknh osQ <kbZ lky ckn]
1950 esa ;gh fnu gekjs vius x.kra=k osQ ykxw gksus dk fnu Hkh cukA
izLrqr ikB osQ ys[kd lhrkjke lsdlfj;k vk”kknh dh dkeuk djus okys
mUgha vuar yksxksa esa ls ,d FksA og fnu&izfrfnu tks Hkh ns[krs] lqurs vkSj
eglwl djrs Fks] mls viuh futh Mk;jh esa n”kZ dj ysrs FksA ;g Øe dbZ
o"kks± rd pykA bl ikB esa mudh Mk;jh dk 26 tuojh 1931 dk
ys[kktks[kk gSA
usrkth lqHkk"kpanz cksl vkSj Lo;a ys[kd lfgr dydÙkk (dksydkrk) osQ
yksxksa us ns'k dk nwljk Lora=krk fnol fdl tks'k&[kjks'k ls euk;k] vax”zs k
iz'kkldksa us bls mudk vijk/ ekurs gq, mu ij vkSj fo'ks"kdj efgyk
dk;ZdrkZvksa ij oSQls&oSQls ”kqYe <k,] ;gh lc bl ikB esa of.kZr gSA ;g
ikB gekjs ozQkafrdkfj;ksa dh oqQckZfu;ksa dh ;kn rks fnykrk gh gS] lkFk gh ;g
Hkh mtkxj djrk gS fd ,d laxfBr lekt o`QrladYi gks rks ,slk oqQN Hkh
ugha tks og u dj losQA
60 / Li'kZ
Mk;jh dk ,d iUuk
26 tuojh 1931
26 tuojh % vkt dk fnu rks vej fnu gSA vkt osQ gh fnu
lkjs ¯gnqLrku esa Lora=krk fnol euk;k x;k FkkA vkSj bl o"kZ Hkh
mldh iqujko`fÙk Fkh ftlosQ fy, dkIk+ Qh rS;kfj;k¡ igys ls dh xbZ
FkhaA xr o"kZ viuk fgLlk cgqr lkèkkj.k FkkA bl o"kZ ftruk vius
ns ldrs Fks] fn;k FkkA osQoy izpkj esa nks g”kkj #i;k [kpZ fd;k
x;k FkkA lkjs dke dk Hkkj vius le>rs Fks vius mQij gS] vkSj
blh rjg tks dk;ZdrkZ Fks muosQ ?kj tk&tkdj le>k;k FkkA
cM+s ck”kkj osQ izk;% edkuksa ij jk"Vªh; >aMk iQgjk jgk Fkk vkSj
dbZ edku rks ,sls ltk, x, Fks fd ,slk ekywe gksrk Fkk fd ekuks
Lora=krk fey xbZ gksA dydÙks osQ izR;sd Hkkx esa gh >aMs yxk,
x, FksA ftl jkLrs ls euq"; tkrs Fks mlh jkLrs esa mRlkg vkSj
uohurk ekywe gksrh FkhA yksxksa dk dguk Fkk fd ,slh ltkoV
igys ugha gqbAZ iqfyl Hkh viuh iwjh rkdr ls 'kgj esa x'r nsdj
izn'kZu dj jgh FkhA eksVj ykfj;ksa esa xksj[ks rFkk lkjtsVa izR;sd eksM+
ij rSukr FksA fdruh gh ykfj;k¡ 'kgj esa ?kqekbZ tk jgh FkhaA
?kqMl+ okjksa dk izcèa k FkkA dgha Hkh VªfS Ik+ Qd iqfyl ugha Fkh] lkjh
iqfyl dks blh dke esa yxk;k x;k FkkA cM+&s cM+s ikdks± rFkk eSnkuksa
dks iqfyl us losjs ls gh ?ksj fy;k FkkA
eksueq Vas osQ uhps tgk¡ 'kke dks lHkk gksus okyh Fkh ml txg
dks rks Hkksj esa Ng cts ls gh iqfyl us cM+h la[;k esa ?ksj y;k
Fkk ij rc Hkh dbZ txg rks Hkksj esa gh >aMk iQgjk;k x;kA J¼kuan
ikoZQ esa caxky izkra h; fo|kFkhZ la?k osQ ea=kh vfouk'k ckcw us >aMk
xkM+k rks iqfyl us mudks idM+ fy;k rFkk vkSj yksxksa dks ekjk ;k
gVk fn;kA rkjk lqna jh ikoZQ esa cM+k&ck”kkj dkaxl sz desVh osQ ;q¼
ea = kh gfj'pa n z ¯lg >a M k iQgjkus x, ij os
Hkhrj u tk losQA ogk¡ ij
dkIk+ Qh ekjihV gqbZ vkSj nks&pkj
vknfe;ksa osQ flj iQV x,A xqtjkrh lsfodk
la?k dh vksj ls tqylw fudyk ftlesa cgqr&lh yM+fd;k¡ Fkha mudks
fxjÝ+rkj dj fy;kA
11 cts ekjokM+h ckfydk fo|ky; dh yM+fd;ksa us vius fo|ky; esa
>aMksRlo euk;kA tkudhnsoh] enkylk (enkylk ctkt&ukjk;.k) vkfn Hkh xbZ
FkhaA yM+fd;ksa dks] mRlo dk D;k eryc gS] le>k;k x;kA ,d ckj eksVj esa
cSBdj lc rjIk+ Q ?kwedj ns[kk rks cgqr vPNk ekywe gks jgk FkkA txg&txg Ik+ QksVks
mrj jgs FksA vius Hkh Ik+ QksVks dk dkIk+ Qh izcèa k fd;k FkkA nks&rhu cts dbZ vknfe;ksa
dks idM+ fy;k x;kA ftlesa eq[; iw.kksnZ kl vkSj iq#"kksÙke jk; FksA
lqHkk"k ckcw osQ tqylw dk Hkkj iw.kksnZ kl ij Fkk ij ;g izcèa k dj pqdk FkkA
L=kh lekt viuh rS;kjh esa yxk FkkA txg&txg ls fL=k;k¡ viuk tqyl w fudkyus
dh rFkk Bhd LFkku ij ig¡p q us dh dksf'k'k dj jgh FkhaA eksueq aVs osQ ikl tSlk
izcèa k Hkksj esa Fkk oSlk djhc ,d cts ugha jgkA blls yksxksa dks vk'kk gksus yxh
fd 'kk;n iqfyl viuk jax u fn[kykos ij og dc #dus okyh FkhA rhu cts
ls gh eSnku esa g”kkjksa vknfe;ksa dh HkhM+ gksus yxh vkSj yksx Vksfy;k¡ cuk&cukdj
eSnku esa ?kweus yxsA vkt tks ckr Fkh og fujkyh FkhA
tc ls dkuwu Hkax dk dke 'kq: gqvk gS rc ls vkt rd bruh cM+h lHkk
,sls eSnku esa ugha dh xbZ Fkh vkSj ;g lHkk rks dguk pkfg, fd vksiu yM+kbZ
FkhA iqfyl dfe'uj dk uksfVl fudy pqdk Fkk fd veqd&veqd èkkjk osQ
vuqlkj dksbZ lHkk ugha gks ldrhA tks yksx dke djus okys Fks mu lcoQks
balisDVjksa osQ }kjk uksfVl vkSj lwpuk ns nh xbZ Fkh fd vki ;fn lHkk esa Hkkx
ysxa s rks nks"kh le>s tk,¡xAs bèkj dkSfa ly dh rjIk+ Q ls uksfVl fudy x;k Fkk fd
eksueq Vas osQ uhps Bhd pkj ctdj pkSchl feuV ij >aMk iQgjk;k tk,xk rFkk
Lora=krk dh izfrKk i<+h tk,xhA loZlkèkkj.k dh mifLFkfr gksuh pkfg,A [kqyk
pSyt as nsdj ,slh lHkk igys ugha dh xbZ FkhA
Bhd pkj ctdj nl feuV ij lqHkk"k ckcw tqyl w ysdj vk,A mudks pkSjxa h
ij gh jksdk x;k] ij HkhM+ dh vfèkdrk osQ dkj.k iqfyl tqyl w dks jksd ugha
ldhA eSnku osQ eksM+ ij igqp ¡ rs gh iqfyl us ykfB;k¡ pykuh 'kq: dj nha] cgqr
vkneh ?kk;y gq,] lqHkk"k ckcw ij Hkh ykfB;k¡ iM+hAa lqHkk"k ckcw cgqr ”kksjksa ls oans
ekrje~ cksy jgs FksA T;ksfreZ; xkaxy q h us lqHkk"k ckcw ls dgk] vki bèkj vk tkb,A
ij lqHkk"k ckcw us dgk] vkxs c<+uk gSA
;g lc rks vius lquh gqbZ fy[k jgs gSa ij lqHkk"k ckcw dk vkSj viuk fo'ks"k
Ik+ Qklyk ugha FkkA lqHkk"k ckcw cM+s ”kksj ls oans ekrje~ cksyrs Fks] ;g viuh vk¡[k
ls ns[kkA iqfyl Hk;kud :i ls ykfB;k¡ pyk jgh FkhA f{krh'k pVthZ dk iQVk
gqvk flj ns[kdj rFkk mldk cgrk gqvk [kwu ns[kdj vk¡[k ¯ep tkrh FkhA bèkj
;g gkyr gks jgh Fkh fd mèkj fL=k;k¡ eksueq Vas dh lhf<+;ksa ij p<+ >aMk iQgjk
jgh Fkha vkSj ?kks"k.kk i<+ jgh FkhaA fL=k;k¡ cgqr cM+h la[;k esa igqp ¡ xbZ FkhaA izk;%
62 / Li'kZ
lcosQ ikl >aMk FkkA tks okyafs V;j x, Fks os vius LFkku ls ykfB;k¡ iM+us ij Hkh
gVrs ugha FksA
lqHkk"k ckcw dks idM+ fy;k x;k vkSj xkM+h esa cSBkdj ykyck”kkj ykWdvi esa Hkst
fn;k x;kA oqQN nsj ckn gh fL=k;k¡ tqyl w cukdj ogk¡ ls pyhaA lkFk esa cgqr cM+h HkhM+
bd_h gks xbZA chp esa iqfyl oqQN BaMh iM+h Fkh] mlus fiQj MaMs pykus 'kq: dj fn,A
vcdh ckj HkhM+ ”;knk gksus osQ dkj.k cgqr vkneh ?kk;y gq,A èkeZrYys osQ eksM+ ij
vkdj tqyl w VwV x;k vkSj djhc 50&60 fL=k;k¡ ogha eksM+ ij cSB xb±A iqfyl us mudks
idM+dj ykyck”kkj Hkst fn;kA fL=k;ksa dk ,d Hkkx vkxs c<+k ftldk usrR` o foey
izfrHkk dj jgh FkhaA mudks cgw ck”kkj osQ eksM+ ij jksdk x;k vkSj os ogha eksM+ ij cSB
xb±A vkl&ikl cgqr cM+h HkhM+ bd_h gks xbZ] ftl ij iqfyl chp&chp esa ykBh pykrh
FkhA
bl izdkj djhc ikSu ?kaVs osQ ckn iqfyl dh ykjh vkbZ vkSj mudks ykyck”kkj ys
tk;k x;kA vkSj Hkh dbZ vknfe;ksa dks idM+k x;kA o`tyky xks;udk tks dbZ fnu ls vius
lkFk dke dj jgk Fkk vkSj nene tsy esa Hkh vius lkFk Fkk] idM+k x;kA igys rks og
>aMk ysdj oans ekrje~ cksyrk gqvk eksueq Vas dh vksj brus ”kksj ls nkSMk+ fd vius vki
gh fxj iM+k vkSj mls ,d vax”sz kh ?kqMl + okj us ykBh ekjh fiQj idM+dj oqQN nwj ys tkus
osQ ckn NksM+ fn;kA bl ij og fL=k;ksa osQ tqylw esa 'kkfey gks x;k vkSj ogk¡ ij Hkh mldks
NksM+ fn;k rc og nks lkS vknfe;ksa dk tqyl w cukdj ykyck”kkj x;k vkSj ogk¡ ij
fxjÝ+rkj gks x;kA enkylk Hkh idM+h xbZ FkhA mlls ekywe gqvk fd mldks Fkkus esa Hkh
ekjk FkkA lc feykdj 105 fL=k;k¡ idM+h xbZ FkhaA ckn esa jkr dks ukS cts lcdks NksM+
fn;k x;kA dydÙkk esa vkt rd bruh fL=k;k¡ ,d lkFk fxjÝ+rkj ugha dh xbZ FkhaA djhc
vkB cts [kknh HkaMkj vk, rks dkaxl sz vkWfIk+ Ql ls Ik+ Qksu vk;k fd ;gk¡ cgqr vkneh pksV
[kkdj vk, gSa vkSj dbZ dh gkyr laxhu gS muosQ fy, xkM+h pkfg,A tkudhnsoh osQ lkFk
ogk¡ x,] cgqr yksxksa dks pksV yxh gqbZ FkhA MkWDVj nklxqIrk mudh ns[k&js[k rFkk Ik+ QksVks
mrjok jgs FksA ml le; rd 67 vkneh ogk¡ vk pqoQs FksA ckn esa rks 103 rd vk
igq¡pAs
vLirky x,] yksxksa dks ns[kus ls ekywe gqvk fd 160 vkneh rks vLirkyksa esa igq¡ps
vkSj tks yksx ?kjksa eas pys x,] os vyx gSAa bl izdkj nks lkS ?kk;y ”k:j gq, gaSA idM+s
x, vknfe;ksa dh la[;k dk irk ugha pyk] ij ykyck”kkj osQ ykWdvi esa fL=k;kas dh
la[;k 105 FkhA vkt rks tks oqQN gqvk og viwoZ gqvk gSA caxky osQ uke ;k dydÙkk
osQ uke ij dyad Fkk fd ;gk¡ dke ugha gks jgk gS og vkt cgqr va'k esa èkqy x;k
vkSj yksx lkspus yx x, fd ;gk¡ Hkh cgqr lk dke gks ldrk gSA
iz'u&vH;kl
ekSf[kd
1- dydÙkk okfl;ksa osQ fy, 26 tuojh 1931 dk fnu D;ksa egÙoiw.kZ Fkk\
2- lqHkk"k ckcw osQ tqyl w dk Hkkj fdl ij Fkk\
3- fo|kFkhZ la?k osQ ea=kh vfouk'k ckcw osQ >aMk xkM+us ij D;k izfrfozQ;k gqb\Z
4- yksx vius&vius edkuksa o lkoZtfud LFkyksa ij jk"Vªh; >aMk iQgjkdj
fdl ckr dk laosQr nsuk pkgrs Fks\
5- iqfyl us cMs&+ cM+s ikdks± rFkk eSnkuksa dks D;ksa ?ksj fy;k Fkk\
fyf[kr
1- 26 tuojh 1931 osQ fnu dks vej cukus osQ fy, D;k&D;k rS;kfj;k¡ dh xb±\
2- ^vkt tks ckr Fkh og fujkyh Fkh*µfdl ckr ls irk py jgk Fkk fd vkt
dk fnu vius vki esa fujkyk gS\ Li"V dhft,A
3- iqfyl dfe'uj osQ uksfVl vkSj dkSfa ly osQ uksfVl esa D;k varj Fkk\
4- èkeZrYys osQ eksM+ ij vkdj tqyl w D;ksa VwV x;k\
5- MkW- nklxqIrk tqyl w esa ?kk;y yksxksa dh ns[k&js[k rks dj gh jgs Fks] muosQ Ik+ QksVks
Hkh mrjok jgs FksA mu yksxksa osQ Ik+ QksVks [khapus dh D;k otg gks ldrh Fkh\ Li"V
dhft,A
1- lqHkk"k ckcw osQ tqylw esa L=kh lekt dh D;k Hkwfedk Fkh\
2- tqyl w osQ ykyck”kkj vkus ij yksxksa dh D;k n'kk gqb\Z
3- ^tc ls dkuwu Hkax dk dke 'kq: gqvk gS rc ls vkt rd bruh cM+h lHkk
,sls eSnku esa ugha dh xbZ Fkh vkSj ;g lHkk rks dguk pkfg, fd vksiu yM+kbZ
FkhA* ;gk¡ ij dkSu ls vkSj fdlosQ }kjk ykxw fd, x, dkuwu dks Hkax djus dh
ckr dgh xbZ gS\ D;k dkuwu Hkax djuk mfpr Fkk\ ikB osQ lanHkZ eas vius fopkj
izdV dhft,A
4- cgqr ls yksx ?kk;y gq,] cgqrksa dks ykWdvi esa j[kk x;k] cgqr&lh fL=k;k¡ tsy
xb±] fiQj Hkh bl fnu dks viwoZ crk;k x;k gSA vkiosQ fopkj esa ;g lc viwoZ
D;ksa gS\ vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
(x)fuEufyf[kr dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,&
1- vkt rks tks oqQN gqvk og viwoZ gqvk gSA caxky osQ uke ;k dydÙkk osQ uke
ij dyad Fkk fd ;gk¡ dke ugha gks jgk gS og vkt cgqr va'k esa èkqy x;kA
2- [kqyk pSyt as nsdj ,slh lHkk igys ugha dh xbZ FkhA
Hkk"kk vè;;u
1- jpuk dh n`f"V ls okD; rhu izdkj osQ gksrs gSµ a
64 / Li'kZ
ljy okD;µljy okD; esa drkZ] deZ] iwjd] fØ;k vkSj fØ;k fo'ks"k.k ?kVdksa
;k buesa ls oqQN ?kVdksa dk ;ksx gksrk gSA Lora=k :i ls iz;Dq r gksus okyk miokD;
gh ljy okD; gSA
mnkgj.kµyksx Vksfy;k¡ cukdj eSnku esa ?kweus yxsA
la;Dq r okD;µftl okD; esa nks ;k nks ls vf/d Lora=k ;k eq[; miokD;
lekukf/dj.k ;kstd ls tqMs+ gka]s og la;Dq r okD; dgykrk gSA ;kstd
'kCnµvkSj] ijar]q blfy, vkfnA
mnkgj.kµeksueq Vas osQ uhps >aMk iQgjk;k tk,xk vkSj Lora=krk dh izfrKk i<+h
tk,xhA
feJ okD;µog okD; ftlesa ,d iz/ku miokD; gks vkSj ,d ;k vf/d
vkfJr miokD; gks]a feJ okD; dgykrk gSA
mnkgj.kµtc vfouk'k ckcw us >aMk xkM+k rc iqfyl us mudks idM+ fy;kA
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks ljy okD;ksa esa cnfy,µ
I. (d) nks lkS vknfe;ksa dk tqyl w ykyck”kkj x;k vkSj ogk¡ ij fxjÝ+rkj gks
x;kA
([k) eSnku esa g”kkjksa vknfe;ksa dh HkhM+ gksus yxh vkSj yksx Vksfy;k¡
cuk&cukdj eSnku esa ?kweus yxsA
(x) lqHkk"k ckcw dks idM+ fy;k x;k vkSj xkM+h esa cSBkdj ykyck”kkj
ykWdvi esa Hkst fn;k x;kA
II. ^cM+s HkkbZ lkgc* ikB esa ls Hkh nks&nks ljy] la;D q r vkSj feJ okD;
Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,A
2- fuEufyf[kr okD; lajpukvksa dks è;ku ls if<+, vkSj lef>, fd tkuk] jguk
vkSj pqduk fØ;kvksa dk iz;ksx fdl izdkj fd;k x;k gSA
(d) 1- dbZ edku ltk, x, FksA
2- dydÙks osQ izR;sd Hkkx esa >aMs yxk, x, FksA
([k) 1- cM+s ck”kkj osQ izk;% edkuksa ij jk"Vªh; >aMk iQgjk jgk FkkA
2- fdruh gh ykfj;k¡ 'kgj esa ?kqekbZ tk jgh FkhaA
3- iqfyl Hkh viuh iwjh rkdr ls 'kgj esa x'r nsdj izn'kZu dj jgh
FkhA
(x) 1- lqHkk"k ckcw osQ tqyl w dk Hkkj iw.kksnZ kl ij Fkk] og izc/ a dj pqdk
FkkA
2- iqfyl dfe'uj dk uksfVl fudy pqdk FkkA
3- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa dh lajpuk ij è;ku nhft,µ
fo|k $ vFkhZ µ fo|kFkhZ
^fo|k* 'kCn dk vafre Loj ^vk* vkSj nwljs 'kCn ^vFkhZ* dh izFke Loj èofu
^v* tc feyrs gSa rks os feydj nh?kZ Loj ^vk* esa cny tkrs gSAa ;g Loj
laf/ gS tks laf/ dk gh ,d izdkj gSA
laf/ 'kCn dk vFkZ gSµtksMu+ kA tc nks 'kCn ikl&ikl vkrs gSa rks igys 'kCn
dh vafre èofu ckn esa vkus okys 'kCn dh igyh èofu ls feydj mls
izHkkfor djrh gSA èofu ifjorZu dh bl izfozQ;k dks laf/ dgrs gSAa laf/ rhu
izdkj dh gksrh gSµLoj laf/] O;atu laf/] folxZ laf/A tc laf/ ;qDr inksa
dks vyx&vyx fd;k tkrk gS rks mls laf/ foPNsn dgrs gS_a
tSlµ s fo|ky; & fo|k $ vky;
uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa dh laf/ dhft,µ
1- J¼k $ vkuan = ------------------------
2- izfr $ ,d = ------------------------
3- iqjQ"k $ mÙke = ------------------------
4- >aMk $ mRlo = ------------------------
5- iqu% $ vko`fÙk = ------------------------
6- T;ksfr% $ e; = ------------------------
;ksX;rk foLrkj
1- HkkSfrd :i ls ncs gq, gksus ij Hkh vax”sz kksa osQ le; esa gh gekjk eu vk”kkn
gks pqdk FkkA vr% fnlacj lu~ 1929 esa ykgkSj esa dkaxl sz dk ,d cM+k vf/
os'ku gqvk] blosQ lHkkifr tokgjyky usg: th FksA bl vfèkos'ku esa ;g
izLrko ikl fd;k x;k fd vc ge îw.kZ LojkT;* ls oqQN Hkh de Lohdkj
ugha djsxa As 26 tuojh 1930 dks ns'kokfl;ksa us îw.kZ Lora=krk* osQ fy, gj izdkj
osQ cfynku dh izfrKk dhA mlosQ ckn vk”kknh izkIr gksus rd izfro"kZ 26
tuojh dks Lok/hurk fnol osQ :i esa euk;k tkrk jgkA vk”kknh feyus osQ ckn
26 tuojh x.kra=k fnol osQ :i esa euk;k tkus yxkA
2- Mk;jhµ;g x| dh ,d fo/k gSA blesa nSfud thou esa gksus okyh ?kVukvks]a
vuqHkoksa dks of.kZr fd;k tkrk gSA vki Hkh viuh nSfud thou ls lacfa /r
?kVukvksa dks Mk;jh esa fy[kus dk vH;kl djsAa
3- teuk yky ctkt egkRek xka/h osQ ik¡posa iq=k osQ :i esa tkus tkrs gS]a D;ks\a
vè;kid ls tkudkjh izkIr djsAa
4- <kbZ yk[k dk tkudh nsoh iqjLdkj teuk yky ctkt iQkmaM's ku }kjk iwjs Hkkjr
esa ljkguh; dk;Z djus okyh efgykvksa dks fn;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ ,slh oqQN
efgykvksa osQ uke fn, tk jgs gSµ a
66 / Li'kZ
Jherh vuqrkbZ fye;s 1993 egkjk"Vª_ ljLorh xksjk 1996 vka/z izn's k_
ehuk vxzoky 1998 vle_ flLVj eSfFkyh 1999 osQjy_ oaQaq ryk oqQekjh vkpk;Z
2001 mM+hlkA
buesa ls fdlh ,d osQ ckjs esa foLr`r tkudkjh izkIr dhft,A
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
1- Lora=krk vkanksyu esa fuEufyf[kr efgykvksa us tks ;ksxnku fn;k] mlosQ ckjs esa
laf{kIr tkudkjh izkIr djosQ fyf[k,µ
(d)ljksftuh uk;Mw ([k) v#.kk vkliQ vyh
(x) dLrwjck xka/h
2- bl ikB osQ ekè;e ls Lora=krk laxkz e esa dydÙkk (dksydkrk) osQ ;ksxnku dk
fp=k Li"V gksrk gSA vk”kknh osQ vkanksyu esa vkiosQ {ks=k dk Hkh fdlh u fdlh
izdkj dk ;ksxnku jgk gksxkA iqLrdky;] vius ifjfprksa ;k fiQj fdlh nwljs lzkrs
ls bl lac/ a esa tkudkjh gkfly dj fyf[k,A
3- ôsQoy izpkj esa nks g”kkj #i;k [kpZ fd;k x;k FkkA* rRdkyhu le; dks
eísu”kj j[krs gq, vuqeku yxkb, fd izpkj&izlkj osQ fy, fdu ekè;eksa dk
mi;ksx fd;k x;k gksxk\
4- vkidks vius fo|ky; esa yxus okys iYl iksfy;ks osQa nz dh lwpuk iwjs eksgYys
dks nsuh gSA vki bl ckr dk izpkj fcuk iSls osQ oSQls dj ik,¡x\s mnkgj.k osQ
lkFk fyf[k,A
iqujko`fÙk & fiQj ls vkuk
vius @ viuk & ge @ gekjs @ esjk (ys[kd osQ ys[ku 'kSyh dk mnkgj.k)
x'r & iqfyl deZpkjh dk igjs osQ fy, ?kweuk
lkjtsaV & lsuk esa ,d in
eksuqesaV & Lekjd
dkSfa ly & ifj"kn~
pkSjaxh & dydÙkk (dksydkrk) 'kgj esa ,d LFkku dk uke
okysfa V;j & Lo;alos d
laxhu & xaHkhj
enkylk & tkudhnsoh ,oa teuk yky ctkt dh iq=kh dk uke
dydÙkk & vax”sz kksa us Hkkjr esa igyh jkt/kuh dydÙkk eas LFkkfir dh
(dksydkrk) FkhA ckn esa u;h fnYyh jktèkkuh cuh
rrk¡jk&okehjks dFkk / 67
yhyk/j eaMyksbZ
(1954)
1954 dh tUek"Veh osQ fnu ¯NnokM+k f”kys osQ ,d NksVs ls xk¡o xq<h+ esa
tUes yhyk/j eaMyksbZ dh f'k{kk&nh{kk Hkksiky vkSj jk;iqj esa gqbZA izlkj.k
dh mPp f'k{kk osQ fy, 1987 esa dkWeuosYFk fjys'kal VªLV] yanu dh vksj
ls vkeaf=kr fd, x,A bu fnuksa izlkj Hkkjrh nwjn'kZu osQ egkfuns'kd dk
dk;ZHkkj l¡Hkky jgs gSAa
yhyk/j eaMyksbZ ewyr% dfo gSAa mudh dforkvksa esa NÙkhlx<+ vapy dh
cksyh dh feBkl vkSj ogk¡ osQ tuthou dk ltho fp=k.k gSA vaneku fudksckj
}hilewg dh tutkfr;ksa ij fy[kk budk x| vius vki esa ,d lekt
'kkL=kh; vè;;u Hkh gSA mudk dfo eu gh og lzkrs gS tks mUgsa yksddFkk]
yksdxhr] ;k=kk&o`Ùkkar] Mk;jh] ehfM;k] fjiksrkZ”k vkSj vkykspuk ys[ku dh vksj
izoÙ` k djrk gSA
vius jpukdeZ osQ fy, dbZ iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur eaMyksbZ dh ize[q k
Ñfr;k¡ gSaµ?kj&?kj ?kwek] jkr&fcjkr] exj ,d vkok”k] ns[kk&vuns[kk vkSj
dkyk ikuhA
68 / Li'kZ
ikB izos'k
tks lH;rk ftruh iqjkuh gS] mlosQ ckjs esa mrus gh ”;knk fdLls&dgkfu;k¡
Hkh lquus dks feyrh gSAa fdLls ”k:jh ugha fd lpeqp ml :i esa ?kfVr
gq, gksa ftl :i esa gesa lquus ;k i<+us dks feyrs gSAa bruk ”k:j gS fd bu
fdLlksa esa dksbZ u dksbZ lan's k ;k lh[k fufgr gksrh gSA vaneku fudksckj
}hilewg esa Hkh reke rjg osQ fdLls e'kgwj gSAa buesa ls oqQN dks yhyk/
j eaMyksbZ us fiQj ls fy[kk gSA
izLrqr ikB rrk¡jk&okehjks dFkk blh }hilewg osQ ,d NksVs ls }hi ij
osaQfnzr gSA mDr }hi esa fo}s"k xgjh tM+as tek pqdk FkkA ml fo}s"k dks tM+
ewy ls m[kkM+us osQ fy, ,d ;qxy dks vkRecfynku nsuk iM+k FkkA mlh
;qxy osQ cfynku dh dFkk ;gk¡ c;ku dh xbZ gSA
izes lcdks tksMr+ k gS vkSj ?k`.kk nwjh c<+krh gS] blls Hkyk dkSu budkj
dj ldrk gSA blhfy, tks lekt osQ fy, vius izes dk] vius thou rd
dk cfynku djrk gS] lekt mls u osQoy ;kn j[krk gS cfYd mlosQ
cfynku dks O;FkZ ugha tkus nsrkA ;gh otg gS fd rRdkyhu lekt osQ
lkeus ,d felky dk;e djus okys bl ;qxy dks vkt Hkh ml }hi osQ
fuoklh xoZ vkSj J¼k osQ lkFk ;kn djrs gSAa
rrk¡jk&okehjks dFkk
vaneku }hilewg dk vafre nf{k.kh }hi gS fyfVy vanekuA ;g iksVZ Cys;j ls yxHkx
lkS fdyksehVj nwj fLFkr gSA blosQ ckn fudksckj }hilewg dh kÜ [a` kyk vkjaHk gksrh gS tks
fudksckjh tutkfr dh vkfne laLÑfr osQ osQa nz gSAa fudksckj }hilewg dk igyk ize[q k
}hi gS dkj&fudksckj tks fyfVy vaneku ls 96 fd-eh- nwj gSA fudksckfj;ksa dk fo'okl
gS fd izkphu dky esa ;s nksukas }hi ,d gh FksA buosQ foHkDr gksus dh ,d yksddFkk gS
tks vkt Hkh nksgjkbZ tkrh gSA
lfn;ksa iwo]Z tc fyfVy vaneku vkSj dkj&fudksckj vkil esa tqMs+ gq, Fks rc ogk¡
,d lqna j lk xk¡o FkkA ikl esa ,d lqna j vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh ;qod jgk djrk FkkA mldk
uke Fkk rrk¡jkA fudksckjh mls csgn izes djrs FksA rrk¡jk ,d usd vkSj ennxkj O;fDr
FkkA lnSo nwljksa dh lgk;rk osQ fy, rRij jgrkA vius xk¡ookyksa dks gh ugha] vfirq
lewps }hiokfl;ksa dh lsok djuk viuk ije drZO; le>rk FkkA mlosQ bl R;kx dh
otg ls og pfpZr FkkA lHkh mldk vknj djrsA oDr eqlhcr esa mls Lej.k djrs
vkSj og Hkkxk&Hkkxk ogk¡ igqp ¡ tkrkA nwljs xk¡oksa eas Hkh ioZ&R;ksgkjksa osQ le; mls fo'ks"k
:i ls vkeaf=kr fd;k tkrkA mldk O;fDrRo rks vkd"kZd Fkk gh] lkFk gh vkReh;
LoHkko dh otg ls yksx mlosQ djhc jguk pkgrsA ikjaifjd iks'kkd osQ lkFk og
viuh dej esa lnSo ,d ydM+h dh ryokj ck¡èks jgrkA yksxksa dk er Fkk] ckotwn
ydM+h dh gksus ij] ml ryokj esa vn~Hkqr nSoh; 'kfDr FkhA rrk¡jk viuh ryokj dks
dHkh vyx u gksus nsrkA mldk nwljksa osQ lkeus mi;ksx Hkh u djrkA ¯drq mlosQ
pfpZr lkgfld dkjukeksa osQ dkj.k yksx&ckx ryokj esa vn~Hkqr 'kfDr dk gksuk ekurs
FksA rrk¡jk dh ryokj ,d foy{k.k jgL; FkhA
,d 'kke rrk¡jk fnuHkj osQ vFkd ifjJe osQ ckn leqnz fdukjs Vgyus fudy iM+kA
lwjt leqnz ls yxs f{kfrt rys Mwcus dks FkkA leqnz ls BaMh c;kjsa vk jgh FkhaA if{k;ksa
dh lk;adkyhu pgpgkgVsa 'kuS% 'kuS% {kh.k gksus dks FkhaA mldk eu 'kkar FkkA fopkjeXu
rrk¡jk leqnhz ckyw ij cSBdj lwjt dh vafre jax&fcjaxh fdj.kksa dks leqnz ij fugkjus
yxkA rHkh dgha ikl ls mls eèkqj xhr xwt ¡ rk lqukbZ fn;kA xhr ekuks cgrk gqvk mldh
rjIk+ Q vk jgk gksA chp&chp esa ygjkas dk laxhr lqukbZ nsrkA xk;u bruk izHkkoh Fkk fd
og viuh lqèk&cqèk [kksus yxkA ygjksa osQ ,d izcy osx us mldh ranzk Hkax dhA pSrU;
gksrs gh og mèkj c<+us dks foo'k gks mBk ftèkj ls vc Hkh xhr osQ Loj cg jgs FksA
og fody lk ml rjIk+ Q c<+rk x;kA varr% mldh u”kj ,d ;qorh ij iM+h tks <yrh
gqbZ 'kke osQ lkSna ;Z esa cslèq k] ,dVd leqnz dh nsg ij Mwcrs vkd"kZd jaxksa dks fugkjrs
gq, xk jgh FkhA ;g ,d kÜ xa` kj xhr FkkA
70 / Li'kZ
mls Kkr gh u gks ldk fd dksbZ vtuch ;qod mls fu%'kCn rkosQ tk jgk gSA
,dk,d ,d m¡Qph ygj mBh vkSj mls fHkxks xbZA og gM+cM+kgV esa xkuk Hkwy xbZA blosQ
igys fd og lkekU; gks ikrh] mlus vius dkuksa eas xwt ¡ rh xaHkhj vkd"kZd vkok”k lquhA
¶rqeus ,dk,d bruk eèkqj xkuk vèkwjk D;ksa NksM+ fn;k\¸ rrk¡jk us fouezrkiwod Z dgkA
vius lkeus ,d lqna j ;qod dks ns[kdj og fofLer gqbAZ mlosQ Hkhrj fdlh dksey
Hkkouk dk lapkj gqvkA ¯drq vius dks la;rdj mlus cs#[kh osQ lkFk tokc fn;kA
¶igys crkvks! rqe dkSu gks] bl rjg eq>s ?kwjus vkSj bl vlaxr iz'u dk dkj.k\
vius xk¡o osQ vykok fdlh vkSj xk¡o osQ ;qod osQ iz'uksa dk mÙkj nsus dks eSa ckè;
ughaA ;g rqe Hkh tkurs gksA¸
rrk¡jk ekuks lqèk&cqèk [kks, gq, FkkA tokc nsus osQ LFkku ij mlus iqu% viuk iz'u
nksgjk;kA ¶rqeus xkuk D;ksa jksd fn;k\ xkvks] xhr iwjk djksA lpeqp rqeus cgqr lqjhyk
oaQB ik;k gSA¸
¶;g rks esjs iz'u dk mÙkj u gqvk\¸ ;qorh us dgkA
¶lp crkvks rqe dkSu gks\ yikrh xk¡o esa rqEgsa dHkh ns[kk ughaA¸
rrk¡jk ekuks lEeksfgr FkkA mlosQ dkuksa esa ;qorh dh vkok”k Bhd ls igqp ¡ u ldhA
mlus iqu% fou; dh] ¶rqeus xkuk D;ksa jksd fn;k\ xkvks u\¸
;qorh >q> ¡ yk mBhA og oqQN vkSj lkspus yxhA varr% mlus fu'p;iwod Z ,d ckj
iqu% yxHkx fojksèk djrs gq, dM+s Loj esa dgkA
¶<hBrk dh gn gSA eSa tc ls ifjp; iwN jgh gw¡ vkSj rqe cl ,d gh jkx vyki
jgs gksA xhr xkvks&xhr xkvks] vkf[kj D;ks\a D;k rqEgsa xk¡o dk fu;e ugha ekywe\¸ bruk
cksydj og tkus osQ fy, rs”kh ls eqMh+ A rrk¡jk dks ekuks oqQN gks'k vk;kA mls viuh
xyrh dk vglkl gqvkA og mlosQ lkeus jkLrk jksddj] ekuks fxM+fxM+kus yxkA
¶eq>s ekIk+ Q dj nksA thou esa igyh ckj eSa bl rjg fopfyr gqvk gwA¡ rqEgsa ns[kdj
esjh psruk yqIr gks xbZ FkhA eSa rqEgkjk jkLrk NksM+ nwx¡ kA cl viuk uke crk nksA¸ rrk¡jk
us foo'krk esa vkxzg fd;kA mldh vk¡[ksa ;qorh osQ psgjs ij osQa fnzr FkhaA mlosQ psgjs
ij lPph fou; FkhA
¶ok--- eh--- jks--- ¸ ,d jl ?kksyrh vkok”k mlosQ dkuksa esa igqp ¡ hA
¶okehjks--- ok--- eh--- jks--- okg fdruk lqna j uke gSA dy Hkh vkvksxh u ;gk¡\¸
rrk¡jk us ;kpuk Hkjs Loj esa dgkA
¶ugha--- 'kk;n--- dHkh ughaA¸ okehjks us vU;euLdrkiwod Z dgk vkSj >VosQ ls
yikrh dh rjIk+ Q cslqèk lh nkSM+ iM+hA ihNs rrk¡jk osQ okD; xwt ¡ jgs FksA
¶okehjks--- esjk uke rrk¡jk gSA dy eSa blh p^ku ij izrh{kk d:¡xk--- rqEgkjh ckV
tksgx¡w k--- ”k:j vkuk---¸
okehjks #dh ugha] Hkkxrh gh xbZA rrk¡jk mls tkrs gq, fugkjrk jgkA
okehjks ?kj igqp ¡ dj Hkhrj gh Hkhrj oqQN cspuS h eglwl djus yxhA mlosQ Hkhrj
rrk¡jk ls eqDr gksus dh ,d >wBh NViVkgV FkhA ,d >YykgV esa mlus njok”kk can
fd;k vkSj eu dks fdlh vkSj fn'kk esa ys tkus dk iz;kl fd;kA ckj&ckj rrk¡jk dk
;kpuk Hkjk psgjk mldh vk¡[kksa esa rSj tkrkA mlus rrk¡jk osQ ckjs esa dbZ dgkfu;k¡ lqu
j[kh FkhaA mldh dYiuk esa og ,d vn~Hkqr lkglh ;qod FkkA ¯drq ogh rrk¡jk mlosQ
lEeq[k ,d vyx :i esa vk;kA lqna j] cfy"B ¯drq csgn 'kkar] lH; vkSj HkksykA mldk
O;fDrRo dnkfpr oSlk gh Fkk tSlk og vius thou&lkFkh osQ ckjs esa lksprh jgh FkhA
¯drq ,d nwljs xk¡o osQ ;qod osQ lkFk ;g lacèa k ijaijk osQ fo#¼ FkkA vr,o mlus
mls Hkwy tkuk gh Js;Ldj le>kA ¯drq ;g vlaHko tku iM+kA rrk¡jk ckj&ckj mldh
vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus FkkA fufuZe"s k ;kpd dh rjg izrh{kk esa Mwck gqvkA
fdlh rjg jkr chrhA nksuksa osQ ân; O;fFkr FksA fdlh rjg vk¡pjfgr ,d BaMk vkSj
mQckmQ fnu xq”kjus yxkA 'kke dh izrh{kk FkhA rrk¡jk osQ fy, ekuks iwjs thou dh vosQyh
izrh{kk FkhA mlosQ xaHkhj vkSj 'kkar thou esa ,slk igyh ckj gqvk FkkA og vpafHkr Fkk]
lkFk gh jksekafpr HkhA fnu <yus osQ dkIk+ Qh igys og yikrh dh ml leqnhz p^ku ij
igqp¡ x;kA okehjks dh izrh{kk esa ,d&,d iy igkM+ dh rjg Hkkjh FkkA mlosQ Hkhrj
,d vk'kadk Hkh nkSM+ jgh FkhA vxj okehjks u vkbZ rks\ og oqQN fu.kZ; ugha dj ik
jgk FkkA flIk+ QZ izrh{kkjr FkkA cl vkl dh ,d fdj.k Fkh tks leqnz dh nsg ij Mwcrh
fdj.kksa dh rjg dHkh Hkh Mwc ldrh FkhA og ckj&ckj yikrh osQ jkLrs ij u”kjsa nkSMk+ rkA
lglk ukfj;y osQ >qjeqVksa esa mls ,d vkÑfr oqQN lkIk+ Q gqb-Z -- oqQN vkSj--- oqQN vkSjA
mldh [kq'kh dk fBdkuk u jgkA lpeqp og okehjks FkhA yxk tSls og ?kcjkgV esa FkhA
og vius dks Nqikrs gq, c<+ jgh FkhA chp&chp esa bèkj&mèkj n`f"V nkSMk+ uk u HkwyrhA
fiQj rs”k dneksa ls pyrh gqbZ rrk¡jk osQ lkeus vkdj fBBd xbZA nksuksa 'kCnghu FksA oqQN
Fkk tks nksuksa osQ Hkhrj cg jgk FkkA ,dVd fugkjrs gq, os tkus dc rd [kM+s jgsA lwjt
leqnz dh ygjksa esa dgha [kks x;k FkkA v¡èksjk c<+ jgk FkkA vpkud okehjks oqQN lpsr
gqbZ vkSj ?kj dh rjIk+ Q nkSM+ iM+hA rrk¡jk vc Hkh ogha [kM+k Fkk-- fu'py-- 'kCnghu--A
nksuksa jks”k mlh txg igq¡prs vkSj ewfrZor ,d&nwljs dks fufuZe"s k rkdrs jgrsA cl
Hkhrj leiZ.k Fkk tks vuojr xgjk jgk FkkA yikrh osQ oqQN ;qodksa us bl ewd izes dks
Hkk¡i fy;k vkSj [kcj gok dh rjg cg mBhA okehjks yikrh xzke dh Fkh vkSj rrk¡jk
iklk dkA nksuksa dk lacèa k laHko u FkkA jhfr vuqlkj nksuksa dks ,d gh xk¡o dk gksuk
vko';d FkkA okehjks vkSj rrk¡jk dks le>kus&cq>kus osQ dbZ iz;kl gq, ¯drq nksuksa vfMx
jgsA os fu;er% yikrh osQ mlh leqnhz fdukjs ij feyrs jgsA vIk+ Qokgsa iSQyrh jghaA
oqQN le; ckn iklk xk¡o esa î'kq&ioZ* dk vk;kstu gqvkA i'kq&ioZ esa â"V&iq"V
72 / Li'kZ
i'kqvksa osQ izn'kZu osQ vfrfjDr i'kqvksa ls ;qodksa dh 'kfDr ijh{kk izfr;ksfxrk Hkh gksrh
gSA o"kZ esa ,d ckj lHkh xk¡o osQ yksx fgLlk ysrs gSAa ckn esa u`R;&laxhr vkSj Hkkstu
dk Hkh vk;kstu gksrk gSA 'kke ls lHkh yksx iklk esa ,df=kr gksus yxsA èkhjs&èkhjs fofHkUu
dk;ZØe 'kq: gq,A rrk¡jk dk eu bu dk;ZØeksa esa rfud u FkkA mldh O;koqQy vk¡[ksa
okehjks dks <w¡<u+ s eas O;Lr FkhaA ukfj;y osQ >qMa osQ ,d isM+ osQ ihNs ls mls tSls dksbZ
>k¡drk fn[kkA mlus FkksMk+ vkSj djhc tkdj igpkuus dh ps"Vk dhA og okehjks Fkh tks
Hk;o'k lkeus vkus esa f>>d jgh FkhA mldh vk¡[ksa rjy FkhaA gksaB dk¡i jgs FksA rrk¡jk
dks ns[krs gh og iwQVdj jksus yxhA rrk¡jk foày gqvkA mlls oqQN cksyrs gh ugha cu
jgk FkkA jksus dh vkok”k yxkrkj m¡Qph gksrh tk jgh FkhA rrk¡jk ¯ddrZO;foew<+ FkkA okehjks
osQ #nu Lojksa dks lqudj mldh ek¡ ogk¡ igqp ¡ h vkSj nksuksa dks ns[kdj vkx ccwyk gks
mBhA lkjs xk¡ookyksa dh mifLFkfr esa ;g n`'; mls viekutud yxkA bl chp xk¡o
osQ oqQN yksx Hkh ogk¡ igqp ¡ x,A okehjks dh ek¡ Øksèk esa miQu mBhA mlus rrk¡jk dks
rjg&rjg ls viekfur fd;kA xk¡o osQ yksx Hkh rrk¡jk osQ fojksèk esa vkok”ksa mBkus yxsA
;g rrk¡jk osQ fy, vlguh; FkkA okehjks vc Hkh jks, tk jgh FkhA rrk¡jk Hkh xqLls ls
Hkj mBkA mls tgk¡ fookg dh fu"ksèk ijaijk ij {kksHk Fkk ogha viuh vlgk;rk ij [kh>A
okehjks dk nq[k mls vkSj xgjk dj jgk FkkA mls ekywe u Fkk fd D;k dne mBkuk
pkfg,\ vuk;kl mldk gkFk ryokj dh ewB ij tk fVdkA Øksèk esa mlus ryokj
fudkyh vkSj oqQN fopkj djrk jgkA Øksèk yxkrkj vfXu dh rjg c<+ jgk FkkA yksx
lge mBsA ,d lUukVk&lk ¯[kp x;kA tc dksbZ jkg u lw>h rks Øksèk dk 'keu djus
osQ fy, mlesa 'kfDr Hkj mls èkjrh esa ?kksia fn;k vkSj rkdr ls mls [khapus yxkA og
ilhus ls ugk mBkA lc ?kcjk, gq, FksA og ryokj dks viuh rjIk+ Q [khaprs&[khaprs nwj
rd igqp ¡ x;kA og gk¡iQ jgk FkkA vpkud tgk¡ rd ydhj ¯[kp xbZ Fkh] ogk¡ ,d
njkj gksus yxhA ekuks èkjrh nks VqdM+ksa esa c¡Vus yxh gksA ,d xM+xM+kgV&lh xw¡tus yxh
vkSj ydhj dh lhèk esa èkjrh iQVrh gh tk jgh FkhA }hi osQ vafre fljs rd rrk¡jk
èkjrh dks ekuks Øksèk esa dkVrk tk jgk FkkA lHkh Hk;koqQy gks mBsA yksxksa us ,sls n`';
dh dYiuk u dh Fkh] os flgj mBsA mèkj okehjks iQVrh gqbZ èkjrh osQ fdukjs ph[krh
gqbZ nkSM+ jgh Fkhµrrk¡jk--- rrk¡jk--- rrk¡jk mldh d#.k ph[k ekuks xM+xM+kgV esa Mwc xbZA
rrk¡jk nqHkkZX;o'k nwljh rjIk+ Q FkkA }hi osQ vafre fljs rd èkjrh dks pkdrk og tSls
gh vafre Nksj ij igqp ¡ k] }hi nks VqdM+kas esa foHkDr gks pqdk FkkA ,d rjIk+ Q rrk¡jk Fkk
nwljh rjIk+ Q okehjksA rrk¡jk dks tSls gh gks'k vk;k] mlus ns[kk mldh rjIk+ Q dk }hi leqnz
esa èk¡lus yxk gSA og NViVkus yxk mlus Nyk¡x yxkdj nwljk fljk Fkkeuk pkgk ¯drq
idM+ <hyh iM+ xbZA og uhps dh rjIk+ Q fiQlyus yxkA og yxkrkj leqnz dh lrg
dh rjIk+ Q fiQly jgk FkkA mlosQ eqg¡ ls flIk+ QZ ,d gh ph[k mHkjdj Mwc jgh Fkh]
¶okehjks--- okehjks--- okehjks--- okehjks---¸ mèkj okehjks Hkh ¶rrk¡jk--- rrk¡jk--- rk--- rk¡---
jk¸ iqdkj jgh FkhA
rrk¡jk ygwygq ku gks pqdk Fkk--- og vpsr gksus yxk vkSj oqQN nsj ckn mls dksbZ gks'k
ugha jgkA og dVs gq, }hi osQ vafre Hkw[kaM ij iM+k gqvk Fkk tks fd nwljs fgLls ls
la;ksxo'k tqMk+ FkkA cgrk gqvk rrk¡jk dgk¡ igqp ¡ k] ckn esa mldk D;k gqvk dksbZ ugha
tkurkA bèkj okehjks ikxy gks mBhA og gj le; rrk¡jk dks [kkstrh gqbZ mlh txg
igqp¡ rh vkSj ?kaVksa cSBh jgrhA mlus [kkuk&ihuk NksM+ fn;kA ifjokj ls og ,d rjg foyx
gks xbZA yksxksa us mls <w<¡ u+ s dh cgqr dksf'k'k dh ¯drq dksbZ lqjkx u fey ldkA
vkt u rrk¡jk gS u okehjks ¯drq mudh ;g izes dFkk ?kj&?kj esa lqukbZ tkrh gSA
fudksckfj;ksa dk er gS fd rrk¡jk dh ryokj ls dkj&fudksckj osQ tks VqdM+s gq,] mlesa nwljk
fyfVy vaneku gS tks dkj&fudksckj ls vkt 96 fd-eh- nwj fLFkr gSA fudksckjh bl ?kVuk
osQ ckn nwljs xk¡oksa eas Hkh vkilh oSokfgd lacèa k djus yxsA rrk¡jk&okehjks dh R;kxe;h e`R;q
'kk;n blh lq[kn ifjorZu osQ fy, FkhA
iz'u&vH;kl
ekSf[kd
1- rrk¡jk&okehjks dgk¡ dh dFkk gS\
2- okehjks viuk xkuk D;ksa Hkwy xbZ\
3- rrk¡jk us okehjks ls D;k ;kpuk dh\
4- rrk¡jk vkSj okehjks osQ xk¡o dh D;k jhfr Fkh\
5- Øksèk esa rrk¡jk us D;k fd;k\
fyf[kr
1- rrk¡jk dh ryokj osQ ckjs esa yksxksa dk D;k er Fkk\
2- okehjks us rrk¡jk dks cs#[kh ls D;k tokc fn;kA
3- rrk¡jk&okehjks dh R;kxe;h e`R;q ls fudksckj esa D;k ifjorZu vk;k\
4- fudksckj osQ yksx rrk¡jk dks D;ksa ilan djrs Fks\
1- fudksckj }hilewg osQ foHkDr gksus osQ ckjs esa fudksckfj;ksa dk D;k fo'okl gS\
2- rrk¡jk [kwc ifjJe djus osQ ckn dgk¡ x;k\ ogk¡ osQ izkÑfrd lkSna ;Z dk o.kZu
vius 'kCnksa eas dhft,A
74 / Li'kZ
3- okehjks ls feyus osQ ckn rrk¡jk osQ thou esa D;k ifjorZu vk;k\
4- izkphu dky esa euksjt a u vkSj 'kfDr&izn'kZu osQ fy, fdl izdkj osQ vk;kstu
fd, tkrs Fks\
5- :f<+;k¡ tc ca/u cu cks> cuus yxsa rc mudk VwV tkuk gh vPNk gSA D;ks\a
Li"V dhft,A
(x)fuEufyf[kr osQ vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
1- tc dksbZ jkg u lw>h rks Øksèk dk 'keu djus osQ fy, mlesa 'kfDr Hkj mls
èkjrh esa ?kksia fn;k vkSj rkdr ls mls [khapus yxkA
2- cl vkl dh ,d fdj.k Fkh tks leqnz dh nsg ij Mwcrh fdj.kksa dh rjg dHkh
Hkh Mwc ldrh FkhA
Hkk"kk vè;;u
1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ lkeus fn, dks"Bd esa (ü) dk fpÉ yxkdj crk,¡
fd og okD; fdl izdkj dk gSµ
(d) fudksckjh mls csgn izes djrs FksA (iz'uokpd] foèkkuokpd] fu"ks/kRed]
foLe;kfncksèkd)
([k) rqeus ,dk,d bruk eèkqj xkuk vèkwjk D;ksa NksM+ fn;k\ (iz'uokpd]
foèkkuokpd] fu"ks/kRed] foLe;kfncksèkd)
(x) okehjks dh ek¡ Øksèk esa miQu mBhA (iz'uokpd] foèkkuokpd]
fu"ks/kRed] foLe;kfncksèkd)
(?k) D;k rqEgsa xk¡o dk fu;e ugha ekywe\ (iz'uokpd] foèkkuokpd]
fu"ks/kRed] foLe;kfncksèkd)
(Ä) okg! fdruk lanq j uke gSA (iz'uokpd] foèkkuokpd] fu"ks/kRed]
foLe;kfncksèkd)
(p) eSa rqEgkjk jkLrk NksM+ nwx¡ kA (iz'uokpd] foèkkuokpd] fu"ks/kRed]
foLe;kfncksèkd)
2- fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dk vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
(d) lqèk&cqèk [kksuk
([k) ckV tksguk
(x) [kq'kh dk fBdkuk u jguk
(?k) vkx ccwyk gksuk
(Ä) vkok”k mBkuk
3- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ls ewy 'kCn vkSj izR;; vyx djosQ fyf[k,µ
'kCn ewy 'kCn izR;;
pfpZr ------------------ ------------------
lkgfld ------------------ ------------------

