Lhps1ps Merged

ledkyhu
fo'o jktuhfr
d{kk 12 osQ fy, jktuhfr foKku dh ikB~;iqLrd
Rationalised 2023-24
12108 – ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr ISBN 81-7450-710-8
d{kk 12 OksQ fy, jktuhfr foKku dh ikB~;iqLrd
izFke laLdj.k
lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr
ekpZ 2007 pS=k 1929 q izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rFkk
bysDVªkWfudh] e'khuh] iQksVksizfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu% iz;ksx
iqueqæZ .k i¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok izlkj.k oftZr gSA
uoacj 2007] ekpZ 2008] tuojh 2009] q bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk
;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU; izdkj ls O;kikj }kjk
tuojh 2010] tuojh 2011] tuojh 2012] m/kjh ij] iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA
ekpZ 2013] tuojh 2014] ekpZ 2015] q bl izdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok fpidkbZ xbZ iphZ
(fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh la'kksf/r ewY; xyr gS rFkk ekU;
tuojh 2016] i- Qjojh 2017] tuojh 2018] ugha gksxkA
tuojh 2019] tuojh 2020] ekpZ 2021

,u lh bZ vkj Vh osQ izdk'ku izHkkx osQ dk;kZy;
vkSj fnlacj 2021
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQil
la'kksf/r laLdj.k Jh vjfoan ekxZ
u;h fnYyh 110 016 iQksu % 011&26562708
vDrwcj 2022 vf'ou 1944
108] 100 iQhV jksM
gsyh ,DlVsas'ku] gksLMsosQjs
PD 15T RPS cuk'kadjh III bLVst
csaxyq# 560 085 iQksu % 080&26725740
uothou VªLV Hkou
© jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~]
Mkd?kj uothou
2007] 2022 vgenkckn 380 014 iQksu % 079&27541446
lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQil
` 115.00 fudV% /udy cl LVkWi ifugVh
dksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033&25530454
lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDl
ekyhxkao
xqokgkVh 781021 iQksu % 0361&2674869
izdk'ku lg;ksx
vè;{k] izdk'ku izHkkx % vuwi oqQekj jktiwr
vkoj.k ij Mkd fVdVksa osQ fp=k ;wukbVsM us'kUl
eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh % v:.k fprdkjk
iksLVy ,MfefuLVªs'ku (U;w;koZQ) }kjk cuk, x, gSaA
;s fo'o osQ fofHkUu ledkyhu eqíksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA eq[; O;kikj izca/d % fofiu fnoku
eq[; laiknd (izHkkjh) % fcKku lqrkj
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okVjekoZQ 80 th-,l-,e- isij ij
eqfnzrA laiknd % efj;e ckjk
mRiknu vf/dkjh % ,- ,e- fouksn oqQekj
izdk'ku izHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj
izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016
}kjk izdkf'kr rFkk Vsu fizaV~l bafM;k izk- fy-] 44 fdeh- vkoj.k ,oa lTtk fp=k
ekby LVksu] us'kuy gkbos 10] jksgrd jksM] xkao jksgkn]
'osrk jko bjI+kQku
f”kyk >Ttj] gfj;k.kk }kjk eqfnzrA
iii
vkeq[k
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) lq>krh gS fd cPpksa osQ LowQyh thou dks ckgj osQ thou ls tksM+k
tkuk pkfg,A ;g fl¼kar fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr osQ foijhr gS ftlosQ çHkkoo'k gekjh O;oLFkk
vkt rd LowQy vkSj ?kj osQ chp varjky cuk, gq, gSA u;h jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ ij vk/kfjr ikB~;Øe
vkSj ikB~;iqLrosaQ bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij vey djus dk ç;kl gSA bl ç;kl esa gj fo"k; dks ,d
e”kcwr nhokj ls ?ksj nsus vkSj tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh ço`fÙk dk fojks/ 'kkfey gSA vk'kk gS fd ;s dne
gesa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) eas of.kZr cky&oasQfnzr O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dkI+kQh nwj rd ys tk,¡xsA
bl ç;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ çkpk;Z vkSj vè;kid cPpksa dks
dYiuk'khy xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus vkSj vius vuqHko ij fopkj djus dk volj