NViVkgV ------------------ ------------------
'kCnghu ------------------ ------------------
4- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa eas mfpr milxZ yxkdj 'kCn cukb,µ
--------------------
$ vkd"kZd = --------------------
--------------------
$ Kkr = --------------------
--------------------
$ dksey = --------------------
--------------------
$ gks'k = --------------------
--------------------
$ ?kVuk = --------------------
5- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks funs'Z kkuqlkj ifjofrZr dhft,µ
(d) thou esa igyh ckj eSa bl rjg fopfyr gqvk gwA¡ (feJ okD;)
([k) fiQj rs”k dneksa ls pyrh gqbZ rrk¡jk osQ lkeus vkdj fBBd xbZA
(la;Dq r okD;)
(x) okehjks oqQN lpsr gqbZ vkSj ?kj dh rjIk+ Q nkSMh+ A (ljy okD;)
(?k) rrk¡jk dks ns[kdj og iwQVdj jksus yxhA (la;Dq r okD;)
(Ä) jhfr osQ vuqlkj nksuksa dks ,d gh xk¡o dk gksuk vko';d FkkA (feJ
okD;)
6- uhps fn, x, okD; if<+, rFkk ^vkSj* 'kCn osQ fofHkUu iz;ksxksa ij è;ku nhft,µ
(d) ikl esa lqna j vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh ;qod jgk djrk FkkA (nks inksa dks
tksMu+ k)
([k) og oqQN vkSj lkspus yxhA (^vU;* osQ vFkZ es)a
(x) ,d vkÑfr oqQN lkIk+ Q gqb-Z -- oqQN vkSj--- oqQN vkSj--- (Øe'k%
èkhjs&èkhjs osQ vFkZ es)a
(?k) vpkud okehjks oqQN lpsr gqbZ vkSj ?kj dh rjIk+ Q nkSM+ xbZA (nks
miokD;ksa dks tksMu+ s osQ vFkZ es)a
(Ä) okehjks dk nq[k mls vkSj xgjk dj jgk FkkA (^vf/drk* osQ vFkZ es)a
76 / Li'kZ
(p) mlus FkksMk+ vkSj djhc tkdj igpkuus dh ps"Vk dhA (^fudVrk*
osQ vFkZ esa)
7- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
Hk;] e/qj] lH;] ewd] rjy] mifLFkfr] lq[knA
8- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ
leqn]z vk¡[k] fnu] v¡/js k] eqDrA
9- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
¯ddrZO;foew<]+ foày] Hk;koqQy] ;kpd] vkoaQBA
10- fdlh rjg vk¡pjfgr ,d BaMk vkSj mQckmQ fnu xq”kjus yxk* okD; esa
fnu osQ fy, fdu&fdu fo'ks"k.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS\ vki fnu osQ
fy, dksbZ rhu fo'ks"k.k vkSj lq>kb,A
11- bl ikB esa ^ns[kuk* fØ;k osQ dbZ :i vk, gSµ a ^ns[kuk* osQ bu fofHkUu
'kCn&iz;ksxksa esa D;k varj gS\ okD;&iz;ksx }kjk Li"V dhft,A
vk¡[ksa osQa fnzr djuk
fufuZe"s k rkduk u”kj iM+uk

ns[kuk
fugkjuk rkduk
?kwjuk
blh izdkj ^cksyuk* fØ;k osQ fofHkUu 'kCn&iz;ksx crkb,
cksyuk
12- uhps fn, x, okD;ksa dks if<+,µ

(d) ';ke dk cM+k HkkbZ jes'k dy vk;k FkkA (laKk inca/)
([k) lquhrk ifjJeh vkSj gksf'k;kj yM+dh gSA (fo'ks"k.k inca/)
(x) vjQf.kek /hjs&/hjs pyrs gq, ogk¡ tk igqp ¡ hA (fozQ;k fo'ks"k.k incaèk)
(?k) vk;q"k lqjfHk dk pqVoqQyk lqudj g¡lrk jgkA (fozQ;k inca/)
mQij fn, x, okD; (d) esa js[kkafdr va'k esa dbZ in gSa tks ,d in laKk dk
dke dj jgs gSAa okD; ([k) esa rhu in feydj fo'ks"k.k in dk dke dj jgs
gSAa okD; (x) vkSj (?k) esa dbZ in feydj ozQe'k% fozQ;k fo'ks"k.k vkSj fozQ;k
dk dke dj jgs gSAa
èofu;ksa osQ lkFkZd lewg dks 'kCn dgrs gSa vkSj okD; esa iz;Dq r 'kCn în*
dgykrk gS_ tSlµ s
îsMk+ as ij i{kh pgpgk jgs FksA* okD; esa îsMk+ *as 'kCn in gS D;ksfa d blesa vusd
O;kdjf.kd ¯cnq tqM+ tkrs gSAa
dbZ inksa osQ ;ksx ls cus okD;ka'k dks tks ,d gh in dk dke djrk gS] inca/
dgrs gSAa inca/ okD; dk ,d va'k gksrk gSA
inca/ eq[; :i ls pkj izdkj osQ gksrs gSµ a
· laKk inca/ · fozQ;k inca/
· fo'ks"k.k inca/ · fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k inca/
okD;ksa osQ js[kkafdr inca/ksa dk izdkj crkb,µ
(d)mldh dYiuk esa og ,d vn~Hkqr lkglh ;qod FkkA
([k) rrk¡jk dks ekuks oqQN gks'k vk;kA
(x) og Hkkxk&Hkkxk ogk¡ igqp ¡ tkrkA
(?k) rrk¡jk dh ryokj ,d foy{k.k jgL; FkhA
(Ä) mldh O;koqQy vk¡[ksa okehjks dks <w<¡ u+ s esa O;Lr FkhaA
;ksX;rk&foLrkj
1- iqLrdky; esa miyCèk fofHkUu izn's kksa dh yksddFkkvksa dk vè;;u dhft,A
2- Hkkjr osQ uD'ks esa vaneku fudksckj }hilewg dh igpku dhft, vkSj mldh
HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr dhft,A
3- vaneku fudksckj }hilewg dh ize[q k tutkfr;ksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa dk vè;;u
iqLrdky; dh lgk;rk ls dhft,A
4- fnlacj 2004 esa vk, lqukeh dk bl }hilewg ij D;k izHkko iM+k\ tkudkjh
,df=kr dhft,A
78 / Li'kZ
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
1- vius ?kj&ifjokj osQ cq”kqxZ lnL;ksa ls oqQN yksddFkkvksa dks lqfu,A mu dFkkvksa
dks vius 'kCnksa esa d{kk esa lqukb,A
Ükà[kyk & Øe @ dM+h
vkfne & izkjafHkd
foHkDr & c¡Vk gqvk
yksddFkk & tu&lekt esa izpfyr dFkk
vkReh; & viuk
lkgfld dkjukek & lkgliw.kZ dk;Z
foy{k.k & vlkèkkj.k
c;kj & 'khry&ean ok;q
raæk & ,dkxzrk
pSrU; & psruk @ ltx
fody & cspuS @ O;koqQy
lapkj & mRiUu gksuk (Hkkouk dk)
vlaxr & vuqfpr
lEeksfgr & eqXèk
>¡q>ykuk & fp<+uk
vU;euLdrk & ftldk fpÙk dgha vkSj gks
fufuZe"s k & ftlesa iyd u >idh tk, @ fcuk iyd >idk,
vpafHkr & pfdr
jksekafpr & iqyfdr
fu'py & fLFkj
vI+kQokg & mM+rh [kcj
miQuuk & mcyuk
fu"ksèk ijaijk & og ijaijk ftl ij jksd yxh gks
'keu & 'kkar djuk
?kksaiuk & Hkksd
a uk
njkj & js[kk dh rjg dk yack fNnz tks iQVus osQ dkj.k iM+
tkrk gS
rhljh dle osQ f'kYidkj 'kSynas z / 79
izgykn vxzoky
(1947)
Hkkjr dh vk”kknh osQ lky eè; izn's k osQ tcyiqj 'kgj esa tUes izgykn
vxzoky us ¯gnh ls ,e-,- rd f'k{kk gkfly dhA bUgsa fd'kksj o; ls gh ¯gnh
fIk+ QYeksa osQ bfrgkl vkSj fIk+ QYedkjksa osQ thou vkSj muosQ vfHku; osQ ckjs esa
foLrkj ls tkuus vkSj ml ij ppkZ djus dk 'kkSd jgkA bu fnuksa lruk osQ
'kkldh; Lo'kklh LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky; esa izkè;kiu dj jgs izgykn vxzoky
fIk+ QYe {ks=k ls tqM+s yksxksa vkSj fIk+ QYeksa ij cgqr oqQN fy[k pqoQs gSa vkSj vkxs
Hkh blh {ks=k dks vius ys[ku dk fo"k; cuk, j[kus osQ fy, o`QrladYi gSAa
budh ize[q k o`Qfr;k¡ gSµa lkrok¡ n'kd] rkuk'kkg] eSa [kq'kcw] lqij LVkj] jktdiwj%
vk/h gdhdr vk/k Ik+ Qlkuk] dfo 'kSynas z % ¯”knxh dh thr esa ;dhu] I;klk%
fpj vrÌr xq#nÙk] mÙkky meax % lqHkk"k ?kbZ dh fIk+ QYedyk] vks js ek¡>h %
fcey jk; dk flusek vkSj egkck”kkj osQ egkuk;d % bDdhloha lnh dk flusekA
80 / Li'kZ
ikB izos'k
lky osQ fdlh eghus dk 'kk;n gh dksbZ 'kqoQz okj ,slk tkrk gks tc
dksbZ u dksbZ ¯gnh fI+kQYe flus insZ ij u igq¡prh gksA buesa ls oqQN
liQy jgrh gSa rks oqQN vliQyA oqQN n'kZdksa dks oqQN vlsZ rd ;kn
jg tkrh ga]S oqQN dks og flusek?kj ls ckgj fudyrs gh Hkwy tkrs
gaAS ysfdu tc dksbZ fI+kQYedkj fdlh lkfgfR;d o`Qfr dks iwjh yxu
vkSj bZekunkjh ls insZ ij mrkjrk gS rks mldh fI+kQYe u osQoy ;knxkj
cu tkrh gS cfYd yksxksa dk euksjatu djus osQ lkFk gh mUgsa dksbZ
csgrj lans'k nsus esa Hkh dke;kc jgrh gSA
,d xhrdkj osQ :i esa dbZ n'kdksa rd fI+kQYe {ks=k ls tqMs+ jgs
dfo vkSj xhrdkj us tc iQ.kh'oj ukFk js.kq dh vej o`Qfr ^rhljh
dle mI+kQZ ekjs x, xqyiQke* dks flus insZ ij mrkjk rks og ehy dk
iRFkj fl¼ gqbZA vkt Hkh mldh x.kuk ¯gnh dh oqQN vej fI+kQYeksa
esa dh tkrh gSA bl fI+kQYe us u osQoy vius xhr] laxhr] dgkuh dh
cnkSyr 'kksgjr ikbZ cfYd blesa vius ”kekus osQ lcls cM+s 'kkseSu
jktdiwj us vius fI+kQYeh thou dh lcls csgrjhu ,¯DVx djosQ
lcdks peRo`Qr dj fn;kA fI+kQYe dh ghjksbu oghnk jgeku us Hkh oSlk
gh vfHku; dj fn[kk;k tSlh muls mEehn FkhA
bl ek;us esa ,d ;knxkj fI+kQYe gksus osQ ckotwn ^rhljh dle*
dks vkt blfy, Hkh ;kn fd;k tkrk gS D;ksfa d bl fI+kQYe osQ fuekZ.k
us ;g Hkh mtkxj dj fn;k fd ¯gnh fI+kQYe txr esa ,d lkFkZd vkSj
mís';ijd fI+kQYe cukuk fdruk dfBu vkSj tksf[ke dk dke gSA
rhljh dle osQ f'kYidkj 'kSysaæ

^laxe* dh vn~Hkqr liQyrk us jktdiwj esa xgu vkRefo'okl Hkj fn;k vkSj
mlus ,d lkFk pkj fI+kQYeksa osQ fuekZ.k dh ?kks"k.kk dhµêsjk uke tksdj*]
^vtUrk*] êSa vkSj esjk nksLr* vkSj ^lR;e~ f'koe~ lqna je~*A ij tc 1965 esa
jktdiwj us êsjk uke tksdj* dk fuekZ.k vkjaHk fd;k rc laHkor% mlus Hkh ;g
dYiuk ugha dh gksxh fd bl fI+kQYe dk ,d gh Hkkx cukus esa Ng o"kks± dk
le; yx tk,xkA
bu Ng o"kks± osQ varjky esa jktdiwj }kjk vfHkuhr dbZ fIk+ QYesa çn£'kr gqb]±
ftuesa lu~ 1966 esa izn£'kr dfo 'kSynas z dh ^rhljh dle* Hkh 'kkfey gSA ;g
og fIk+ QYe gS ftlesa jktdiwj us vius thou dh loksRZ Ñ"V Hkwfedk vnk dhA
;gh ugha] ^rhljh dle* og fIk+ QYe gS ftlus ¯gnh lkfgR; dh ,d vR;ar
ekfeZd Ñfr dks lSY;wykbM ij iwjh lkFkZdrk ls mrkjkA ^rhljh dle* fIk+ QYe
ugha] lSY;wykbM ij fy[kh dfork FkhA
^rhljh dle* 'kSyans z osQ thou dh igyh vkSj vafre fIk+ QYe gSA ^rhljh
dle* dks ^jk"Vªifr Lo.kZind* feyk] caxky fIk+ QYe tuZfyLV ,lksfl,'ku }kjk
loZJ"s B fIk+ QYe vkSj dbZ vU; iqjLdkjksa }kjk lEekfur fd;k x;kA ekLdks fIk+ QYe
isQfLVoy esa Hkh ;g fIk+ QYe iqjLÑr gqbAZ bldh dykRedrk dh yach&pkSMh+
rkjhIk+ Qas gqbA± blesa 'kSynas z dh laons u'khyrk iwjh f'kír osQ lkFk ekStnw gSA mUgksua s
,slh fIk+ QYe cukbZ Fkh ftls lPpk dfo&ân; gh cuk ldrk FkkA
'kSynas z us jktdiwj dh Hkkoukvksa dks 'kCn fn, gSAa jktdiwj us vius vuU;
lg;ksxh dh fIk+ QYe esa mruh gh rUe;rk osQ lkFk dke fd;k] fdlh ikfjJfed
dh vis{kk fd, cxSjA 'kSynas z us fy[kk Fkk fd os jktdiwj osQ ikl ^rhljh dle*
dh dgkuh lqukus igqp ¡ s rks dgkuh lqudj mUgksua s cM+s mRlkgiwoZd dke djuk
Lohdkj dj fy;kA ij rqjra xaHkhjrkiwod Z cksyµ s ¶esjk ikfjJfed ,Mokal nsuk
gksxkA¸ 'kSynas z dks ,slh mEehn ugha Fkh fd jktdiwj ¯”knxh&Hkj dh nksLrh dk
;s cnyk nsxa As 'kSynas z dk eqj>k;k gqvk psgjk ns[kdj jktdiwj us eqLkdjkrs gq,
dgk] ¶fudkyks ,d #i;k] esjk ikfjJfed! iwjk ,MokalA¸ 'kSynas z jktdiwj dh
bl ;kjkuk eLrh ls ifjfpr rks Fks] ysfdu ,d fuekZrk osQ :i esa cM+s
O;kolkf;d lw>cw> okys Hkh pDdj [kk tkrs gS]a fiQj 'kSynas z rks fIk+ QYe&fuekZrk
cuus osQ fy, loZFkk v;ksX; FksA jktdiwj us ,d vPNs vkSj lPps fe=k dh
gSfl;r ls 'kSynas z dks fIk+ QYe dh vliQyrk osQ [krjksa ls vkxkg Hkh fd;kA ij
og rks ,d vkn'kZoknh Hkkoqd dfo Fkk] ftls vikj laifÙk vkSj ;'k rd dh
82 / Li'kZ
bruh dkeuk ugha Fkh ftruh vkRe&larfq "V osQ lq[k dh vfHkyk"kk FkhA ^rhljh
dle* fdruh gh egku fIk+ QYe D;ksa u jgh gks] ysfdu ;g ,d nq[kn lR; gS
fd bls iznf'kZr djus osQ fy, ceqf'dy forjd feysA ckotwn blosQ fd
^rhljh dle* esa jktdiwj vkSj oghnk jgeku tSls uke”kn flrkjs Fks]
'kadj&t;fd'ku dk laxhr Fkk] ftudh yksdfiz;rk mu fnuksa lkrosa vkleku
ij Fkh vkSj blosQ xhr Hkh fIk+ QYe osQ izn'kZu osQ iwoZ gh csgn yksdfiz; gks pqoQs
Fks] ysfdu bl fIk+ QYe dks [kjhnus okyk dksbZ ugha FkkA njvly bl fIk+ QYe dh
laons uk fdlh nks ls pkj cukus dk xf.kr tkuus okys dh le> ls ijs FkhA
mlesa jph&clh d#.kk rjk”kw ij rkSyh tk ldus okyh ph”k ugha FkhA blhfy,
ceqf'dy tc ^rhljh dle* fjyh”k gqbZ rks bldk dksbZ izpkj ugha gqvkA fIk+ QYe
dc vkbZ] dc pyh xbZ] ekywe gh ugha iM+kA
,slk ugha gS fd 'kSynas z chl lkyksa rd fIk+ QYe baMLVªh esa jgrs gq, Hkh ogk¡
osQ rkSj&rjhdksa ls ukokfdIk+ Q Fks] ijarq muesa my>dj os viuh vknfe;r ugha
[kks losQ FksA ^Jh 420* dk ,d yksdfiz; xhr gSµÎ;kj gqvk] bdjkj gqvk gS]
I;kj ls fiQj D;w¡ Mjrk gS fnyA* blosQ varjs dh ,d iafDrµ^jkrsa nlksa fn'kkvksa
ls dgsxa h viuh dgkfu;k¡* ij laxhrdkj t;fd'ku us vkifÙk dhA mudk
[k;ky Fkk fd n'kZd ^pkj fn'kk,¡* rks le> ldrs gSµ a ^nl fn'kk,¡* ughaA
ysfdu 'kSynas z ifjorZu osQ fy, rS;kj ugha gq,A mudk n`<+ earO; Fkk fd n'kZdksa
dh #fp dh vkM+ esa gesa mFkysiu dks mu ij ugha Fkksiuk pkfg,A dykdkj
dk ;g drZO; Hkh gS fd og miHkksDrk dh #fp;ksa dk ifj"dkj djus dk iz;Ru
djsA vkSj mudk ;dhu xyr ugha FkkA ;gh ugha] os cgqr vPNs xhr Hkh tks
mUgksua s fy[ks csgn yksdfiz; gq,A 'kSynas z us >wBs vfHktkR; dks dHkh ugha
viuk;kA muosQ xhr Hkko&izo.k Fksµnq:g ughaA êsjk twrk gS tkikuh] ;s irywu
baxfyLrkuh] lj is yky Vksih :lh] fiQj Hkh fny gS ¯gnqLrkuh*µ;g xhr 'kSynas z
gh fy[k ldrs FksA 'kkar unh dk izokg vkSj leqnz dh xgjkbZ fy, gq,A ;gh
fo'ks"krk mudh ¯”knxh dh Fkh vkSj ;gh mUgksua s viuh fIk+ QYe osQ }kjk Hkh lkfcr
fd;k FkkA
^rhljh dle* ;fn ,dek=k ugha rks pan mu fIk+ QYeksa esa ls gS ftUgksua s
lkfgR;&jpuk osQ lkFk 'kr&izfr'kr U;k; fd;k gksA 'kSyna s z us jktdiwj tSls LVkj
dks ^ghjkeu* cuk fn;k FkkA ghjkeu ij jktdiwj gkoh ugha gks ldkA vkSj NhaV
dh lLrh lkM+h esa fyiVh ^ghjkckbZ* us oghnk jgeku dh izfl¼ m¡Qpkb;ksa dks cgqr
ihNs NksM+ fn;k FkkA dtjh unh osQ fdukjs mdMw+ cSBk ghjkeu tc xhr xkrs gq,
ghjkckbZ ls iwNrk gS êu le>rh gaS u vki\* rc ghjkckbZ ”kqcku ls ugha] vk¡[kksa
ls cksyrh gSA nqfu;k&Hkj osQ 'kCn ml Hkk"kk dks vfHkO;fDRk ugha ns ldrsA ,slh
gh lw{erkvksa ls Liafnr Fkhµ^rhljh dle*A viuh eLrh esa Mwcdj >wers xkrs
xkM+hokuµ^pyr eqlkfIk+ Qj eksg fy;ks js ¯itM+s okyh eqfu;kA* VIij&xkM+h esa
ghjkckbZ dks tkrs gq, ns[kdj muosQ ihNs nkSMr+ &s xkrs cPpksa dk gqtew µ^ykyh&ykyh
Mksfy;k esa ykyh js nqygfu;k*] ,d ukSVd a h dh ckbZ esa viukiu [kkst ysus okyk
ljy ân; xkM+hoku! vHkkoksa dh ¯”knxh thrs yksxksa osQ liuhys dgdgsA
gekjh fIk+ QYeksa dh lcls cM+h de”kksjh gksrh gS] yksd&rÙo dk vHkkoA os
¯”knxh ls nwj gksrh gSA ;fn =kkln fLFkfr;ksa dk fp=kkadu gksrk gS rks mUgsa
XyksjhIk+ QkbZ fd;k tkrk gSA nq[k dk ,slk ohHkRl :i izLrqr gksrk gS tks n'kZdksa
dk HkkoukRed 'kks"k.k dj losQA vkSj ^rhljh dle* dh ;g [kkl ckr Fkh fd
og nq[k dks Hkh lgt fLFkfr es]a thou&lkis{k izLrqr djrh gSA
eSaus 'kSyans z dks xhrdkj ugha] dfo dgk gSA os flusek dh pdkpkSèa k osQ
chp jgrs gq, ;'k vkSj èku&fyIlk ls dkslksa nwj FksA tks ckr mudh ¯”knxh
esa Fkh ogh muosQ xhrksa esa HkhA muosQ xhrksa esa flI+kZQ d#.kk ugha] tw>us dk
laoQs r Hkh Fkk vkSj og izfØ;k Hkh ekStnw Fkh ftlosQ rgr viuh eaf”ky rd
igqp¡ k tkrk gSA O;Fkk vkneh dks ijkftr ugha djrh] mls vkxs c<+us dk
lans'k nsrh gSA
'kSynas z us ^rhljh dle* dks viuh Hkkoizo.krk dk loZJ"s B rF; iznku
fd;kA eqoQs 'k dh vkok”k esa 'kSynas z dk ;g xhr rks vf}rh; cu x;k gSµ
ltuok cSjh gks x, gekj fpfB;k gks rks gj dksbZ ck¡pS Hkkx u ck¡pS dks;-
vfHku; osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls ^rhljh dle* jktdiwj dh ¯”knxh dh lcls
glhu fIk+ QYe gSA jktdiwj ftUgas leh{kd vkSj dyk&eeZK vk¡[kksa ls ckr djus
okyk dykdkj ekurs gSa] ^rhljh dle* esa eklwfe;r osQ peksZRd"kZ dks Nwrs
gSaA vfHkusrk jktdiwj ftruh rkdr osQ lkFk ^rhljh dle* esa ekStwn gaS]
mruk ^tkxrs jgks* esa Hkh ughaA ^tkxrs jgks* esa jktdiwj osQ vfHku; dks
cgqr ljkgk x;k Fkk] ysfdu ^rhljh dle* og fI+kQYe gS ftlesa jktdiwj
vfHku; ugha djrkA og ghjkeu osQ lkFk ,dkdkj gks x;k gSA [kkfyl
nsgkrh HkqPp xkM+hoku tks flI+kZQ fny dh ”kqcku le>rk gS] fnekx dh ughaA
ftlosQ fy, eksgCCkr osQ flok fdlh nwljh ph”k dk dksbZ vFkZ ughaA cgqr
cM+h ckr ;g gS fd ^rhljh dle* jktdiwj osQ vfHku;&thou dk og
eqdke gS] tc og ,f'k;k osQ lcls cM+s 'kkseSu osQ :i esa LFkkfir gks pqosQ
FksA mudk viuk O;fDrRo ,d ¯donarh cu pqdk FkkA ysfdu ^rhljh
dle* esa og efgeke; O;fDrRo iwjh rjg ghjkeu dh vkRek esa mrj x;k
gSA og dgha ghjkeu dk vfHku; ugha djrk] vfirq [kqn ghjkeu esa <y
x;k gSA ghjkckbZ dh isQuw&fxyklh cksyh ij jh>rk gqvk] mldh êuqvk&uVqvk*
84 / Li'kZ
tSlh Hkksyh lwjr ij U;ksNkoj gksrk gqvk vkSj ghjkckbZ dh rfud&lh mis{kk ij
vius vfLrRo ls tw>rk gqvk lPpk ghjkeu cu x;k gSA
^rhljh dle* dh iVdFkk ewy dgkuh osQ ys[kd iQ.kh'ojukFk js.kq us Lo;a rS;kj
dh FkhA dgkuh dk js'kk&js'kk] mldh NksVh&ls&NksVh ckjhfd;k¡ fIk+ QYe esa iwjh rjg mrj
vkb±A
iz'u&vH;kl
ekSf[kd
1- ^rhljh dle* fIk+ QYe dks dkSu&dkSu ls iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k x;k gS\
2- 'kSynas z us fdruh fIk+ QYesa cukb±\
3- jktdiwj }kjk funsfZ 'kr oqQN fIk+ QYeksa osQ uke crkb,A
4- ^rhljh dle* fIk+ QYe osQ uk;d o ukf;dkvksa osQ uke crkb, vkSj fIk+ QYe esa
bUgksua s fdu ik=kksa dk vfHku; fd;k gS\
5- fIk+ QYe ^rhljh dle* dk fuekZ.k fdlus fd;k Fkk\
6- jktdiwj us êsjk uke tksdj* osQ fuekZ.k osQ le; fdl ckr dh dYiuk Hkh
ugha dh Fkh\
7- jktdiwj dh fdl ckr ij 'kSynas z dk psgjk eqj>k x;k\
8- fIk+ QYe leh{kd jktdiwj dks fdl rjg dk dykdkj ekurs Fks\
fyf[kr
1- ^rhljh dle* fIk+ QYe dks ^lSY;wykbM ij fy[kh dfork* D;ksa dgk x;k gS\
2- ^rhljh dle* fIk+ QYe dks [kjhnnkj D;ksa ugha fey jgs Fks\
3- 'kSynas z osQ vuqlkj dykdkj dk drZO; D;k gS\
4- fIk+ QYeksa esa =kkln fLFkfr;ksa dk fp=kkadu XyksfjIk+ QkbZ D;ksa dj fn;k tkrk gS\
5- ^'kSynas z us jktdiwj dh Hkkoukvksa dks 'kCn fn, gS*a µbl dFku ls vki D;k
le>rs gS\a Li"V dhft,A
6- ys[kd us jktdiwj dks ,f'k;k dk lcls cM+k 'kkseuS dgk gSA 'kkseuS ls vki
D;k le>rs gS\a
7- fIk+ QYe ^Jh 420* osQ xhr ^jkrksa nlksa fn'kkvksa ls dgsxa h viuh dgkfu;k¡* ij
laxhrdkj t;fd'ku us vkifÙk D;ksa dh\

1- jktdiwj }kjk fIk+ QYe dh vliQyrk osQ [krjksa ls vkxkg djus ij Hkh
'kSynas z us ;g fIk+ QYe D;ksa cukbZ\
2- ^rhljh dle* esa jktdiwj dk efgeke; O;fDrRo fdl rjg ghjkeu
dh vkRek esa mrj x;k gS\ Li"V dhft,A
3- ys[kd us ,slk D;ksa fy[kk gS fd ^rhljh dle* us lkfgR;&jpuk osQ
lkFk 'kr&izfr'kr U;k; fd;k gS\
4- 'kSynas z osQ xhrksa dh D;k fo'ks"krk,¡ gS\a vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
5- fIk+ QYe fuekZrk osQ :i esa 'kSynas z dh fo'ks"krkvksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
6- 'kSynas z osQ futh thou dh Nki mudh fIk+ QYe esa >ydrh gSµoSQls\
Li"V dhft,A
7- ys[kd osQ bl dFku ls fd ^rhljh dle* fIk+ QYe dksbZ lPpk
dfo&ân; gh cuk ldrk Fkk] vki dgk¡ rd lger gS\a Li"V dhft,A
1- ---og rks ,d vkn'kZoknh Hkkoqd dfo Fkk] ftls vikj laifÙk vkSj ;'k
rd dh bruh dkeuk ugha Fkh ftruh vkRe&larfq "V osQ lq[k dh
vfHkyk"kk FkhA
2- mudk ;g n`<+ earO; Fkk fd n'kZdksa dh #fp dh vkM+ esa gesa mFkysiu
dks mu ij ugha Fkksiuk pkfg,A dykdkj dk ;g drZO; Hkh gS fd og
miHkksDrk dh #fp;ksa dk ifj"dkj djus dk iz;Ru djsA
3- O;Fkk vkneh dks ijkftr ugha djrh] mls vkxs c<+us dk lan's k nsrh gSA
4- njvly bl fIk+ QYe dh laons uk fdlh nks ls pkj cukus okys dh le>
ls ijs gSA
5- muosQ xhr Hkko&izo.k Fksµnq:g ughaA
Hkk"kk vè;;u
1- ikB esa vk, ^ls* osQ fofHkUu iz;ksxksa ls okD; dh lajpuk dks lef>,A
(d) jktdiwj us ,d vPNs vkSj lPps fe=k dh gSfl;r ls 'kSyasnz dks
fIk+ QYe dh vliQyrk osQ [krjksa ls vkxkg Hkh fd;kA
([k) jkrsa nlksa fn'kkvksa ls dgsxa h viuh dgkfu;k¡A
(x) fIk+ QYe baMLVªh esa jgrs gq, Hkh ogk¡ osQ rkSj&rjhdksa ls ukokfdIk+ Q
FksA
86 / Li'kZ
(?k) njvly bl fIk+ QYe dh laons uk fdlh nks ls pkj cukus osQ xf.kr
tkuus okys dh le> ls ijs FkhA
(Ä) 'kSynas z jktdiwj dh bl ;kjkuk nksLrh ls ifjfpr rks FksA
2- bl ikB esa vk, fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dh lajpuk ij è;ku nhft,µ
(d) rhljh dle* fIk+ QYe ugha] lSY;wykbM ij fy[kh dfork FkhA
([k) mUgksaus ,slh fIk+ QYe cukbZ Fkh ftls lPpk dfo&ân; gh cuk
ldrk FkkA
(x) fIk+ QYe dc vkbZ] dc pyh xbZ] ekywe gh ugha iM+kA
(?k) [kkfyl nsgkrh HkqPp xkM+hoku tks flIk+ QZ fny dh ”kqcku le>rk
gS] fnekx dh ughaA
3- ikB esa vk, fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa ls okD; cukb,µ
psgjk eqj>kuk] pDdj [kk tkuk] nks ls pkj cukuk] vk¡[kksa ls cksyuk
4- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ ¯gnh i;kZ; nhft,µ
(d)f'kír ------------------ (Ä) ukokfdIk+ Q ------------------
([k);kjkuk ------------------ (p) ;dhu ------------------
(x) ceqf'dy ------------------ (N) gkoh ------------------
(?k) [kkfyl ------------------ (t) js'kk ------------------
5- fuEufyf[kr dk laf/foPNsn dhft,µ
(d) fp=kkadu µ --------------- $ --------------- (?k)
:ikarj.k µ --------------- $ ---------------
([k)loksZRÑ"V µ --------------- $ --------------- (Ä)
?kukuan µ --------------- $ ---------------
(x) peksRZ d"kZ µ --------------- $ ---------------
6- fuEufyf[kr dk lekl foxzg dhft, vkSj lekl dk uke Hkh
fyf[k,µ
(d) dyk&eeZK ---------------
([k) yksdfiz; ---------------
(x) jk"Vªifr ---------------
;ksX;rk foLrkj
1- iQ.kh'ojukFk js.kq dh fdl dgkuh ij ^rhljh dle* fIk+ QYe vk/kfjr
gS] tkudkjh izkIr dhft, vkSj ewy jpuk if<+,A
2- lekpkj i=kksa esa fIk+ QYeksa dh leh{kk nh tkrh gSA fdUgha rhu fIk+ QYeksa dh
leh{kk if<+, vkSj ^rhljh dle* fIk+ QYe dks ns[kdj bl fIk+ QYe dh
leh{kk Lo;a fy[kus dk iz;kl dhft,A
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
1- fIk+ QYeksa osQ lanHkZ esa vkius vdlj ;g lquk gksxkµ^tks ckr igys dh
fIk+ QYeksa esa Fkh] og vc dgk¡*A orZeku nkSj dh fIk+ QYeksa vkSj igys dh
fIk+ QYeksa esa D;k lekurk vkSj varj gS\ d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A
2- ^rhljh dle* tSlh vkSj Hkh fIk+ QYesa gSa tks fdlh u fdlh Hkk"kk dh
lkfgfR;d jpuk ij cuh gSAa ,slh fIk+ QYeksa dh lwph fuEukafdr izi=k osQ
vk/kj ij rS;kj djsAa
Ø-la- fI+kQYe dk uke lkfgfR;d jpuk
Hkk"kk jpukdkj
1- nsonkl nsonkl caxyk 'kjr~pna z
2- --------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------
3- --------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------
4- --------------- --------------- --------------- ---------------
3- yksdxhr gesa viuh laLÑfr ls tksMr+ s gSAa ^rhljh dle* fIk+ QYe esa
yksdxhrksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA vki Hkh vius {ks=k osQ izpfyr
nks&rhu yksdxhrksa dks ,d=k dj ifj;kstuk dkWih ij fyf[k,A
varjky & osQ ckn
vfHkuhr & vfHku; fd;k x;k
loksRZ Ñ"V & lcls vPNk
lSY;wykbM & oSQejs dh jhy esa mrkj fp=k ij izLrqr djuk
lkFkZdrk & liQyrk osQ lkFk
dykRedrk & dyk ls ifjiw.kZ
laons u'khyrk & Hkkoqdrk
f'kír & rhozrk
vuU; & ije @ vR;f/d
rUe;rk & rYyhurk
ikfjJfed & esgurkuk
;kjkuk eLrh & nksLrkuk vank”k
vkxkg & lpsr
88 / Li'kZ
vkRe&larfq "V & viuh rqf"V

ceqf'dy & cgqr dfBukbZ ls
forjd & izlkfjr djus okys yksx
uke”kn & fo[;kr
ukokfdI+kQ & vutku
bdjkj & lgefr
earO; & bPNk
mFkykiu & lrgh @ uhpk
vfHktkR; & ifj"Ñr
Hkko&izo.k & Hkkoukvksa osQ Hkjk gqvk
nq:g & dfBu
mdM+w & ?kqVus eksMd+ j iSj osQ ryoksa osQ lgkjs cSBuk
lw{erk & ckjhdh
Liafnr & lapkfyr djuk @ xfreku
ykykf;r & bPNqd
VIij&xkM+h & v/Zxksykdkj NIij ;qDr cSyxkM+h
gq”kwe & HkhM+
izfr:i & Nk;k
:ikarj.k & fdlh ,d :i ls nwljs :i eas ifjofrZr djuk
yksd&rÙo & yksd lac/ a h
=kkln & nq[kn
XyksjhI+kQkbZ & xq.kxku @ efgekeafMr djuk
ohHkRl & Hk;kog
thou&lkis{k & thou osQ izfr
/u&fyIlk & /u dh vR;f/d pkg
izfØ;k & iz.kkyh
ck¡pS & i<+uk
Hkkx & HkkX;
Hkjek;s & Hkze gksuk @ >wBk vk'oklu
leh{kd & leh{kk djus okyk
dyk&eeZK & dyk dh ij[k djus okyk
peksZRd"kZ & m¡QpkbZ osQ f'k[kj ij
[kkfyl & 'kq¼
HkqPp & fujk @ fcyoqQy
¯donarh & dgkor
funk I+kQk”kyh
(1938-2016)
12 vDrwcj 1938 dks fnYyh esa tUes funk I+kQk”kyh dk cpiu Xokfy;j
esa chrkA funk Ik+ Qk”kyh mnwZ dh lkBksÙkjh ih<+h osQ egÙoiw.kZ dfo ekus tkrs
gSAa vke cksypky dh Hkk"kk esa vkSj ljyrk ls fdlh osQ Hkh fnyksfnekx
esa ?kj dj losQ] ,slh dfork djus esa bUgsa egkjr gkfly gSA ogh funk
I+kQk”kyh viuh x| jpukvksa esa 'ksj&vks&'kk;jh fijksdj cgqr oqQN dks FkksM+s
esa dg nsus osQ ekeys esa vius fdLe osQ vosQys gh x|dkj gSaA
funk I+kQk”kyh dh yÝ+ tksa dk iqy uked dfork dh igyh iqLrd vkbZA
'kk;jh dh fdrkc [kks;k gqvk lk oqQN osQ fy, 1999 osQ lkfgR; vdknseh
iqjLdkj ls lEekfur funk I+kQk”kyh dh vkRedFkk dk igyk Hkkx nhokjksa
osQ chp vkSj nwljk nhokjksa osQ ikj 'kh"kZd ls izdkf'kr gks pqdk gSA fI+kQYe
m|ksx ls lac¼ jgs funk i- Qk”kyh dk fu/u 8 i- Qjojh 2016 dks gqvkA ;gk¡
rek'kk esjs vkxs fdrkc esa ladfyr ,d va'k izLrqr gSA
90 / Li'kZ
ikB izo's k
oqQnjr us ;g /jrh mu reke tho/kfj;ksa osQ fy, vrk iQjekbZ Fkh ftUgsa [kqn mlh
us tUe fn;k FkkA ysfdu gqvk ;g fd vkneh uke osQ oqQnjr osQ lcls v”khe dfj'es
us /hjs&/hjs iwjh /jrh dks gh viuh tkxhj cuk fy;k vkSj vU; reke thoèkkfj;ksa
dks njcnj dj fn;kA urhtk ;g gqvk fd vU; thoèkkfj;ksa dh ;k rks uLysa [kRe
gksrh xb± ;k mUgsa viuk BkSj&fBdkuk NksMd
+ j dgha vkSj tkuk iM+k ;k fiQj vkt Hkh
os ,d vkf'k;kus dh ryk'k esa ekjs&ekjs fiQj jgs gSAa
bruk Hkj gqvk jgk gksrk rc Hkh xuher gksrh] ysfdu vkneh uke osQ bl tho
dh lc oqQN lesV ysus dh Hkw[k ;gha iwjh ugha gqbAZ vc og vU; izkf.k;ksa dks gh
ugha [kqn viuh tkr dks Hkh csn[ky djus ls ”kjk Hkh ijgs”k ugha djrkA vkye ;g
gS fd mls u rks fdlh osQ lq[k&nq[k dh ¯prk gS] u fdlh dks lgkjk ;k lg;ksx
nsus dh ea'kk ghA ;dhu u vkrk gks rks bl ikB dks i<+ tkb, vkSj lkFk gh ;kn
dhft,xk vius vklikl osQ yksxksa dksA cgqr laHko gS bls i<+rs gq, ,sls cgqr yksx
;kn vk,¡ tks dHkh u dHkh fdlh u fdlh osQ izfr oSlk gh cjrko djrs jgs gksAa
vc dgk¡ nwljs osQ nq[k ls nq[kh gksus okys / 91
vc dgk¡ nwljs osQ nq[k ls nq[kh gksus okys

ckbfcy osQ lksyksesu ftUgsa oqQjvku esa lqyes ku dgk x;k gS] bZlk ls 1025 o"kZ iwoZ
,d ckn'kkg FksA dgk x;k gS] og osQoy ekuo tkfr osQ gh jktk ugha Fks] lkjs NksV&s cM+s
i'kq&i{kh osQ Hkh gkfde FksA og bu lcdh Hkk"kk Hkh tkurs FksA ,d nIkQk lqyes ku vius
y'dj osQ lkFk ,d jkLrs ls xq”kj jgs FksA jkLrs esa oqQN phafV;ksa us ?kksMk+ as dh Vkiksa dh
vkok”k lquh rks Mj dj ,d&nwljs ls dgk] ^vki tYnh ls vius&vius fcyksa esa pyks]
Ik+ QkSt vk jgh gSA* lqyes ku mudh ckrsa lqudj FkksMh+ nwj ij #d x, vkSj phafV;ksa ls
cksy]s ^?kcjkvks ugha] lqyes ku dks [kqnk us lcdk j[kokyk cuk;k gSA eSa fdlh osQ fy,
eqlhcr ugha gw]¡ lcosQ fy, eqgCcr gwA¡ * phafV;ksa us muosQ fy, bZ'oj ls nqvk dh vkSj
lqyes ku viuh eaf”ky dh vksj c<+ x,A
,slh ,d ?kVuk dk f”kØ ¯l/h Hkk"kk osQ egkdfo 'ks[k v;k”k us viuh vkRedFkk
92 / Li'kZ
esa fd;k gSA mUgksua s fy[kk gSµ^,d fnu muosQ firk oqQ,¡ ls ugkdj ykSVAs ek¡ us Hkkstu
ijkslkA mUgksua s tSls gh jksVh dk dkSj rksMk+ A mudh u”kj viuh cktw ij iM+hA ogk¡ ,d
dkyk P;ksVa k jsxa jgk FkkA og Hkkstu NksMd + j mB [kM+s gq,A* ek¡ us iwNk] ^D;k ckr gS\
Hkkstu vPNk ugha yxk\* 'ks[k v;k”k osQ firk cksy]s ûgha] ;g ckr ugha gSA eSua s ,d
?kj okys dks cs?kj dj fn;k gSA ml cs?kj dks oqQ,¡ ij mlosQ ?kj NksMu+ s tk jgk gwA¡ *
ckbfcy vkSj nwljs ikou xzFa kksa eas uwg uke osQ ,d iSxca j dk f”kØ feyrk gSA mudk
vlyh uke y'kdj Fkk] ysfdu vjc us mudks uwg osQ ydc ls ;kn fd;k gSA og
blfy, fd vki lkjh mez jksrs jgsA bldk dkj.k ,d ”k[eh oqQÙkk FkkA uwg osQ lkeus
ls ,d ckj ,d ?kk;y oqQÙkk xq”kjkA uwg us mls nqRdkjrs gq, dgk] ^nwj gks tk xans oqQÙks!*
bLyke esa oqQÙkksa dks xank le>k tkrk gSA oqQÙks us mudh nqRdkj lqudj tokc fn;k---
û eSa viuh e”khZ ls oqQÙkk gw]¡ u rqe viuh ilan ls bulku gksA cukus okyk lcdk
rks ogh ,d gSA*
e^h ls e^h feys ]
[kks osQ lHkh fu'kkuA
fdlesa fdruk dkSu gS]
oS Q ls gks igpkuAA
uwg us tc mldh ckr lquh vkSj nq[kh gks eqír rd jksrs jgsA êgkHkkjr* esa ;qf/f"Bj
dk tks var rd lkFk fuHkkrk u”kj vkrk gS] og Hkh izrhdkRed :i esa ,d oqQÙkk gh
FkkA lc lkFk NksMr+ s x, rks osQoy ogh muosQ ,dkar dks 'kkar dj jgk FkkA
nqfu;k oSQls otwn esa vkbZ\ igys D;k Fkh\ fdl fcanq ls bldh ;k=kk 'kq: gqb\Z bu
iz'uksa osQ mÙkj foKku viuh rjg ls nsrk gS] /kfeZd xzFa k viuh&viuh rjg lsA lalkj dh
jpuk Hkys gh oSQls gqbZ gks ysfdu /jrh fdlh ,d dh ugha gSA iaNh] ekuo] i'kq] unh]
ioZr] leanj vkfn dh blesa cjkcj dh fgLlsnkjh gSA ;g vkSj ckr gS fd bl fgLlsnkjh
esa ekuo tkfr us viuh cqf¼ ls cM+h&cM+h nhokjsa [kM+h dj nh gSAa igys iwjk lalkj ,d
ifjokj osQ leku Fkk vc VqdM+kas esa c¡Vdj ,d&nwljs ls nwj gks pqdk gSA igys cM+&s cM+s
nkykuks&a vk¡xuksa esa lc fey&tqydj jgrs Fks vc NksV&s NksVs fMCcs tSls ?kjksa esa thou fleVus
yxk gSA c<+rh gqbZ vkckfn;ksa us leanj dks ihNs ljdkuk 'kq: dj fn;k gS] isMk+ as dks jkLrksa
ls gVkuk 'kq: dj fn;k gS] iSQyrs gq, izn"w k.k us iafN;ksa dks cfLr;ksa ls Hkxkuk 'kq: dj
fn;k gSA ck:nksa dh fouk'kyhykvksa us okrkoj.k dks lrkuk 'kq: dj fn;kA vc xjeh esa
”;knk xjeh] csoDr dh cjlkrs]a ”ky”kys] lSykc] rwIk+ Qku vkSj fur u, jksx] ekuo vkSj
izÑfr osQ blh vlary q u osQ ifj.kke gSAa uspj dh lgu'kfDr dh ,d lhek gksrh gSA uspj
osQ xqLls dk ,d uewuk oqQN lky igys cacbZ (eacq bZ) esa ns[kus dks feyk Fkk vkSj ;g uewuk
bruk Mjkouk Fkk fd cacbZ fuoklh Mjdj vius&vius iwtk&LFky esa vius [kqnkvksa ls izkFkZuk
djus yxs FksA
dbZ lkyksa ls cM+s&cMs+ fcYMj leanj dks ihNs èkosQy dj mldh ”kehu dks gfFk;k
jgs FksA cspkjk leanj yxkrkj fleVrk tk jgk FkkA igys mlus viuh iSQyh gqbZ Vk¡xas lesVha]
FkksMk+ fleVdj cSB x;kA fiQj txg de iM+h rks mdM¡¸å cSB x;kA fiQj [kM+k gks x;k-
--tc [kM+s jgus dh txg de iM+h rks mls xqLlk vk x;kA tks ftruk cM+k gksrk gS mls
mruk gh de xqLlk vkrk gSA ijarq vkrk gS rks jksduk eqf'dy gks tkrk gS] vkSj ;gh
gqvk] mlus ,d jkr viuh ygjksa ij nkSMr+ s gq, rhu tgk”kksa dks mBkdj cPpksa dh xsna
dh rjg rhu fn'kkvksa esa isQa d fn;kA ,d oyhZ osQ leanj osQ fdukjs ij vkdj fxjk] nwljk
ckankz esa dkVZj jksM osQ lkeus vkSèa ks eqg¡ vkSj rhljk xsV&os&vkWIk+ Q bafM;k ij VwV&iwQVdj
lSykfu;ksa dk u”kkjk cuk ckotwn dksf'k'k] os fiQj ls pyus&fiQjus osQ dkfcy ugha gks
losQA
esjh ek¡ dgrh Fkh] lwjt <ys vk¡xu osQ isMk+ as ls iÙks er rksMk+ ]s isM+ jks,x¡ As nh;k&cÙkh
osQ oDr iwQyksa dks er rksM+ks] iwQy cíqvk nsrs gSaA--- nfj;k ij tkvks rks mls lyke
fd;k djks] og [kq'k gksrk gSA dcwrjksa dks er lrk;k djks] os g”kjr eqgEen dks v”kh”k
gSAa mUgksua s mUgsa viuh e”kkj osQ uhys xqca n ij ?kksl a ys cukus dh b”kk”kr ns j[kh gSA
eqxsZ dks ijs'kku ugha fd;k djks] og eqYyk th ls igys eksgYys esa v”kku nsdj lcdks
losjs txkrk gSµ
lc dh iwtk ,d&lh] vyx&vyx gS jhrA
efLtn tk, ekSyoh] dks;y xk, xhrAA
Xokfy;j esa gekjk ,d edku Fkk] ml edku osQ nkyku esa nks jks'kunku FksA mlesa
dcwrj osQ ,d tksMs+ us ?kksl a yk cuk fy;k FkkA ,d ckj fcYyh us mpddj nks esa ls
,d vaMk rksM+ fn;kA esjh ek¡ us ns[kk rks mls nq[k gqvkA mlus LVwy ij p<+dj nwljs
vaMs dks cpkus dh dksf'k'k dhA ysfdu bl dksf'k'k esa nwljk vaMk mlh osQ gkFk ls
fxjdj VwV x;kA dcwrj ijs'kkuh esa bèkj&mèkj iQM+iQM+k jgs FksA mudh vk¡[kksa esa nq[k
ns[kdj esjh ek¡ dh vk¡[kksa esa vk¡lw vk x,A bl xqukg dks [kqnk ls eqvkIk+ Q djkus osQ fy,
mlus iwjs fnu jks”kk j[kkA fnu&Hkj oqQN [kk;k&fi;k ughaA flIk+ QZ jksrh jgh vkSj ckj&ckj
uekt i<+&i<+dj [kqnk ls bl xyrh dks eqvkIk+ Q djus dh nqvk ek¡xrh jghA
Xokfy;j ls cacbZ dh nwjh us lalkj dks dkIk+ Qh oqQN cny fn;k gSA olksoZ k esa tgk¡
vkt esjk ?kj gS] igys ;gk¡ nwj rd taxy FkkA isM+ Fks] ifjans Fks vkSj nwljs tkuoj FksA
vc ;gk¡ leanj osQ fdukjs yach&pkSM+h cLrh cu xbZ gSA bl cLrh us u tkus fdrus
ifjanks&a pfjanksa ls mudk ?kj Nhu fy;k gSA buesa ls oqQN 'kgj NksMd + j pys x, gSAa tks
ugha tk losQ gSa mUgksua s ;gk¡&ogk¡ Msjk Mky fy;k gSA buesa ls nks dcwrjksa us esjs ÝySV
osQ ,d epku esa ?kksla yk cuk fy;k gSA cPps vHkh NksVs gSAa muosQ f[kykus&fiykus dh
f”kEesnkjh vHkh cM+s dcwrjksa dh gSA os fnu esa dbZ&dbZ ckj vkrs&tkrs gSAa vkSj D;ksa u
vk,¡&tk,¡ vkf[kj mudk Hkh ?kj gSA ysfdu muosQ vkus&tkus ls gesa ijs'kkuh Hkh gksrh
gSA os dHkh fdlh ph”k dks fxjkdj rksM+ nsrs gSAa dHkh esjh ykbczjs h esa ?kqldj dchj ;k
94 / Li'kZ
fe”kkZ xkfyc dks lrkus yxrs gSAa bl jks”k&jks”k dh ijs'kkuh ls rax vkdj esjh iRuh us
ml txg tgk¡ mudk vkf'k;kuk Fkk] ,d tkyh yxk nh gS] muosQ cPpksa dks nwljh txg
dj fn;k gSA muosQ vkus dh f[kM+dh dks Hkh can fd;k tkus yxk gSA f[kM+dh osQ ckgj
vc nksuksa dcwrj jkr&Hkj [kkeks'k vkSj mnkl cSBs jgrs gSAa exj vc u lksykseus gS tks
mudh ”kqcku dks le>dj mudk nq[k ck¡V]s u esjh ek¡ gS] tks buosQ nq[kksa esa lkjh jkr
uek”kksa esa dkVsµ
ufn;k lhaps [ksr dks] rksrk oqQrjs vkeA
lwjt BsoQs nkj&lk] lcdks ck¡Vs dkeAA
iz'u&vH;kl
ekSf[kd
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ,d&nks iafDr;ksa eas nhft,µ
1- cMs&+ cM+s fcYMj leqnz dks ihNs D;ksa /osQy jgs Fks\
2- ys[kd dk ?kj fdl 'kgj esa Fkk\
3- thou oSQls ?kjksa esa fleVus yxk gS\
4- dcwrj ijs'kkuh esa bèkj&mèkj D;ksa iQM+iQM+k jgs Fks\
fyf[kr
(d) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj (25-30 'kCnksa ea)s fyf[k,µ
1- vjc esa y'kdj dks uwg osQ uke ls D;ksa ;kn djrs gS\a
2- ys[kd dh ek¡ fdl le; isMk+ sa osQ iÙks rksMu+ s osQ fy, euk djrh Fkha vkSj D;ks\a
3- izoQ` fr esa vk, vlary
q u dk D;k ifj.kke gqvk\
4- ys[kd dh ek¡ us iwjs fnu dk jks”kk D;ksa j[kk\
5- ys[kd us Xokfy;j ls cacbZ rd fdu cnykoksa dks eglwl fd;k\ ikB osQ vk/
kj ij Li"V dhft,A
6- ^Msjk Mkyus* ls vki D;k le>rs gS\a Li"V dhft,A
7- 'ks[k v;k”k osQ firk vius cktw ij dkyk P;ksVa k jsxa rk ns[k Hkkstu NksM+ dj D;ksa
mB [kM+s gq,\
1- c<+rh gqbZ vkcknh dk i;kZoj.k ij D;k izHkko iM+k\
2- ys[kd dh iRuh dks f[kM+dh esa tkyh D;ksa yxokuh iM+h\
3- leqnz osQ xqLls dh D;k otg Fkh\ mlus viuk xqLlk oSQls fudkyk\
4- ê^h ls e^h feys]
[kks osQ lHkh fu'kku]
fdlesa fdruk dkSu gS]
oSQls gks igpku*
bu iafDr;ksa osQ ekè;e ls ys[kd D;k dguk pkgrk gS\ Li"V dhft,A
1- uspj dh lgu'kfDr dh ,d lhek gksrh gSA uspj osQ xqLls dk ,d uewuk oqQN
lky igys cacbZ esa ns[kus dks feyk FkkA
2- tks ftruk cM+k gksrk gS mls mruk gh de xqLlk vkrk gSA
3- bl cLrh us u tkus fdrus ifjanks&a pfjanksa ls mudk ?kj Nhu fy;k gSA buesa ls
oqQN 'kgj NksM+dj pys x, gSAa tks ugha tk losQ gSa mUgksua s ;gk¡&ogk¡ Msjk Mky
fy;k gSA
4- 'ks[k v;k”k osQ firk cksy]s ûgha] ;g ckr ugha gSA eSua s ,d ?kjokys dks cs?kj
dj fn;k gSA ml cs?kj dks oqQ,¡ ij mlosQ ?kj NksMu+ s tk jgk gwA¡ * bu iafDr;ksa
esa fNih gqbZ mudh Hkkouk dks Li"V dhft,A
Hkk"kk&vè;;u
1- mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa dkjd fpÉksa dks igpkudj js[kkafdr
dhft, vkSj muosQ uke fjDr LFkkuksa esa fyf[k,_ tSlµ s
(d)ek¡ us Hkkstu ijkslkA drkZ
([k)eSa fdlh osQ fy, eqlhcr ugha gwA¡ -------------------------------
(x) eSua s ,d ?kj okys dks cs?kj dj fn;kA -------------------------------
(?k) dcwrj ijs'kkuh esa b/j&m/j iQM+iQM+k jgs FksA ------------------------------

(Ä)nfj;k ij tkvks rks mls lyke fd;k djksA ------------------------------
2- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ cgqopu :i fyf[k,µ

phaVh] ?kksMk+ ] vkok”k] fcy] Ik+ QkSt] jksVh] ¯cnq] nhokj] VqdM+kA
3- è;ku nhft, uqDrk yxkus ls 'kCn osQ vFkZ esa ifjorZu gks tkrk gSA ikB esa ^niQk*
'kCn dk iz;ksx gqvk gS ftldk vFkZ gksrk gSµckj (x.kuk lac/ a h)] dkuwu lac/ a
hA ;fn bl 'kCn esa uqDrk yxk fn;k tk, rks 'kCn cusxk ^nIk+ Qk* ftldk vFkZ
gksrk gSµnwj djuk] gVkukA ;gk¡ uhps oqQN uqDrk;qDr vkSj uqDrkjfgr 'kCn fn,
tk jgs gaS mUgsa è;ku ls nsf[k, vkSj vFkZxr varj dks lef>,A
ltk & l”kk ukt & uk”k
tjk & ”kjk rst & rs”k
96 / Li'kZ
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa mfpr 'kCn Hkjdj okD; iwjs dhft,µ

(d)vktdy ------------------------------- cgqr [kjkc gSA (tekuk@”kekuk)
([k)iwjs dejs dks ------------------------------- nksA (ltk@l”kk)
(x) ------------------------------- phuh rks nsukA (tjk@”kjk)
(?k) ek¡ ngh ------------------------------- Hkwy xbZA (tekuk@”kekuk)
(Ä)nks"kh dks ------------------------------- nh xbZA (ltk@l”kk)
(p) egkRek osQ psgjs ij ------------------------------- FkkA (rst@rs”k)
;ksX;rk foLrkj
1- i'kq&i{kh ,oa oU; laj{k.k osQa nzkas esa tkdj i'kq&if{k;ksa dh lsok&lqJ"w kk osQ lac/
a
esa tkudkjh izkIr dhft,A
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
1- vius vklikl izfro"kZ ,d ikS/k yxkb, vkSj mldh leqfpr ns[kHkky dj
i;kZoj.k esa vk, vlary q u dks jksdus esa viuk ;ksxnku nhft,A
2- fdlh ,slh ?kVuk dk o.kZu dhft, tc vius euksjt a u osQ fy, ekuo }kjk
i'kq&if{k;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gksA
gkfde & jktk @ ekfyd
y'dj (y'kdj) & lsuk @ fo'kky tuleqnk;
ydc & in lwpd uke
izrhdkRed & izrhdLo:i
nkyku & cjkenk
fleVuk & floqQM+uk
”ky”kys & HkwoQa i
lSykc & ck<+
lSykuh & ,sls i;ZVd tks Hkze.k dj u,&u, LFkkuksa osQ fo"k;
esa tkuuk pkgrs gaS
v”kh”k & fiz; @ I;kjk
e”kkj & njxkg @ dcz
xqacn & eafnj] efLtn vkSj xq#}kjs vkfn osQ mQij cuh xksy
Nr ftlesa vkok”k xw¡trh gS
v”kku & uekt osQ le; dh lwpuk tks efLtn dh Nr ;k
nwljh m¡Qph txg ij [kM+s gksdj nh tkrh gS
Msjk & vLFkk;h iM+ko
ir>j esa VwVh ifÙk;k¡ / 97
johaæ osQysdj
(1925-2010)
7 ekpZ 1925 dks dksd a .k {ks=k esa tUes johanz osQysdj Nk=k thou ls gh xksok
eqfDr vkanksyu esa 'kkfey gks x, FksA xka/hoknh ¯prd osQ :i esa fo[;kr
osQysdj us vius ys[ku esa tu&thou osQ fofo/ i{kks]a ekU;rkvksa vkSj
O;fDrxr fopkjksa dks ns'k vkSj lekt osQ ifjiz{s ; esa izLrqr fd;k gSA budh
vuqHkotU; fVIif.k;ksa esa vius ¯pru dh ekSfydrk osQ lkFk gh ekuoh; lR;
rd igqp ¡ us dh lgt ps"Vk jgrh gSA
dksd
a .kh vkSj ejkBh osQ 'kh"kZLFk ys[kd vkSj i=kdkj johanz osQysdj dh
dksda .kh esa iPphl] ejkBh esa rhu] ¯gnh vkSj xqtjkrh esa Hkh oqQNsd iqLrosQa
izdkf'kr gSAa osQysdj us dkdk dkysydj dh vusd iqLrdksa dk laiknu vkSj
vuqokn Hkh fd;k gSA
xksok dyk vdkneh osQ lkfgR; iqjLdkj lfgr dbZ iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur
osQysdj dh ize[q k Ñfr;k¡ gSµ a dksd
a .kh esa mtok<kps lwj] lfe/k] lkaxyh]
vksFkkac_s ejkBh esa dksd
a .khpsa jktdj.k] tkiku tlk fnlyk vkSj ¯gnh esa ir>j
esa VwVh ifÙk;k¡A
98 / Li'kZ
ikB izos'k
,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd FkksMs+ eas cgqr oqQN dg nsuk dfork dk xq.k gSA tc
dHkh ;g xq.k fdlh x| jpuk esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrk gS rc mls i<+us okys
dks ;g eqgkojk ;kn ugha j[kuk iM+rk fd ^lkj&lkj dks xfg jgs] FkksFkk
ns; mM+k;*A ljy fy[kuk] FkksMs+ 'kCnksa esa fy[kuk ”;knk dfBu dke gSA
fiQj Hkh ;g dke gksrk jgk gSA lwfDr dFkk,¡] vkxe dFkk,¡] tkrd dFkk,¡]
iapra=k dh dgkfu;k¡ mlh ys[ku osQ izek.k gSAa ;gh dke dksda .kh esa johanz
osQysdj us fd;k gSA
izLrqr ikB osQ izlax i<+us okyksa ls FkksMk+ dgk cgqr le>uk dh ek¡x
djrs gSAa ;s izlxa egt i<+u&s xquus dh ugha] ,d tkx:d vkSj lfØ;
ukxfjd cuus dh izjs .kk Hkh nsrs gSAa igyk izlxa fxUuh dk lksuk thou esa
vius fy, lq[k&lk/u tqVkus okyksa ls ugha cfYd mu yksxksa ls ifjfpr
djkrk gS tks bl txr dks thus vkSj jgus ;ksX; cuk, gq, gSAa
nwljk izlxa >su dh nsu ckS¼ n'kZu esa of.kZr è;ku dh ml i¼fr dh
;kn fnykrk gS ftlosQ dkj.k tkiku osQ yksx vkt Hkh viuh O;Lrre
fnup;kZ osQ chp oqQN pSu Hkjs iy ik tkrs gSAa
ir>j esa VwVh ifÙk;k¡
(I) fxUuh dk lksuk