nsrs gSaA gesa ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vk”kknh nh tk, rks cPps cM+ksa }kjk lkSaih xbZ
lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqM+dj vkSj tw>dj u, Kku dk l`tu djrs gSaA f'k{kk osQ fofo/ lk/uksa o Ïksrksa dh
vuns[kh fd, tkus dk çeq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd dks ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vk/kj cukus dh ço`fÙk gSA ltZuk
vkSj igy dks fodflr djus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd ge cPpksa dks lh[kus dh çfØ;k esa iwjk Hkkxhnkj
ekusa vkSj cuk,¡] mUgsa Kku dh fu/kZfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk NksM+ nsaA ;s mís'; LowQy dh nSfud f”kanxh
vkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dkI+kQh isQjcny dh ek¡x djrs gSaA nSfud le;&lkj.kh esa yphykiu mruk gh ”k:jh
gS ftruk okf"kZd oSQys.Mj osQ vey esa pqLrh] ftlls f'k{k.k osQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdr
cu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fof/;k¡ Hkh bl ckr dks r; djsaxh fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esa
cPpksa osQ thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk cksfj;r dh txg [kq'kh dk vuqHko cukus esa fdruh çHkkoh fl¼
gksrh gSA cks> dh leL;k ls fuiVus osQ fy, ikB~;ozQe fuekZrkvksa us fofHkUu pj.kksa esa Kku dk iqufuZ/kZj.k
djrs le; cPpksa osQ euksfoKku ,oa vè;kiu osQ fy, miyC/ le; dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vf/d
lpsr dksf'k'k dh gSA bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj xgjkus osQ ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj vkSj foLe;]
NksVs lewgksa esa fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj ,slh xfrfof/;ksa dks çkFkfedrk nsrh gS ftUgsa djus osQ fy, O;kogkfjd
vuqHkoksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bl iqLrd dh jpuk osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ ikB~;iqLrd fodkl lfefr osQ ifjJe osQ
fy, o`QrKrk O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~ lkekftd foKku lykgdkj lewg osQ vè;{k çksI+ksQlj gfj oklqnsou
vkSj jktuhfr foKku ikB~;iqLrd lfefr osQ eq[; lykgdkj çksI+ksQlj lqgkl iG'khdj] çksI+ksQlj ;ksxsanz
;kno rFkk lykgdkj dkafr cktisbZ osQ fo'ks"k vkHkkjh gSaA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us
;ksxnku fn;k_ bl ;ksxnku dks laHko cukus osQ fy, ge muosQ çkpk;ks± osQ vkHkkjh gSaA ge mu lHkh
laLFkkvksa vkSj laxBuksa osQ çfr ÑrK gSa ftUgksaus vius lalkèkuksa] lkexzh vkSj lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn ysus esa
gesa mnkjrkiwoZd lg;ksx fn;kA ge ekè;fed ,oa mPp f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; }kjk
iv
çksI+ksQlj e`.kky ehjh ,oa çksI+ksQlj th-ihns'kikaMs dh vè;{krk esa xfBr fuxjkuh lfefr (ekWfuVfjax
desVh) osQ lnL;ksa dks viuk ewY;oku le; vkSj lg;ksx nsus osQ fy, èkU;okn nsrs gSaA O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa
vkSj vius çdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osQ çfr lefiZr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- fVIif.k;ksa o lq>koksa dk
Lokxr djsxh ftuls Hkkoh la'kksèkuksa esa enn yh tk losQA
funs'kd
u;h fnYyh jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku
20 uoacj 2006 vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
v
ikB~;iqLrdksa esa ikB~; lkexzh dk iqul±;kstu
dksfoM&19 egkekjh dks ns•rs gq,] fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ Åij ls ikB~; lkexzh dk cks> de djuk vfuok;Z gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk
uhfr] 2020 esa Hkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, ikB~; lkexzh dk cks> de djus vkSj jpukRed uT+kfj, ls vuqHkokRed vf/
xe osQ volj çnku djus ij T+kksj fn;k x;k gSA bl i`"BHkwfe esa] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ us
lHkh d{kkvksa esa ikB~;iqLrdksa dks iqul±;ksftr djus dh 'kq#vkr dh gSA bl çfØ;k esa jk-'kS-v-ç-i- }kjk igys ls gh
fodflr d{kkokj lh•us osQ çfriQyksa dks è;ku esa j•k x;k gSA
ikB~; lkefxz;ksa osQ iqul±;kstu esa fuEufyf•r fcanqvksa dks è;ku esa j•k x;k gS &&
• ,d gh d{kk esa vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa osQ varxZr leku ikB~; lkexzh dk gksuk_
• ,d d{kk osQ fdlh fo"k; esa mlls fupyh d{kk ;k Åij dh d{kk esa leku ikB~; lkexzh dk gksuk_
• dfBukbZ Lrj_
• fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, lgt :i ls lqyHk ikB~; lkexzh dk gksuk] ftls f'k{kdksa osQ vf/d gLr{ksi osQ fcuk]
os •qn ls ;k lgikfB;ksa osQ lkFk ikjLifjd :i ls lh• ldrs gksa_
• orZeku lanHkZ esa vçklafxd lkexzh dk gksukA
orZeku laLdj.k] Åij fn, x, ifjorZuksa dks 'kkfey djrs gq, rS;kj fd;k x;k iqul±;ksftr laLdj.k gSA
vii
nks ckrsa---
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh dksf'k'k gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks jktuhfr dh le> cukus esa enn feysA ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ blh iz;kl dk fgLlk gSA 11oha vkSj 12oha osQ jktuhfr foKku dh nwljh fdrkcksa esa jktuhfr osQ
fofHkUu igyqvksa] elyu µ Hkkjrh; lafoèkku] Hkkjr esa jktuhfr rFkk jktuhfrd&fl¼kar dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr esa jktuhfr osQ nk;js dks c<+kdj mlesa fo'o Hkj dh ckrksa dks lesVk x;k gSA
jktuhfr foKku osQ u, ikB~;Øe esa varr% fo'o jktuhfr dks txg feyh gSA ;g vius vki esa egÙoiw.kZ cnyko
gSA varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr esa Hkkjr dk LFkku ”;knk egÙoiw.kZ gqvk gS vkSj ns'k ls ckgj dh ?kVuk,¡ gekjs thou vkSj
ilan&ukilan ij vlj Mky jgh gSaA ,sls esa gesa ckgj dh nqfu;k osQ ckjs esa vkSj ”;knk tkuus dh ”k:jr gSA Hkkjr
esa varjkZ"Vªh; ekeyksa ij iwjs tks'kks&[kjks'k ls ppkZ gksrh gS ysfdu ;g ppkZ ges'kk le>nkjh Hkjh gksrh
gks µ ,slh ckr ughaA nqfu;k osQ jkg&joS;s dh tkudkjh osQ fy, ge nSfud v[kckj] Vsyhfo”ku vkSj oDr&csoDr dh
ckrphr dk lgkjk ysrs gSaA gessa mEehn gS fd bl fdrkc ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ns'k osQ ckgj gks jgh ?kVukvksa vkSj buosQ
lkFk Hkkjr osQ fj'rksa dks tkuus esa enn feysxhA
^varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr* ;k ^varjkZ"Vªh; lacaèk* tSls Vdlkyh uke NksM+dj bl fdrkc dk uke ^fo'o jktuhfr* j[kk
x;k gSA ppkZ dks vkxs pykus ls igys ;g Li"V dj nsuk ”k:jh gS fd ,slk D;ksa fd;k x;kA bl fo'o esa fofHkUu
ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa osQ chp osQ lacaèk ftUgsa ge ^varjkZ"Vªh; laca/* dgrs gSa & fuf'pr gh egÙoiw.kZ gSaA cgjgky] blosQ
lkFk&lkFk ljdkjksa] xSj&ljdkjh laLFkkvksa vkSj vke turk osQ chp Hkh ”k:jh lacaèk gksrs gSSaA bu fj'rksa dks veweu
vfèkjk"Vªh; lacaèk dgk tkrk gSA nqfu;k dks le>us osQ fy, egt fofHkUu ljdkjksa osQ chp osQ lacaèkksa dks le>uk
gh vc dkI+kQh u jgkA lhekikj D;k&D;k ?kVuk,¡ ?kV jgha gSa µ bls le>uk Hkh ”k:jh gS vkSj vius ns'k dh lhek
osQ ckgj tks oqQN ?kV jgk gS mlesa fliZQ ljdkjksa dh Hkwfedk Hkj ugha gSA
fo'o jktuhfr esa nwljs ns'kksa dh van:uh jktuhfr dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mls rqyukRed u”kfj;s ls
le>k tkrk gSA felky osQ fy,] vè;k; ,d ^nwljh nqfu;k* osQ lkE;oknh ns'kksa esa 'khr&;q¼ osQ ckn gqbZ ?kVukvksa
ij gSA bl vè;k; esa bu ns'kksa esa gq, van:uh cnykoksa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ckjs esa fy[ks x, vè;k;
esa Hkkjr osQ iM+kslh ns'kksa esa ekStwn yksdra=k dh gkyr dk ftØ fd;k x;k gSA ;g rqyukRed jktuhfr dk nk;jk gSA
fo'o esa jktuhfr vkt ftl lwjr esa gS] dekscs'k] bl fdrkc dk ljksdkj mlh ls gSA fdrkc esa 19oha vkSj 20oha
lnh oQh fo'o jktuhfr dh ppkZ ugha dh xbZ gSA bu oDrksa dh jktuhfr dk ftØ bfrgkl dh ikB~;iqLrdksa esa fd;k
x;k gSA geus 20oha lnh dh ckrksa dh ppkZ mlh gn rd dh gS ftl gn rd ekStwnk ?kVukvksa vkSj izo`fÙk;ksa dks crkus