'kq¼ lksuk vyx gS vkSj fxUuh dk lksuk vyxA fxUuh osQ lksus esa FkksMk+ &lk rk¡ck feyk;k
gqvk gksrk gS] blfy, og ”;knk pedrk gS vkSj 'kq¼ lksus ls e”kcwr Hkh gksrk gSA vkSjrsa
vdlj blh lksus osQ xgus cuok ysrh gSAa
fiQj Hkh gksrk rks og gS fxUuh dk gh lksukA
'kq¼ vkn'kZ Hkh 'kq¼ lksus osQ tSls gh gksrs gSaA pan yksx muesa O;kogkfjdrk dk
FkksMk+ &lk rk¡ck feyk nsrs gSa vkSj pykdj fn[kkrs gSAa rc ge yksx mUgsa îzfS DVdy
vkbfM;kfyLV* dgdj mudk c[kku djrs gSAa
ij ckr u Hkwyas fd c[kku vkn'kks± dk ugha gksrk] cfYd O;kogkfjdrk dk gksrk gSA
vkSj tc O;kogkfjdrk dk c[kku gksus yxrk gS rc îzfS DVdy vkbfM;kfyLVks*a osQ
thou ls vkn'kZ èkhjs&èkhjs ihNs gVus yxrs gSa vkSj mudh O;kogkfjd lw>cw> gh vkxs
vkus yxrh gSA
lksuk ihNs jgdj rk¡ck gh vkxs vkrk gSA
pan yksx dgrs gS]a xkaèkhth îzfS DVdy vkbfM;kfyLV* FksA O;kogkfjdrk dks igpkurs
FksA mldh dher tkurs FksA blhfy, os vius foy{k.k vkn'kZ pyk losQA ojuk gok
esa gh mM+rs jgrsA ns'k muosQ ihNs u tkrkA
gk¡] ij xkaèkhth dHkh vkn'kks± dks O;kogkfjdrk osQ Lrj ij mrjus ugha nsrs FksA cfYd
O;kogkfjdrk dks vkn'kks± osQ Lrj ij p<+krs FksA os lksus esa rk¡ck ugha cfYd rk¡cs esa lksuk
feykdj mldh dher c<+krs FksA
blfy, lksuk gh ges'kk vkxs vkrk jgrk FkkA
O;ogkjoknh yksx ges'kk ltx jgrs gSAa ykHk&gkfu dk fglkc yxkdj gh dne mBkrs
gSAa os thou esa liQy gksrs gS]a vU;ksa ls vkxs Hkh tkrs gSa ij D;k os mQij p<+rs gSAa
[kqn mQij p<+as vkSj vius lkFk nwljksa dks Hkh mQij ys pys]a ;gh egÙo dh ckr gSA
100 / Li'kZ
;g dke rks ges'kk vkn'kZoknh yksxksa us gh fd;k gSA lekt osQ ikl vxj 'kk'or ewY;ksa
tSlk oqQN gS rks og vkn'kZoknh yksxksa dk gh fn;k gqvk gSA O;ogkjoknh yksxksa us rks lekt
dks fxjk;k gh gSA
(II) >su dh nsu

tkiku esa eSua s vius ,d fe=k ls iwNk] ¶;gk¡ osQ yksxksa dks dkSu&lh chekfj;k¡ vfèkd gksrh
gS\a ¸ ¶ekufld¸] mUgksua s tokc fn;k] ¶;gk¡ osQ vLlh Ik+ Qhlnh yksx euks#X.k gSAa ¸
¶bldh D;k otg gS\¸
dgus yxs] ¶gekjs thou dh jÝ+rkj c<+ xbZ gSA ;gk¡ dksbZ pyrk ugha] cfYd nkSMr+ k
gSA dksbZ cksyrk ugha] cdrk gSA ge tc vosQys iM+rs gSa rc vius vkils yxkrkj
cM+cM+krs jgrs gSAa ---vesfjdk ls ge izfrLièkkZ djus yxsA ,d eghus esa iwjk gksus okyk
dke ,d fnu esa gh iwjk djus dh dksf'k'k djus yxsA oSls Hkh fnekx dh jÝ+rkj ges'kk
rs”k gh jgrh gSA mls ^LihM* dk batu yxkus ij og g”kkj xquk vfèkd jÝ+rkj ls nkSMu+ s
yxrk gSA fiQj ,d {k.k ,slk vkrk gS tc fnekx dk ruko c<+ tkrk gS vkSj iwjk batu
VwV tkrk gSA ---;gh dkj.k gS ftlls ekufld jksx ;gk¡ c<+ x, gSaA---¸
'kke dks og eq>s ,d ^Vh&lsjes uh* esa ys x,A pk; ihus dh ;g ,d fofèk gSA tkikuh
esa mls pk&uks&;w dgrs gaAS
og ,d N% eaftyh bekjr Fkh ftldh Nr ij nÝ+rh dh nhokjksoa kyh vkSj rkrkeh
(pVkbZ) dh ”kehuokyh ,d lqna j i.kZoQq Vh FkhA ckgj cs<c&lk ,d fe^h dk cjru FkkA
mlesa ikuh Hkjk gqvk FkkA geus vius gkFk&ik¡o bl ikuh ls èkks,A rkSfy, ls iksN a s vkSj vanj
x,A vanj ^pkthu* cSBk FkkA gesa ns[kdj og [kM+k gqvkA dej >qdkdj mlus gesa iz.kke
fd;kA nks--->ks---(vkb,] r'kjhIk+ Q ykb,) dgdj Lokxr fd;kA cSBus dh txg gesa fn[kkbZA
v¡xhBh lqyxkbZA ml ij pk;nkuh j[khA cxy osQ dejs esa tkdj oqQN cjru ys vk;kA
rkSfy, ls cjru lkIk+ Q fd,A lHkh fØ;k,¡ bruh xfjekiw.kZ <ax ls dha fd mldh gj Hkafxek
ls yxrk Fkk ekuks t;t;oarh osQ lqj xwt ¡ jgs gksAa ogk¡ dk okrkoj.k bruk 'kkar Fkk fd
pk;nkuh osQ ikuh dk [kncnkuk Hkh lqukbZ ns jgk FkkA
pk; rS;kj gqbAZ mlus og I;kyksa eas HkjhA fiQj os I;kys gekjs lkeus j[k fn, x,A ogk¡
ge rhu fe=k gh FksA bl fofèk esa 'kkafr eq[; ckr gksrh gSA blfy, ogk¡ rhu ls vfèkd
vknfe;ksa dks izo's k ugha fn;k tkrkA I;kys esa nks ?kwV¡ ls vfèkd pk; ugha FkhA ge vksBksa
ls I;kyk yxkdj ,d&,d cwn¡ pk; ihrs jgsA djhc Ms<+ ?kaVs rd pqlfd;ksa dk ;g
flyflyk pyrk jgkA
igys nl&iangz feuV rks eSa my>u esa iM+kA fiQj ns[kk] fnekx dh jÝ+rkj èkhjs&èkhjs
èkheh iM+rh tk jgh gSA FkksMh+ nsj esa fcyoqQy can Hkh gks xbZA eq>s yxk] ekuks vuardky
esa eSa th jgk gwA¡ ;gk¡ rd fd lUukVk Hkh eq>s lqukbZ nsus yxkA
vdlj ge ;k rks xq”kjs gq, fnuksa dh [k^h&ehBh ;knksa esa my>s jgrs gSa ;k Hkfo";
osQ jaxhu lius ns[krs jgrs gSAa ge ;k rks Hkwrdky esa jgrs gSa ;k Hkfo";dky esAa vly
esa nksuksa dky feF;k gSAa ,d pyk x;k gS] nwljk vk;k ugha gSA gekjs lkeus tks orZeku
{k.k gS] ogh lR; gSA mlh esa thuk pkfg,A pk; ihrs&ihrs ml fnu esjs fnekx ls Hkwr
vkSj Hkfo"; nksuksa dky mM+ x, FksA osQoy orZeku {k.k lkeus FkkA vkSj og vuardky
ftruk foLr`r FkkA
thuk fdls dgrs gS]a ml fnu ekywe gqvkA
>su ijaijk dh ;g cM+h nsu feyh gS tkikfu;ksa dks!
102 / Li'kZ
iz'u&vH;kl
ekSf[kd
fuEufyf[kr iz'ukas osQ mÙkj ,d&nks iafDr;ksa esa nhft,µ
I 1- 'kq¼ lksuk vkSj fxUuh dk lksuk vyx D;ksa gksrk gS\
2- izfS DVdy vkbfM;kfyLV fdls dgrs gSa\
3- ikB osQ lanHkZ esa 'kq¼ vkn'kZ D;k gS\
II 4- ys[kd us tkikfu;ksa osQ fnekx esa ^LihM* dk batu yxus dh ckr D;ksa dgh
gS\
5- tkikuh esa pk; ihus dh fof/ dks D;k dgrs gS\a
6- tkiku esa tgk¡ pk; fiykbZ tkrh gS] ml LFkku dh D;k fo'ks"krk gS\
fyf[kr
I 1- 'kq¼ vkn'kZ dh rqyuk lksus ls vkSj O;kogkfjdrk dh rqyuk rk¡cs ls D;ksa dh
xbZ gS\
II 2- pkthu us dkSu&lh fØ;k,¡ xfjekiw.kZ <ax ls iwjh dha\
3- ^Vh&lsjes uh* esa fdrus vknfe;ksa dks izos'k fn;k tkrk Fkk vkSj D;ksa\
4- pk; ihus osQ ckn ys[kd us Lo;a esa D;k ifjorZu eglwl fd;k\
I 1- xka/hth esa usrR` o dh vn~Hkqr {kerk Fkh_ mnkgj.k lfgr bl ckr dh
iqf"V dhft,A
2- vkiosQ fopkj ls dkSu&ls ,sls ewY; gSa tks 'kk'or gSa\ orZeku le; esa
bu ewY;ksa dh izklafxdrk
Li"V dhft,A
3- vius thou dh fdlh ,slh ?kVuk dk mYys[k dhft, tcµ
(1) 'kq¼ vkn'kZ ls vkidks gkfu&ykHk gqvk gksA
(2) 'kq¼ vkn'kZ esa O;kogkfjdrk dk iqV nsus ls ykHk gqvk gksA
4- ^'kq¼ lksus esa rk¡cs dh feykoV ;k rk¡cs esa lksuk*] xka/hth osQ vkn'kZ vkSj
O;ogkj osQ lanHkZ esa ;g ckr fdl rjg >ydrh gS\ Li"V dhft,A
5- ^fxjfxV* dgkuh esa vkius lekt esa O;kIr voljkuqlkj vius O;ogkj dks
iy&iy esa cny Mkyus dh ,d ckuxh ns[khA bl ikB osQ va'k ^fxUuh dk
lksuk* osQ lanHkZ esa Li"V dhft, fd ^vkn'kZokfnrk* vkSj Ô;kogkfjdrk* buesa
ls thou esa fdldk egÙo gS\
II 6- ys[kd osQ fe=k us ekufld jksx osQ D;k&D;k dkj.k crk,\ vki bu dkj.kksa
ls dgk¡ rd lger gSa\
7- ys[kd osQ vuqlkj lR; osQoy orZeku gS] mlh esa thuk pkfg,A ys[kd us
,slk D;ksa dgk gksxk\ Li"V dhft,A
I 1- lekt osQ ikl vxj 'kk'or ewY;ksa tSlk oqQN gS rks og vkn'kZoknh yksxksa dk
gh fn;k gqvk gSA
2- tc O;kogkfjdrk dk c[kku gksus yxrk gS rc îzSfDVdy vkbfM;kfyLVks*a
osQ thou ls vkn'kZ /hjs&èkhjs ihNs gVus yxrs gSa vkSj muoQh O;kogkfjd
lw>&cw> gh vkxs vkus yxrh gSA
II 3- gekjs thou dh jÝ+ rkj c<+ xbZ gSA ;gk¡ dksbZ pyrk ugha cfYd nkSMr + k gSA
dksbZ cksyrk ugha] cdrk gSA ge tc vosQys iM+rs gSa rc vius vkils yxkrkj
cM+cM+krs jgrs gSaA
4- lHkh fozQ;k,¡ bruh xfjekiw.kZ <ax ls dha fd mldh gj Hkafxek ls yxrk Fkk
ekuks t;t;oarh osQ lqj xwt ¡ jgs gkaAs
Hkk"kk vè;;u
I 1- uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa dk okD; esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
O;kogkfjdrk] vkn'kZ] lw>cw>] foy{k.k] 'kk'or
2- ^ykHk&gkfu* dk foxzg bl izdkj gksxkµykHk vkSj gkfu
;gk¡ }a} lekl gS ftleas nksuksa in iz/ku gksrs gSAa nksuksa inksa osQ chp ;kstd
'kCn dk yksi djus osQ fy, ;kstd fpÉ yxk;k tkrk gSA uhps fn, x, }a}
104 / Li'kZ
lekl dk foxzg dhft,µ

(d) ekrk&firk = ------------------------------------
([k) iki&iq.; = ------------------------------------
(x) lq[k&nq[k = ------------------------------------
(?k) jkr&fnu = ------------------------------------
(Ä) vUu&ty = ------------------------------------
(p)?kj&ckgj = ------------------------------------
(N)ns'k&fons'k = ------------------------------------
3- uhps fn, x, fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa ls Hkkookpd laKk cukb,µ
(d) liQy = ------------------------------------
([k) foy{k.k = ------------------------------------
(x) O;kogkfjd = ------------------------------------
(?k) ltx = ------------------------------------
(Ä) vkn'kZoknh= ------------------------------------
(p)'kq¼ = ------------------------------------
4- uhps fn, x, okD;ksa esa js[kkafdr va'k ij è;ku nhft, vkSj 'kCn osQ vFkZ dks
lef>,µ
(d) 'kq¼ lksuk vyx gSA
([k) cgqr jkr gks xbZ vc gesa lksuk pkfg,A
mQij fn, x, okD;ksa eas ^lksuk* dk D;k vFkZ gS\ igys okD; esa ^lksuk* dk vFkZ
gS /krq ^Lo.kZ*A nwljs okD; esa ^lksuk* dk vFkZ gS ^lksuk* uked fØ;kA
vyx&vyx lanHkks± esa ;s 'kCn vyx vFkZ nsrs gSa vFkok ,d 'kCn osQ dbZ vFkZ
gksrs gSAa ,sls 'kCn vusdkFkhZ 'kCn dgykrs gSAa uhps fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ fHkUu&fHkUu
vFkZ Li"V djus osQ fy, mudk mudk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
mÙkj] dj] vad] ux
II 5- uhps fn, x, okD;ksa dks la;qDr okD; esa cnydj fyf[k,µ
(d) 1- v¡xhBh lqyxk;hA

2- ml ij pk;nkuh j[khA
([k) 1- pk; rS;kj gqbAZ
2- mlus og I;kyksa esa HkjhA
(x) 1- cxy osQ dejs ls tkdj oqQN cjru ys vk;kA
2- rkSfy;s ls cjru lkIk+ Q fd,A
6- uhps fn, x, okD;ksa ls feJ okD; cukb,µ
(d) 1- pk; ihus dh ;g ,d fof/ gSA
2- tkikuh esa mls pk&uks&;w dgrs gSAa
([k) 1- ckgj cs<c&lk ,d fe^h dk cjru FkkA
2- mlesa ikuh Hkjk gqvk FkkA
(x) 1- pk; rS;kj gqbAZ
2- mlus og I;kyksa esa HkjhA
3- fiQj os I;kys gekjs lkeus j[k fn,A
;ksX;rk foLrkj
I 1- xka/hth osQ vkn'kks± ij vk/kfjr iqLrosaQ if<+,_ tSlµ
s egkRek xka/h }kjk jfpr
^lR; osQ iz;ksx* vkSj fxfjjkt fd'kksj }kjk jfpr miU;kl ^fxjfefV;k*A
II 2- ikB esa of.kZr ^Vh&lsjseuh* dk 'kCn fp=k izLrqr dhft,A
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
1- Hkkjr osQ uD'ks ij os LFkku vafdr dhft, tgk¡ pk; dh iSnkokj gksrh gSA bu
LFkkuksa ls lacfa /r HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr;ksa vkSj vyx&vyx txg dh pk; dh D;k
fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa] budk irk yxkb, vkSj ifj;kstuk iqfLrdk esa fyf[k,A
O;kogkfjdrk & le; vkSj volj ns[kdj dk;Z djus dh lw>
izfS DVdy vkbfM;kfyLV & O;kogkfjd vkn'kZ
106 / Li'kZ
c[kku & o.kZu djuk @ c;ku djuk

lw>&cw> & dke djus dh le>
Lrj & Js.kh
osQ Lrj & osQ cjkcj
ltx & lpsr
'kk'or & tks lnSo ,d&lk jgs @ tks cnyk u tk losQ
'kq¼ lksuk & 24 oSQjsV dk (fcuk feykoV dk) lksuk
fxUuh dk lksuk & 22 oSQjsV (lksus esa rk¡ck feyk gqvk) dk lksuk ftlls xgus
cuk, tkrs gSa
ekufld & efLr"d lac/a h @ fnekxh
euks#X.k & ruko osQ dkj.k eu ls vLoLFk
izfrLi¼kZ & gksM+
LihM & xfr
Vh&lsjseuh & tkiku esa pk; ihus dk fo'ks"k vk;kstu
pk&uks&;w & tkikuh esa Vh&lsjes uh dk uke
nÝ+rh & ydM+h dh [kks[kyh ljdus okyh nhokj ftl ij fp=kdkjh
gksrh gS
i.kZoqQVh & iÙkksa ls cuh oqQfV;k
cs<c&lk & csMkSy&lk
pkthu & tkikuh fof/ ls pk; fiykus okyk
xfjekiw.kZ & lyhosQ ls
Hkafxek & eqnkz
t;t;oarh & ,d jkx dk uke
[kncnkuk & mcyuk
my>u & vleatl dh fLFkfr
vuardky & og dky ftldk var u gks
lUukVk & [kkeks'kh
feF;k & Hkze
dkjrwl / 107
gchc ruohj
(1923-2009)
1923 esa NÙkhlx<+ osQ jk;iqj esa tUes gchc ruohj us 1944 esa ukxiqj ls Lukrd
dh mikf/ izkIr dhA rRi'pkr fczVus dh ukVd vdkneh ls ukV~;&ys[ku dk
vè;;u djus x, vkSj fiQj fnYyh ykSVdj is'ksoj ukV~;eap dh LFkkiuk dhA
ukVddkj] dfo] i=kdkj] ukV~; funs'Z kd] vfHkusrk tSls dbZ :iksa esa [;kfr izkIr
gchc ruohj us yksdukV~; osQ {ks=k esa Hkh egÙoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA dbZ iqjLdkjks]a
isQyksf'ki vkSj in~eJh ls lEekfur gchc ruohj osQ ize[q k ukVd gSµ a vkxjk ck”kkj]
pjunkl pksj] ns[k jgs gSa uSu] fgjek dh vej dgkuhA bUgksua s clar Írq dk liuk]
'kktkiqj dh 'kkafr ckbZ] fe^h dh xkM+h vkSj eqnkz jk{kl ukVdksa dk vkèkqfud :ikarj
Hkh fd;kA
108 / Li'kZ
ikB izos'k
vax”sz k bl ns'k esa O;kikjh osQ Hks"k esa vk, FksA 'kq: esa O;kikj gh djrs jgs] ysfdu muosQ
bjkns osQoy O;kikj djus osQ ugha FksA /hjs&/hjs mudh bZLV bafM;k oaQiuh us fj;klrksa
ij dC”kk tekuk 'kq: dj fn;kA mudh uh;r mtkxj gksrs gh vax”sz kksa dks ¯gnqLrku ls
[knsMu+ s osQ iz;kl Hkh 'kq: gks x,A
izLrqr ikB esa ,d ,sls gh tk¡ck”k osQ dkjukeksa dk o.kZu gS ftldk ,dek=k y{;
Fkk vax”sz kksa dks bl ns'k ls ckgj djukA oaQiuh osQ gqDejkuksa dh uhan gjke dj nsus okyk
;g fnysj bruk fuMj Fkk fd 'ksj dh ek¡n esa igqp ¡ dj mlls nks&nks gkFk djus dh
ek¯un oaQiuh dh cVkfy;u osQ [kses esa gh ugha vk igqp ¡ k] cfYd muosQ duZy ij ,slk
jkSc xkfyc fd;k fd mlosQ eqg¡ ls Hkh os 'kCn fudys tks fdlh 'k=kq ;k vijk/h osQ
fy, rks ugha gh cksys tk ldrs FksA
dkjrwl / 109
dkjrwl
ik=k µ duZy] ysÝ+VhusVa ] flikgh] lokj
vofèk µ 5 feuV
”kekuk µ lu~ 1799
le; µ jkf=k dk
LFkku µ xksj[kiqj osQ taxy esa duZy dk¯yt osQ [kses dk van:uh fgLlkA
(nks vax”sz k cSBs ckrsa dj jgs gS]a duZy dk¯yt vkSj ,d ysÝ+VhusVa [kses
osQ ckgj gS]a pk¡nuh fNVdh gqbZ gS] vanj ySia ty jgk gSA)
duZy µ taxy dh ¯”knxh cM+h [krjukd gksrh gSA
ysÝ+ VhusaV µ gÝ+rksa gks x, ;gk¡ [ksek Mkys gq,A flikgh Hkh rax vk x, gSAa ;s o”khj
vyh vkneh gS ;k Hkwr] gkFk gh ugha yxrkA
duZy µ mlosQ vIk+ Qlkus lqu osQ jkWfcugqM osQ dkjukes ;kn vk tkrs gSAa vax”zs kksa
osQ f[kykIk+ Q mlosQ fny esa fdl dnj uIk+ Qjr gSA dksbZ ik¡p eghus
gqoQw er dh gksxhA exj bl ik¡p eghus esa oks voèk osQ njckj dks vax”sz kh
vlj ls fcyoqQy ikd dj nsus esa rdjhcu dke;kc gks x;k FkkA
ysÝ+ VhusaV µ duZy dk¯yt ;s lvknr vyh dkSu gS\
duZy µ vkflIk+ QmíkSyk dk HkkbZ gSA o”khj vyh dk vkSj mldk nq'euA vly
esa uokc vkflIk+ QmíkSyk osQ ;gk¡ yM+oQs dh dksbZ mEehn ugha FkhA o”khj
vyh dh iSnkb'k dks lvknr vyh us viuh ekSr [k;ky fd;kA
ysÝ+ VhusaV µ exj lvknr vyh dks voèk osQ r[r ij fcBkus esa D;k elysgr Fkh\
duZy µ lvknr vyh gekjk nksLr gS vkSj cgqr ,s'k ilan vkneh gS blfy,
gesa viuh vkèkh eqefydr (tk;nkn] nkSyr) ns nh vkSj nl yk[k
#i;s uxnA vc oks Hkh e”ks djrk gS vkSj ge HkhA
ysÝ+ VhusaV µ lquk gS ;s o”khj vyh vIk+ QxkfuLrku osQ ckn'kkg 'kkgs&”kek dks ¯gnqLrku
ij geyk djus dh nkor (vkea=k.k) ns jgk gSA
duZy µ vIk+ QxkfuLrku dks geys dh nkor lcls igys vly esa Vhiw lqYrku
us nh fiQj o”khj vyh us Hkh mls fnYyh cqyk;k vkSj fiQj 'kelqíkSyk
us HkhA
ysÝ+ VhusaV µ dkSu 'kelqíkSyk\
110 / Li'kZ
duZy µ uokc caxky dk fuLcrh (fj'rs) HkkbZA cgqr gh [krjukd vkneh gSA
ysÝ+ VhusaV µ bldk rks eryc ;s gqvk fd oaQiuh osQ f[kykIk+ Q lkjs ¯gnqLrku esa ,d
ygj nkSM+ xbZ gSA
duZy µ th gk¡] vkSj vxj ;s dke;kc gks xbZ rks cDlj vkSj Iyklh osQ dkjukes
èkjs jg tk,¡xs vkSj oaQiuh tks oqQN ykWMZ Dykbo osQ gkFkksa gkfly dj
pqdh gS] ykWMZ osYtyh osQ gkFkksa lc [kks cSBxs hA
ysÝ+ VhusaV µ o”khj vyh dh vk”kknh cgqr [krjukd gSA gesa fdlh u fdlh rjg
bl 'k[l dks fxjÝ+rkj dj gh ysuk pkfg,A
duZy µ iwjh ,d Ik+ QkSt fy, mldk ihNk dj jgk gw¡ vkSj cjlksa ls oks gekjh
vk¡[kksa esa èkwy >ksda jgk gS vkSj bUgha taxyksa esa fiQj jgk gS vkSj gkFk
ugha vkrkA mlosQ lkFk pan tk¡ck”k gSAa eq_h Hkj vkneh exj ;s ne[ke
gSA
ysÝ+ VhusaV µ lquk gS o”khj vyh tkrh rkSj ls Hkh cgqr cgknqj vkneh gSA
duZy µ cgknqj u gksrk rks ;w¡ oaQiuh osQ odhy dks dRy dj nsrk\
ysÝ+ VhusaV µ ;s dRy dk D;k fdLlk gqvk Fkk duZy\
duZy µ fdLlk D;k gqvk Fkk mldks mlosQ in ls gVkus osQ ckn geus o”khj
vyh dks cukjl igqp ¡ k fn;k vkSj rhu yk[k #i;k lkykuk othIk+ Qk
eqdjZj dj fn;kA oqQN eghus ckn xouZj tujy us mls dydÙkk
(dksydkrk) ryc fd;kA o”khj vyh oaQiuh osQ odhy osQ ikl x;k
tks cukjl esa jgrk Fkk vkSj mlls f'kdk;r dh fd xouZj tujy mls
dydÙkk esa D;w¡ ryc djrk gSA odhy us f'kdk;r dh ijokg ugha
dh myVk mls cqjk&Hkyk lquk fn;kA o”khj vyh osQ rks fny esa ;w¡ Hkh
vax”sz kksa osQ f[kykIk+ Q uIk+ Qjr owQVµowQVdj Hkjh gS mlus [katj ls odhy
dk dke reke dj fn;kA
ysÝ+ VhusaV µ vkSj Hkkx x;k\
duZy µ vius tkfulkjksa lesr vk”kex<+ dh rjIk+ Q Hkkx x;kA vk”kex<+ osQ
gqDejka us mu yksxksa dks viuh fgIk+ Qk”kr esa ?kkxjk rd igqp ¡ k fn;kA vc
;s dkjok¡ bu taxyksa esa dbZ lky ls HkVd jgk gSA
ysÝ+ VhusaV µ exj o”khj vyh dh Ldhe D;k gS\
duZy µ Ldhe ;s gS fd fdlh rjg usiky igqp ¡ tk,A vIk+ Qxkuh geys dk bar”s kkj
djs] viuh rkdr c<+k,] lvknr vyh dks mlosQ in ls gVkdj [kqn
dkjrwl / 111
voèk ij dC”kk djs vkSj vax”sz kksa dks ¯gnqLrku ls fudky nsA
ysÝ+ VhusaV µ usiky igqp ¡ uk rks dksbZ ,slk eqf'dy ugha] eqefdu gS fd igq¡p x;k gksA
duZy µ gekjh Ik+ QkStsa vkSj uokc lvknr vyh [kk¡ osQ flikgh cM+h l[rh ls
mldk ihNk dj jgs gSAa gesa vPNh rjg ekywe gS fd oks bUgha taxyksa
esa gSA (,d flikgh rs”kh ls nkf[ky gksrk gS)
duZy µ (mBdj) D;k ckr gS\
xksjk µ nwj ls xnZ mBrh fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSA
duZy µ flikfg;ksa ls dg nks fd rS;kj jgsa (flikgh lyke djosQ pyk tkrk
gS)
ysÝ+ VhusaV µ (tks f[kM+dh ls ckgj ns[kus esa el:Ik+ Q Fkk) xnZ rks ,slh mM+ jgh gS
tSls fd iwjk ,d dkfIk+ Qyk pyk vk jgk gks exj eq>s rks ,d gh lokj
u”kj vkrk gSA
duZy µ (f[kM+dh osQ ikl tkdj) gk¡ ,d gh lokj gSA ljiV ?kksMk+ nkSMk+ , pyk
vk jgk gSA
ysÝ+ VhusaV µ vkSj lhèkk gekjh rjIk+ Q vkrk ekywe gksrk gS (duZy rkyh ctkdj flikgh
dks cqykrk gS)
duZy µ (flikgh ls) flikfg;ksa ls dgks] bl lokj ij u”kj j[ksa fd ;s fdl
rjIk+ Q tk jgk gS (flikgh lyke djosQ pyk tkrk gS)
ysÝ+ VhusaV µ 'kqCgs dh rks dksbZ xqta kb'k gh ugha rs”kh ls blh rjIk+ Q vk jgk gS (Vkiksa
dh vkok”k cgqr djhc vkdj #d tkrh gS)
lokj µ (ckgj ls) eq>s duZy ls feyuk gSA
xksjk µ (fpYykdj) cgqr [kwcA
lokj µ (ckgj ls) lhA
xkSjk µ (vanj vkdj) gq”kwj lokj vkils feyuk pkgrk gSA
duZy µ Hkst nksA
ysÝ+ VhusaV µ o”khj vyh dk dksbZ vkneh gksxk gels feydj mls fxjÝ+rkj djokuk
pkgrk gksxkA
duZy µ [kkeks'k jgks (lokj flikgh osQ lkFk vanj vkrk gS)
lokj µ (vkrs gh iqdkj mBrk gS) rUgkbZ! rUgkbZ!
duZy µ lkgc ;gk¡ dksbZ xSj vkneh ugha gS vki jk”ksfny dg nsAa
lokj µ nhokj gexks'k nkjn] rUgkbZA
112 / Li'kZ
(duZy] ysÝ+VhusVa vkSj flikgh dks b'kkjk djrk gSA nksuksa ckgj pys tkrs
gSAa tc duZy vkSj lokj [kses esa rUgk jg tkrs gSa rks ”kjk oDIk+ Qs osQ ckn
pkjksa rjIk+ Q ns[kdj lokj dgrk gS)
lokj µ vkius bl eqdke ij D;ksa [ksek Mkyk gS\
duZy µ oaQiuh dk gqDe gS fd o”khj vyh dks fxjÝ+rkj fd;k tk,A
lokj µ ysfdu bruk ykoy'dj D;k ek;us\
duZy µ fxjÝ+rkjh esa enn nsus osQ fy,A
lokj µ o”khj vyh dh fxjÝ+rkjh cgqr eqf'dy gS lkgcA
duZy µ D;ks\a
lokj µ oks ,d tk¡ck”k flikgh gSA
dkjrwl / 113
duZy µ eSua s Hkh ;g lqu j[kk gSA vki D;k pkgrs gS\a
lokj µ pan dkjrwlA
duZy µ fdlfy,\
lokj µ o”khj vyh dks fxjÝ+rkj djus osQ fy,A
duZy µ ;s yks nl dkjrwl
lokj µ (eqLkoQjkrs gq,) 'kqfØ;kA
duZy µ vkidk uke\
lokj µ o”khj vyhA vkius eq>s dkjrwl fn, blfy, vkidh tku c['kh
djrk gwA¡ (;s dgdj ckgj pyk tkrk gS] Vkiksa dk 'kksj lqukbZ nsrk gSA
duZy ,d lUukVs esa gSA gDdk&cDdk [kM+k gS fd ysÝ+VhusVa vanj
vkrk gS)
ysÝ+ VhusaV µ dkSu Fkk\
duZy µ (nch ”kcku ls vius vki ls dgrk gS) ,d tk¡ck”k flikghA
iz'uµvH;kl
ekSf[kd
1- duZy dk¯yt dk [ksek taxy eas D;ksa yxk gqvk Fkk\
2- o”khj vyh ls flikgh D;ksa rax vk pqoQs Fks\
3- duZy us lokj ij u”kj j[kus osQ fy, D;ksa dgk\
4- lokj us D;ksa dgk fd o”khj vyh dh fxjÝ+rkjh cgqr eqf'dy gS\
fyf[kr
(d) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj (25&30 'kCnksa es)a fyf[k,µ
1- o”khj vyh osQ vIk+ Qlkus lqudj duZy dks jkWfcugqM dh ;kn D;ksa vk tkrh
Fkh\
2- lvknr vyh dkSu Fkk\ mlus o”khj vyh dh iSnkb'k dks viuh ekSr D;ksa
le>k\
3- lvknr vyh dks vo/ osQ r[r ij fcBkus osQ ihNs duZy dk D;k edln
Fkk\
114 / Li'kZ
4- oaQiuh osQ odhy dk dRy djus osQ ckn o”khj vyh us viuh fgIk+ Qk”kr oSQls
dh\
5- lokj osQ tkus osQ ckn duZy D;ksa gDdk&cDdk jg x;k\
([k) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj (50&60 'kCnksa es)a fyf[k,µ
1- ysÝ+ VhusVa dks ,slk D;ksa yxk fd oaQiuh osQ f[kykIk+ Q lkjs ¯gnqLrku esa ,d ygj
nkSM+ xbZ gS\
2- o”khj vyh us oaQiuh osQ odhy dk dRy D;ksa fd;k\
3- lokj us duZy ls dkjrwl oSQls gkfly fd,\
4- o”khj vyh ,d tk¡ck”k flikgh Fkk] oSQls\ Li"V dhft,A
1- eq_hHkj vkneh vkSj ;s ne[keA
2- xnZ rks ,sls mM+ jgh gS tSls fd iwjk ,d dkfIk+ Qyk pyk vk jgk gks exj eq>s
rks ,d gh lokj u”kj vkrk gSA
Hkk"kk vè;;u
1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dk ,d&,d i;kZ; fyf[k,µ
f[kykIk+ Q] ikd] mEehn] gkfly] dke;kc] othIk+ Qk] uIk+ Qjr] geyk] bar”s kkj]
eqefdu
2- fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dk vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
vk¡[kksa esa /wy >ksd
a uk] owQV&owQV dj Hkjuk] dke reke dj nsuk] tku c['k
nsuk] gDdk&cDdk jg tkukA
3- dkjd okD; esa laKk ;k loZuke dk fØ;k osQ lkFk lac/ a crkrk gSA
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa dkjdksa dks js[kkafdr dj muosQ uke fyf[k,µ
(d) taxy dh ¯”knxh cM+h [krjukd gksrh gSA
([k)oaQiuh osQ f[kykIk+ Q lkjs ¯gnqLrku esa ,d ygj nkSM+ xbZA
(x) o”khj dks mlosQ in ls gVk fn;k x;kA
(?k) Ik+ QkSt osQ fy, dkjrwl dh vko';drk FkhA
(Ä)flikgh ?kksMs+ ij lokj FkkA
4- fØ;k dk ¯yx vkSj opu lkekU;r% drkZ vkSj deZ osQ ¯yx vkSj opu osQ
vuqlkj fuèkkZfjr gksrk gSA okD; esa drkZ vkSj deZ osQ ¯yx] opu vkSj iqjQ"k
dkjrwl / 115
osQ vuqlkj tc fØ;k osQ ¯yx] opu vkfn esa ifjorZu gksrk gS rks mls vfUofr
dgrs gSAa
fØ;k osQ ¯yx] opu esa ifjorZu rHkh gksrk gS tc drkZ ;k deZ ijlxZ jfgr gks_a
tSlµ s lokj dkjrwl ek¡x jgk FkkA (drkZ osQ dkj.k)
lokj us dkjrwl ek¡xAs (deZ osQ dkj.k)
duZy us o”khj vyh dks ugha igpkukA (;gk¡ fØ;k drkZ vkSj deZ fdlh
osQ Hkh dkj.k izHkkfor ugha gS)
vr% drkZ vkSj deZ osQ ijlxZ lfgr gksus ij fØ;k drkZ vkSj deZ esa ls fdlh
osQ Hkh ¯yx vkSj opu ls izHkkfor ugha gksrh vkSj og ,dopu iq¯Yyx esa gh
iz;Dq r gksrh gSA uhps fn, x, okD;ksa esa ûs* yxkdj mUgsa nqckjk fyf[k,µ
(d) ?kksMk+ ikuh ih jgk FkkA
([k) cPps n'kgjs dk esyk ns[kus x,A
(x) jkWfcugqM xjhcksa dh enn djrk FkkA
(?k) ns'kHkj osQ yksx mldh iz'kalk dj jgs FksA
5- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa mfpr fojke&fpÉ yxkb,µ
(d) duZy us dgk flikfg;kas bl ij u”kj j[kks ;s fdl rjIk+ Q tk jgk gS
([k)lokj us iwNk vkius bl edke ij D;ksa [ksek Mkyk gS brus ykoy'dj dh
D;k ”k:jr gS
(x) [kses osQ vanj nks O;fDr cSBs ckrsa dj jgs Fks pk¡nuh fNVdh gqbZ Fkh vkSj ckgj
flikgh igjk ns jgs Fks ,d O;fDr dg jgk Fkk nq'eu dHkh Hkh geyk dj
ldrk gS
;ksX;rk foLrkj
1- iqLrdky; ls jkWfcugqM osQ lkgfld dkjukeksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh gkfly dhft,A
2- o`na kouyky oekZ dh dgkuh bczkfge xknhZ if<+, vkSj d{kk esa lqukb,A
ifj;kstuk
1- ^dkjrwl* ,dkadh dk eapu vius fo|ky; esa dhft,A
2- ^,dkadh* vkSj ûkVd* esa D;k varj gSA oqQN ukVdksa vkSj ,dkafd;ksa dh lwph rS;kj
dhft,A
116 / Li'kZ

[ksek & Msjk @ vLFkk;h iM+ko
vI+kQlkus (vI+kQlkuk) & dgkfu;k¡
dkjukes (dkjukek)& ,sls dke tks ;kn jgsa
gqoQw er & 'kklu
iSnkb'k & tUe
r[r & ¯lgklu
elysgr & jgL;
,s'k&ilan & Hkksx&foykl ilan djus okyk
tk¡ck”k & tku dh ck”kh yxkus okyk
ne[ke & 'kfDr vkSj n`<r+ k
tkrh rkSj ls & O;fDrxr :i ls
o”khI+kQk & ijofj'k osQ fy, nh tkus okyh jkf'k
eqdjZj & r; djuk
ryc fd;k & ;kn fd;k
gqdejka & 'kkld
fgI+kQk”kr & lqj{kk
xnZ & /wy
dkfI+kQyk & ,d {ks=k ls nwljs {ks=k esa tkus okys ;kf=k;ksa dk lewg
'kqCgs & lansg
xqt
a kb'k & laHkkouk
rUgkbZ & ,dkar
nhokj gexks'k nkjn& nhokjksa osQ Hkh dku gksrs gSa
eqdke & iM+ko
ykoy'dj & lsuk dk cM+k lewg vkSj ;q¼&lkexzh
dkjrwl & ihry vkSj nÝ+rh vkfn dh ,d uyh ftlesa xksyh rFkk ck:n
Hkjh jgrh gS
gfjgj dkdk 117
lap;u
Hkkx 2
d{kk 10 osQ fy, ¯gnh dh iwjd ikB~;iqLrd
(f}rh; Hkk"kk)
1- fefFkys'oj & gfjgj dkdk 118