esa og crkSj i`"BHkwfe dke vk ldrh gSaA
vki bl fdrkc dk ç;ksx oSQls djsaxs\ ge vk'kk djrs gSa fd ;g iqLrd fo'o jktuhfr ls ifjfpr djk,xhA
gesa fo'okl gS fd ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr dh tkudkjh çkIr djus osQ fy, vè;kid vkSj fo|kFkhZ bl iqLrd
dks vk/kj cuk,¡xsA izR;sd vè;k; esa vkidks fuf'pr lhek esa lwpuk,¡ feysaxhA blosQ lkFk&lkFk gj vè;k; esa fo'o
jktuhfr dks le>us esa mi;ksxh vo/kj.kkvksa ls vkidh HksaV gksxh tSlsµ 'khr;q¼_ varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu_ jk"Vªh; lqj{kk
vkSj ekuoh; lqj{kk_ i;kZoj.kh; lqj{kk_ oS'ohdj.k vkfnA
gj vè;k; dh 'kq#vkr esa îfjp;* fn;k x;k gSA blls ljljh rkSj ij vkidks vanktk yx tk,xk fd vè;k;
esa fdu ckrksa dh ppkZ dh x;h gSA gj vè;k; esa ekufp=k] lkj.kh] vkjs[k] ckWDl] dkVwZu rFkk vU; :i&jpukvksa
(izn'kksZa) dk Hkh bLrseky fd;k gS rkfd vkidks i<+us esa e”kk vk;s_ vki mdlkos esa vkdj] pqukSrh ekudj vFkok
eu gh eu eqLoqQjkrs gq, fo'o jktuhfr ij lkspus yxsa! mUuh&eqUuh osQ fdjnkjksa ls vkidh HksaV igys dh fdrkcksa esa
gqbZ FkhA ;s fdjnkj vkidks vcdh ckj Hkh feysaxsA os vius eklwe] cgq/k 'kjkjrh exj yxkrkj [kksn&[kksn dj tkuus
dh tqxr esa yxs loky iwNsaxsA vè;k;ksa esa ^vkvks! feydj djsa* osQ varxZr fey&ck¡Vdj djus okys vH;klksa osQ ckjs
viii
esa lq>ko fn, x, gSaA blesa lkefxz;ksa dks lkFk feydj tqVkus] varjkZ"Vªh; leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus vkSj vki lc ls bl
rjg ckrphr djus dks dgk x;k gS ekuksa vki jktuf;d gksaA blosQ vykos oqQN Îyl ckWDl* gSaA blesa fdlh
tk¡p&ij[k vFkok ijh{kk osQ fygkt ls ugha cfYd vkidh tkudkjh dks c<+kus osQ fy, lwpuk,¡ nh xbZ gSaA bu ^ckWDl*
esa ,slh lwpukvksa dk lkj&la{ksi fn;k x;k gS ftUgsa vyx ls ugha fy[kk tkrk rks vè;k; cksf>y gksrkA ,d ea'kk ;g
Hkh gS fd vki fdlh fo"k; ij vkSj vkxs lkspsaA gj vè;k; osQ var esa ,d ç'ukoyh gSA blls vkidks vè;k; esa
i<+h xbZ ckrksa dh viuh le> dks ij[kus esa enn feysxhA îz'ukoyh* vkidks vè;k; esa crk;h xbZ ckrksa ls vkSj
vkxs Hkh ys tk,xhA
vki ns[ksaxs fd bl fdrkc esa ekufp=kksa dh Hkjekj gSA dkSu&lh txg dgk¡ gS_ dkSu fdlosQ iM+ksl esa jgrk gS
rFkk ,d&nwljs dh ekStnw xh osQ ek;uksa esa ns'kksa dh lhek&js[kk] unh rFkk vU; jktuhfrd vkSj HkkSxksfyd fo'ks"krk,¡ dgk¡
vkSj dSls gSaµ bu ckrksa osQ cks/ osQ fcuk fo'o&jktuhfr dks le>uk vlaHko ugha rks eqf'dy ”k:j gSA blh dkj.k
geus cM+h nfj;kfnyh ls ekufp=kksa dk bLrseky fd;k gSA ftu jktuhfrd vkSj HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa osQ ckjs esa vki i<+
jgs gSa mldh rLohj vkiosQ eu esa cu losQµ blh ckr esa enn osQ fy, ;s ekufp=k fn, x, gSaA gekjh dÙkbZ ;g
ea'kk ugha fd vkidks Hkh ekufp=k cukus gksaxs vFkok tk¡p&ijh{kk osQ fy, budk j^k yxkuk gksxkA
,d ”k:jh ckr bl fdrkc osQ bLrseky osQ ckjs esa! geus bl ckr dk iwjk è;ku j[kk gS fd vki ij uke] rkjh[k
vkSj ?kVukvksa ls tqM+h lwpukvksa dk cks> u iM+sA geus bUgsa ;FkklaHko de j[kus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA gekjh ea'kk vkidks
vkuu&iQkuu esa fo'o&jktuhfr dk fo'ks"kK cukus dh ughaA gekjh dksf'k'k gS fd vki bl u, fo'o dh tfVyrkvksa
vkSj rstrj cnykoksa dks le>uk 'kq: dj nsaA lkFk gh] vxj vki fo'o&jktuhfr osQ ckjs esa vkSj ”;knk tkuuk pkgrs
gSa rks î<+us&fy[kus osQ fy, oqQN vkSj lkexzh*--- 'kh"kZd osQ varxZr fn, x, Ïksrksa dk lgkjk ys ldrs gSaA
;fn ;g fdrkc vkidks mdlk,_ geus tks loky vkiosQ vkxs j[ks mlls dgha ”;knk loky vxj vki [kqn iwNus
yxs vkSj vkius ;gk¡ tks dqN i<+k mlls vki v/hj gks mBsa rks ge le>saxs fd gekjk iz;kl liQy gqvk! ge vius
fny ls mEehn djrs gSa fd vkidks ;g fdrkc ilan vk,xh vkSj vki bls #fpdj rFkk mi;ksxh ik,axsA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ funs'kd izks- Ñ".k oqQekj us bl fdrkc dh rS;kjh esa tks lgk;rk vkSj ekxZn'kZu fn, mlosQ
fy, ge muosQ vkHkkjh gSAa mUgksua s bl fdrkc dks tgk¡ rd cu iM+s fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ euekfiQd cukus osQ fy, gesa c<+kok
fn;kA mUgksaus bl fdrkc osQ vafre izk:i dk Hkh cM+s /hjt ls bar”kkj fd;kA
ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr osQ lnL;ksa dh vdknfed fo'ks"kKrk vkSj vewY; le; osQ cX+kSj ^ledkyhu fo'o
jktuhfr* dk fy[kk tkuk vlaHko FkkA lfefr osQ gj lnL; us viuk vewY; le; fn;k vkSj vyx&vyx ekSdksa ij
viuh vU; O;Lrrkvksa dks Vkydj bl dke esa gkFk c¡Vk;kA ekufp=kksa osQ p;u vkSj ikB&'kqf¼ osQ fy, izks- lat;
prqosZnh vkSj Mk- fl¼kFkZ eYyokjiq osQ ge fo'ks"k :i ls vkHkkjh gSaA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fy, ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dh
rjiQ ls MkW- ,e-oh-,l-oh- izlkn lek;kstu dj jgs FksA ge muoQh yxu vkSj bZekunkjh osQ vkHkkjh gSaA ge Jh ,ysDl
,e- tktZ vkSj Jh iadt iq"dj dh yxu vkSj bZekunkjh osQ Hkh vkHkkjh gSaA bUgksaus ikB dh xq.koÙkk] fo"k;&lkexzh dh
izkekf.kdrk vkSj iBuh;rk dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, fnu&jkr ,d dj fn;kA lqJh in~ekorh us lHkh iz'ukofy;ksa
dks rS;kj fd;kA bl iqLrd dks fganh esa ykrs le; gekjk vkxzg Fkk fd iqLrd vuqfnr ugha ewy yxsA bl pqukSrh
dks lkeus j[kdj iqLrd dks fganh esa vuwfnr djus dk Jelkè; dk;Z panu JhokLro us fd;k vkSj bl laLdj.k dh
rS;kjh osQ dbZ pj.kksa esa mUgksaus lg;ksx fd;kA bl iqLrd dh fM”kkbuj 'osrk jko us bls vkd"kZd lkt&lTtk ls l¡okjk
vkSj fdrkc dks ,d v¡nkt c['kkA budh Hkjiwj vkSj jpukRed enn osQ cX+kSj ge bl fdrkc dks ekStwnk :i&jax esa
ugha fudky ikrsA
oQkafr cktisbZ ;ksxsUæ ;kno

lykgdkj lqgkl iG'khdj
eq[; lykgdkj
ix
ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr

vè;{k] lkekftd foKku lykgdkj lfefr
gfj oklqnsou] izksI+ksQlj] bfrgkl foHkkx] dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky;] dksydkrk
eq[; lykgdkj
lqgkl iG'khdj] izksI+ksQlj] jktuhfr ,oa yksd iz'kklu foHkkx] iq.ks fo'ofo|ky;] iq.ks
;ksxsaæ ;kno] lhfu;j isQyks] fodkl'khy lekt vè;;u ihB] fnYyh
lykgdkj
dkafr cktisbZ] gsMekLVj] n nwu LowQy] nsgjknwu
lnL;
,ysDl ,e- tkWtZ] Lora=k vuqla/kudrkZ] b#o^h] ftyk dUuwj] osQjy
vuqjk/k ,e- fpukW;] izksI+ksQlj] :lh ,oa eè; ,f'k;kbZ vè;;u osaQæ] varjkZ"Vªh; vè;;u ihB] tokgjyky usg:
fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyh
e/q HkYyk] izksI+ksQlj] iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ vè;;u foHkkx] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh
uouhrk pM~<k csgjk] jhMj] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh
in~ekorh ch-,l-] baVjus'kuy ,osQMeh iQkWj fØ,fVo Vh¯px] caxyksj
lO;lkph clq jk;pkS/jh] jhMj] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] johUæ Hkkjrh fo'ofo|ky;] dksydkrk
lehj nkl] jhMj] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky;] dksydkrk
lat; prqosZnh] jhMj] lsaVj iQkWj n LVMh vkWiQ ft;ksikWfyfVDl] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] iatkc fo'ofo|ky;] paMhx<+
lat; nqcs] jhMj] lk-fo-ek-f'k-fo-] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] u;h fnYyh
f'kok'kh"k pVthZ] ysDpjj] varjkZ"Vªh; vè;;u foHkkx] tknoiqj fo'ofo|ky;] dksydkrk
fl¼kFkZ eYykojiq] vflLVsaV izksI+ksQlj] varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr] laxBu ,oa fu'kL=khdj.k vè;;u osaQæ] varjkZ"Vªh; vè;;u
ihB] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyh
o#.k lkguh] izksI+ksQlj] varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr] laxBu ,oa fu'kL=khdj.k vè;;u osaQæ] varjkZ"Vªh; vè;;u ihB]
tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyh
fganh vuqokn
vj¯on eksgu] ofj"B i=kdkj] fny'kkn xkMZu] fnYyh
panu oqQekj JhokLro] Lora=k vuql/a kudrkZ] u;h fnYyh
iadt iq"dj] yksduhfr] fodkl'khy lekt vè;;u ihB] fnYyh
es/k] Lora=k i=kdkj ,oa vuql/
a kudrkZ] u;h fnYyh
lnL;&leUo;d
eYyk oh-,l-oh- izlkn] ysDpjj] lk-fo-ek-f'k-fo-] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] u;h fnYyh