2- xqjn;ky ¯lg & liuksa osQ&ls fnu 138
3- jkgh eklwe j”kk & Vksih 'kqDyk 150
4- ys[kd ifjp; 163
gfjgj dkdk 118
gfjgj dkdk
gfjgj dkdk osQ ;gk¡ ls eSa vHkh&vHkh ykSVk gw¡A dy Hkh muosQ ;gk¡ x;k Fkk] ysfdu
u rks og dy gh oqQN dg losQ vkSj u vkt ghA nksuksa fnu muosQ ikl eSa nsj rd
cSBk jgk] ysfdu mUgkaus s dksbZ ckrphr ugha dhA tc mudh rch;r osQ ckjs esa iwNk
rc mUgksaus flj mBkdj ,d ckj eq>s ns[kkA fiQj flj >qdk;k rks nqckjk esjh vksj ugha
ns[kkA gkyk¡fd mudh ,d gh u”kj cgqr oqQN dg xbZA ftu ;a=k.kkvks1a osQ chp og
f?kjs Fks vkSj ftl eu%fLFkfr esa th jgs Fks] mlesa vk¡[ksa gh cgqr oqQN dg nsrh gS]a eqg¡
[kksyus dh ”k:jr ugha iM+rhA
gfjgj dkdk dh ¯”knxh ls eSa cgqr xgjs esa tqMk+ g¡wA vius xk¡o esa ftu pan yksxksa
dks eSa lEeku nsrk gw]¡ muesa gfjgj dkdk Hkh ,d gSAa gfjgj dkdk osQ izfr esjh vklfDr2
osQ vusd O;kogkfjd vkSj oSpkfjd dkj.k gSAa mueas ize[q k dkj.k nks gSAa ,d rks ;g fd
gfjgj dkdk esjs iM+kl s esa jgrs gSa vkSj nwljk dkj.k ;g fd esjh ek¡ crkrh gS] gfjgj dkdk
cpiu esa eq>s cgqr nqykj djrs FksA vius oaQèks ij cSBkdj ?kqek;k djrs FksA ,d firk
vius cPps dks ftruk I;kj djrk gS] mlls dgha ”;knk I;kj gfjgj dkdk eq>s djrs FksA
vkSj tc eSa l;kuk3 gqvk rc esjh igyh nksLrh gfjgj dkdk osQ lkFk gh gqbAZ gfjgj dkdk
us Hkh tSls eq>ls nksLrh osQ fy, gh bruh mez rd izrh{kk dh FkhA ek¡ crkrh gS fd eq>ls
igys xk¡o esa fdlh vU; ls mudh bruh xgjh nksLrh ugha gqbZ FkhA og eq>ls oqQN Hkh
ugha fNikrs FksA [kwc [kqydj ckrsa djrs FksA ysfdu fiQygky eq>ls Hkh oqQN dguk mUgksua s
can dj fn;k gSA mudh bl fLFkfr us eq>s ¯pfrr dj fn;k gSA tSls dksbZ uko chp e>èkkj4
esa i¡Qlh gks vkSj ml ij lokj yksx fpYykdj Hkh viuh j{kk u dj ldrs gka]s D;ksfa d
mudh fpYYkkgV nwj rd iSQys lkxj osQ chp mBrhµfxjrh ygjksa eas foyhu5 gks tkus osQ
vfrfjDr dj gh D;k ldrh gS\ ekSu gksdj tyµlekfèk ysus osQ vfrfjDr dksbZ nwljk
fodYi6 ughaA ysfdu eu bls ekuus dks drbZ rS;kj ughaA thus dh ykylk dh otg ls
cspuS h vkSj NViVkgV c<+ xbZ gks] oqQN ,slh gh fLFkfr osQ chp gfjgj dkdk f?kj x,
gSAa
gfjgj dkdk osQ ckjs esa eSa lksprk gw¡ rks eq>s yxrk gS fd og ;g le> ugha
1- ;krukvks@a Dys'kksa@d"Vksa 2- yxko 3- cM+k gksuk 4- ty izokg ;k Hkolkxj osQ eè; eas
5- yqIr gksuk 6- nwljk mik;
gfjgj dkdk 119
ik jgs gSa fd dgsa rks D;k dgs\a vc dksbZ ,slh ckr ugha ftls dgdj og gydk gks
losQa A dksbZ ,slh mfDr ugha ftls dgdj os eqfDr ik losQa A gfjgj dkdk dh fLFkfr esa
eSa Hkh gksrk rks fu'p; gh bl xw¡xis u dk f'kdkj gks tkrkA
gfjgj dkdk bl fLFkfr esa dSls vk i¡Qls\ ;g dkSu&lh fLFkfr gS\ blosQ fy, dkSu
f”kEesokj gS\ ;g lc crkus ls igys vius xk¡o dk vkSj [kkldj vius xk¡o dh BkoqQjckjh7
dk laf{kIr ifjp; eSa vkidks ns nsuk mfpr le>rk gw¡ D;ksfa d mlosQ fcuk rks ;g dgkuh
vèkwjh gh jg tk,xhA
esjk xk¡o dLckbZ 'kgj vkjk ls pkyhl fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij gSA gluck”kkj cl LVSMa
osQ iklA xk¡o dh oqQy vkcknh <kbZ&rhu g”kkj gksxhA xk¡o esa rhu ize[q k LFkku gSAa xk¡o osQ
if'pe fdukjs dk cM+k&lk rkykcA xk¡o osQ eè; fLFkr cjxn dk iqjkuk o`{k vkSj xk¡o
osQ iwjc esa BkoqQjth dk fo'kky eafnj] ftls xk¡o osQ yksx BkoqQjckjh dgrs gSAa
xk¡o esa bl BkoqQjckjh dh LFkkiuk dc gqb]Z bldh Bhd&Bhd tkudkjh fdlh dks ughaA
bl lacaèk esa xk¡o esa tks dgkuh izpfyr gS og ;g fd o"kks± igys tc ;g xk¡o iwjh rjg
clk Hkh ugha Fkk] dgha ls ,d lar vkdj bl LFkku ij >ksia M+h cuk jgus yxs FksA og
lqcg&'kke ;gk¡ BkoqQjth dh iwtk djrs FksA yksxksa ls ek¡xdj [kk ysrs Fks vkSj iwtk&ikB
dh Hkkouk tkxzr djrs FksA ckn esa yksxksa us pank djosQ ;gk¡ BkoqQjth dk ,d NksVk&lk
eafnj cuok fn;kA fiQj tSl&s tSls xk¡o clrk x;k vkSj vkcknh c<+rh xbZ] eafnj osQ dysoj
esa Hkh foLrkj gksrk x;kA yksx BkoqQjth dks eukSrh eukrs fd iq=k gks] eqdnes esa fot; gks]
yM+dh dh 'kknh v PNs ?kj eas r; gks] yM+oQs dks ukSdjh fey tk,A fiQj blesa ftudks
liQyrk feyrh] og [kq'kh esa BkoqQjth ij #i;s] ”ksoj] vukt p<+krsA vfèkd [kq'kh gksrh
rks BkoqQjth osQ uke vius [ksr dk ,d NksVk&lk VqdM+k fy[k nsrAs ;g ijaijk vkt rd
tkjh gSA vfèkdka'k yksxksa dks fo'okl gS fd mUgsa vPNh iQly gksrh gS rks BkoqQjth dh
Ñik lsA eqdnes esa mudh thr gqbZ rks BkoqQjth osQ pyrsA yM+dh dh 'kknh blhfy, tYnh
r; gks xbZ] D;ksfa d BkoqQjth dks eukSrh eukbZ xbZ FkhA yksxksa osQ bl fo'okl dk gh ;g
ifj.kke gS fd xk¡o dh vU; ph”kksa dh rqyuk esa BkoqQjckjh dk fodkl g”kkj xquk vfèkd
gqvk gSA vc rks ;g xk¡o BkoqQjckjh ls gh igpkuk tkrk gSA ;g BkoqQjckjh u flIk+ QZ esjs
xk¡o dh ,d cM+h vkSj fo'kky BkoqQjckjh gS cfYd iwjs bykosQ esa bldh tksM+ dh nwljh
BkoqQjckjh ughaA
BkoqQjckjh osQ uke ij chl ch?ks [ksr gSAa èkkfeZd yksxksa dh ,d lfefr gS] tks BkoqQjckjh dh
ns[k&js[k vkSj lapkyu8 osQ fy, izR;sd rhu lky ij ,d egar vkSj ,d iqtkjh dh fu;qfDr9
7- nsoLFkku 8- pykuk 9- yxk;k x;k
gfjgj dkdk 120
djrh gSA
BkoqQjckjh dk dke yksxksa osQ vanj BkoqQjth osQ izfr HkfDr&Hkkouk iSnk djuk rFkk èkeZ
ls foeq[k gks jgs yksxksa dks jkLrs ij ykuk gSA BkoqQjckjh esa Hktu&dhrZu dh vkok”k cjkcj
xwt ¡ rh jgrh gSA xk¡o tc Hkh ck<+ ;k lw[ks dh pisV esa vkrk gS] BkoqQjckjh osQ vgkrs esa
racw yx tkrk gSA yksx vkSj BkoqQjckjh osQ lkèkq&lar v[kaM gfjdhrZu 'kq: dj nsrs gaAS blosQ
vfrfjDr xk¡o esa fdlh Hkh ioZ&R;ksgkj dh 'kqjQvkr BkoqQjckjh ls gh gksrh gSA gksyh esa lcls
igys xqyky BkoqQjth dks gh p<+k;k tkrk gSA nhokyh dk igyk nhi BkoqQjckjh esa gh tyrk
gSA tUe] 'kknh vkSj tusmQ osQ volj ij vUu&oL=k dh igyh HksVa BkoqQjth osQ uke dh
tkrh gSA BkoqQjckjh osQ czkã.k&lkèkq ozrµdFkkvksa osQ fnu ?kj&?kj ?kwedj dFkkokpu djrs
gSAa yksxksa osQ [kfygku esa tc iQly dh nouh10 gksdj vukt dh ^<sjh* rS;kj gks tkrh
gS] rc BkoqQjth osQ uke ^vxme11* fudkydj gh yksx vukt vius ?kj ys tkrs gaAS
BkoqQjckjh osQ lkFk vfèkdka'k yksxksa dk lacèa k cgqr gh ?kfu"B12 gSµeu vkSj ru nksuksa
Lrj ijA Ñf"k&dk;Z ls viuk cpk gqvk le; os BkoqQjckjh esa gh fcrkrs gSAa BkoqQjckjh
esa lkèkq&larks dk izopu13 lqu vkSj BkoqQjth dk n'kZu dj os viuk ;g thou lkFkZd
ekuus yxrs gSAa mUgas ;g eglwl gksrk gS fd BkoqQjckjh esa izo's k djrs gh os ifo=k gks tkrs
gaSA muosQ fiNys lkjs iki vius vki [kRe gks tkrs gSAa
ifjfLFkfro'k bèkj gfjgj dkdk us BkoqQjckjh esa tkuk can dj fn;k gSA igys og vdlj
gh BkoqQjckjh esa tkrs FksA eu cgykus osQ fy, dHkh&dHkh eSa Hkh BkoqQjckjh esa tkrk gwA¡
ysfdu ogk¡ osQ lkèkq&lar eq>s iwQVh vk¡[kksa ugha lqgkrsA dke&èkke djus esa mudh dksbZ #fp
ughaA BkoqQjth dks Hkksx yxkus osQ uke ij nksuksa twu gyok&iwMh+ [kkrs gSa vkSj vkjke ls iM+s
jgrs gSAa mUgsa vxj oqQN vkrk gS rks flIk+ QZ ckr cukuk vkrk gSA
gfjgj dkdk pkj HkkbZ gSAa lcdh 'kknh gks pqdh gSA gfjgj dkdk osQ vykok lcosQ
cky&cPps gSAa cM+s vkSj NksVs HkkbZ osQ yM+oQs dkIk+ Qh l;kus gks x, gSAa nks dh 'kkfn;k¡ gks
xbZ gSAa muesa ls ,d i<+&fy[kdj 'kgj osQ fdlh nÝ+ rj esa DydhZ djus yxk gSA ysfdu
gfjgj dkdk dh viuh nsg ls dksbZ vkSykn ughaA Hkkb;ksa esa gfjgj dkdk dk uacj nwljk
gSA vkSykn osQ fy, mUgksua s nks 'kkfn;k¡ dhaA yacs le; rd izrh{kkjr jgsA ysfdu fcuk cPpk
tus mudh nksuksa ifRu;k¡ LoxZ flèkkj xb±A yksxksa us rhljh 'kknh djus dh lykg nh ysfdu
viuh fxjrh gqbZ mez vkSj èkkfeZd laLdkjksa dh otg ls gfjgj dkdk us badkj dj fn;kA
10- xsg@¡w èkku fudkyus dh izfØ;k 11- iz;ksx eas ykus ls igys nsork osQ fy, fudkyk x;k va'k
gfjgj dkdk 121
og bRehuku vkSj izes ls vius Hkkb;ksa osQ ifjokj osQ lkFk jgus yxsA
gfjgj dkdk osQ ifjokj osQ ikl oqQy lkB ch?ks [ksr gSAa izR;sd HkkbZ osQ fgLls iangz
ch?ks iMaxs+ As Ñf"k&dk;Z ij ;s yksx fuHkZj gSAa 'kk;n blhfy, vc rd la;Dq r ifjokj osQ
:i esa gh jgrs vk jgs gSAa
gfjgj dkdk osQ rhuksa Hkkb;ksa us viuh ifRu;ksa dks ;g lh[k nh Fkh fd gfjgj dkdk
dh vPNh rjg lsok djsAa le; ij mUgsa uk'rk&[kkuk nsAa fdlh ckr dh rdyhIk+ Q u gksus
nsaA oqQN fnuksa rd os gfjgj dkdk dh [kkst&[kcj ysrh jghaA fiQj mUgsa dkSu iwNus okyk\
^Bgj&pkSdk* yxkdj ia[kk >yrs gq, vius enks± dks vPNs&vPNs O;atu f[kykrhaA gfjgj
dkdk osQ vkxs rks cph&[kqph ph”ksa vkrhaA dHkh&dHkh rks gfjgj dkdk dks :[kk&lw[kk
[kkdj gh larks"k djuk iM+rkA
vxj dHkh gfjgj dkdk dh rch;r [kjkc gks tkrh rks og eqlhcr esa iM+ tkrsA brus
cM+s ifjokj osQ jgrs gq, Hkh dksbZ mUgsa ikuh nsus okyk rd ughaA lHkh vius dkeksa esa
e'kxwy14A cPps ;k rks i<+&fy[k jgs gksrs ;k èkekpkSdM+h epkrsA enZ [ksrksa ij x, jgrsA
vkSjrsa gky iwNus Hkh ugha vkrhaA nkyku osQ dejs esa vosQys iM+s gfjgj dkdk dks Lo;a
mBdj viuh ”k:jrksa dh iwfrZ djuh iM+rhA ,sls oDr viuh ifRu;ksa dks ;kn dj&djosQ
gfjgj dkdk dh vk¡[ksa Hkj vkrhaA Hkkb;ksa osQ ifjokj osQ izfr eksgHkax dh 'kq#vkr bUgha {k.kksa
esa gqbZ FkhA vkSj fiQj] ,d fnu rks foLiQksV gh gks x;kA ml fnu gfjgj dkdk dh
lgu&'kfDr tokc ns xbZA ml fnu 'kgj esa DydhZ djus okys Hkrhts dk ,d nksLr xk¡o
vk;k FkkA mlh osQ vkxeu osQ miy{; esa nksµrhu rjg dh lC”kh] ctosQ] pVuh] jk;rk
vkfn cus FksA chekjh ls mBs gfjgj dkdk dk eu Lokfn"V Hkkstu osQ fy, cspuS FkkA eu
gh eu mUgksua s vius Hkrhts osQ nksLr dh ljkguk dh] ftlosQ cgkus mUgsa vPNh ph”ksa [kkus
dks feyus okyh FkhaA ysfdu ckrsa fcyoqQy foijhr gqbA± lcksa us [kkuk [kk fy;k] mudks
dksbZ iwNus rd ugha vk;kA muosQ rhuksa HkkbZ [kkuk [kkdj [kfygku esa pys x,A nouh gks
jgh FkhA os bl ckr osQ izfr fuf'apr Fks fd gfjgj dkdk dks rks igys gh f[kyk fn;k
x;k gksxkA
var eas gfjgj dkdk us Lo;a nkyku osQ dejs ls fudy gosyh esa izo's k fd;kA rc muosQ
NksVs HkkbZ dh iRuh us :[kk&lw[kk [kkuk ykdj muosQ lkeus ijksl fn;kµHkkr] e_k vkSj
vpkjA cl] gfjgj dkdk osQ cnu esa rks tSls vkx yx xbZA mUgksua s Fkkyh mBkdj chp
vk¡xu esa isQa d nhA >Uu dh rs”k vkok”k osQ lkFk vk¡xu esa Fkkyh fxjhA Hkkr fc[kj x;kA
fofHkUu ?kjksa esas cSBh yM+fd;k¡] cgq,¡ lc ,d gh lkFk ckgj fudy vkb±A gfjgj dkdk
14- O;Lr
gfjgj dkdk 122
xjtrs gq, gosyh ls nkyku dh vksj py iM+µ s ¶le> jgh gks fd eqÝ+r esa f[kykrh gks]
rks vius eu ls ;g ckr fudky nsukA esjs fgLls osQ [ksr dh iSnkokj blh ?kj esa vkrh
gSA mlesa rks eSa nks&pkj ukSdj j[k yw]¡ vkjke ls [kkm¡Q] rc Hkh deh ugha gksxhA eSa vukFk
vkSj cslgkjk ugha gwA¡ esjs èku ij rks rqe lc ekSt dj jgh gksA ysfdu vc eSa rqe lcksa
dks crkmQ¡xk---vkfnA¸
gfjgj dkdk ftl oDr ;g lc cksy jgs Fks] ml oDr BkoqQjckjh osQ iqtkjh th muosQ
nkyku ij gh fojkteku FksA okf"kZd gqekèk15 osQ fy, og ?kh vkSj 'kdhy ysus vk, FksA
ykSVdj mUgksua s egar th dks foLrkj osQ lkFk lkjh ckr crkbZA muosQ dku [kM+s gks x,A
og fnu mUgsa cgqr 'kqHk eglwl gqvkA ml fnu dks mUgksua s ,sls gh xq”kj tkus nsuk mfpr
ugha le>kA rR{k.k16 Vhdkµfryd yxk] oaQèks ij jkeukeh fy[kh pknj Mky BkoqQjckjh
ls py iMsA+ la;ksx vPNk FkkA gfjgj osQ nkyku rd ugha tkuk iM+kA jkLrs esa gh gfjgj
fey x,A xqLls esa ?kj ls fudy og [kfygku dh vksj tk jgs FksA ysfdu egar th us
mUgsa [kfygku dh vksj ugha tkus fn;kA vius lkFk BkoqQjckjh ij ysrs vk,A fiQj ,dkar
dejs esa mUgsa cSBk] [kwc izes ls le>kus yxsµ¶gfjgj! ;gk¡ dksbZ fdlh dk ugha gSA lc
ek;k dk caèku gSA rw rks èkkfeZd izof` Ùk dk vkneh gSA eSa le> ugha ik jgk gw¡ fd rqe
bl caèku esa oSQls i¡Ql x,\ bZ'oj esa HkfDr yxkvksA mlosQ flok; dksbZ rqEgkjk viuk ughaA
iRuh] csV]s HkkbZ&caèkq lc LokFkZ osQ lkFkh gSAa ftl fnu mUgsa yxsxk fd rqels mudk LokFkZ
lèkus okyk ugha] ml fnu os rqEgsa iwNaxs s rd ughaA blhfy, Kkuh] lar] egkRek bZ'oj osQ
flok; fdlh vkSj esa izes ugha yxkrsA ---rqEgkjs fgLls esa ianzg ch?ks [ksr gSaA mlh osQ pyrs
rqEgkjs HkkbZ osQ ifjokj rqEgsa idM+s gq, gSAa rqe ,d fnu dgdj rks ns[k yks fd viuk [ksr
mUgsa u nsdj nwljs dks fy[k nksx]s og rqels cksyuk can dj nsxa As [kwu dk fj'rk [kRe gks
tk,xkA rqEgkjs Hkys osQ fy, eSa cgqr fnuksa ls lksp jgk Fkk ysfdu ladkspo'k ugha dg jgk
FkkA vkt dg nsrk gw]¡ rqe vius fgLls dk [ksr BkoqQjth osQ uke ij fy[k nksA lhèks cSoQaq B
dks izkIr djksxAs rhuksa yksd esa rqEgkjh dhfrZ txexk mBsxhA tc rd pk¡n&lwjt jgsxa ]s rc
rd yksx rqEgsa ;kn djsxa As BkoqQjth osQ uke ij ”kehu fy[k nsuk] rqEgkjs thou dk egknku
gksxkA lkèkq&lar rqEgkjs ik¡o i[kkjsxa As lHkh rqEgkjk ;'kksxku djsxa As rqEgkjk ;g thou lkFkZd
gks tk,xkA viuh 'ks"k ¯”knxh rqe blh BkoqQjckjh esa xq”kkjuk] rqEgsa fdlh ph”k dh deh
ugha gksxhA ,d ek¡xksxs rks pkj gkf”kj dh tk,¡xhA ge rqEgsa flj&vk¡[kksa ij mBkdj j[ksxa As
BkoqQjth osQ lkFk&lkFk rqEgkjh vkjrh Hkh yxk,¡xAs HkkbZ dk ifjokj rqEgkjs fy, oqQN ugha
djsxkA irk ugha iwot Z Ue esa rqeus dkSu&lk iki fd;k Fkk fd rqEgkjh nksuksa ifRu;k¡
15- gou esa iz;Dq r gksus okyh lkexzh 16- mlh iy 17- csdkj
gfjgj dkdk 123
vdkye`R;q dks izIr gqb±A rqeus vkSykn dk eqga¡ rd ugha ns[kkA viuk ;g tUe rqe
vdkjFk17 u tkus nksA bZ'oj dks ,d Hkj nksxs rks nl Hkj ikvksxAs eSa vius fy, rks rqels
ek¡x ugha jgk gwA¡ rqEgkjk ;g yksd vkSj ijyksd nksuksa cu tk,¡] bldh jkg eSa rqEgsa crk jgk
gw-¡ --A¸
gfjgj nsj rd egar th dh ckrsa lqurs jgsA egar th dh ckrsa muosQ eu esa cSBrh tk
jgh FkhaA Bhd gh rks dg jgs gSa egar thA dkSu fdldk gS\ iangz ch?ks [ksr dh iQly
Hkkb;ksa osQ ifjokj dks nsrs gS]a rc rks dksbZ iwNrk ugha] vxj oqQN u nsa rc D;k gkyr gksxh\
muosQ thou esa rks ;g fLFkfr gS] ejus osQ ckn dkSu mUgsa ;kn djsxk\ lhèks&lhèks muosQ
[ksr gM+i tk,¡xAs BkoqQjth osQ uke fy[k nsaxs rks iq'rksa rd yksx mUgsa ;kn djsxa As vc rd
osQ thou esa rks bZ'oj osQ fy, mUgksua s oqQN ugha fd;kA vafre le; rks ;g cM+k iq.;
dek ysAa ysfdu ;g lksprs gq, Hkh gfjgj dkdk dk eqg¡ [kqy ugha jgk FkkA HkkbZ dk ifjokj
rks viuk gh gksrk gSA mudks u nsdj BkoqQjckjh esa ns nsuk muosQ lkFk èkks[kk vkSj fo'okl?kkr
gksxk---A
viuh ckr lekIr dj egar th izfrfozQ;k tkuus osQ fy, gfjgj dh vksj ns[kus yxsA
mUgksua s eqg¡ ls rks oqQN ugha dgk] ysfdu muosQ psgjs osQ ifjofrZr Hkko egar th dh vuqHkoh
vk¡[kksa ls fNis u jg losQA viuh liQyrk ij egar th dks cgqr [kq'kh gqbZA mUgksua s lgh
txg okj fd;k gSA blosQ ckn mlh oDr BkoqQjckjh osQ nks lsodksa dks cqykdj vkns'k fn;k
fd ,d lkIk+ Q&lqFkjs dejs esa iyax ij fcLrjk yxkdj muosQ vkjke dk bar”kke djsAa fiQj
rks egar th osQ dgus esa ftruk le; yxk Fkk] mlls de le; esa gh] lsodksa us gfjgj
dkdk osQ euk djus osQ ckotwn mUgsa ,d lqna j dejs esa iyax ij tk fyVk;kA vkSj egar
th! mUgksua s iqtkjh th dks ;g le>k fn;k fd gfjgj osQ fy, fo'ks"k :i ls Hkkstu dh
O;oLFkk djsAa gfjgj dkdk dks egar th ,d fo'ks"k mís'; ls ys x, Fks] blhfy, BkoqQjckjh
esa pgy&igy 'kq: gks xbZA
bèkj 'kke dks gfjgj dkdk osQ HkkbZ tc [kfygku ls ykSVs rc mUgsa bl nq?kZVuk dk irk
pykA igys rks viuh ifRu;ksa ij os [kwc cjls] fiQj ,d txg cSBdj ¯prkEkXu gks x,A
gkyk¡fd xk¡o osQ fdlh O;fDr us Hkh muls oqQN ugha dgk FkkA egar th us gfjgj dkdk
dks D;k&D;k le>k;k gS] bldh Hkh tkudkjh mUgsa ugha FkhA ysfdu blosQ ckotwn mudk
eu 'kadkyq vkSj cspuS gks x;kA njvly] cgqr lkjh ckrsa ,slh gksrh gS]a ftudh tkudkjh
fcuk crk, gh yksxksa dks fey tkrh gSA
'kke xgjkrs&xgjkrs gfjgj dkdk osQ rhuksa HkkbZ BkoqQjckjh igqp
¡ As mUgksua s gfjgj dkdk dks
gfjgj dkdk 124
okil ?kj pyus osQ fy, dgkA blls igys fd gfjgj dkdk oqQN dgrs] egar th chp
esa vk x,µ¶vkt gfjgj dks ;gha jgus nks---chekjh ls mBk gSA bldk eu v'kkar gSA bZ'oj
osQ njckj esa jgsxk rks 'kkafr feysxh---A¸
ysfdu muosQ HkkbZ mUgsa ?kj ys pyus osQ fy, f”kn djus yxsA bl ij BkoqQjckjh osQ
lkèkq&lar mUgsa le>kus yxsA ogk¡ mifLFkr xk¡o osQ yksxksa us Hkh dgk fd ,d jkr BkoqQjckjh
esa jg tk,¡xs rks D;k gks tk,xk\ varr% Hkkb;ksa dks fujk'k gks ogk¡ ls ykSVuk iM+kA
jkr esa gfjgj dkdk dks Hkksx yxkus osQ fy, tks fe"VkUu vkSj O;atu feys] oSls mUgksua s
dHkh ugha [kk, FksA ?kh Vidrs ekyiq,] jl cqfu;k] yaå] Nsus dh rjdkjh] ngh] [khj---A
iqtkjh th us Lo;a vius gkFkksa ls [kkuk ijkslk FkkA ikl esa cSBs egar th èkeZ&ppkZ ls eu
esa 'kkafr igqp
¡ k jgs FksA ,d gh jkr esa BkoqQjckjh esa tks lq[k&'kkafr vkSj larks"k ik;k] og
vius vc rd osQ thou esa mUgksua s ugha ik;k FkkA
bèkj rhuksa HkkbZ jkr&Hkj lks ugha losQA Hkkoh vk'kadk muosQ eu dks eFkrh jghA iangz
ch?ks [ksr! bl xk¡o dh mitkmQ ”kehu! nks yk[k ls vfèkd dh laifÙk! vxj gkFk ls fudy
xbZ rks fiQj og dgha osQ u jgsaxAs
lqcg rM+oQs gh rhuksa HkkbZ iqu% BkoqQjckjh igq¡pAs gfjgj dkdk osQ ik¡o idM+ jksus yxsA
viuh ifRu;ksa dh xyrh osQ fy, ekIk+ Qh ek¡xh rFkk mUgsa naM nsus dh ckr dghA lkFk gh
[kwu osQ fj'rs dh ek;k iSQykbZA gfjgj dkdk dk fny ilht x;kA og iqu% okil ?kj ykSV
vk,A
ysfdu ;g D;k\ bl ckj vius ?kj ij tks cnyko mUgksua s y{; fd;k] mlus mUgsa
lq[kn vk'p;Z esa Mky fn;kA ?kj osQ NksVs&cM+s lc mUgsa flj&vk¡[kksa ij mBkus dks rS;kjA
Hkkb;ksa dh ifRu;ksa us muosQ iSj ij ekFkk j[k xyrh osQ fy, {kek&;kpuk dhA fiQj mudh
vkoHkxr vkSj tks [kkfrj 'kq: gqbZ] oSlh [kkfrj fdlh osQ ;gk¡ esgeku vkus ij Hkh ugha
gksrh gksxhA mudh jQfp vkSj bPNk osQ eqrkfcd nksuksa twu [kkuk&uk'rk rS;kjA ik¡p
efgyk,¡ mudh lsok esa eqLrSn18µrhu Hkkb;ksa dh ifRu;k¡ vkSj nks mudh cgq,A¡ gfjgj
dkdk vkjke ls nkyku esa iM+s jgrsA ftl fdlh ph”k dh bPNk gksrh] vkok”k yxkrs
gh gkf”kjA os le> x, Fks fd ;g lc egar th osQ pyrs gh gks jgk gS] blfy, egar
th osQ izfr muosQ eu esa vknj vkSj J¼k osQ Hkko fujarj c<+rs gh tk jgs FksA
cgqr ckj ,slk gksrk gS fd fcuk fdlh osQ oqQN crk, xk¡o osQ yksx vlyh rF; ls
Lo;a okfdIk+ Q gks tkrs gSAa gfjgj dkdk dh bl ?kVuk osQ lkFk ,slk gh gqvkA njvly yksxksa
18- rS;kj@dej dldj rS;kj jguk
gfjgj dkdk 125
dh ”kqcku ls ?kVukvksa dh ”kqcku ”;knk iSuh vkSj vljnkj gksrh gSA ?kVuk,¡ Lo;a gh cgqr
oqQN dg nsrh gS]a yksxksa osQ dgus dh ”k:jr ugha jgrhA u rks xk¡o osQ yksxksa ls egar th
us gh oqQN dgk Fkk vkSj u gfjgj dkdk osQ Hkkb;ksa us ghA blosQ ckotwn xk¡o osQ yksx lPpkbZ
ls voxr gks x, FksA fiQj rks xk¡o dh cSBdksa esa ckrksa dk tks flyflyk py fudyk mldk
dgha dksbZ var ughaA gj txg mUgha dk izlxa 'kq:A oqQN yksx dgrs fd gfjgj dks viuh
”kehu BkoqQjth osQ uke fy[k nsuh pkfg,A blls mÙke vkSj oqQN ughaA blls dhfrZ Hkh
vpy cuh jgrh gSA blosQ foijhr oqQN yksxksa dh ekU;rk ;g Fkh fd HkkbZ dk ifjokj
rks viuk gh gksrk gSA viuh tk;nkn mUgsa u nsuk muosQ lkFk vU;k; djuk gksxkA [kwu osQ
fj'rs osQ chp nhokj cukuh gksxhA
ftrus eqg¡ ] mruh ckrsAa ,slk ”kcjnLr elyk igys dHkh ugha feyk Fkk] blhfy, yksx
ekSu gksuk ugha pkgrs FksA vius&vius rjhosQ ls lekèkku <w<¡ + jgs Fks vkSj izrh{kk dj jgs
Fks fd oqQN ?kfVr gksA gkyk¡fd blh Øe eas ckrsa xekZgV&Hkjh Hkh gksus yxh FkhaA yksx izR;{k
vkSj ijks{k :i ls nks oxks± esa c¡Vus yxs FksA dbZ cSBdksa esa nksuksa oxks± osQ chp vkil esa rw&rw]
eSa&eSa Hkh gksus yxh FkhA ,d oxZ osQ yksx pkgrs Fks fd gfjgj vius fgLls dh ”kehu
BkoqQjth osQ uke fy[k nsAa rc ;g BkoqQjckjh u flIk+ QZ bykosQ dh gh lcls cM+h BkoqQjckjh
gksxh] cfYd iwjs jkT; esa bldk eqdkcyk dksbZ nwljh BkoqQjckjh ugha dj losQxhA bl oxZ
osQ yksx èkkfeZd laLdkjksa osQ yksx gSAa lkFk gh fdlh u fdlh :i esa BkoqQjckjh ls tqMs+
gSAa vly esa lqcg&'kke tc BkoqQjth dks Hkksx yxk;k tkrk gS] rc lkèkq&larksa osQ lkFk
xk¡o osQ oqQN isVw vkSj pVksj fdLe osQ yksx izlkn ikus osQ fy, ogk¡ tqV tkrs gSAa ;s yksx
blh oxZ osQ fgek;rh gSAa nwljs oxZ esa xk¡o osQ izxfr'khy fopkjksa okys yksx rFkk oSls fdlku
gS]a ftuosQ ;gk¡ gfjgj tSls vkSjr&enZ iy jgs gksrs gSAa xk¡o dk okrkoj.k rukoiw.kZ gks x;k
Fkk vkSj yksx oqQN ?kfVr gksus dh izrh{kk djus yxs FksA
bèkj Hkkoh vk'kadkvksa dks eísu”kj j[krs gq, gfjgj dkdk osQ HkkbZ muls ;g fuosnu djus
yxs Fks fd viuh ”kehu os mUgsa fy[k nsAa muosQ flok; mudk vkSj viuk gS gh dkSu\
bl fo"k; ij gfjgj dkdk us ,dkar eas eq>ls dkIk+ Qh nsj rd ckr dhA varr% ge bl
fu"d"kZ19 ij igqp ¡ s fd thrs&th viuh tk;nkn dk Lokeh fdlh vkSj dks cukuk Bhd ugha
gksxkA pkgs og viuk HkkbZ ;k eafnj dk egar gh D;ksa u gks\ gesa vius xk¡o vkSj bykosQ
osQ os oqQN yksx ;kn vk,] ftUgksua s viuh ¯”knxh esa gh viuh tk;nkn vius mÙkjkfèkdkfj;ksa
;k fdlh vU; dks fy[k nh Fkh] ysfdu blosQ ckn mudk thou oqQÙks dk thou gks x;kA
dksbZ mUgsa iwNus okyk ugha jgkA gfjgj dkdk fcyoqQy vui<+ O;fDr gS]a fiQj Hkh bl
19- ifj.kke 20- olh;r
gfjgj dkdk 126
cnyko dks mUgksua s le> fy;k vkSj ;g fu'p; fd;k fd thrs&th fdlh dks ”kehu ugha
fy[ksxa As vius Hkkb;ksa dks le>k fn;k] ej tkm¡Qxk rks vius vki esjh ”kehu rqEgsa fey
tk,xhA ”kehu ysdj rks tkm¡Qxk ughaA blhfy, fy[kokus dh D;k ”k:jr\
mèkj egar th Hkh gfjgj dkdk dh Vksg esa jgus yxsA tgk¡ dgha ,dkar ikrs] dg
mBrsµ¶foyac u djks gfjgjA 'kqHk dke esa nsj ugha djrsA pydj BkoqQjth osQ uke ”kehu
c;20 dj nksA fiQj iwjh ¯”knxh BkoqQjckjh esa jkt djksA ejksxs rks rqEgkjh vkRek dks ys tkus
osQ fy, LoxZ ls foeku vk,xkA nsoyksd dks izkIr djksx-s --A¸
ysfdu gfjgj dkdk u ^gk¡* dgrs vkSj u ûk*A ûk* dgdj os egar th dks nq[kh
djuk ugha pkgrs Fks D;ksfa d HkkbZ osQ ifjokj ls tks lq[k&lqfoèkk,¡ mUgsa fey jgh Fkha] os egar
th dh Ñik ls ghA vkSj ^gk¡* rks mUgsa dguk gS ugha] D;ksfa d viuh ¯”knxh esa viuh ”kehu
mUgsa fdlh dks ugha fy[kuhA bl eqís ij os tkx:d gks x, FksA
ij chrrs le; osQ vuqlkj egar th dh ¯prk,¡ c<+rh tk jgh FkhaA tky esa i¡Qlh
fpfM+;k idM+ ls ckgj gks xbZ Fkh] egar th bl ckr dks lg ugha ik jgs FksA egar th
dks yx jgk Fkk fd gfjgj èkeZ&ladV esa iM+ x;k gSA ,d vksj og pkgrk gS fd BkoqQjth
dks fy[k nw]¡ ¯drq nwljh vksj HkkbZ osQ ifjokj osQ ek;k&eksg esa c¡èk tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr
esa gfjgj dk vigj.k dj ”kcjnLrh mlls fy[kokus osQ vfrfjDr nwljk dksbZ fodYi ughaA
ckn eas gfjgj Lo;a jkth gks tk,xkA
egar th yM+kowQ vkSj ncax izÑfr osQ vkneh gSAa viuh ;kstuk dks dk;Z&:i esa ifj.kr
djus osQ fy, og th&tku ls tqV x,A gkyk¡fd ;g lc xksiuh;rk dk fuokZg djrs gq,
gh og dj jgs FksA gfjgj dkdk osQ Hkkb;ksa dks bldh Hkud rd ugha FkhA
ckr vHkh gky dh gh gSA vkèkh jkr osQ vkl&ikl BkoqQjckjh osQ lkèkq&lar vkSj muosQ
i{kèkj Hkkyk] xaMk+ lk vkSj cand w ls ySl ,dk,d gfjgj dkdk osQ nkyku ij vk èkeosQA
gfjgj dkdk osQ HkkbZ bl vizR;kf'kr21 geys osQ fy, rS;kj ugha FksA blls igys fd os
tokch dkjZokbZ djsa vkSj xqgkj yxkdj vius yksxksa dks tqVk,¡] rc rd vkØe.kdkjh mudks
ihB ij ykndj pair gks x,A
xk¡o esa fdlh us ,slh ?kVuk ugha ns[kh Fkh] u lquh gh FkhA lkjk xk¡o tkx x;kA 'kqHk¯prd
rks muosQ ;gk¡ tqVus yxs] ysfdu vU; yksx vius nkyku vkSj edku dh Nrksa ij tek
gksdj vkgV ysus vkSj ckrphr djus yxsA
gfjgj dkdk osQ HkkbZ yksxksa osQ lkFk mUgsa <w<¡ u+ s fudysAs mUgsa yxk fd ;g egar dk dke
21- vkdfLed
gfjgj dkdk 127
gSA os e; ny&cy BkoqQjckjh tk igqp ¡ As ogk¡ [kkeks'kh vkSj 'kkafr u”kj vkbZA jks”k dh Hkk¡fr
BkoqQjckjh dk eq[; iQkVd can FkkA okrkoj.k esa jkr dk lUukVk vkSj lwukiu O;kIr feykA
mUgsa yxk] ;g dke egar dk ugha] ckgj osQ MkoqQvksa dk gSA os rks gjtkus dh eksVh jde
ysdj gh gfjgj dkdk dks eqDr djsxa As
[kkst esa fudys yksx fdlh nwljh fn'kk dh vksj izLFkku djrs fd blh le; BkoqQjckjh
osQ vanj ls ckrphr djus dh lfEefyr] fdarq èkheh vkok”k lqukbZ iM+hA lcosQ dku [kM+s
gks x,A mUgsa ;dhu gks x;k fd gfjgj dkdk blh esa gSAa vc D;k lkspuk\ os BkoqQjckjh
dk iQkVd ihVus yxsA blh le; BkoqQjckjh dh Nr ls jksMs+ vkSj iRFkj muosQ mQij fxjus
yxsA os frrj&fcrj gksus yxsA vius gfFk;kj l¡HkkysA ysfdu gfFk;kj l¡Hkkyus ls igys gh
BkoqQjckjh osQ dejksa dh f[kM+fd;ksa ls iQk;fjax 'kq: gks xbZA ,d ukStoku osQ iSj esa xksyh yx
xbZA og fxj x;kA mlosQ fxjrs gh gfjgj dkdk osQ Hkkb;ksa osQ i{kèkj Hkkx pysA flIk+ QZ os rhuksa
HkkbZ cps jg x,A vius rhuksa osQ cwrs bl ;q¼ dks thruk mUgsa laHko ugha tku iM+kA blhfy,
os dLcs osQ iqfyl Fkkus dh vksj nkSM+ iM+As
bèkj BkoqQjckjh osQ Hkhrj egar vkSj muosQ oqQN pan fo'oklh lkèkq lkns vkSj fy[ks
dkx”kksa ij vui<+ gfjgj dkdk osQ v¡xBw s osQ fu'kku tcju ys jgs FksA gfjgj dkdk rks
egar osQ bl O;ogkj ls tSls vkleku ls ”kehu esa vk x, FksA mUgksua s lius esa Hkh ugha
lkspk Fkk fd egar th bl :i esa Hkh vk,¡xAs ftl egar dks og vknj.kh; ,oa J¼s;
le>rs Fks] og egar vc mUgsa ?k`f.kr] nqjkpkjh vkSj ikih u”kj vkus yxk FkkA vc og
ml egar dh lwjr Hkh ns[kuk ugha pkgrs FksA vc vius Hkkb;ksa dk ifjokj egar dh rqyuk
esa mUgsa ”;knk ifo=k] usd vkSj vPNk yxus yxk FkkA gfjgj dkdk BkoqQjckjh ls vius ?kj
igqp¡ us osQ fy, cspuS FksA ysfdu yksx mUgsa idM+s gq, Fks vkSj egar th mUgsa le>k jgs
Fksµ¶rqEgkjs Hkys osQ fy, gh ;g lc fd;k x;k gfjgjA vHkh rqEgsa yxsxk fd ge yksxksa
us rqEgkjs lkFk ”kksj&”kcjnLrh dh] ysfdu ckn esa rqe le> tkvksxs fd ftl èkeZ&ladV
esa rqe iM+s Fks] mlls mckjus osQ fy, ;gh ,dek=k jkLrk Fkk---!¸
,d vksj BkoqQjckjh osQ Hkhrj tcju v¡xBw s dk fu'kku ysus vkSj idM+dj le>kus dk
dk;Z py jgk Fkk rks nwljh vksj gfjgj dkdk osQ rhuksa HkkbZ lqcg gksus ls igys gh iqfyl
dh thi osQ lkFk BkoqQjckjh vk igqp ¡ As thi ls rhuksa HkkbZ] ,d njksxk vkSj iqfyl osQ vkB
toku mrjsA iqfyl bapktZ us BkoqQjckjh osQ iQkVd ij vkok”k yxkbZA nLrd nhA ysfdu
vanj ls dksbZ tokc ughaA vc iqfyl osQ tokuksa us BkoqQjckjh osQ pkjksa rjIk+ Q ?ksjk Mkyuk
'kq: fd;kA BkoqQjckjh vxj NksVh jgrh rks iqfyl osQ toku vklkuh ls mls ?ksj ysr]s ysfdu
gfjgj dkdk 128
fo'kkydk; BkoqQjckjh dks iqfyl osQ lhfer toku ?ksj ldus esa vleFkZ lkfcr gks jgs FksA
fiQj Hkh ftruk laHko gks ldk] ml :i esa mUgksua s ?ksjk Mky fn;k vkSj viuk&viuk ekspkZ
l¡Hkky lqcg dh izrh{kk djus yxsA
gfjgj dkdk osQ Hkkb;ksa us lkspk Fkk fd tc os iqfyl osQ lkFk BkoqQjckjh igq¡psaxs
rks BkoqQjckjh osQ Hkhrj ls geys gksaxs vkSj lkèkq&lar j¡xs gkFkksa idM+ fy, tk,¡xsA
ysfdu ,slk oqQN Hkh ugha gqvkA BkoqQjckjh osQ vanj ls ,d jksMk+ Hkh ckgj ugha vk;kA
'kk;n iqfyl dks vkrs gq, mUgksaus ns[k fy;k FkkA
lqc g gksus esa vHkh oqQN nsj Fkh] blfy, iqfyl bap ktZ jg&jgdj BkoqQjckjh dk
iQkVd [kks yus rFkk lkèkq&lar ks a dks vkReleiZ .k djus os Q fy, vkok”k yxk jgs Fks A
lkFk gh iqfyl oxZ dh vksj ls gokbZ I +kQk;j Hkh fd, tk jgs Fks] ysfdu BkoqQjckjh
dh vksj ls dksbZ tokc ugha vk jgk FkkA
lqcg rM+oQs ,d o`¼ lkèkq us BkoqQjckjh dk iQkVd [kksy fn;kA ml lkèkq dh mez vLlh
o"kZ ls vfèkd dh gksxhA og ykBh osQ lgkjs dk¡irs gq, [kM+k FkkA iqfyl bapktZ us ml
o`¼ lkèkq osQ ikl igqp ¡ gfjgj dkdk rFkk BkoqQjckjh osQ egar] iqtkjh ,oa vU; lkèkqvksa
osQ ckjs esa iwNkA ysfdu mlus oqQN Hkh crkus ls badkj dj fn;kA iqfyl bapktZ us dbZ ckj
mlls iwNkA Mk¡V yxkbZ] èkefd;k¡ nha] ysfdu gj ckj ,d gh okD; dgrk] ¶eq>s oqQN
ekywe ughaA¸ ,sls oDr iqfyl osQ yksx ekj&ihV dk lgkjk ysdj Hkh ckr mxyokrs gS_a
ysfdu ml lkèkq dh o;22 ns[kdj iqfyl bapktZ dks egfV;k23 tkuk iM+kA
iqfyl bapktZ osQ usrR` o esa iqfyl osQ toku BkoqQjckjh dh ryk'kh ysus yxsA ysfdu u
rks BkoqQjckjh osQ uhps osQ dejksa esa gh dksbZ ik;k x;k vkSj u Nr osQ dejksa esa ghA iqfyl
osQ tokuksa us [kwc Nku&chu dh] ml o`¼ lkèkq osQ vykok dksbZ nwljk BkoqQjckjh esa ugha
feykA
gfjgj dkdk osQ HkkbZ ¯prk] ijs'kkuh vkSj nq[kn vk'p;Z ls f?kj x,A BkoqQjckjh osQ egar
vkSj lkèkq&lar gfjgj dkdk dks ysdj dgk¡ Hkkx x,\ vc D;k gksxk\ dkIk+ Qh iSls [kpZ
dj iqfyl dks yk, FksA iqfyl osQ lkFk vkus osQ ckn og vanj gh vanj xoZ eglwl dj
jgs FksA mUgsa yx jgk Fkk fd vc HkkbZ dks os vklkuh ls ?kj ys tk,¡xs rFkk lkèkq&larksa dks
tsy fHktok nsaxAs ysfdu nksuksa esa ls ,d Hkh ugha gqvkA
BkoqQjckjh osQ tks dejs [kqys Fks] mudh ryk'kh igys yh xbZ FkhA ckn esa ftu dejksa
dh fpVfduh can Fkh] mUgsa Hkh [kksydj ns[kk x;k FkkA ,d dejs osQ ckgj cM+k&lk rkyk
22- mez 23- Vky tkuk@u”kjvank”k dj nsuk
gfjgj dkdk 129
yVd jgk FkkA iqfyl vkSj gfjgj dkdk osQ HkkbZ lc ogha ,d=k gks x,A ml dejs dh
oaQq th dh ek¡x o`¼ lkèkq ls dh xbZ rks mlus lkIk+ Q dg fn;k] ¶esjs ikl ughaA¸
tc mlls iwNk x;k] ¶bl dejs esa D;k gS\¸ rc mlus tokc fn;k] ¶vukt gSA¸
iqfyl bapktZ vHkh ;g lksp gh jgs Fks fd bl dejs dk rkyk rksMd + j ns[kk tk, ;k
NksM+ fn;k tk, fd vpkud ml dejs osQ njok”ks dks Hkhrj ls fdlh us èkDdk nsuk 'kq:
fd;kA
iqfyl osQ toku lkoèkku gks x,A
rkyk rksMd
+ j dejs dk njok”kk [kksyk x;kA dejs osQ Hkhrj gfjgj dkdk ftl fLFkfr
esa feys] mls ns[kdj muosQ Hkkb;ksa dk [kwu [kkSy mBkA ml oDr vxj egar] iqtkjh ;k
vU; ukStoku lkèkq mUgsa u”kj vk tkrs rks os thrs&th mUgas ugha NksMr+ As
gfjgj dkdk osQ gkFk vkSj ik¡o rks ck¡èk gh fn, x, Fks] muosQ eqg¡ esa diM+k Bwl
¡ dj
gfjgj dkdk 130
ck¡èk fn;k x;k FkkA gfjgj dkdk ”kehu ij yq<d + rs gq, njok”ks rd vk, Fks vkSj iSj ls
njok”ks ij èkDdk yxk;k FkkA
dkdk dks caèkueqDr fd;k x;k] eqg¡ ls diM+s fudkys x,A gfjgj dkdk us BkoqQjckjh
osQ egar] iqtkjh vkSj lkèkqvksa dh dkyh djrwrksa dk ijnkIk+ Qk'k djuk 'kq: fd;k fd og
lkèkq ugha] MkowQ] gR;kjs vkSj dlkbZ gS]a fd mUgsa bl :i esa dejs esa can dj xqIr njok”ks
ls Hkkx x,] fd mUgksua s dbZ lkns vkSj fy[ks gq, dkx”kksa ij tcju muosQ v¡xBw s osQ fu'kku
fy,---vkfnA
gfjgj dkdk us nsj rd vius c;ku ntZ djk,A muosQ 'kCn&'kCn ls lkèkqvksa osQ izfr
uIk+ Qjr vkSj ?k`.kk O;Dr gks jgh FkhA thou esa dHkh fdlh osQ f[kykIk+ Q mUgksua s bruk ugha
dgk gksxk ftruk BkoqQjckjh osQ egar] iqtkjh vkSj lkèkqvksa osQ ckjs esa dgkA
vc gfjgj dkdk iqu% vius Hkkb;ksa osQ ifjokj osQ lkFk jgus yxs FksA bl ckj mUgsa
nkyku ij ugha] ?kj osQ vanj j[kk x;k Fkkµfdlh cgqeYw ; oLrq dh rjg l¡tksdj] fNikdjA
mudh lqj{kk osQ fy, fj'rs&ukrs esa ftrus ^lwjek* Fks] lcdks cqyk fy;k x;k FkkA gfFk;kj
tqVk fy, x, FksA pkSchlksa ?kaVs igjs fn, tkus yxs FksA vxj fdlh vko';d dk;Zo'k dkdk
?kj ls xk¡o esa fudyrs rks pkj&ik¡p dh la[;k eas gfFk;kjksa ls ySl yksx muosQ vkxs&ihNs
pyrs jgrsA jkr esa pkjksa rjIk+ Q ls ?ksjdj lksrAs Hkkb;ksa us M~;Vw h ck¡V yh FkhA vkèks yksx lksrs
rks vkèks yksx tkxdj igjk nsrs jgrsA
bèkj BkoqQjckjh dk n`'; Hkh cny x;k FkkA ,d ls ,d [kw[¡ kkj yksx BkoqQjckjh esa vk x,
FksA mUgsa ns[kdj gh Mj yxrk FkkA xk¡o osQ cPpksa us rks BkoqQjckjh dh vksj tkuk gh can dj fn;kA
gfjgj dkdk dks ysdj xk¡o izkjaHk ls gh nks oxks± esa c¡V x;k FkkA bl u;h ?kVuk dks ysdj
nksuksa rjIk+ Q ls izfrfozQ;k,¡ O;Dr dh tkus yxh FkhaA
vkSj vc gfjgj dkdk ,d lhèks&lkns vkSj Hkksys fdlku dh vis{kk prqj vkSj Kkuh
gks pys FksA og eglwl djus yxs Fks fd muosQ HkkbZ vpkud mudks tks vknj&lEeku vkSj
lqj{kk iznku djus yxs gS]a mldh otg mu yksxksa osQ lkFk mudk lxs HkkbZ dk lacèa k ugha]
cfYd mudh tk;nkn gS] vU;Fkk os mudks iwNrs rd ughaA blh xk¡o esa tk;nknghu HkkbZ
dks dkSu iwNrk gS\ gfjgj dkdk dks vc lc u”kj vkus yxk Fkk! egar dh fpduh&pqiM+h
ckrksa osQ Hkhrj dh lPpkbZ Hkh vc og tku x, FksA BkoqQjth osQ uke ij og viuk vkSj
vius tSls lkèkqvksa dk isV ikyrk gSA mls èkeZ vkSj ijekFkZ ls dksbZ eryc ughaA futh LokFkZ
osQ fy, lkèkq gksus vkSj iwtk&ikB djus dk <ksxa jpk;k gSA lkèkq osQ ckus eas egar] iqtkjh
24- ;qfDr@cqf¼
gfjgj dkdk 131
vkSj muosQ vU; lg;ksxh yksHkh&ykyph vkSj oqQdehZ gSAa Ny] cy] dy24] fdlh Hkh rjg
èku vftZr dj fcuk ifjJe fd, vkjke ls jguk pkgrs gSAa vius ?k`f.kr bjknksa dks fNikus
osQ fy, BkoqQjckjh dks bUgksua s ekè;e cuk;k gSA ,d ,slk ekè;e ftl ij vfo'okl u
fd;k tk losQA blhfy, gfjgj dkdk us eu gh eu r; dj fy;k fd vc egar dks os
vius ikl iQVdus rd ugha nsxa As lkFk gh viuh ¯”knxh esa viuh tk;nkn Hkkb;ksa dks Hkh
ugha fy[ksxa ]s vU;Fkk fiQj og nwèk dh eD[kh gks tk,¡xAs yksx fudkydj isQa d nsxa As dksbZ
mUgsa iwNsxk rd ughaA cq<+kis dk nq[k fcrk, ugha chrsxk!
ysfdu gfjgj dkdk lksp oqQN vkSj jgs Fks vkSj okrkoj.k oqQN nwljk gh rS;kj gks jgk
FkkA BkoqQjckjh ls ftl fnu mUgsa okil yk;k x;k Fkk] mlh fnu ls muosQ HkkbZ vkSj
fj'rs&ukrs osQ yksx le>kus yxs Fks fd fofèkor viuh tk;nkn os vius Hkrhtksa osQ uke
fy[k nsAa og tc rd ,slk ugha djsxa s rc rd egar dh fx¼&n`f"V muosQ mQij yxh jgsxhA
flj ij e¡Mjk jgs rwIk+ Qku ls eqfDr ikus osQ fy, muosQ le{k vc ;gh ,dek=k jkLrk gS-
--A
lqcg] nksigj] 'kke] jkr x, rd ;gh ppkZA ysfdu gfjgj dkdk lkIk+ Q udkj tkrsA
dgrsµ¶esjs ckn rks esjh tk;nkn bl ifjokj dks Lor% fey tk,xh blhfy, fy[kus dk
dksbZ vFkZ ughaA egar us v¡xBw s osQ tks tcju fu'kku fy, gS]a mlosQ f[kykIk+ Q eqdnek geus
fd;k gh gS---A¸
HkkbZ tc le>krs&le>krs gkj x, rc mUgksua s Mk¡Vuk vkSj ncko nsuk 'kq: fd;kA ysfdu
dkdk bl jkLrs Hkh jkth ugha gq,A Li"V dg fn;k fd viuh ¯”knxh esa og ugha fy[ksxa As
cl] ,d jkr muosQ Hkkb;ksa us ogh :i èkkj.k dj fy;k] tks :i egar vkSj muosQ lg;ksfx;ksa
us èkkj.k fd;k FkkA gfjgj dkdk dks viuh vk¡[kksa ij fo'okl ugha gqvkA muosQ ogh vius
lxs HkkbZ] tks mudh lsok vkSj lqj{kk esa rS;kj jgrs Fks] mUgsa viuk vfHkUu le>rs Fks] tks
mudh uhan gh lskrs vkSj tkxrs Fks] gfFk;kj ysdj muosQ lkeus [kM+s FksA dg jgs Fksµ¶lhèks
eu ls dkx”kksa ij tgk¡&tgk¡ ”k:jr gS] v¡xBw s osQ fu'kku cukrs pyks vU;Fkk ekjdj ;gha
?kj osQ vanj xkM+ nsxa sA xk¡o osQ yksxksa dks dksbZ lwpuk rd ugha feyus ik,xhA¸
vxj igys okyh ckr gksrh rks gfjgj dkdk Mj tkrsA vKku dh fLFkfr esa gh euq";
e`R;q ls Mjrs gSAa Kku gksus osQ ckn rks vkneh vko';drk iM+us ij e`R;q dks oj.k djus
osQ fy, rS;kj gks tkrk gSA gfjgj dkdk us lksp fy;k fd ;s lc ,d gh ckj mUgsa ekj
ns]a og Bhd gksxk_ ysfdu viuh ”kehu fy[kdj jeslj dh foèkok dh rjg 'ks"k ¯”knxh
os ?kqV&?kqVdj ejs]a ;g Bhd ugha gksxkA jeslj dh foèkok dks cgyk&iqQlykdj mlosQ
gfjgj dkdk 132
gfjgj dkdk 133
fgLls dh ”kehu jeslj osQ Hkkb;ksa us fy[kok yhA 'kq: esa rks mldk [kwc vknj&eku fd;k]
ysfdu cq<k+ is esa mls nksuksa twu [kkuk nsrs mUgsa v[kjus yxkA var eas rks mldh og nqxZfr
gqbZ fd xk¡o osQ yksx ns[kdj flgj tkrsA gfjgj dkdk dks yxrk gS fd vxj jeslj dh
foèkok us viuh ”kehu ugha fy[kh gksrh rks var le; rd yksx mlosQ ik¡o i[kkjrs gksrAs
gfjgj dkdk xqLls esa [kM+s gks x, vkSj xjtrs gq, dgk] ¶eSa vosQyk gw-¡ --rqe lc brus
gks! Bhd gS] eq>s ekj nks---eSa ej tkm¡Qxk] ysfdu thrs&th ,d èkwj ”kehu Hkh rqEgsa ugha
fy[kw¡xk---rqe lc BkoqQjckjh osQ egar&iqtkjh ls rfud Hkh de ugha---!
¸¶ns[krs gS]a oSQls ugha fy[kksx\s fy[kuk rks rqEgsa gS gh] pkgs g¡l osQ fy[kks ;k jks osQ-
--A¸
gfjgj dkdk osQ lkFk muosQ Hkkb;ksa dh gkFkkikbZ 'kq: gks xbZA gfjgj dkdk vc ml
?kj ls fudydj ckgj xk¡o esa Hkkx tkuk pkgrs Fks] ysfdu muosQ Hkkb;ksa us mUgsa e”kcwrh
ls idM+ fy;k FkkA izfrdkj djus ij vc os izgkj Hkh djus yxs FksA vosQys gfjgj dbZ
yksxksa ls tw> ldus esa vleFkZ Fks] iQyLo:i mUgksua s viuh j{kk osQ fy, [kwc ”kksj&”kksj
ls fpYykuk 'kq: dj fn;kA vc Hkkb;ksa dks psr vk;k fd eqg¡ rks mUgsa igys gh can dj
nsuk pkfg, FkkA mUgksua s rR{k.k mUgsa iVd muosQ eq¡g esa diM+k Bwl ¡ fn;kA ysfdu ,slk djus
ls igys gh dkdk dh vkok”k xk¡o esa ig¡qp xbZ FkhA Vksyk&iM+kl s osQ yksx nkyku esa tqVus
yxs FksA BkoqQjckjh osQ i{kèkjksa osQ ekè;e ls rRdky ;g [kcj egar th rd Hkh pyh xbZ
FkhA ysfdu ogk¡ mifLFkr gfjgj dkdk osQ ifjokj vkSj fj'rs&ukrs osQ yksx] xk¡o osQ yksxksa
dks le>k nsrs fd vius ifjokj dk futh ekeyk gS] blls nwljksa dks D;k eryc\ ysfdu
egar th us og rRijrk vkSj iqQjrh fn[kkbZ tks dkdk osQ Hkkb;ksa us Hkh ugha fn[kkbZ FkhA og
iqfyl dh thi osQ lkFk vk èkeosQA
iqfyl vkus osQ ckn futh ekeys dk loky [kRe gks x;kA ?kj&ryk'kh 'kq: gqbAZ fiQj
gfjgj dkdk dks mlls Hkh cnrj gkyr esa cjken fd;k x;k ftl gkyr esa BkoqQjckjh
ls mUgas cjken fd;k x;k FkkA
caèkueqDr gksus vkSj iqfyl dh lqj{kk ikus osQ ckn mUgksua s crk;k fd muosQ Hkkb;ksa us
muosQ lkFk cgqr tqYe&vR;kpkj fd;k gS] fd tcju vusd dkx”kksa ij muosQ v¡xBw s osQ
fu'kku fy, gS]a fd mUgsa [kwc ekjk&ihVk gS] fd mudh dksbZ Hkh nqxfZ r ckdh ugha NksMh+ gS]
fd vxj vkSj FkksMh+ nsj rd iqfyl ugha vkrh rks og mUgsa tku ls ekj nsr-s --A
gfjgj dkdk osQ ihB] ekFks vkSj ik¡oksa ij dbZ txg ”k[e osQ fu'kku mHkj vk, FksA og
cgqr ?kcjk, gq,&ls yx jgs FksA dk¡i jgs FksA vpkud fxjdj csgks'k gks x,A eqg¡ ij ikuh
NhaVdj mUgsa gks'k eas yk;k x;kA HkkbZ vkSj Hkrhts rks iqfyl vkrs gh pair gks x, FksA iqfyl
gfjgj dkdk 134
dh idM+ esa fj'rs osQ nks O;fDr vk,A fj'rs osQ 'ks"k yksx Hkh iQjkj gks x, Fks---A
gfjgj dkdk osQ lkFk ?kVh ?kVukvksa esa ;g vc rd dh lcls vafre ?kVuk gSA
bl ?kVuk osQ ckn dkdk vius ifjokj ls ,dne vyx jgus yxs gSaA mudh lqj {kk
osQ fy, jkbiQyèkkjh iqf yl osQ pkj toku feys gSa A gkyk¡f d blos Q fy, muos Q
Hkkb;ksa vkSj egar dh vksj ls dkI+kQh iz;kl fd, x, gSaA vly esa Hkkb;ksa dks ¯prk
Fkh fd gfjgj vosQys jgus yxsaxs] rc BkoqQjckjh osQ egar vius yksxksa osQ lkFk
vkdj iqu% mUgsa ys HkkxsaxsA vkSj ;gh ¯prk egar th dks Hkh Fkh fd gfjgj dks
vosQyk vkSj vlqjf{kr ik muosQ HkkbZ iqu% mUgsa èkj nckspsaxsA blhfy, tc gfjgj
dkdk us viuh lqj {kk osQ fy, iqfyl dh ek¡x dh rc usiF; esa jgdj gh muosQ
Hkkb;ksa vkSj ega r th us iSj oh yxk vkSj iSl s [kpZ dj mUgs a iwj h lgk;rk igq¡ pkbZ A
;g mudh lgk;rk dk gh ifj.kke gS fd ,d O;fDr dh lqj{kk osQ fy, xk¡o esa
iqfyl osQ pkj toku rS ukr dj fn, x, gSaA
tgk¡ rd eSa le>rk gw]¡ fiQygky gfjgj dkdk iqfyl dh lqj{kk esa jg ”k:j jgs gS]a
ysfdu okLrfod lqj{kk BkoqQjckjh vkSj vius Hkkb;ksa dh vksj ls gh fey jgh gSA BkoqQjckjh
osQ lkèkq&lar vkSj dkdk osQ HkkbZ bl ckr osQ izfr iwjh rjg lroZQ gSa fd muesa ls dksbZ
;k xk¡o dk dksbZ vU; gfjgj dkdk osQ lkFk tksj&”kcjnLrh u djus ik,A lkFk gh viuk
ln~Hkko vkSj eèkqj O;ogkj izdV dj iqu% mudk è;ku viuh vksj [khap ysus osQ fy, nksuksa
ny iz;Ru'khy gSAa
xk¡o esa ,d usrk th gS]a og u rks dksbZ ukSdjh djrs gSa vkSj u [ksrh&x`gLFkh] fiQj Hkh
ckjgksa eghus ekS”k mM+krs jgrs gSAa jktuhfr dh tknqbZ NM+h muosQ ikl gSA mudk è;ku gfjgj
dkdk dh vksj tkrk gSA og rRdky xk¡o osQ oqQN fof'k"V yksxksa osQ lkFk muosQ ikl igqp ¡ rs
gSa vkSj ;g izLrko j[krs gSa fd mudh ”kehu esa ^gfjgj mPp fo|ky;* uke ls ,d gkbZ
LowQy [kksyk tk,A blls mudk uke vej gks tk,xkA mudh ”kehu dk lgh mi;ksx gksxk
vkSj xk¡o osQ fodkl osQ fy, ,d LowQy fey tk,xkA ysfdu gfjgj dkdk osQ mQij rks
vc dksbZ Hkh nwljk jax p<+us okyk ugha FkkA usrk th Hkh fujk'k gksdj ykSV vkrs gSAa
bu fnuksa xk¡o dh ppkZvksa osQ osQa nz gSa gfjgj dkdkA vk¡xu] [ksr] [kfygku] vyko]
cxhps] cjxn gj txg mudh gh ppkZA mudh ?kVuk dh rjg fopkj.kh; vkSj ppZuh;
dksbZ nwljh ?kVuk ughaA xk¡o eas vk, fnu NksVh&cM+h ?kVuk,¡ ?kVrh jgrh gS]a ysfdu dkdk
osQ izlxa osQ lkeus mudk dksbZ vfLrRo ughaA xk¡o esa tgk¡ dgha vkSj ftu yksxksa osQ chp
gfjgj dkdk dh ppkZ fNM+rh gS rks fiQj mldk dksbZ var ughaA yksx rjg&rjg dh
laHkkouk,¡ O;Dr djrs gSµ a ¶jke tkus D;k gksxk\ nksuksa vksj osQ yksxksa us v¡xBw s osQ fu'kku
gfjgj dkdk 135
ys fy, gSAa ysfdu gfjgj us viuk c;ku ntZ djk;k gS fd os nksuksa yksxksa esa ls fdlh dks
viuh ”kehu dk mÙkjkfèkdkjh ugha ekurs gSAa nksuksa vksj osQ yksxksa us tcju muosQ v¡xBw s osQ
fu'kku fy, gSAa bl fLFkfr eas muosQ ckn mudh tk;nkn dk gdnkj dkSu gksxk\¸
yksxksa osQ chp cgl fNM+ tkrh gSA mÙkjkfèkdkjh osQ dkuwu ij tks ftruk tkurk gS] mlls
nl xquk vfèkd mxy nsrk gSA fiQj Hkh dksbZ lekèkku ugha fudyrkA jgL; [kRe ugha gksrk]
vk'kadk,¡ cuh gh jgrh gSAa ysfdu yksx vk'kadkvksa dks u”kjvank”k dj viuh i{kèkjrk 'kq:
dj nsrs gSa fd mÙkjkfèkdkj BkoqQjckjh dks feyrk rks Bhd jgrkA nwljh vksj osQ yksx dgrs
fd gfjgj osQ Hkkb;ksa dks feyrk rks ”;knk vPNk jgrkA
BkoqQjckjh osQ lkèkq&lar vkSj dkdk osQ Hkkb;ksa us dc D;k dgk] ;g [kcj fctyh dh
rjg ,d gh ckj lewps xk¡o esa iSQy tkrh gSA [kcj >wBh gS fd lPph] bl ij dksbZ è;ku
ugha nsrkA ftls [kcj gkFk yxrh gS] og ued&fepZ feyk mls pVdkdj vkxs c<+k nsrk
gSA
,d [kcj vkrh gS fd egar th vkSj gfjgj dkdk osQ HkkbZ bl ckr osQ fy, vIk+ Qlksl
dj jgs gSa fd v¡xwBs osQ fu'kku ysus osQ ckn mUgksua s gfjgj dks [kRe D;ksa ugha dj fn;kA
ckr gh vkxs ugha c<+rhA
,d nwljh [kcj vkrh gS fd gfjgj ejsxa s rks mUgsa vfXu iznku djus osQ fy, BkoqQjckjh
osQ lkèkq&larksa vkSj dkdk osQ Hkkb;ksa osQ chp dkIk+ Qh yM+kbZ gksxhA nksuksa vksj ls vfXu iznku
djus dk fu'p; gks pqdk gSA bl lanHkZ esa mudh yk'k gLrxr djus osQ fy, [kwu dh
unh cgsxhA
,d rhljh [kcj vkrh gS fd gfjgj dkdk dh e`R;q osQ ckn mudh ”kehu ij dC”kk
djus osQ fy, muosQ HkkbZ vHkh ls rS;kjh dj jgs gSAa bykosQ osQ e'kgwj MkowQ cqVu flag
ls mu yksxksa us ckrphr iDdh dj yh gSA gfjgj osQ iangz ch?ks [ksr esa ls ik¡p ch?ks cqVu
ysxk vkSj n[ky djk nsxkA blls igys Hkh bl rjg osQ nks&rhu ekeys cqVu us fuiVk,
gSAa iwjs bykosQ esa mlosQ uke dh rwrh cksyrh gSA
,d pkSFkh [kcj vkrh gS fd egar th us fu.kZ; ys fy;k gS] gfjgj dh e`R;q osQ ckn
ns'k osQ dksu&s dksus ls lkèkqvksa vkSj ukxkvksa dks og cqyk,¡xAs
jgL;kRed vkSj Hk;kouh [kcjksa ls xk¡o dk vkdk'k vkPNkfnr25 gks x;k gSA
fnu&izfrfnu vkrad dk ekgkSy xgjkrk tk jgk gSA lcosQ eu esa ;g ckr gS fd gfjgj
dksbZ ve`r ihdj rks vk, gSa ughaA ,d u ,d fnu mUgsa ejuk gh gSA fiQj ,d Hk;adj
rwIk+ Qku dh pisV esa ;g xk¡o vk tk,xkA ml oDr D;k gksxk] oqQN dgk ugha tk ldrkA
25- <dk gqvk
gfjgj dkdk 136
;g dksbZ NksVh yM+kbZ ugha] ,d cM+h yM+kbZ gSA tkus&vutkus iwjk xk¡o bldh pisV esa vk,xk
gh---A blhfy, yksxksa osQ vanj Hk; Hkh gS vkSj izrh{kk HkhA ,d ,slh izrh{kk ftls >qBykdj
Hkh mlosQ vkxeu dks Vkyk ugha tk ldrkA
vkSj gfjgj dkdk! og rks fcyoqQy ekSu gks viuh ¯”knxh osQ 'ks"k fnu dkV jgs gSAa
,d ukSdj j[k fy;k gS] ogh mUgsa cukrk&f[kykrk gSA muosQ fgLls dh ”kehu eas ftruh
iQly gksrh gS] mlls vxj og pkgrs rks ekSt dh ¯”knxh fcrk ldrs FksA ysfdu og rks
xwx¡ is u dk f'kdkj gks x, gSAa dksbZ ckr dgks] oqQN iwNks] dksbZ tokc ughaA [kqyh vk¡[kksa ls
cjkcj vkdk'k dks fugkjk djrs gSAa lkjs xk¡o osQ yksx muosQ ckjs esa cgqr oqQN dgrs&lqurs
gS]a ysfdu muosQ ikl vc dgus osQ fy, dksbZ ckr ughaA
iqfyl osQ toku gfjgj dkdk osQ [kpsZ ij gh [kwc ekSt&eLrh ls jg jgs gSAa ftldk
èku og jgs mikl] [kkus okys djsa foyklA vc rd tks ugha [kk;k Fkk] nksuksa twu mldk
Hkksx yxk jgs gSAa
cks/&iz'u
1- dFkkokpd vkSj gfjgj dkdk osQ chp D;k lacaèk gS vkSj blosQ D;k dkj.k gaS\
2- gfjgj dkdk dks eagr vkSj vius HkkbZ ,d gh Js.kh osQ D;ksa yxus yxs\
3- BkoqQjckjh osQ izfr xk¡o okyksa osQ eu esa vikj J¼k osQ tks Hkko gSa mlls mudh
fdl euksof` Ùk dk irk pyrk gS\
4- vui<+ gksrs gq, Hkh gfjgj dkdk nqfu;k dh csgrj le> j[krs gS\a dgkuh osQ
vkèkkj ij Li"V dhft,A
5- gfjgj dkdk dks tcju mBk ys tkus okys dkSu Fks\ mUgksaus muosQ lkFk dSlk crkZo
fd;k\
6- gfjgj dkdk osQ ekeys esa xk¡o okyksa dh D;k jk; Fkh vkSj mlosQ D;k dkj.k Fks\
7- dgkuh osQ vkèkkj ij Li"V dhft, fd ys[kd us ;g D;ksa dgk] ¶vKku dh
fLFkfr esa gh euq"; e`R;q ls Mjrs gSaA Kku gksus osQ ckn rks vkneh vko';drk iM+us
ij e`R;q dks oj.k djus osQ fy, rS;kj gks tkrk gSA¸
8- lekt esa fj'rksa dh D;k vgfe;r gS\ bl fo"k; ij vius fopkj izdV dhft,A
9- ;fn vkiosQ vklikl gfjgj dkdk tSlh gkyr esa dksbZ gks rks vki mldh fdl
izdkj enn djsxa s\
10- gfjgj dkdk osQ xk¡o esa ;fn ehfM;k dh igqp ¡ gksrh rks mudh D;k fLFkfr
gksrh\ vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
gfjgj dkdk 137
fVIi.kh
138 lap;u
liuksa osQ&ls fnu