vkHkkj
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ mu lHkh yksxksa dk vkHkkj izdV djrh gS ftUgksaus izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i
ls bl iqLrd ds fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku fn;kA
ge lk-fo-ek-f'k-fo- dh vè;{kk izksI+ksQlj lfork flUgk dk vkSj foHkkx osQ lHkh iz'kklfud lgdfeZ;ksa dk muosQ
lg;ksx osQ fy, /U;okn O;Dr djrs gSaA
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk&2005 osQ varxZr fy[kh xbZ jktuhfr foKku dh vU; iqLrdksa dh Hkkafr ;g
iqLrd Hkh fodkl'khy lekt vè;;u ihB osQ laLFkkxr lg;ksx osQ fcuk laHko ugha gks ldrh FkhA vè;;u ihB
osQ dk;ZØe ^yksduhfr* us vius lHkh izdkj osQ lalk/u iqLrd fuekZ.k osQ bl uokpkj esa yxk fn,A blosQ fy,
fodkl'khy lekt vè;;u ihB vkSj lkFk gh blosQ ,d dk;ZØe ^yksduhfr* osQ funs'kd izksI+ksQlj ihVj Mhlwtk
fo'ks"k rkSj ls /U;okn osQ ik=k gSaA
jk"Vªh; ifj"kn~ iqLrd fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k esa ;ksxnku nsus okys lHkh O;fDr;ksa vkSj laLFkkuksa dk gk£nd vkHkkj
O;Dr djrh gSA ;wukbVsM us'kUl iksLVy ,MfefuLVªs'ku (U;w;koZQ) osQ izeq[k jkcVZ xzs dk la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ Mkd
fVdVksa dks iz;ksx djus dh vuqefr nsus osQ fy,_ izksI+ksQlj osQ-lh- lwjh dk cgqewY; lq>koksa osQ fy,_ osQxy dkVwZUl
dk ,aMh ¯lxj] ,atsy cksyhxu] ,jsl] osQe dkWMksZo] fØLVks dksekjfuRLdh] nsax dk; ekby] gsjh gjhlu] ekbd ysu]
ekbYV izkbxs] isV csxys] ihVj fiLesL=kksfop vkSj Vsc osQ dkVwZu miyC/ djkus osQ fy,_ oqQ^h (yk¯iQx fon
oqQêðh)] ^n ¯gnw* vkSj îkfdLrku fVªC;wu* dk vius dkVwZu izdkf'kr djus dh vuqefr nsus osQ fy, ge gk£nd
vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSaA bjI+kQku [kku us iqLrd osQ fy, vius js[kkfp=k vkSj dkVksZxzkfiQd fMtkbUl us Hkkjr vkSj mlosQ
iM+kslh ns'k ,oa fo'o osQ ekufp=k miyC/ djk,¡] budk Hkh /U;oknA lalnh; iqLrdky; vkSj la;qDr jk"Vª lwpuk
osaQæ] u;h fnYyh us iqLrd osQ fy, lkexzh tqVkus esa egÙoiw.kZ enn dhA ^Mkmu Vq vFkZ* vkSj blosQ ifjf'k"B ^xkscj
VkbEl* dk fo'ks"k mYys[k vko';d gSA
iqLrd osQ fy, lanHkZ lkexzh] fp=k vkSj vk¡dM+s tqVkus esa fodhihfM;k ls lgk;rk yh xbZ gSA fÝydj osQ
^fØ,fVo dkeUl* osQ vUrxZr miyC/ fp=kksa dk Hkh iqLrd esa vusd LFkkuksa ij iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ge bu fp=kksa
osQ iQksVksxzkiQjksa vkSj fÝydj osQ vkHkkjh gSa fd mUgksaus vius dyk&deZ dks dkWihjkbV dh lhek ls eqDr dj izdkf'kr
djus dh vuqefr nhA
bl iqLrd osQ Hkk"kk;h laiknu osQ fy, laiUu ,d dk;Z'kkyk esa ofj"B i=kdkj vjfoan eksgu] es/k] vkyksd oqQekj]
lS;n v”kI+kQj vglu vkSj lat; dkSf'kd us vius cgqewY; lq>ko fn,A Mh-Vh-ih- vkWijsVj foØe flag us yxu osQ lkFk
iqLrd dks 'kq#vkrh :i fn;kA iqLrd dks vafre :i nsus osQ fy, ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ n{k Mh-Vh-ih- vkWijsVj mÙke oqQekj
o vjfoan 'kekZ vkSj dkWih ,MhVj ;rsUæ ;kno dk lg;ksx Hkh mYys[kuh; gSA
ifj"kn~] bl laLdj.k osQ iqul±;kstu osQ fy, ikB~;Øeksa] ikB~;iqLrdksa ,oa fo"k; lkexzh osQ fo'ys"k.k gsrq fn, x,
egRoiw.kZ lg;ksx osQ fy, dfork tSu] ih-th-Vh-] jktuhfr foKku] v'kksd fogkj] i+sQt I] fnYyh_ MkW- euh"kk ikaMs;]
,lksfl,V izkis + s Qlj] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] fganw dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;_ 'kadj 'kj.k] izksi+sQlj] Mh-bZ-,l-,l-]
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh_ okaFkkaxiqbZ [kkscax] vflLVsaV izksi+sQlj] Mh-bZ-,l-,l-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh_ lqfurk
dFkwfj;k] ih-th-Vh-] jktuhfr foKku] ,e-lh-,y-] ljLorh cky eafnj] ,y CykWd] gfjuxj] u;h fnYyh osQ izfr vkHkkj
O;Dr djrh gSA
fo"k; lwph
vkeq[k iii
ikB~;iqLrdksa esa ikB~; lkexzh dk iqul±;kstu v
nks ckrsa vii
vè;k; 1
nks /zqoh;rk dk var 1
vè;k; 2
lÙkk osQ ledkyhu osaQæ 15
vè;k; 3
ledkyhu nf{k.k ,f'k;k 29
vè;k; 4
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu 45
vè;k; 5
ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk 63
vè;k; 6
i;kZoj.k vkSj çkÑfrd lalk/u 81
vè;k; 7
oS'ohdj.k 99
i<+us&le>us osQ fy, oqQN vkSj lkexzh---
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr osQ ckjs esa vxj ”;knk tkuuk pkgsa rks blosQ fy, vki D;k djsaxs\ bl fo"k; osQ
ckjs tkudkjh osQ lzksrksa dh Hkjekj gSaA ;gk¡ ge blosQ ckjs esa vkidks oqQN lq>ko ns jgs gSa A ge ;gk¡ vaxzsth
Hkk"kk esa miyC/ ikB~;lkefxz;ksa dh ppkZ djsaxs A ysfdu] bldk eryc ;g ugha fd tkudkjh osQ fy, blh
Hkk"kk esa vPNh ikB~;lkexzh miyC/ gSA gk¡] Hkkjrh; Nk=kksa osQ fy, vaxzsth esa miyC/ ikB~;lkefxz;ksa dks
gkfly djuk vklku gSA
bl fdrkc esa tks fo"k; mBk, x, gSa vFkok ftu ns'kksa] O;fDr;ksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dk gokyk fn;k x;k gS mlosQ
ckjs esa cgqr&lh tkudkjh vki baVjusV ij miyC/ fodhihfM;k ls gkfly dj ldrs gSaA vki oqQNsd fo'odks'k tSls
,UlkbDyksihfM;k fczVsfudk dk Hkh mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA fo'o jktuhfr dh 'kq#vkrh tkudkjh nsus okyh dbZ iqLrosaQ
gSa tks vkidks fdlh vPNs vkSj cM+s iqLrdky; esa fey tk,axhA
'kks/kFkhZ] ewy ç'u vkSj le;kUrj tSlh oqQN if=kdk,¡ varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr ij iBuh; lkexzh miyC/ djkrh gSaA
vki îzaQVykbu*] ^bafM;k VqMs*] ^vkmVyqd* vkSj ôhd* tSlh if=kdkvksa dk Hkh bLrseky dj ldrs gSaA buesa ls
vf/dka'k osQ fganh laLdj.k Hkh çdkf'kr gksrs gSaA vki pkgsa rks ^bdkWukWfed ,aM ikWfyfVdy ohdyh*] ôYMZ iQksdl*
rFkk ^lsfeukj* tSls oqQN vdknfed tuZYl dks Hkh ns[k ldrs gSaA cgjgky] nSfud v[kckjksa dks i<+us dh vknr
Mkyuk bl flyflys esa cgqr dkjxj gksxkA Hkkjr ljdkj dk çdk'ku foHkkx vkSj oqQN lekpkj i=k&lewg okf"kZdh
;k bZ;j&cqd dk çdk'ku djrs gSaA ;s Hkh lelkef;d ?kVukØe dks tkuus osQ ekè;e gks ldrs gSaA buls fo'o osQ
lelkef;d ?kVukpØ ls vki yxkrkj voxr gksrs jgsaxsA Vsyhfo”ku osQ pSuy Hkh fo'o dh ?kVukvksa dh fu;fer
fjiksfV±x djrs gSaA bUgsa Hkh ns[ksaA
viuh jk; ”k:j nsa

vkidks ;g fdrkc oSQlh yxh\ bls i<+us ;k bldk iz;ksx djus dk vkidk vuqHko oSQlk jgk\ vkidks blesa D;k&D;k
ijs'kkfu;k¡ gqb±\ iqLrd osQ vxys laLdj.k esa vki blesa D;k&D;k cnyko pkgsaxs\ bu lcosQ ckjs esa ;k fdlh Hkh u, lq>ko
osQ laca/ esa gesa vo'; fy[ksaA vki vè;kid gksa] vfHkHkkod gksa] Nk=k gksa ;k lkekU; ikBd] gj dksbZ lykg ns ldrk gSA
fdrkcksa esa cnyko dh izfozQ;k esa vkiosQ lq>ko vewY; gSaA ge gj lq>ko dk lEeku djrs gSaA
o`Qi;k gesa bl irs ij fy[ksa

leUo;d (jktuhfr foKku)
DESS, NCERT
Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh&110 016
vè;k; 1
nks /kzqoh;rk dk var

ifjp;
'khr;q¼ osQ lcls ljX+keZ nkSj esa cfyZu&nhokj
[kM+h dh xbZ Fkh vkSj ;g nhokj 'khr;q¼ dk
lcls cM+k çrhd FkhA 1989 esa iwohZ teZuh
dh vke turk us bl nhokj dks fxjk fn;kA
bl ukVdh; ?kVuk osQ ckn vkSj Hkh ukVdh;
rFkk ,sfrgkfld ?kVukØe lkeus vk;kA bldh
ifj.kfr nwljh nqfu;k osQ iru vkSj 'khr;q¼
dh lekfIr esa gqbZA nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn
foHkkftr gks pqosQ teZuh dk vc ,dhdj.k
gks x;kA lksfo;r la?k osQ [kses esa 'kkfey iwohZ
;wjksi osQ vkB ns'kksa us ,d&,d djosQ turk
osQ çn'kZuksa dks ns[kdj vius lkE;oknh 'kklu
dks cny MkykA 'khr;q¼ osQ var osQ le;
lksfo;r la?k dks ;g lc pqipki ns[krs jguk
iM+kA ,slk fdlh lSU; etcwjh ls ugha] cfYd
vke turk dh lkewfgd dkjZokbZ osQ ncko cfyZu dh nhokj iwt¡ hoknh nqfu;k
osQ dkj.k gqvkA var esa Lo;a lksfo;r la?k dk vkSj lkE;oknh nqfu;k osQ chp
fo?kVu gks x;kA bl vè;k; esa ge nwljh foHkktu dk çrhd FkhA 1961
esa cuh ;g nhokj if'peh cfyZu dks iwohZ cfyZu ls vyx djrh FkhA 150 fdyksehVj
nqfu;k osQ fo?kVu osQ vk'k;] dkj.k vkSj ls Hkh T;knk yach ;g nhokj 28 o"kksZa rd [kM+h jgh vkSj vkf[kjdkj turk us bls
ifj.kkekssa osQ ckjs esa ppkZ djsaxsA ge ;g Hkh 9 uoacj] 1989 dks rksM+ fn;kA ;g nksuksa teZuh osQ ,dhdj.k vkSj lkE;oknh [kses