esjs lkFk [ksyus okys lHkh cPpksa dk gky ,d&lk gksrkA uaxs ik¡o] iQVh&eSyh lh dPNh
vkSj VwVs cVuksa okys dbZ txg ls iQVs oqQrsZ vkSj fc[kjs ckyA tc ydM+h osQ <sj ij p<+dj
[ksyrs uhps dks Hkkxrs rks fxjdj dbZ rks tkus dgk¡&dgk¡ pksV [kk ysrs vkSj igys gh
iQVs&iqjkus oqQrsZ rkj&rkj gks tkrsA èkwy Hkjs] dbZ txg ls fNys ik¡o] ¯iMfy;k¡ ;k ygw osQ
mQij teh jsr&fe^h ls yFkiFk ?kqVus ysdj tkrs rks lHkh dh ek¡&cgusa mu ij rjl [kkus
dh txg vkSj fiVkbZ djrhaA db;ksa osQ cki cM+s xqLlSy FksA ihVus yxrs rks ;g è;ku Hkh
u j[krs fd NksVs cPps osQ ukd&eqg¡ ls ygw cgus yxk gS ;k mlosQ dgk¡ pksV yxh gSA
ijarq bruh cqjh fiVkbZ gksus ij Hkh nwljs fnu fiQj [ksyus pys vkrsA (;g ckr rc Bhd ls
le> vkbZ tc LowQy vè;kid cuus osQ fy, ,d Vª¯s ux1 djus x;k vkSj ogk¡
cky&euksfoKku dk fo"k; i<+kA ,slh ckrksa osQ ckjs esa rHkh tku ik;k fd cPpksa dks [ksyuk
D;ksa bruk vPNk yxrk gS fd cqjh rjg fiVkbZ gksus ij Hkh fiQj [ksyus pys vkrs gSAa )
esjs lkFk [ksyus okys vf/drj lkFkh gekjs tSls gh ifjokjksa osQ gqvk djrsA lkjs eqgYys
esa cgqr ifjokj rks] gekjh rjg vklikl osQ xk¡oksa ls gh vkdj cls FksA nks&rhu ?kj] lkFk
dh mtM+h&lh xyh esa jgus okys yksxksa osQ FksA gekjh lHkh dh vknrsa Hkh oqQN feyrh&tqyrh
FkhaA muesa ls vfèkd rks LowQy tkrs gh u Fks] tks dHkh x, Hkh] i<+kbZ esa #fp u gksus osQ
dkj.k fdlh fnu cLrk rkykc esa isQa d vk, vkSj fiQj LowQy x, gh ugha] u gh ek¡&cki
us ”kcjnLrh HkstkA ;gk¡ rd fd ijpwfu;s] vk<+rh;s Hkh vius cPpksa dks LowQy Hkstuk ”k:jh
u le>rsA dHkh fdlh LowQy vè;kid ls ckr gksrh rks dgrsµekLVj th geus bls D;k
rglhynkj yxokuk gSA FkksMk+ cM+k gks tk, rks iaMr ?ku';ke nkl ls yaMs 2 i<+okdj nqdku
ij cfg;k¡3 fy[kus yxk ysxa As iaMr Ng&vkB eghus esa yaMs vkSj equheh dk lHkh dke
fl[kk nsxkA ogk¡ rks vHkh rd vfyiQ&cs the&p Hkh lh[k ugha ik;kA
gekjs vk/s ls vf/d lkFkh jktLFkku ;k gfj;k.kk ls vkdj eaMh esa O;kikj ;k
nqdkunkjh djus vk, ifjokjksa ls FksA tc cgqr NksVs Fks rks mudh cksyh de le> ikrsA
muosQ oqQN 'kCn lqudj gesa g¡lh vkus yxrhA ijarq [ksyrs rks lHkh ,d&nwljs dh ckr [kwc
vPNh rjg le> ysrAs
liuksa osQ&ls fnu 139
140 lap;u
irk Hkh ugha pyk fd yksdksfDr vuqlkj ^,g [ksM.k4 ns fnu pkj* oSQls] dc chr x,A
(geesa ls dksbZ Hkh ,slk u Fkk tks LowQy osQ dejs esa cSBdj i<+us dks ôSQn* u le>rk
gksA) oqQN vius ek¡&cki osQ lkFk tSlk Hkh Fkk] dke djkus yxsA
cpiu esa ?kkl vf/d gjh vkSj iwQyksa dh lqx/ a vf/d eueksgd yxrh gSA ;g 'kCn
'kk;n vk/h 'krh igys fdlh iqLrd esa i<+s Fks] ijarq vkt rd ;kn gSAa ;kn jgus dk dkj.k
;gh gS fd ;g okD; cpiu dh Hkkoukvks]a lksp&le> osQ vuqoQw y gksxkA ijarq LowQy osQ
vanj tkus ls jkLrs osQ nksuksa vksj tks vfy;kj osQ cM+s <ax ls dVs&Nk¡Vs >kM+ mxs Fks (ftUgsa
ge MafM;k¡ dgk djrs) muosQ uhe osQ iÙkksa tSls iÙkksa dh egd vkt rd Hkh vk¡[k ewn¡ dj
eglwl dj ldrk gwA¡ mu fnuksa LowQy dh NksVh D;kfj;ksa esa iwQy Hkh dbZ rjg osQ mxk,
tkrs Fks ftuesa xqykc] xsna k vkSj eksfr;k dh nw/&lh lIk+ Qs n dfy;k¡ Hkh gqvk djrhaA ;s
dfy;k¡ bruh lqna j vkSj [kq'kcwnkj gksrh Fkha fd ge panw piM+klh5 ls vk¡[k cpkdj
dHkh&dHkkj ,d&nks rksM+ fy;k djrsA mudh cgqr rs”k lqx/ a vkt Hkh eglwl dj ikrk
gw]¡ ijarq ;g ;kn ugha fd mUgsa rksMd + j] oqQN nsj lw?¡ kdj fiQj D;k fd;k djrsA ('kk;n
tsc esa Mky ysr]s ek¡ mls /ksus osQ le; fudkydj ckgj isQa d nsrh ;k ge gh] LowQy ls
ckgj vkrs mUgsa cdjh osQ eseuksa dh Hkk¡fr ^pj* tk;k djrs)A
tc vxyh Js.kh esa nkf[ky gksrs rks ,d vksj rks oqQN cM+]s l;kus gksus osQ ,glkl ls
mRlkfgr Hkh gksr]s ijarq nwljh vksj u;h] iqjkuh dkfi;ks&a fdrkcksa ls tkus oSQlh ckl vkrh
fd mUgha ekLVjksa osQ Mj ls dk¡ius yxrs tks fiNyh Js.kh esa i<+k pqoQs gksrAs
rc LowQy es]a 'kq: lky esa ,d&Ms<+ eghuk i<+kbZ gqvk djrh] fiQj Ms<&+ nks eghus dh
Nqf^;k¡ 'kq: gks tk;k djrhaA vc rd tks ckr vPNh rjg ;kn gS og Nqf^;ksa osQ igys
vkSj vkf[kjh fnuksa dk Ik+ QoZQ FkkA igys nks&rhu lIrkg rks [kwc [ksy&owQn gqvk djrhA gj
lky gh ek¡ osQ lkFk ufugky pys tkrsA ogk¡ ukuh [kwc nw/&ngh] eD[ku f[kykrh] cgqr
I;kj djrhA NksVk lk fiNM+k xk¡o Fkk ijarq rkykc gekjh eaMh osQ rkykc ftruk gh cM+k
FkkA nksigj rd rks ml rkykc esa ugkrs fiQj ukuh ls tks th esa vkrk ek¡xdj [kkus yxrsA
ukuh gekjs cksyus osQ <ax ;k de [kkus osQ dkj.k cgqr [kq'k gksrhA vius iksrksa dks gekjh
rjg cksyus vkSj [kkus&ihus dks dgrhA ftl lky ufugky u tk ikrs] ml lky Hkh vius
?kj ls FkksMk+ ckgj rkykc ij pys tkrsA diM+s mrkj ikuh esa owQn tkrs vkSj oqQN le; ckn]
Hkkxrs gq, ,d jsrhys Vhys ij tkdj] jsr osQ mQij ysVus yxrsA xhys 'kjhj dks xje jsr
ls [kwc yFkiFk dj mlh rjg Hkkxrs] fdlh m¡Qph txg ls rkykc esa Nyk¡x yxk nsrAs jsr
4- [ksyus osQ 5- pijaklh
dks xanys ikuh ls lkIk+ Q dj fiQj Vhys dh vksj Hkkx tkrsA ;kn ugha fd ,slk] ik¡p&nl
ckj djrs ;k iangz &chl ckjA dbZ ckj rkykc esa owQndj ,sls gkFk&ik¡o fgykus yxrs tSls
cgqr vPNs rSjkd gksAa ijarq ,d&nks dks NksM]+ esjs fdlh lkFkh dks rSjuk ugha vkrk FkkA oqQN
rks gkFk&ik¡o fgykrs gq, xgjs ikuh esa pys tkrs rks nwljs mUgsa ckgj vkus osQ fy, fdlh
HkSla osQ lhax ;k nqe idM+dj ckgj vkus dh lykg nsrAs mUgsa <k¡<l + c¡/krsA owQnrs le;
eqg¡ esa xanyk ikuh Hkj tkrk rks cqjh rjg [kk¡lrsA dbZ ckj ,slk yxrk fd lk¡l #dus yxh
gS ijarq gk;&gk; djrs fdlh u fdlh rjg rkykc osQ fdukjs igqp ¡ tkrsA
fiQj Nqf^;k¡ chrus yxrha rks fnu fxuus yxrsA izR;sd fnu Mj c<+rk pyk tkrkA
[ksy&owQn vkSj rkykc esa ugkuk Hkh Hkwyus yxrkA ekLVjksa us tks Nqf^;ksa esa djus osQ fy,
dke fn;k gksrk mldk fglkc yxkus yxrsA tSls fglkc osQ ekLVj th nks lkS ls de loky
dHkh u crkrsA eu esa fglkc yxkrs fd ;fn nl loky jks”k fudkys rks chl fnu ess iwjs
gks tk,¡xAs tc ,slk lkspuk 'qk: djrs rks Nqf^;ksa dk ,d eghuk ckdh gqvk djrkA
,d&,d fnu fxurs nl fnu [ksy&owQn esa vkSj chr tkrsA LowQy dh fiVkbZ 6 dk Mj vkSj
c<+us yxrkA ijarq Mj Hkqykus osQ fy, lksprs fd nl dh D;k ckr] loky rks iangz Hkh
vklkuh ls jks”k fudkys tk ldrs gSAa tc ,slk fglkc yxkus yxrs rks Nqf^;k¡ de gksr&s gksrs
tSls Hkkxus yxrhaA fnu cgqr NksVs yxus yxrsA ,slk eglwl gksrk tSls lwjt Hkkxdj nksigjh
esa gh fNi tkrk gksA tSl&s tSls fnu ^NksV*s gksus yxrs LowQy dk Hk; c<+us yxrkA gekjs
fdrus gh lgikBh ,sls Hkh gksrs tks Nqf^;ksa dk dke djus dh ctk; ekLVjksa dh fiVkbZ vf/
d ^lLrk lkSnk* le>rsA ge tks fiVkbZ ls cgqr Mjk djrs] mu ^cgknqjks*a dh Hkk¡fr gh lkspus
yxrsA ,sls le; gekjk lcls cM+k ûsrk* vksek gqvk djrkA
ge lHkh mlosQ ckjs esa lksprs fd gekjs esa ml tSlk dkSu FkkA dHkh Hkh ml tSlk nwljk
yM+dk ugha <w<¡ + ikrs FksA mldh ckrs]a xkfy;k¡] ekj&fiVkbZ dk <ax rks vyx Fkk gh] mldh
'kDy&lwjr Hkh lcls vyx FkhA gk¡Mh+ ftruk cM+k flj] mlosQ fBxus pkj ckfy'r osQ 'kjhj
ij ,slk yxrk tSls fcYyh osQ cPps osQ ekFks ij rjcwt j[kk gksA brus cMs+ flj esa
ukfj;y&dh&lh vk¡[kksa okyk canfj;k osQ cPps tSlk psgjk vkSj Hkh vthc yxrkA yM+kbZ og
gkFk&ik¡o ugha] flj ls fd;k djrkA tc lk¡M+ dh Hkk¡fr iqQ¡ dkjrk] flj >qdkdj fdlh osQ
isV ;k Nkrh esa ekj nsrk rks mlls nqxuq &s frxqus 'kjhj okys yM+oQs Hkh ihM+k ls fpYykus yxrsA
gesa Mj yxrk fd fdlh dh Nkrh dh ilyh gh u rksM+ MkysA mlosQ flj dh VDdj dk
uke geus ^jsy&cEck* j[kk gqvk Fkkµjsy osQ (dks;ys ls pyus okys) batu dh Hkk¡fr cM+k
6- vktdy LowQyksa esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ihVuk euk gS
142 lap;u
vkSj Hk;adj gh rks FkkA

gekjk LowQy cgqr NksVk FkkµosQoy NksV&s NksVs ukS dejs Fks tks vax”zs kh osQ v{kj ,p (H)
dh Hkk¡fr cus FksA nkb± vksj igyk dejk gsMekLVj Jh enueksgu 'kekZ th dk Fkk ftlosQ njok”ks
osQ vkxs ges'kk fpd yVdh jgrhA LowQy dh iz;s j (izkFkZuk) osQ le; og ckgj vkrs vkSj
lh/h drkjksa esa dn osQ vuqlkj [kM+s yM+dksa dks ns[k mudk xksjk psgjk f[ky mBrkA lkjs
vè;kid] yM+dksa dh rjg gh drkj ck¡/dj muosQ ihNs [kM+s gksrAs osQoy ekLVj izhre pan
îhVh* yM+dksa dh drkjksa osQ ihNs [kM+&s [kM+s ;g ns[krs Fks fd dkSu lk yM+dk drkj esa Bhd
ugha [kM+kA mudh ?kqMd+ h rFkk Bqaksa osQ Hk; ls ge lHkh drkj osQ igys vkSj vkf[kjh yM+oQs
dk è;ku j[krs] lhèkss drkj esa cus jgus dk iz;Ru djrsA lh/h drkj osQ lkFk&lkFk gesa ;g
è;ku Hkh j[kuk gksrk Fkk fd vkxs ihNs [kM+s yM+dksa osQ chp dh nwjh Hkh ,d lh gksA lHkh
yM+oQs ml îhVh* ls cgqr Mjrs Fks D;ksfa d mu ftruk l[r vè;kid u dHkh fdlh us ns[kk]
u lquk FkkA ;fn dksbZ yM+dk viuk flj Hkh b/j&m/j fgyk ysrk ;k ik¡o ls nwljh fiaMyh
[kqtykus yxrk rks og mldh vksj ck?k dh rjg >iV
iM+rs vkSj ^[kky [khapus* osQ eqgkojs dks izR;{k djosQ
fn[kk nsrAs
144 lap;u
ijarq gsMekLVj 'kekZ th mlosQ fcyoqQy myV LoHkko osQ FksA og ik¡poha vkSj vkBoha
Js.kh dks vax”sz kh Lo;a i<+k;k djrs FksA gekjs esa ls fdlh dks Hkh ;kn u Fkk fd ik¡poha
Js.kh esa dHkh Hkh mUgs]a fdlh xyrh osQ dkj.k fdlh dh ^peM+h m/sMr+ *s
ns[kk ;k lquk gksA (peM+h m/sMu+ k gekjs fy, fcyoqQy ,slk 'kCn Fkk tSls gekjs ^ljdkjh
fefMy LowQy* dk ukeA) vfèkd ls vfèkd og xqLls esa cgqr tYnh&tYnh vk¡[ksa >idrs]
vius yacs gkFk dh mYVh m¡xfy;ksa ls ,d ^pir* gekjh xky ij ekj nsrs rks esjs tSls
lcls de”kksj 'kjhj okys Hkh flj >qdkdj eqgq¡ uhpk fd, g¡l nsrsA og pir rks tSls gesa
HkkbZ Hkh[ks dh uedhu ikiM+h tSlh e”ksnkj yxrh tks rc iSls dh 'kk;n nks vk tk;k djrhaA
ijarq rc Hkh LowQy gekjs fy, ,slh txg u Fkh tgk¡ [kq'kh ls Hkkxs tk,¡A igyh
dPph Js.kh ls ysdj pkSFkh Js.kh rd] osQoy ik¡p&lkr yM+dksa dks NksM+ ge lHkh
jksrs fpYykrs gh LowQy tk;k djrsA
ijarq dHkh&dHkh ,slh lHkh fLFkfr;ksa osQ jgrs LowQy vPNk Hkh yxus yxrkA tc
Ldkm¯Vx dk vH;kl djokrs le; ihVh lkgc uhyh&ihyh >afM;k¡ gkFkksa esa idM+kdj ou
Vw Fkzh dgrs] >afM;k¡ mQij&uhps] nk,¡&ck,¡ djokrs rks gok esa ygjkrh vkSj iQM+iQM+krh
>afM;ksa osQ lkFk [kkdh ofnZ;ksa rFkk xys esa nksjxa s :eky yVdk, vH;kl fd;k djrsA ge
dksbZ xyrh u djrs rks og viuh pedhyh vk¡[ksa gyosQ ls >idkrs dgrsµ'kkck'kA oSy
fcfxu vxsuµou] Vw] Fkzh] Fkzh] Vw] ou! mudh ,d 'kkck'k ,sls yxus yxrh tSls geus
fdlh Ik+ QkSt osQ lHkh rexs thr fy, gksAa dHkh ;gh ,d 'kkck'k] lHkh ekLVjksa dh vksj ls]
gekjh lHkh dkfi;ksa ij lky Hkj dh fy[kh ^xqaks*a (xqM dk cgqopu) ls vf/d ewY;oku
yxus yxrhA dHkh ,slk Hkh yxrk fd dbZ lky dh l[r esgur ls izkIr dh i<+kbZ ls Hkh
ihVh lkfgc osQ fMflfIyu esa jgdj izkIr dh ^xqMfoy* cgqr cM+h FkhA ijarq ;g Hkh
,glkl jgrk fd tSls xq#}kjs dk HkkbZ th dFkk djrs le; crk;k djrk fd lfrxqj7 osQ
Hk; ls gh izes tkxrk gS] ,sls gh ihVh lkgc osQ izfr gekjh izes dh Hkkouk tx tkrhA (;g
,slk Hkh gS fd vkidks jks”k iQVdkjus okyk dksbZ ^viuk* ;fn lky Hkj osQ ckn ,d ckj
^'kkck'k* dg ns rks ;g peRdkj&lk yxus yxrk gSµgekjh n'kk Hkh oqQN ,slh gqvk
djrhA)
gj o"kZ vxyh Js.kh eas izo's k djrs le; eq>s iqjkuh iqLrosQa feyk djrhaA gekjs
gsMekLVj 'kekZ th ,d yM+oQs dks mlosQ ?kj tkdj i<+k;k djrs FksA os èkuk<~; yksx
FksA mudk yM+dk eq>ls ,d&nks lky cM+k gksus osQ dkj.k esjs ls ,d Js.kh vkxs jgkA
7- lrxq#
gj lky vizy S esa tc i<+kbZ dk u;k lky vkjaHk gksrk rks 'kekZ th mldh ,d lky
iqjkuh iqLrosQa ys vkrsA gekjs ?kj esa fdlh dks Hkh i<+kbZ esa fnypLih u FkhA ;fn u;h
fdrkcsa ykuh iM+rha (tks rc ,d&nks #i;s esa vk tk;k djrha) rks 'kk;n blh cgkus
i<+kbZ rhljh&pkSFkh Js.kh esa gh NwV tkrhA dksbZ lkr lky LowQy esa jgk rks ,d dkj.k
iqjkuh fdrkcsa fey tkuk Hkh FkkA dkfi;ksa] iSfa lyksa] gksYMj ;k L;kgh&nokr esa Hkh eqf'dy
ls ,d&nks #i;s lky Hkj esa [kpZ gqvk djrsA ijarq ml ”kekus esa ,d #i;k Hkh cgqr
cM+h ^jde* gqvk djrh FkhA ,d #i;s esa ,d lsj ?kh vk;k djrk vkSj nks #i;s dh
,d eu (Pkkyhl lsj) xaneA blh dkj.k] [kkrs&ihrs ?kjksa osQ yM+osQ gh LowQy tk;k
djrsA gekjs nks ifjokjksa esa eSa igyk yM+dk Fkk tks LowQy tkus yxk FkkA
ijarq fdlh Hkh u;h Js.kh esa tkus dk ,slk pko dHkh Hkh eglwl ugha gqvk ftldk
f”kozQ oqQN yM+oQs fd;k djrsA vthc ckr Fkh fd eq>s u;h dkfi;kas vkSj iqjkuh iqLrdksa
esa ls ,slh xaèk vkus yxrh fd eu cgqr mnkl gksus yxrk FkkA bldk Bhd&Bhd dkj.k
rks dHkh le> esa ugha vk;k ijarq ftruh Hkh euksfoKku dh tkudkjh gS] bl v#fp dk
dkj.k ;gh le> esa vk;k fd vkxs dh Js.kh dh oqQN eqf'dy i<+kbZ vkSj u, ekLVjksa
dh ekj&ihV dk Hk; gh dgha Hkhrj tedj cSB x;k FkkA lHkh rks u, u gksrs Fks ijarq
nks&rhu gj lky gh og gksrs tksfd NksVh Js.kh esa ugha i<+krs FksA oqQN ,slh Hkh Hkkouk
Fkh fd vfèkd vè;kid ,d lky esa ,slh vis{kk djus yxrs fd tSls ge
^gjiQuekSyk8* gks x, gksaA ;fn mudh vk'kkvksa ij iwjs ugha gks ikrs rks oqQN rks tSls
^peM+h mèksM+ nsus dks rS;kj jgrs*] bUgha oqQN dkj.kksa ls osQoy fdrkcksa&dkfi;ksa dh xaèk
ls gh ugha] ckgj osQ cM+s xsV ls nl&iangz xt nwj LowQy osQ dejksa rd jkLrs osQ nksuksa
vksj tks vfyvkj osQ >kM+ mxs Fks mudh xaèk Hkh eu mnkl dj fn;k djrhA
ijarq LowQy ,d&nks dkj.kksa ls vPNk Hkh yxus yxk FkkA ekLVj izhrepan tc ge
LdkmVksa dks ijsM djokrs rks ysÝV&jkbV dh vkok”k ;k eqg¡ esa yh fàly ls ekpZ djk;k
djrsA fiQj jkbV VuZ ;k ysÝV VuZ ;k vckmQV VuZ dgus ij NksV&s NksVs cwVksa dh ,fM+;ksa
ij nk,¡&ck,¡ ;k ,dne ihNs eqMd + j cwVkasa dh Bd&Bd djrs vdM+dj pyrs rks yxrk
tSls ge fo|kFkhZ ugha] cgqr egÙoiw.kZ ^vkneh* gksaµIk+ QkSth tokuA
nwljs fo'o&;q¼ dk le; Fkk] ijarq gekjh ukHkk fj;klr dk jktk vaxs”z kksa us 1923
esa fxjÝ+rkj dj fy;k Fkk vkSj rfeyukMq esa dksMk,osQuky eas gh] tax 'kq: gksus ls igys
8- ikjaxr@fo}ku@gj iQu (fo|k) esa ekfgj 9- cyiwod
Z @”kcjnLrh 10- ;gk¡ 11- VwVs gq, iqjkus
146 lap;u
mldk nsgkar gks x;k FkkA ml jktk dk csVk] dgrs Fks vHkh foyk;r esa i<+ jgk FkkA
blfy, gekjs nslh fj;klr esa Hkh vaxs”z k dh gh pyrh Fkh fiQj Hkh jktk osQ u jgrs]
vaxs”z k gekjh fj;klr osQ xk¡oksa ls ^tcju9* Hkjrh ugha dj ik;k FkkA yksxksa dks Ik+ QkSt esa
Hkjrh djus osQ fy, tc oqQN viQlj vkrs rks muosQ lkFk oqQN ukSVd a h okys Hkh gqvk
djrsA os jkr dks [kqys eSnku esa 'kkfe;kus yxkdj yksxksa dks Ik+ QkSt osQ lq[k&vkjke] cgknqjh
osQ n`'; fn[kkdj vkdf"kZr fd;k djrsA mudk ,d xkuk vHkh Hkh ;kn gSA oqQN el[kjs]
vthc lh ofnZ;k¡ igus vkSj vPNs] cM+s Ik+ QkSth cwV igus xk;k djrsµ
Hkjrh gks tk js jax:V
Hkjrh gks tk js---
vBs10 feys lSa VwVs yhrj11
mBS12 feySans cwV]
Hkjrh gks tk js]
gks tk js jax:VA
vBs igu lS iQVs iqjk.ks
mBS feysaxs lwV
Hkjrh gks tk js]
gks tk js jax:V
bUgha ckrksa ls vkdf"kZr gks oqQN ukStoku Hkjrh osQ fy, rS;kj gks tk;k djrsA
dHkh&dHkh gesa Hkh eglwl gksrk fd ge Hkh Ik+ QkSth tokuksa ls de ughaA èkksch dh èkqyh
onhZ vkSj ikfy'k fd, cwV vkSj tqjkcksa dks igus tc ge LdkmfVax dh ijsM djrs rks yxrk
ge Ik+ QkSth gh gSAa
ekLVj izhrepan dks LowQy osQ le; esa dHkh Hkh geus eqldjkrs ;k g¡lrs u ns[kk
FkkA mudk fBxuk dn] nqcyk&iryk ijarq xBhyk 'kjhj] ekrk osQ nkxksa ls Hkjk psgjk vkSj
ckt&lh rs”k vk¡[ks]a [kkdh onhZ] peM+s osQ pkSMs+ iatksa okys cwVµlHkh oqQN gh Hk;Hkhr
djus okyk gqvk djrkA muosQ cwVksa dh m¡Qph ,fM+;ksa osQ uhps Hkh [kqfj;k¡ yxh jgrha] tSls
rk¡xs osQ ?kksMs+ osQ iSjksa esa yxh jgrh gSAa vxys fgLls es]a iatksa osQ uhps eksVs fljksa okys
dhy BqoQs gksrAs ;fn og l[r txg ij Hkh pyrs rks [kqfj;ksa vkSj dhyksa osQ fu'kku ogk¡
Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrAs ge è;ku ls ns[krs] brus cM+s vkSj Hkkjh&Hkkjh cwV iguus osQ ckotwn muosQ
V[kuksa esa dgha eksp rd ugha vkrh FkhA (mudks ns[kdj ge ;fn ?kjokyksa ls cwVksa dh
ek¡x djrs rks ek¡&cki ;gh dgrs fd V[kus Vs<s+ gks tk,¡x]s lkjh mej lhèks u py
ikvksxAs )
ekLVj izhrepan ls gekjk Mjuk rks

LokHkkfod Fkk] ijarq ge muls uIk+ Qjr
Hkh djrs FksA dkj.k rks mldk ekjihV
FkkA ge lHkh dks (tks esjh mej osQ
gSa) og fnu ugha Hkwy ik;k ftl fnu
og gesa pkSFkh Js.kh esa
Ik+ Qkjlh i<+kus yxs FksA
gesa mnwZ dk rks rhljh
Js.kh rd vPNk vH;kl
gks x;k Fkk ijarq Ik+ Qkjlh
rks vax”sz kh ls Hkh eqf'dy
FkhA vHkh gesa i<+rs ,d
lIrkg Hkh u gqvk gksxk
fd izhrepan us gesa ,d
'kCn&:i ;kn djus dks dgk vkSj vkns'k fn;k

fd dy blh ?kaVh esa ”kckuh lquxas As ge lHkh ?kj
ykSVdj] jkr nsj rd mlh 'kCn&:i dks ckj&ckj
;kn djrs jgs ijarq osQoy nks&rhu gh yM+oQs Fks
ftUgsa vkèkh ;k oqQN vfèkd 'kCn&:i ;kn gks
ik;kA nwljs fnu ckjh&ckjh lcdks lqukus osQ fy,
dgk rks ,d Hkh yM+dk u lquk ik;kA rHkh ekLVj
th xqjkZ,µlHkh dku idM+kAs
geus >qddj Vk¡xksa osQ ihNs ls ck¡gas fudkydj
dku idM+s rks og xqLls ls ph[ksµihB m¡Qph
djksA
13- fuyafcr 14- f'k{kk foHkkx

148 lap;u
ihB m¡Qph djosQ dku idM+us ls] rhu&pkj feuV eaas gh Vk¡xksa esa tyu gksus yxrh FkhA
esjs tSls de”kksj rks Vk¡xkas osQ Fkdus ls dku idM+s gq, gh fxj iM+rAs tc rd esjh vkSj
gjcal dh ckjh vkbZ rc rd gsMekLVj 'kekZ th vius nÝ+rj esa vk pqoQs FksA tc gesa
ltk nh tk jgh Fkh rks mlosQ oqQN le; igys 'kekZ th] LowQy dh iwjc dh vksj cus
ljdkjh gLirky eaas MkDVj diyk'k ls feyus x, FksA og nÝ+rj osQ lkeus dh vksj pys
vk,A vkrs gh tks oqQN mUgksua s ns[kk og lgu ugha dj ik,A 'kk;n ;g igyk volj Fkk
fd og ihVh izhrepan dh ml ccZjrk dks lgu u dj ik,A cgqr mÙksftr gks x, FksA
µàkV vkj ;w Mwbx± ] bt bV nk os Vw ifu'k nk LVwMVas l ~ vkiQ iQksFkZ Dykl\ LVki bV
,sV oUlA
gesa rc vax”sz kh ugha vkrh Fkh] D;kafs d ml le; ik¡poha Js.kh ls vax”sz kh i<+kuh 'kq: dh
tkrh FkhA ijarq gekjs LowQy osQ lkroha&vkBoha Js.kh osQ yM+dksa us crk;k Fkk fd 'kekZ th
us dgk FkkµD;k djrs gS\a D;k pkSFkh Js.kh dks ltk nsus dk ;g <ax gS\ bls iQkSju can
djksA
'kekZ th xqLls ls dk¡irs cjkens ls gh vius nÝ+rj esa pys x, FksA
fiQj tc izhrepan dbZ fnu LowQy ugha vk, rks ;g ckr lHkh ekLVjksa dh ”kqcku ij
Fkh fd gsMekLVj 'kekZ th us mUgsa eqvÙky13 djosQ viuh vksj ls vkns'k fy[kdj] eatwjh
osQ fy, gekjh fj;klr dh jktèkkuh] ukHkk Hkst fn;k gSA ogk¡ gjthyky uke osQ
êgdek,&rkyhe14* osQ Mk;jsDVj Fks ftuls ,sls vkns'k dh eatwjh vko';d FkhA
ml fnu osQ ckn ;g irk gksrs gq, Hkh fd ihVh izhrepan dks tc rd ukHkk ls Mk;jsDVj
^cgky* ugha djsxa s rc rd og LowQy esa dne ugha j[k ldrs] tc Hkh Ik+ Qkjlh dh ?kaVh
ctrh rks gekjh Nkrh èko~Q&èko~Q djrh iQVus dks vkrhA ijarq tc rd 'kekZ th Lo;a ;k
ekLVj ukSgfj;k jke th dejs esa Ik+ Qkjlh i<+kus u vk tkrs] gekjs psgjs eq>kZ, jgrsA
fiQj dbZ lIrkg rd ihVh ekLVj LowQy ugha vk,A irk pyk fd ck”kkj esa ,d nqdku
osQ mQij mUgksua s tks NksVh&NksVh f[kM+fd;ksa okyk pkSckjk fdjk, ij ys j[kk Fkk] ogha vkjke
ls jg jgs FksA oqQN lkroha&vkBoha osQ fo|kFkhZ gesa crk;k djrs fd mUgsa eqvÙky gksus dh
jÙkh Hkj Hkh ¯prk ugha FkhA igys dh rjg gh vkjke ls ¯itjs esa j[ks nks rksrksa dks fnu esa
dbZ ckj] fHkxksdj j[ks cknkeksa dh fxfj;ksa dk fNydk mrkjdj mUgsa f[kykrs muls ckrsa djrs
jgrs gSAa muosQ os rksrs geus Hkh dbZ ckj ns[ks FksA (ge mu cM+s yM+dksa osQ lkFk muosQ pkSckjs
esa x, Fks tks yM+oQs ihVh lkgc osQ vkns'k ij muosQ ?kj dk dke djus tk;k djrs) ijarq
gekjs fy, ;g peRdkj gh Fkk fd tks izhrepan fcYyk ekj&ekjdj gekjh peM+h rd
mèksM+ nsrs og vius rksrksa ls ehBh&ehBh ckrsa oSQls dj ysrs Fks\ D;k rksrksa dks mudh
ngdrh] Hkwjh vk¡[kksa ls Hk; u yxrk FkkA
gekjh le> esa ,slh ckrsa rc ugha vk ikrh Fkha] cl ,d rjg bUgsa vykSfdd gh
ekurs FksA
cks/&iz'u
1- dksbZ Hkh Hkk"kk vkilh O;ogkj esa ck/k ugha curhµikB osQ fdl va'k ls ;g fl¼
gksrk gS\
2- ihVh lkgc dh ^'kkck'k* Ik+ QkSt osQ rexks&a lh D;ksa yxrh Fkh\ Li"V dhft,A
3- u;h Js.kh esa tkus vkSj u;h dkfi;ksa vkSj iqjkuh fdrkcksa ls vkrh fo'ks"k xa/ ls
ys[kd dk ckyeu D;ksa mnkl gks mBrk Fkk\
4- LdkmV ijsM djrs le; ys[kd vius dks egÙoiw.kZ ^vkneh* Ik+ QkSth toku D;ksa
le>us yxrk Fkk\
5- gsMekLVj 'kekZ th us ihVh lkgc dks D;ksa eqvÙky dj fn;k\
6- ys[kd osQ vuqlkj mUgsa LowQy [kq'kh ls Hkkxs tkus dh txg u yxus ij Hkh dc vkSj
D;ksa mUgsa LowQy tkuk vPNk yxus yxk\
7- ys[kd vius Nk=k thou esa LowQy ls Nqf^;ksa esa feys dke dks iwjk djus osQ fy,
D;k&D;k ;kstuk,¡ cuk;k djrk Fkk vkSj mls iwjk u dj ikus dh fLFkfr esa fdldh
Hkk¡fr ^cgknqj* cuus dh dYiuk fd;k djrk Fkk\
8- ikB esa of.kZr ?kVukvksa osQ vk/kj ij ihVh lj dh pkfjf=kd fo'ks"krkvksa ij izdk'k
Mkfy,A
9- fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vuq'kklu esa j[kus osQ fy, ikB esa viukbZ xbZ ;qfDr;ksa vkSj orZeku
esa Loho`Qr ekU;rkvksa osQ lac/a esa vius fopkj izdV dhft,A
10- cpiu dh ;knsa eu dks xqnxqnkus okyh gksrh gSa fo'ks"kdj LowQyh fnuksa dhA vius vc
rd osQ LowQyh thou dh [k^h&ehBh ;knksa dks fyf[k,A
11- izk;% vfHkHkkod cPpksa dks [ksy&owQn esa ”;knk #fp ysus ij jksdrs gSa vkSj le;
cjckn u djus dh ulhgr nsrs gSAa crkb, µ
(d) [ksy vkiosQ fy, D;ksa ”k:jh gS\a
([k) vki dkSu ls ,s ls fu;e&dk;nksa dks viuk,¡xs ftlls vfHkHkkodksa dks
vkiosQ [ksy ij vkifÙk u gks\
150 lap;u
Vksih 'kqDyk
bÝ+Ik+ Qu osQ ckjs esa oqQN tku ysuk blfy, ”k:jh gS fd bÝ+ Ik+ Qu Vksih dk igyk nksLr FkkA
bl bÝ+Ik+ Qu oQks Vksih us lnk bÝiQu dgkA bÝ+Ik+ Qu us bldk cqjk ekukA ijarq og bÝiQu
iqdkjus ij cksyrk jgkA blh cksyrs jgus esa mldh cM+kbZ FkhA ;g ukeksa oQk pDdj Hkh
vthc gpksrk gSA mnZw vkSj ¯gnh ,d gh Hkk"kk] fganoh osQ nks uke gSAa ijarq vki [kqn ns[k
yhft, fd uke cny tkus ls oSQls&oSQls ?kiys gks jgs gSAa uke o`Q".k gks rks mls vorkj
dgrs gSa vkSj eqgEen gks rks iSxca jA ukeksa osQ pDdj esa iM+dj yksx ;g Hkwy x, fd nksukas
gh nwèk nsus okys tkuoj pjk;k djrs FksA nksuksa gh i'kqifr] xkscjèku vkSj czt&oqQekj FksA
blhfy, rks dgrk gw¡ fd Vksih osQ fcuk bÝ+Ik+ Qu vkSj bÝ+Ik+ Qu osQ fcuk Vksih u osQoy ;g
fd vèkwjs gSa cfYd csekuh gSAa blfy, bÝ+ Ik+ Qu osQ ?kj pyuk ”k:jh gSA ;g ns[kuk ”k:jh
gS fd mldh vkRek osQ vk¡xu esa oSQlh gok,¡ py jgh gSa vkSj ijaijkvks1a osQ isM+ ij oSQls
iQy vk jgs gSAa
(2)
bÝ+Ik+ Qu dh dgkuh Hkh cgqr yach gSA ijarq ge yksx Vksih dh dgkuh dg&lqu jgs gSAa
blhfy, eSa bÝ+Ik+ Qu dh iwjh dgkuh ugha lqukmQ¡xk cfYd osQoy mruh gh lqukmQ¡xk ftruh
Vksih dh dgkuh osQ fy, ”k:jh gSA
eSua s bls ”k:jh tkuk fd bÝ+Ik+ Qu osQ ckjs esa vkidks oqQN crk nw¡ D;ksfa d bÝ+Ik+ Qu vkidks
bl dgkuh esa txg&txg fn[kkbZ nsxkA u Vksih bÝ+ Ik+ Qu dh ijNkbZ gS vkSj u bÝ+ Ik+ Qu Vksih
dhA ;s nksuksa nks vk”kkn O;fDr gSAa bu nksuksa O;fDr;ksa dk MsoyiesVa 2 ,d&nwljs ls vk”kkn
rkSj ij gqvkA bu nksukas dks nks rjg dh ?kjsyw ijaijk,¡ feyhaA bu nksuksa us thou osQ ckjs esa
vyx&vyx lkspkA fiQj Hkh bÝ+ Ik+ Qu Vksih dh dgkuh dk ,d vVwV3 fgLlk gSA ;g ckr
cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gS fd bÝ+Ik+ Qu Vksih dh dgkuh dk ,d vVwV fgLlk gSA
eSa ¯gnw&eqfLye HkkbZ&HkkbZ dh ckr ugha dj jgk gwA¡ eSa ;g csoowQIk+ Qh D;ksa d:¡! D;k eSa
jks”k vius cM+s ;k NksVs HkkbZ ls ;g dgrk gw¡ fd ge nksuksa HkkbZ&HkkbZ gS\a ;fn eSa ugha dgrk
rks D;k vki dgrs gS\ ¯gnw&eqlyeku vxj HkkbZ&HkkbZ gSa rks dgus dh ”k:jr ughaA ;fn
ugha gSa rks dgus ls D;k Ik+ QoZQ iMsx+ kA eq>s dksbZ pquko rks yM+uk ugha gSA
eSa rks ,d dFkkdkj gw¡ vkSj ,d dFkk lquk jgk gwA¡ eSa Vksih vkSj bÝ+Ik+ Qu dh ckr dj
1- izFkk@iz.kkyh tks cgqr fnuksa ls pyh vk jgh gks 2- fodkl 3- u VwVus okyk@e”kcwr
Vksih 'kqDyk 151
jgk gwA¡ ;s bl dgkuh osQ nks pfj=k gSAa ,d dk uke cyHknz ukjk;.k 'kqDyk gS vkSj nwljs
dk uke lÕ;n tjxke eqjrq”kkA ,d dks Vksih dgk x;k vkSj nwljs dks bÝ+Ik+ QuA
bÝ+Ik+ Qu osQ nknk vkSj ijnknk cgqr izfl¼ ekSyoh FksA dkfIk+ Qjksa osQ ns'k esa iSnk gq,A dkfIk+ Qjksa
ds ns'k esa ejsA ijarq olh;r4 djosQ ejs fd yk'k djcyk5 ys tkbZ tk,A mudh vkRek us
bl ns'k esa ,d lk¡l rd u yhA ml [kkunku esa tks igyk ¯gnqLrkuh cPpk iSnk gqvk
og c<+dj bÝ+ Ik+ Qu dk cki gqvkA
tc bÝ+Ik+ Qu osQ firk lÕ;n eqjrqtk gqluS ejs rks mUgksua s ;g olh;r ugha dh fd mudh
yk'k djcyk ys tkbZ tk,A og ,d ¯gnqLrkuh dfczLrku esa nIk+ Qu fd, x,A
bÝ+Ik+ Qu dh ijnknh Hkh cM+h uekth6 chch FkhaA djcyk] utIk+ Q] [kqjklku] dkteSu vkSj
tkus dgk¡ dh ;k=kk dj vkbZ FkhaA ijarq tc dksbZ ?kj ls tkus yxrk rks og njok”ks ij ikuh
dk ,d ?kM+k ”k:j j[kokrha vkSj ek'k dk lndk7 Hkh ”k:j mrjokrhaA
bÝ+Ik+ Qu dh nknh Hkh uek”k&jks”ks dh ikcan Fkha ijarq tc bdykSrs csVs dks pspd8 fudyh
rks og pkjikbZ osQ ikl ,d Vk¡x ij [kM+h gqb± vkSj cksyha] ¶ekrk eksjs cPps dks ekIk+ Q
djn~;ksA¸ iwjc dh jgus okyh FkhaA ukS ;k nl cjl dh Fkha tc C;kg dj y[kumQ vkb±]
ijarq tc rd ¯”knk jgha iwjch9 cksyrh jghaA y[kumQ dh mnwZ llqjkyh FkhA og rks ek;osQ
dh Hkk"kk dks xys yxk, jgha D;ksfa d bl Hkk"kk osQ flok bèkj&mèkj dksbZ ,slk ugha Fkk tks
muosQ fny dh ckr le>rkA tc csVs dh 'kknh osQ fnu vk, rks xkus&ctkus osQ fy, mudk
fny iQM+dk ijarq ekSyoh osQ ?kj xkuk&ctkuk Hkyk oSQls gks ldrk Fkk! cspkjh fny
elksldj jg xb±A gk¡ bÝ+Ik+ Qu dh NBh10--- ij mUgksua s th Hkjdj t'u11 euk fy;kA
ckr ;g Fkh fd bÝ+Ik+ Qu vius nknk osQ ejus osQ ckn iSnk gqvk FkkA enks± vkSj vkSjrksa
osQ bl Ik+ QoZQ dks è;ku esa j[kuk ”k:jh gS D;ksfa d bl ckr dks è;ku esa j[ks cxSj bÝ+Ik+ Qu
dh vkRek dk ukd&uD'kk12 le> esa ugha vk ldrkA
bÝ+Ik+ Qu dh nknh fdlh ekSyoh dh csVh ugha Fkha cfYd ,d ”kehankj dh csVh FkhaA
nwèk&?kh [kkrh gqbZ vkbZ Fkha ijarq y[kumQ vkdj og ml ngh osQ fy, rjl xb± tks ?kh
fiykbZ gqbZ dkyh gk¡fM;ksa esa vlkfe;ksa osQ ;gk¡ ls vk;k djrk FkkA cl ek;osQ tkrha rks
yiM+&'kiM+ th Hkj osQ [kk ysrhaA y[kumQ vkrs gh mUgsa fiQj ekSyfou cu tkuk iM+rkA
vius fe;k¡ ls mUgsa ;gh rks ,d f'kdk;r Fkh fd oDr ns[ksa u ekSdk] cl ekSyoh gh cus
4- yach ;k=kk ij tkus ls iwoZ ;k viuh e`R;q osQ ckn viuh laifÙk osQ izcaèk] miHkksx vkfn osQ fo"k;
esa fyf[kr bPNk tks ntZ dj nh xbZ gks 5- bLyke dk ,d ifo=k LFkku 6- fu;fer :i ls uek”k
i<+us okyk 7- ,d VksVdk 8- ,d laozQked jksx ftlesa cq[kkj osQ lkFk iwjs 'kjhj ij nkus fudy
vkrs gS]a 'khryk 9- iwjc dh rjI+kQ cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kk 10- tUe osQ NBs fnu dk
Luku@iwtu@mRlo 11- mRlo@[kq'kh dk tylk 12- :i&jax
152 lap;u
jgrs gSAa
llqjky esa mudh vkRek lnk cspuS jghA tc ejus yxha rks csVs us iwNk fd yk'k djcyk
tk,xh ;k utIk+ Q] rks fcxM+ xb±A cksyha] ¶, csVk tmu rw¡ ls gejh yk'k uk l¡Hkkyh tk,
r gejs ?kj Hkst fngksA¸
ekSr flj ij Fkh blfy, mUgsa ;g ;kn ugha jg x;k fd vc ?kj dgk¡ gSA ?kjokys djkph
esa gSa vkSj ?kj dLVksfM;u13 dk gks pqdk gSA ejrs oDr fdlh dks ,slh NksVh&NksVh ckrsa
Hkyk oSQls ;kn jg ldrh gSAa ml oDr rks euq"; vius lcls ”;knk [kwclwjr lius ns[krk
gS (;g dFkkdkj dk [k;ky gS] D;ksfa d og vHkh rd ejk ugha gS!) bÝ+Ik+ Qu dh nknh dks
Hkh viuk ?kj ;kn vk;kA ml ?kj dk uke dPph gosyh FkkA dPph blfy, fd og fe^h
dh cuh FkhA mUgsa nlgjh vke dk og chtw isM14 + ;kn vk;k tks mUgksua s vius gkFk ls
yxk;k Fkk vkSj tks mUgha dh rjg cw<k+ gks pqdk FkkA ,slh gh NksVh&NksVh vkSj ehBh&ehBh
cs'kqekj15 ph”ksa ;kn vkb±A og bu ph”kksa dks NksMd + j Hkyk djcyk ;k utIk+ Q oSQls tk ldrh
Fkha!
og cukjl osQ Îk+ QkreSu* esa nIk+ Qu dh xb± D;ksfa d eqjrq”kk gqluS dh iksfLaVx mu fnuksa
ogha FkhA bÝ+Ik+ Qu LowQy x;k gqvk FkkA ukSdj us vkdj [kcj nh fd chch dk nsgkar gks x;kA
bÝ+Ik+ Qu dh nknh chch dgh tkrh FkhaA
bÝ+Ik+ Qu rc pkSFks esa i<+rk Fkk vkSj Vksih ls mldh eqykdkr gks pqdh FkhA
bÝ+Ik+ Qu dks viuh nknh ls cM+k I;kj FkkA I;kj rks mls vius vCcw] viuh vEeh] viuh
ckth16 vkSj NksVh cgu uq”kgr ls Hkh Fkk ijarq nknh ls og ”kjk ”;knk I;kj fd;k djrk
FkkA vEeh rks dHkh&dHkkj Mk¡V ekj fy;k djrh FkhaA ckth dk Hkh ;gh gky FkkA vCcw
Hkh dHkh&dHkkj ?kj dks dpgjh17 le>dj iSQlyk lqukus yxrs FksA uq”kgr dks tc ekSdk
feyrk mldh dkfi;ksa ij rlohjsa cukus yxrh FkhaA cl ,d nknh Fkh ftUgksua s dHkh mldk
fny ugha nq[kk;kA og jkr dks Hkh mls cgjke MkowQ] vukj ijh] ckjg cqt]Z vehj ge”kk]
xqycdkoyh] gkfrerkbZ] iap iqQYyk jkuh dh dgkfu;k¡ lquk;k djrh FkhaA
¶lksrk gS lalkj tkxrk gS ikd18 ijojfnxkjA vk¡[kksa dh ns[kh ugha dgrhA dkuksa dh
lquh dgrh gw¡ fd ,d eqyd q 19 esa ,d ckn'kkg jgk----¸
nknh dh Hkk"kk ij og dHkh ugha eqldjk;kA mls rks vPNh&Hkyh yxrh FkhA ijarq vCcw
ugha cksyus nsrs FksA vkSj tc og nknh ls bldh f'kdk;r djrk rks og g¡l iM+rha] ¶v
eksjk dk gS csVk! vui<+ x¡okju dh cksyh rw¡ dkgs dks cksys yX;ksA r¡w vius vCck gh dh
cksyh cksykSA¸ ckr [kRe gks tkrh vkSj dgkuh 'kq: gks tkrhµ
13- ftl laifÙk ij fdlh dk ekfydkuk gd u gks mldk laj{k.k djus okyk foHkkx 14- vke dh
xqByh ls mxk;k x;k vke dk isM+ 15- cgqr lkjh 16- cM+h cgu 17- U;k;ky; 18- ifo=k
19- ns'k
Vksih 'kqDyk 153
¶r mQ ckn'kk dk fdfgl fd rqjra s ,sd Bks fgju ekj fyvkok---A¸

;gh cksyh Vksih osQ fny esa mrj xbZ FkhA bÝ+ Ik+ Qu dh nknh mls viuh ek¡ dh ikVhZ dh
fn[kkbZ nhaA viuh nknh ls rks mls uIk+ Qjr Fkh] uIk+ QjrA tkus oSQlh Hkk"kk cksyrh FkhaA bÝ+Ik+ Qu
osQ vCcw vkSj mldh Hkk"kk ,d FkhA
og tc bÝ+Ik+ Qu osQ ?kj tkrk rks mldh nknh gh osQ ikl cSBus dh dksf'k'k djrkA bÝ+Ik+ Qu
dh vEeh vkSj ckth ls og ckrphr djus dh dHkh dksf'k'k gh u djrkA os nksuksa vycÙkk20
mldh cksyh ij g¡lus osQ fy, mls NsMr+ ha ijarq tc ckr c<+us yxrh rks nknh chp&cpko
djok nsrhaµ
¶rSa dkgs dks tkFkS mu lHku osQ ikl eqg¡ fiVkos dks >kM+w ekjsA py bfèkj vk---¸ og
Mk¡Vdj dgrhaA ijarq gj 'kCn 'kDdj dk f[kykSuk cu tkrkA vekoV21 cu tkrkA fryok22
cu tkrk---vkSj og pqipki muosQ ikl pyk tkrkA
¶rksjh vEek¡ dk dj jgha---¸ nknh ges'kk ;gha ls ckr 'kq: djrhaA igys rks og pdjk
tkrk fd ;g vEek¡ D;k gksrk gSA fiQj og le> x;k fd ekrk th oQks dgrs gSAa
;g 'kCn mls vPNk yxkA vEek¡A og bl 'kCn dks xqM+ dh Myh dh rjg pqHkykrk
jgkA vEek¡A vCcwA ckthA
fiQj ,d fnu x”kc gks x;kA
MkWDVj Hk`xq ukjk;.k 'kqDyk uhys rsy okys osQ ?kj esa Hkh chloha lnh izo's k dj pqdh
FkhA ;kuh [kkuk es”k&oqQjlh ij gksrk FkkA yxrh rks Fkkfy;k¡ gh Fkha ijarq pkSoQs ij ughaA
ml fnu ,slk gqvk fd cSxa u dk Hkqjrk mls ”kjk ”;knk vPNk yxkA jkenqykjh [kkuk
ijksl jgh FkhA Vksih us dgkµ
¶vEeh] ”kjk cSxu dk HkqjrkA¸
vEeh!
es”k ij ftrus gkFk Fks jQd x,A ftruh vk¡[ksa Fkha oks Vksih osQ psgjs ij te xb±A
vEeh! ;g 'kCn bl ?kj esa oSQls vk;kA vEeh! ijaijkvksa dh nhokj Mksyus yxhA
¶;s yÝ+ ”k23 rqeus dgk¡ lh[kk\¸ lqHknzknsoh us loky fd;kA
¶yÝ+”k\¸ Vksih us vk¡[kas upkb±A ¶yÝ+”k dk gksrk gS ek¡\¸
¶;s vEeh dguk rqedks fdlus fl[kk;k gS\¸ nknh xj”khaA
¶bZ ge bÝ+ Ik+ Qu ls lh[kk gSA¸
¶mldk iwjk uke D;k gS\¸
¶bZ ge uk tkursA¸
¶rSa dmuks fe;k¡ osQ ybdk ls nksLrh dj fygys ck; dk js\¸
20- cfYd 21- iosQ vke osQ jl dks lq[kkdj cukbZ xbZ eksVh ijr 22- fry dk yaå@fry ls cus
O;atu 23- 'kCn
154 lap;u
Vksih 'kqDyk 155
jkenqykjh dh vkRek xuxuk xbZA

¶cgw] rqels fdruh ckj dgw¡ fd esjs lkeus x¡okjksa dh ;g ”kcku u cksyk djksA¸
lqHknzknsoh jkenqykjh ij cjl iM+hAa
yM+kbZ dk eksjpk cny x;kA
nwljh yM+kbZ osQ fnu FksA blfy, tc MkWDVj Hk`xq ukjk;.k uhys rsy okys dks ;g irk
pyk fd Vksih us dysDVj lkgc osQ yM+oQs ls nksLrh xk¡B yh gS rks og viuk xqLlk ih
x, vkSj rhljs gh fnu diM+s vkSj 'kDdj osQ ijfeV ys vk,A
ijarq ml fnu Vksih dh cM+h nqxZfr24 cuhA lqHknzknsoh rks mlh oDr [kkus dh es”k ls
mB xb± vkSj jkenqykjh us Vksih dks fiQj cgqr ekjkA
¶rSa fiQj tÕ;cs vksdjk ?kjs\¸
¶gk¡A¸
¶vjs rksgjk gk¡ eas yqdkjk vkxs ekVh feymQA¸
---jkenqykjh ekjrs&ekjrs Fkd xbZA ijarq Vksih us ;g ugha dgk fd og bÝ+Ik+ Qu osQ ?kj
ugha tk,xkA eqUuh ckcw vkSj HkSjo mldh oqQVkbZ25 dk rek'kk ns[krs jgsA
¶ge ,d fnu ,dks jghe dckcph26 dh nqdku ij dckcks [kkrs ns[kk jgkA¸ eqUuh ckcw
us VqdM+k yxk;kA
dckc!
¶jke jke jke!¸ jkenqykjh f?kUuk osQ nks dne ihNs gV xb±A Vksih eqUuh dh rjIk+ Q ns[kus
yxkA D;ksfa d vlfy;r ;g Fkh fd Vksih us eqUuh ckcw dks dckc [kkrs ns[k fy;k Fkk vkSj
eqUuh ckcw us mls ,d bdUuh fj'or dh nh FkhA Vksih dks ;g ekywe Fkk ijarq og pqxy[kksj
ugha FkkA mlus vc rd eqUuh ckcw dh dksbZ ckr bÝ+Ik+ Qu osQ flok fdlh vkSj dks ugha crkbZ
FkhA
¶rw¡ gEesa dckc [kkrs ns[ks jg~;ks\¸
¶uk ns[kk jgk vksg fnu\¸ eqUuh ckcw us dgkA
¶rks rqeus mlh fnu D;ksa ugha crk;k\¸ lqHknzknsoh us loky fd;kA
¶b >q_k gS nknh!¸ Vksih us dgkA
ml fnu Vksih cgqr mnkl jgkA og vHkh bruk cM+k ugha gqvk Fkk fd >wB vkSj lp
osQ fdLls esa iM+rkµvkSj lPph ckr rks ;g gS fd og bruk cM+k dHkh ugha gks ldkA ml
fnu rks og bruk fiV x;k Fkk fd mldk lkjk cnu nq[k jgk FkkA og cl yxkrkj ,d
gh ckr lksprk jgk fd vxj ,d fnu osQ okLrs og eqUuh ckcw ls cM+k gks tkrk rks le>
ysrk mulsA ijarq eqUuh ckcw ls cM+k gks tkuk mlosQ cl esa rks Fkk ughaA og eqUuh ckcw ls
NksVk iSnk gqvk Fkk vkSj muls NksVk gh jgkA
24- cqjh gkyr 25- fiVkbZ 26- dckc cukus okyk

156 lap;u
nwljs fnu og tc LowQy esa bÝ+Ik+ Qu ls feyk rks mlus mls lkjh ckras crk nhaA nksuksa
tqxjkfIk+ Q;k27 dk ?kaVk NksMd + j ljd x,A iape dh nwdku ls bÝ+ Ik+ Qu us osQys [kjhnsA ckr
;g gS fd Vksih iQy osQ vykok vkSj fdlh ph”k dks gkFk ugha yxkrk FkkA
¶vÕ;lk uk gks ldrk dk dh ge yksx nknh cny ys]a ¸ Vksih us dgkA ¶rksgjh nknh
gejs ?kj vk tk,¡ vmj gejh rksgjs ?kj pyh tk,¡A gejh nknh r cksfy;ks rwg¡ ha yksxu dks
cks&y&FkhaA¸
¶;g ugha gks ldrkA¸ bÝ+ Ik+ Qu us dgk] ¶vCcw ;g ckr ugha ekuasxAs vkSj eq>s dgkuh
dkSu lquk,xk\ rqEgkjh nknh dks ckjg cqtZ dh dgkuh vkrh gS\¸
¶rw¡ gEes ,d Bks nkfn;ks uk ns ldR;ks\¸ Vksih us [kqn vius fny osQ VwVus dh vkok”k
lquhA
¶tks esjh nknh gSa og esjs vCcw dh vEek¡ Hkh rks gSAa ¸ bÝ+ Ik+ Qu us dgkA
;g ckr Vksih dh le> esa vk xbZA
¶rqEgkjh nknh esjh nknh dh rjg cw<+h gksxa h\¸
¶gk¡A¸
¶rks fIk+ Qdj u djksA¸ bÝ+Ik+ Qu us dgk] ¶esjh nknh dgrh gSa fd cw<s+ yksx ej tkrs gSAa ¸
¶gejh nknh uk efjgsA¸
¶ejsxh oSQls ugha\ D;k esjh nknh >wBh gS\a ¸
Bhd mlh oDr ukSdj vk;k vkSj irk pyk fd bÝ+Ik+ Qu dh nknh ej xb±A
bÝ+Ik+ Qu pyk x;kA Vksih vosQyk jg x;kA og eqg¡ yVdk, gq, fteusf”k;e esa pyk x;kA
cw<k+ pijklh ,d rjIk+ Q cSBk chM+h ih jgk FkkA og ,d dksus esa cSBdj jksus yxkA
'kke dks og bÝ+ Ik+ Qu osQ ?kj x;k rks ogk¡ lUukVk FkkA ?kj Hkjk gqvk FkkA jks”k ftrus yksx
gqvk djrs Fks mlls ”;knk gh yksx FksA ijarq ,d nknh osQ u gksus ls Vksih osQ fy, ?kj
[kkyh gks pqdk FkkA tcfd mls nknh dk uke rd ugha ekywe FkkA mlus nknh osQ g”kkj
dgus osQ ckn Hkh muosQ gkFk dh dksbZ ph”k ugha [kkbZ FkhA izes bu ckrksa dk ikcan ugha
gksrkA Vksih vkSj nknh esa ,d ,slk gh lacèa k gks pqdk FkkA bÝ+Ik+ Qu osQ nknk thfor gksrs rks
og Hkh bl lacèa k dks fcyoqQy mlh rjg u le> ikrs tSls Vksih osQ ?kjokys u le>
ik, FksA nksuksa vyx&vyx vèkwjs FksA ,d us nwljs dks iwjk dj fn;k FkkA nksuksa I;kls FksA
,d us nwljs dh I;kl cq>k nh FkhA nksuksa vius ?kjksa esa vtuch vkSj Hkjs ?kj esa vosQys FksA
nksuksa us ,d&nwljs dk vosQykiu feVk fn;k FkkA ,d cgÙkj cjl dh Fkh vkSj nwljk vkB
lky dkA
¶rksjh nknh dh txg gejh nknh ej xbZ gksrha r Bhd Hk;k gksrkA¸ Vksih us bÝ+Ik+ Qu dks
iqjlk28 fn;kA
27- Hkwxksy 'kkL=k

Vksih 'kqDyk 157
28- lkaRouk nsuk 29- cnyh@LFkkukarj.k 30- vuqHkwfr

158 lap;u
bÝ+Ik+ Qu us dksbZ tokc ugha fn;kA mls bl ckr dk tokc vkrk gh ugha FkkA nksuksa nksLr
pqipki jksus yxsA
(3)
Vksih us nl vDrwcj lu~ iSra kyhl dks dle [kkbZ fd vc og fdlh ,sls yM+oQs ls
nksLrh ugha djsxk ftldk cki ,slh ukSdjh djrk gks ftlesa cnyh gksrh jgrh gSA
nl vDrwcj lu~ iSra kyhl dk ;w¡ rks dksbZ egÙo ugha ijarq Vksih osQ vkRe&bfrgkl esa
bl rkjh[k dk cgqr egÙo gS] D;ksfa d blh rkjh[k dks bÝ+ Ik+ Qu osQ firk cnyh ij eqjknkckn
pys x,A bÝ+Ik+ Qu dh nknh osQ ejus osQ FkksMs+ gh fnuksa ckn ;g rcknyk29 gqvk Fkk] blfy,
Vksih vkSj vosQyk gks x;k D;ksfa d nwljs dysDVj BkoqQj gfjuke ¯lg osQ rhu yM+dksa esa ls
dksbZ mldk nksLr u cu ldkA MCcw cgqr NksVk FkkA chyw cgqr cM+k FkkA xqaå Fkk rks cjkcj
dk ijarq osQoy vax”zs kh cksyrk FkkA vkSj ;g ckr Hkh Fkh fd mu rhuksa dks bldk ,glkl30
Fkk fd os dysDVj osQ csVs gSAa fdlh us Vksih dks eqg¡ ugha yxk;kA
ekyh vkSj pijklh Vksih dks igpkurs FksA blfy, og c¡xys esa pyk x;kA chyw] xqaå
vkSj MCcw ml le; fØosQV [ksy jgs FksA MCcw us fgV fd;kA xsna lhèkh Vksih osQ eqg¡ ij
vkbZA mlus ?kcjkdj gkFk mBk;kA xsna mlosQ gkFkksa esa vk xbZA
¶gkm”k nSV!¸
gsM ekyh vaik;j FkkA mlus m¡xyh mBk nhA og cspkjk osQoy ;g le> ldk fd
tc ^gkmt nSV* dk 'kksj gks rks mls m¡xyh mBk nsuh pkfg,A
¶gw vkj ;w\¸ MCcw us loky fd;kA
¶cyHkíj ujk;uA¸ Vksih us tokc fn;kA
¶gw b”k ;ksj Ik+ Qknj\¸ ;g loky xqaå us fd;kA
¶Hk`xq ujk;.kA¸
¶,sAa ¸ chyw us vaik;j dks vkok”k nh] ¶bZ fHkjxw ujk;.k dkSu ,s\ ,uh vkWIk+ Q voj
pijklh”k\¸
¶ukgha lkgcA¸ vaik;j us dgk] ¶lgj osQ elgwj nkxnj gSAa ¸
¶;w ehu MkWDVj\¸ MCcw us loky fd;kA
¶;l lj!¸ gsM ekyh dks bruh vax”sz kh vk xbZ FkhA
¶cV gh yqDl lks DyE”khA¸ chyw cksykA
¶,!¸ Vksih vdM+ x;kA ¶ruh tcfu;k l¡Hkky osQ cksyksA ,d yIiM+ esa ukps yfxgksA¸
¶vksg ;w---¸ chyw us gkFk pyk fn;kA Vksih yq<d + x;kA fiQj og xkfy;k¡ cdrk gqvk
mBkA ijarq gsM ekyh chp esa vk x;k vkSj MCcw us vius vylsf'k;u dks 'kq'kdkj31 fn;kA
isV esa lkr lqb;k¡ Hkqdha rks Vksih osQ gks'k fBdkus vk,A vkSj fiQj mlus dysDVj lkgc
osQ c¡xys dk jQ[k ugha fd;kA ijarq iz'u ;g [kM+k gks x;k fd fiQj vkf[kj og djs D;k\
Vksih 'kqDyk 159
?kj eas ys&nsdj cw<h+ ukSdjkuh lhrk Fkh tks mldk nq[k&nnZ le>rh FkhA rks og mlh osQ
iYyw esa pyk x;k vkSj lhrk dh Nk;k esa tkus osQ ckn mldh vkRek Hkh NksVh gks xbZA
lhrk dks ?kj osQ lHkh NksV&s cM+s Mk¡V fy;k djrs FksA Vksih dks Hkh ?kj osQ lHkh NksV&s cM+s
Mk¡V fy;k djrs FksA blfy, nksuksa ,d&nwljs ls I;kj djus yxsA
¶Vsd er fd;k djks ckcw!¸ ,d jkr tc eqUuh ckcw vkSj HkSjo dk nkt32 djus ij
og cgqr fiVk rks lhrk us mls viuh dksBjh esa ys tkdj le>kuk 'kq: fd;kA
ckr ;g gqbZ fd tkM+kas osQ fnu FksA eqUuh ckcw osQ fy, dksV dk u;k diM+k vk;kA HkSjo
osQ fy, Hkh u;k dksV cukA Vksih dks eqUuh ckcw dk dksV feykA dksV fcyoqQy u;k FkkA
eqUuh ckcw dks ilan ugha vk;k FkkA fiQj Hkh cuk rks Fkk mUgha osQ fy,A Fkk rks mrjuA Vksih
us og dksV mlh oDr nwljh ukSdjkuh osQrdh osQ csVs dks ns fn;kA og [kq'k gks x;kA
ukSdjkuh osQ cPps dks ns nh tkus okyh ph”k okil rks yh ugha tk ldrh Fkh] blfy,
r; gqvk fd Vksih tkM+k [kk,A
¶ge tkM+k&vksMk+ uk [kk,¡xAs Hkkr [kk,¡xAs ¸ Vksih us dgkA
¶rqe twrs [kkvksxsA¸ lqHknzknsoh cksyhaA
¶vkidks bgks uk ekywe dh twrk [kk;k uk tkr ifguk tkr gSA¸
¶nknh ls cnreh”kh djrs gksA¸ eqUuh ckcw us fcxM+dj dgkA
¶r dk ge budh iwtk djsAa ¸
fiQj D;k Fkk! nknh us vkleku flj ij mBk fy;kA jkenqykjh us mls ihVuk 'kq: fd;k-
-
¶rw¡ nlok¡ esa igq¡p xby ckM+A¸ lhrk us dgk] ¶rwg¡ as nknh ls VjkZo33 osQ r uk u pkghA
fdukas mQ rksgkj nknh ckfM+uA¸
lhrk us rks cM+h vklkuh ls dg fn;k fd og nlosa esa igqp ¡ x;k gS] ijarq ;g ckr
bruh vklku ugha FkhA nlosa esa igq¡pus osQ fy, mls cM+s ikiM+ csyus iM+As nks lky rks
og Ik+ Qs y gh gqvkA uosa esa rks og lu~ mupkl gh esa igqp ¡ x;k Fkk] ijarq nlosa esa og lu~
ckou esa igqp ¡ ldkA
tc og igyh ckj Ik+ Qs y gqvk rks eqUuh ckcw baVjehfM,V esa Ik+ QLVZ vk, vkSj HkSjo NBs
esAa lkjs ?kj us mls ”kcku dh uksd ij j[k fy;kA og cgqr jks;kA ckr ;g ugha Fkh fd
og xkmnh34 FkkA og dkIk+ Qh rs”k Fkk ijarq mls dksbZ i<+us gh ugha nsrk FkkA og tc i<+us
cSBrk eqUUkh ckcw dks dksbZ dke fudy vkrk ;k jkenqykjh dks dksbZ ,slh ph”k e¡xokuh iM+
tkrh tks ukSdjksa ls ugha e¡xokbZ tk ldrh Fkhµ;g lc oqQN u gksrk rks irk pyrk fd
HkSjo us mldh dkfi;ksa osQ gokbZ tgk”k mM+k Mkys gSAa
nwljs lky mls VkbIk+ QkbM gks x;kA
31- oqQÙks dks fdlh osQ ihNs yxkus osQ fy, fudkyh tkus okyh vkok”k 32- (ewy 'kCn nk¡t) cjkcjh
160 lap;u
rhljs lky og FkMZ fMoh”ku esa ikl gks x;kA ;g FkMZ fMoh”ku dyad osQ VhosQ dh
rjg mlosQ ekFks ls fpid x;kA
ijarq gesa mldh eqf'dyksa dks Hkh è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A
lu~ mupkl esa og vius lkfFk;ksa osQ lkFk FkkA og Ik+ Qs y gks x;kA lkFkh vkxs fudy
x,A og jg x;kA lu~ ipkl eas mls mlh ntsZ esa mu yM+dksa osQ lkFk cSBuk iM+k tks fiNys
lky vkBosa esa FksA
ihNs okyksa osQ lkFk ,d gh ntsZ esa cSBuk dksbZ vklku dke ugha gSA mlosQ nksLr nlosa
esa FksA og mUgha ls feyrk] mUgha osQ lkFk [ksyrkA vius lkFk gks tkus okyksa esa ls fdlh
osQ lkFk mldh nksLrh u gks ldhA og tc Hkh Dykl esa cSBrk mls viuk cSBuk vthc
yxrkA ml ij flre35 ;g gqvk fd de”kksj yM+dkas dks ekLVj th le>krs rks mldh
felky nsrµ s
¶D;k eryc gS lke vorkj (;k eqgEen vyh\) cyHknz dh rjg blh ntsZ esa fVosQ
jguk pkgrs gks D;k\¸
;g lqudj lkjk ntkZ g¡l iM+rkA g¡lus okys os gksrs tks fiNys lky vkBosa esa FksA
og fdlh&u&fdlh rjg bl lky dks >sy x;kA ijarq tc lu~ bD;kou esa Hkh mls
uosa ntsZ esa gh cSBuk iM+k rks og fcyoqQy xhyh fe^h dk ykSna k36 gks x;k] D;ksfa d vc
rks nlosa esa Hkh dksbZ mldk nksLr ugha jg x;k FkkA vkBosa okys nlosa esa FksA lkrosa okys
mlosQ lkFk! muosQ chp esa og vPNk&[kklk cw<k+ fn[kkbZ nsrk FkkA
og vius Hkjs&iwjs ?kj gh dh rjg vius LowQy esa Hkh vosQyk gks x;k FkkA ekLVjksa us
mldk uksfVl ysuk fcyoqQy gh NksM+ fn;k FkkA dksbZ loky fd;k tkrk vkSj tokc nsus
osQ fy, og Hkh gkFk mBkrk rks dksbZ ekLVj mlls tokc uk iwNrkA ijarq tc mldk gkFk
mBrk gh jgk rks ,d fnu vax”sz kh&lkfgR; osQ ekLVj lkgc us dgkµ
¶rhu cjl ls ;gh fdrkc i<+ jgs gks] rqEgsa rks lkjs tokc ”kckuh ;kn gks x, gksxa !s
bu yM+dksa dks vxys lky gkbZ LowQy dk bErgku nsuk gSA rqels ikjlky iwN ywx¡ kA¸
Vksih bruk 'kekZ;k fd mlosQ dkys jax ij ykyh nkSM+ xbZA vkSj tc reke cPps
f[kyf[kykdj g¡l iM+s rks og fcyoqQy ej x;kA tc og igyh ckj uosa esa vk;k Fkk rks
og Hkh bUgha cPpksa dh rjg fcyoqQy cPpk FkkA
fiQj mlh fnu vcnqy oghn us fjls”k esa og rhj ekjk fd Vksih fcyoqQy fcyfcyk
mBkA
oghn Dykl dk lcls rs”k yM+dk FkkA ekWuhVj Hkh FkkA vkSj lcls cM+h ckr ;g gS
fd og yky rsy okys MkWDVj 'kjIk+ Qq íhu dk csVk FkkA
mlus dgk] ¶cyHkíj! vcs rks ge yksxu37 esa dk ?kqlrk gSA ,M~Fk okyu ls nksLrh djA
ge yksx rks fudy tk,¡x]s ckdh rqgas r mUgha lHku osQ lkFk jgs dks gqbgSA¸
33- ”kcku yM+kuk@cM+cM+ djuk 34- Hkksanw@cq¼w 35- vR;kpkj 36- xhyh fe^h dk fiaM
Vksih 'kqDyk 161
;g ckr Vksih osQ fny osQ vkj&ikj gks xbZ vkSj mlus dle [kkbZ fd VkbIk+ QkbM gks ;k
VkbIk+ QkbM dk cki] mls ikl gksuk gSA
ijarq chp esa pquko vk x,A
MkWDVj Hk`xq ukjk;.k uhys rsy okys [kM+s gks x,A vc ftl ?kj esa dksbZ pquko osQ fy,
[kM+k gks x;k gks mlesa dksbZ i<+&fy[k oSQls ldrk gS!
og rks tc MkWDVj lkgc dh ”kekur ”kCr gks xbZ rc ?kj esa ”kjk lUukVk gqvk vkSj
Vksih us ns[kk fd bErgku flj ij [kM+k gSA
og i<+kbZ esa tqV x;kA ijarq ,sls okrkoj.k esa D;k dksbZ i<+ ldrk Fkk\ blfy, mldk
ikl gh gks tkuk cgqr FkkA
¶okg!¸ nknh cksyha] ¶Hkxoku u”kjs&cn38 ls cpk,A jÝ+rkj vPNh gSA rhljs cjl rhljs
ntsZ esa ikl rks gks x,A---¸
cksèk&iz'u
1-bÝ+Ik+ Qu Vksih 'kqDyk dh dgkuh dk egÙoiw.kZ fgLlk fdl rjg ls gS\

2-bÝ+Ik+ Qu dh nknh vius ihgj D;ksa tkuk pkgrh Fkha\
3-bÝ+Ik+ Qu dh nknh vius csVs dh 'kknh esa xkus&ctkus dh bPNk iwjh D;ksa ugha dj ikb±\
4-^vEeh* 'kCn ij Vksih osQ ?kjokyksa dh D;k izfrfozQ;k gqb\Z
5-nl vDrwcj lu~ iSra kyhl dk fnu Vksih osQ thou esa D;k egÙo j[krk gS\
6-Vksih us bÝ+Ik+ Qu ls nknh cnyus dh ckr D;ksa dgh\
7-iwjs ?kj esa bÝ+Ik+ Qu dks viuh nknh ls gh fo'ks"k Lusg D;ksa Fkk\
8-bÝ+Ik+ Qu dh nknh osQ nsgkar osQ ckn Vksih dks mldk ?kj [kkyh&lk D;ksa yxk\
9-Vksih vkSj bÝ+Ik+ Qu dh nknh vyx&vyx etgc vkSj tkfr osQ Fks ij ,d vutku vVwV
fj'rs ls c¡èks FksA bl dFku osQ vkyksd esa vius fopkj fyf[k,A
10-Vksih uoha d{kk esa nks ckj Ik+ Qs y gks x;kA crkb,µ
(d) ”kghu gksus osQ ckotwn Hkh d{kk esa nks ckj Ik+ Qs y gksus osQ D;k dkj.k Fks\
([k) ,d gh d{kk esa nks&nks ckj cSBus ls Vksih dks fdu HkkokRed pqukSfr;ksa dk
lkeuk djuk iM+k\
(x)Vksih dh HkkokRed ijs'kkfu;ksa dks eísu”kj j[krs gq, f'k{kk O;oLFkk esa vko';d
cnyko lq>kb,\
11-bÝ+Ik+ Qu dh nknh osQ ek;osQ dk ?kj dLVksfM;u esa D;ksa pyk x;k\
37- yksx 38- cqjh u”akj
fefFkys'oj
(1950)
fefFkys'oj dk tUe 31 fnlacj 1950 dks fcgkj osQ Hkkstiqj f”kys osQ
oSlkMhg xk¡o esa gqvkA bUgksaus fganh esa ,e-,- vkSj ih,p-Mh- djus osQ mijkar
O;olk; osQ :i esa vè;kiu dk;Z dks pqukA bu fnuksa vkjk osQ fo'ofo|ky; esa
jhMj osQ in ij dk;Zjr gSaA
fefFkys'oj us viuh dgkfu;ksa esa xzkeh.k thou dks c[kwch mosQjk gSA budh
dgkfu;k¡ orZeku xzkeh.k thou osQ fofHkUu varfoZjksèkksa dks mn~?kkfVr djrh gS]a ftuls
irk pyrk gS fd vk”kknh osQ ckn xzkeh.k thou okLro esa fdl gn rd Hk;kog
vkSj tfVy gks x;k gSA cnyko osQ uke ij gqvk ;g gS fd vke yksxksa osQ 'kks"k.k
osQ rjhosQ cny x, gSaA
fefFkys'oj dh izeq[k Ñfr;k¡ gSµ
a ckcwth] es?kuk dk fu.kZ;] gfjgj dkdk] py
[kqljks ?kj vkius (dgkuh laxzg)_ >qfu;k] ;q¼LFky] izes u ckM+h mQits vkSj var ugha
(miU;kl)A vius ys[ku osQ fy, bUgsa lksfo;r ySaM usg: iqjLdkj lfgr vU; dbZ
iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur fd;k tk pqdk gSA
xqjn;ky ¯lg
(1933 & 2016)
iatkc osQ tSrks dLcs esa 10 tuojh 1933 dks ,d lkèkkj.k nLrdkj ifjokj
eas tUes xqjn;ky flag us cpiu esa dhyks]a gFkkSMk+ as ls dke ysrs gq, f'k{kk iwjh dh
vkSj dye idM+hA 1954 ls 1970 rd LowQy esa vè;kid jgsA igyh dgkuh 1957
esa iap nfj;k if=kdk esa izdkf'kr gqbAZ tc dkyst esa izkè;kid gq, rks vius gh
miU;kl i<+kus dk ekSdk feykA varr% ;qfuoflZVh esa izkIs +ksQlj osQ in ls vodk'k
xzgz .k fd;kA
xqjn;ky BsB xzkeh.k ifjos'k vkSj Hkkocksèk osQ ys[kd osQ :i esa tkus tkrs gSAa
cM+s lgt :i ls os vius ik=kksa dk p;u [ksfrgj e”knwjksa] fiNM+s vkSj nfyr oxZ
osQ yksxksa osQ chp ls djrs gSa tks lfn;ksa ls vius lekt dh ml nwf"kr O;oLFkk osQ
f'kdkj gSa tks ih<+h nj ih<+h mudh 'kkjhfjd gfa;ksa dks gh ugha xykrh jgh gS] mudh
iwjh ekufldrk dks nhu] ghu vkSj cscl cuk, gq, gSA
iatkch Hkk"kk esa mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku osQ fy, KkuihB iqjLdkj ls lEekfur
xqjn;ky flag dks vius ys[ku osQ fy, lkfgR; vdkneh] lksfo;r ySMa usg:
lEeku] iatkc dh lkfgR; vdkneh lfgr dbZ vU; iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur gksus dk
xkSjo izkIr gqvk gSA mUgksaus crkSj ys[kd dbZ ns'kksa dh ;k=kk Hkh dhA
mUgksaus vc rd ukS miU;kl] nl dgkuh laxzg] ,d ukVd] ,d ,dkadh
laxzg] cky lkfgR; dh nl iqLrosaQ vkSj fofoèk x| dh nks iqLroQksa dh jpuk dh
gSA xqjn;ky flag dh ize[q k Ñfr;k¡ gSµ
a e<+h dk nhok] vFk&pk¡nuh jkr] ik¡pok¡ igj]
lc ns'k ijk;k] lk¡>&lcsjs vkSj (vkRedFkk) D;k tkuw¡ eSa dkSu\ xqjn;ky flag dk
fu/u 16 vxLr 2016 dks gqvkA
jkgh eklwe j”kk
(1927 & 1992)
jkgh eklwe j”kk dk tUe 1 flracj 1927 dks iwohZ mÙkj izns'k osQ xkthiqj
osQ xaxkSyh xk¡o esa gqvkA mudh izkjafHkd f'k{kk xk¡o esa gh gqbAZ vyhx<+ ;qfuoflZVh
ls mnwZ lkfgR; esa ih,p-Mh- djus osQ ckn mUgksaus oqQN lky rd ogha vè;kiu dk;Z
fd;kA fiQj os eqca bZ pys x, tgk¡ lSdM+kas fIk+ QYeksa dh iVdFkk] laokn vkSj xhr fy[ksA
izfl¼ èkkjkokfgd êgkHkkjr* dh iVdFkk vkSj laokn ys[ku us mUgsa bl {ks=k esa
lokZfèkd [;kfr fnykbZA
jkgh eklwe j”kk ,d ,sls dfo&dFkkdkj Fks ftuosQ fy, Hkkjrh;rk vkneh;r
dk i;kZ; jghA buosQ iwjs ys[ku esa vke fganqLrkuh dh ihM+k] nq[k&nnZ] mldh la?k"kZ
{kerk dh vfHkO;fDr gSA jkgh us turk dks ck¡Vus okyh 'kfDr;ksa] jktuhfrd nyksa]
O;fDr;ks]a laLFkkvksa dk [kqyk fojksèk fd;kA mUgksaus ladh.kZrkvksa vkSj vaèkfo'oklksa]
èkeZ vkSj jktuhfr osQ LokFkhZ xBtksM+ vkfn dks Hkh csudkc fd;kA
jkgh eklwe j”kk dh ize[q k Ñfr;k¡ gSµ
a vkèkk xk¡o] Vksih 'kqDyk] fgEer tkSuiqjh]
dVjk ch vktw]Z vlarks"k osQ fnu] uhe dk isM+ (lHkh fganh miU;kl)_ eqgCcr osQ flok
(mnwZ miU;kl)_ eSa ,d isQjh okyk (dfork laxgz )_ u;k lky] ekSts xqy % ekSts lck]
jDls&e;] vtuch 'kgj % vtuch jkLrs (lHkh mnwZ dfork laxgz )] v_kjg lkS lÙkkou
(fganh&mnwZ egkdkO;) vkSj NksVs vkneh dh cM+h dgkuh (thouh)A jkgh dk fuèku
15 ekpZ 1992 dks gqvkA
कक्षा 10
सीखने-सिखाने की प्रक्रिया सीखने के प्रतिफल
सभी ि‍वद्यार्थियों को समझते हुए सनु ने, बोलने, पढ़ने, ि‍वद्यार्थी —
लिखने अौर परिवेशीय सजगता को ध्‍यान में रखते हुए
व्‍यक्‍तिगत या सामूहिक रूप से कार्य करने के अवसर आैर
प्रोत्‍साहन ि‍दए जाएँ ताकि—
y संगीत लोक-कलाओ,ं फि़ल्‍म, खेल आदि की भाषा पर पाठ y अपने परिवेशगत अनभ ु वों पर अपनी स्‍वतंत्र और स्‍पष्‍ट राय
पढ़ने या कार्यक्रम के दौरान गौर करने/सनु ने के बाद संबंधि‍त मौखिक एवं लिखित रूप में व्‍यक्‍त करते हैं। जैसे— मसु कान
गतिविि‍धयाँ कक्षा में हों। विद्यार्थियों को प्रेरित किया जाए अाजकल चपु क्‍यों रहती है? मसु कान को स्‍कू ल में हम लाएँगे।
कि वे आस-पास की ध्‍वनियों और भाषा को ध्‍यान से सनु ें y अपने आस-पास और स्‍कू ली साथियों की ज़रूरतों को अपनी
और समझें। भाषा में अभिव्‍यक्‍त करते हैं। जैसे— भाषण या वाद विवाद में
y उन्‍हें इस बात के अवसर मिलें कि वे रे डियो और टेलीविज़न इन पर चर्चा करते हैं।
पर खेल, फि़ल्‍म, सगं ीत आदि से सबं ंधि‍त कार्यक्रम देखें
y आँखों से न देख सकने वाले साथी की ज़रूरत की पाठ्यसामग्री
और उनकी भाषा, लय, सचं ार-प्रभाविता आदि पर
को उपलब्‍ध कराने के सबं ंध में पस्‍त
ु कालयाध्‍यक्ष से बोलकर
चर्चा करें ।
और लिखकर निवेदन करते हैं।
y रे ‍िडयो और टेलीविज़न पर राष्‍ट्रीय, सामाजिक चर्चाओ ं को
सनु ने/देखने और सनु ने/सनु ाने तथा उन पर टिप्‍पणी करने के y न बोल सकने वाले साथ्‍ाी की बात को समझकर अपने शब्‍दों
अवसर हों। में बताते हैं।
y अपने आस-पास के लोगों की ज़रूरतों को जानने के लिए y नई रचनाएँ पढ़कर उन पर परिवार एवं साथियों से बातचीत
उनसे साक्षात्‍कार और बातचीत के अवसर सल ु भ हों, एेसी करते हैं।
गतिविधियाँ पाठ्यक्रम का हिस्‍सा हों। y रे डियो, टी.वी. या पत्र-पत्रिकाओ ं व अन्य श्रव्य-दृश्य संचार
y हिदं ी के साथ-साथ अपनी भाषा की सामग्री पढ़ने-लिखने माध्यमों से प्रसारित, प्रकाशित रूप को कथा साहित्य एवं
(ब्रेल तथा अन्‍य संकेत भाषा में भी) और उन पर बातचीत रचनाओ ं पर मौखिक एवं लिखित टिप्पणी/विश्‍लेषण करते हैं।
की आज़ादी हो। पत्रिका पर प्रसारित/प्रकाशित विभिन्‍न पस्‍त
ु कों की समीक्षा पर
y अपने अनभ ु वों को स्वतंत्र ढंग से स्वयं की भाषा में लिखने अपनी टिप्‍पणी देते हुए विश्‍लेषण करते हैं।
के अवसर हों। y अपने अनभ ु वों एवं कल्‍पनाओ ं को सृजनात्‍मक ढंग से लिखते
y अपने परिवेश, समय और समाज से संबंधित रचनाओ ं को हैं। जैसे— कोई यात्रा वर्णन, संस्मरण लिखना।
पढ़ने और उन पर चर्चा करने के अवसर हों। y कविता या कहानी की पनु र्र चना कर पाते हैं। जैसे— किसी
y अपनी भाषा गढ़ते हुए लिखने की स्वतंत्रता हो।
चर्चित कविता में कुछ पंक्‍तियाँ जोड़कर नई रचना बनाते हैं।
y सक्रिय और जागरूक बनाने वाली रचनाएँ, अखबार,
y औपचारिक पत्र, जैसे— प्रधानाचार्य, सपं ादक को अपने
पत्रिकाएँ, फि़ल्म और अन्य दृश्‍य-श्रव्‍य (श्रव्‍य-दृश्‍य) सामग्री
अास-पास की समस्‍याओ/ं मद्ु दों को ध्‍यान में रखकर पत्र
को देखने, सनु ने, पढ़ने और लिखकर अभिव्यक्‍त करने
लिखते हैं।
संबंधी गतिविधियाँ हों।
y राेज़मर्रा के जीवन से अलग किसी घटना/स्थिति-विशेष में
y कल्पनाशीलता और सृजनशीलता को विकसित करने वाली
गतिविधियों, जैसे— अभिनय, भमि ू का निर्वाह (रोल-प्ले), भाषा का काल्‍पनिक और सृजनात्‍मक प्रयोग करते हुए लिखते
कविता पाठ, सृजनात्मक लेखन, विभिन्न स्थितियों में सवं ाद हैं। जैसे— दिन में रात, बिना बोले एक दिन, बिना आँखों के
आदि के आयोजन हों तथा उनकी तैयारी से सबं ंधित स्क्रिप्ट एक दिन आदि।
(पटकथा) लेखन और रिपोर्ट लेखन के अवसर हों।
165
Learning Outcomes at the Secondary Stage
y अपने माहौल और समाज के बारे में स्कू ल तथा विभिन्न y पाठ्यपस्‍त
ु कों में शामिल रचनाओ ं के अतिरिक्‍त अन्य कविता,
पत्र-पत्रिकाओ ं में अपनी राय देने के अवसर हों। कहानी, एकांकी को पढ़ते-लिखते और मचं न करते हैं।
y कक्षा में भाषा-साहित्‍य की विविध छवियों/विधाओ ं के y भाषा-साहित्‍य की बारीकियों पर चर्चा करते हैं, जैसे— विशिष्‍ट
अतं रसंबंधों को समझते हुए उनके परिवर्तनशील स्‍वरूप पर शब्‍द-भडं ार, वाक्‍य-संरचना, शैली के प्रयोगिक प्रयोग एवं
चर्चा हो, जैसे— आत्‍मकथा, जीवनी, संस्‍मरण, कविता, संरचना आदि।
कहानी, निबंध आदि। y विविध साहित्यिक विधाअों के अतं र को समझते हुए उनके
y भाषा-साहित्‍य के सामाजिक-सांस्‍कृतिक-सौंदर्यात्‍मक पक्षों स्‍वरूप का विश्‍लेषण निरूपण करते हैं।
पर चर्चा/विश्‍लेषण करने के अवसर हों। y विभिन्‍न साहित्यिक विधाओ ं को पढ़ते हुए व्‍याकरणिक
y संवेदनशील मद्ु दों पर आलोचनात्‍मक विचार विमर्श के संरचनाओ ं पर चर्चा/टिप्पणी करते हैं।
अवसर हों, जैसे— जाति, धर्म, रीति-रिवाज़, जेंडर आदि। y प्राकृ तिक एवं सामाजिक मद्ु दों, घटनाओ ं के प्रति अपनी
y कृ षि, लोक-कलाओ,ं हस्‍त-कलाओ,ं लघ-ु उद्योगों को देखने प्रतिक्रिया को बोलकर/लिखकर व्‍यक्‍त करते हैं।
और जानने के अवसर हों और उनसे सं‍बंधित शब्‍दावली को y फिल्‍म एवं विज्ञापनों को देखकर उनकी समीक्षा लिखते हुए,
जानने और उनके उपयोग के अवसर हों। दृश्‍यमाध्‍यम की भाषा का प्रयोग करते हैं।
y कहानी, कविता, निबंध अादि विधाओ में व्‍याकरण के y परिवेशगत भाषा प्रयोगों पर प्रश्‍न करते हैं। जैसे— रे लवे
ि‍वविध प्रयोगों पर चर्चा के अवसर हों। स्‍टेशन/एयरपोर्ट/बस स्‍टैंड, ट्रक, ऑटो रिक्‍शा पर लिखी कई
y विद्यार्थी को अपनी विभिन्‍न भाषाओ ं के व्‍याकरण से तल ु ना/ भाषाओ ं में एक ही तरह की बातों पर ध्‍यान देंगे।
समानता देखने के अवसर हों। y अपने परिवेश को बेहतर बनाने की कोशिश में सृजनात्‍मक
y रचनात्‍मक लेखन, पत्र-लेखन, टिप्‍पणी, अनच्‍छे ु द— लेखन करते हैं। जैसे— क्‍या-क्‍या रिसाइकलिंग कर सकते हैंे
गद्य-पद्य के सभी रूपों में, निबंध, यात्रा वृतांत आदि लिखने और पेड़ों को कै से बचाएँ।
के अवसर हों। y हस्‍तकला, वास्‍तुकला, खेती-बाड़ी के प्रति अपना रुझान
y उपलब्‍ध सामग्री एवं भाषा में व्‍याकरण के मौलिक प्रयोग की व्‍यक्‍त करते हैं तथा इनमें प्रयक्‍त
ु कलात्मक संदर्भों/भाषिक
चर्चा एवं विश्‍लेषण के अवसर हों। प्रयोगों को अपनी भाषा में जोड़कर बोलते-लिखते हैं।
y दैनिक जीवन मे भाषा के उपयोग के ि‍वविध प्रकार एवं
परिवेशगत/अनभु व-आधारित-रचनात्‍मक लेखन के अवसर
उपलब्ध हों।
166
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