ppkZ djsaxs fd lksfo;r 'kklu osQ iru osQ dh lekfIr dh 'kq#vkr FkhA ;gk¡ fn, x, fp=k blh dFkkØe dks lkeus j[krs gSAa
1- yksx nhokj esa NksVk lk Nsn dj jgsa gSaA
ckn nqfu;k osQ bl fgLls esa D;k gqvk vkSj
2- eqDr vkokxeu dks laHko cukus osQ fy, nhokj osQ ,d fgLls dks fxjk fn;k
vc bu ns'kksa ls Hkkjr osQ fj'rs oSQls gSaA x;k gSA
3- 1989 ls igys cfyZu dh nhokj
fp=k izsQMfjd jse vkSj ;wfuoflZVh vkWiQ ;wVkg ls lkHkkj
2 ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr
lksfo;r ç.kkyh D;k Fkh\ miHkksDrk&m|ksx Hkh cgqr mUur Fkk vkSj fiu
lektoknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; (;w-,l-,l-vkj-) ls ysdj dkj rd lHkh phtksa dk mRiknu
:l esa gqbZ 1917 dh lektoknh Økafr osQ ogk¡ gksrk FkkA gkyk¡fd lksfo;r la?k osQ
lksfo;r la?k ckn vfLrRo esa vk;kA ;g Økafr iw¡thoknh miHkksDrk m|ksx esa cuus okyh oLrq,¡ xq.koÙkk
osQ usrk O;oLFkk osQ fojks/ esa gqbZ Fkh vkSj lektokn osQ fygkt ls if'peh ns'kksa osQ Lrj dh ugha
osQ vkn'kks± vkSj lerkewyd lekt dh ”k:jr Fkha ysfdu lksfo;r la?k dh ljdkj us vius
ls çsfjr FkhA ;g ekuo bfrgkl esa futh lHkh ukxfjdksa osQ fy, ,d U;wure thou
laifÙk dh laLFkk dks lekIr djus vkSj lekt Lrj lqfuf'pr dj fn;k FkkA ljdkj cqfu;knh
dks lekurk osQ fl¼kar ij lpsr :i ls ”k:jr dh phtsa elyu LokLF;&lqfo/k]
jpus dh lcls cM+h dksf'k'k FkhA ,slk djus f'k{kk] cPpksa dh ns[kHkky rFkk yksd&dY;k.k
esa lksfo;r ç.kkyh osQ fuekZrkvksa us jkT; vkSj dh vU; phtsa fj;k;rh nj ij eqgS;k djkrh
Oykfnehj ysfuu
(1870&1924) îkVhZ dh laLFkk* dks çkFkfed egÙo fn;kA FkhA csjkst
s xkjh ugha FkhA fefYd;r dk çeq[k
cksY'ksfod dE;qfuLV lksfo;r jktuhfrd ç.kkyh dh /qjh dE;qfuLV :i jkT; dk LokfeRo Fkk rFkk Hkwfe vkSj
ikVhZ osQ laLFkkid_ ikVhZ FkhA blesa fdlh vU; jktuhfrd ny vU; mRiknd lainkvksa ij LokfeRo gksus osQ
1917 dh :lh Økafr ;k foi{k osQ fy, txg ugha FkhA vFkZO;oLFkk vykok fu;a=k.k Hkh jkT; dk gh FkkA
osQ uk;d vkSj Økafr cgjgky] lksfo;r ç.kkyh ij ukSdj'kkgh
;kstukc¼ vkSj jkT; osQ fu;a=k.k esa FkhA
osQ ckn osQ lcls
eqf'dy nkSj
nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn iwohZ ;wjksi osQ dk f'kdatk dlrk pyk x;kA ;g ç.kkyh
(1917&1924) esa ns'k lksfo;r la?k osQ vaoqQ'k esa vk x;sA lÙkkoknh gksrh xbZ vkSj ukxfjdksa dk thou
lksfo;r lektoknh lksfo;r lsuk us bUgsa iQklhoknh rkOkQrksa osQ dfBu gksrk pyk x;kA yksdra=k vkSj vfHkO;fDr
x.kjkT; osQ paxqy ls eqDr djk;k FkkA bu lHkh ns'kksa dh dh vk”kknh ugha gksus osQ dkj.k yksx viuh
laLFkkid&vè;{k_ jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd O;oLFkk dks lksfo;r vlgefr vDlj pqVoqQyksa vkSj dkVwZuksa esa
ekDlZokn osQ
vlkèkkj.k fl¼kardkj
la?k dh lektoknh ç.kkyh dh rtZ ij <kyk O;Dr djrs FksA lksfo;r la?k dh vf/dka'k
vkSj mls veyh tkek x;kA bUgsa gh lektoknh [kses osQ ns'k ;k laLFkkvksa esa lq/kj dh ”k:jr FkhA lksfo;r
igukus esa egkjFkh_ iwjh ^nwljh nqfu;k* dgk tkrk gSA bl [kses dk la?k esa ,d ny ;kuh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk
nqfu;k esa lkE;okn osQ usrk lektoknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; FkkA 'kklu Fkk vkSj bl ny dk lHkh laLFkkvksa ij
çsj.kkÏksrA nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn lksfo;r la?k xgjk vaoqQ'k FkkA ;g ny turk osQ çfr
egk'kfDr osQ :i esa mHkjkA vejhdk dks tokcnsg ugha FkkA turk us viuh laLÑfr
NksM+ nsa rks lksfo;r la?k dh vFkZO;oLFkk 'ks"k vkSj ckdh ekeyksa dh lkt&laHkky vius
fo'o dh rqyuk esa dgha T;knk fodflr FkhA vki djus osQ fy, 15 x.kjkT;ksa dks vkil
lksfo;r la?k dh lapkj ç.kkyh cgqr mUur esa feykdj lksfo;r la?k cuk;k FkkA ysfdu
FkhA mlosQ ikl fo'kky ÅtkZ&lalk/u Fkk ikVhZ us turk dh bl bPNk dks igpkuus ls
ftlesa [kfut&rsy] yksgk vkSj bLikr rFkk badkj dj fn;kA gkyk¡fd lksfo;r la?k osQ
e'khujh mRikn 'kkfey gSaA lksfo;r la?k osQ uD'ks esa :l] la?k osQ iUæg x.kjkT;ksa esa ls
nwj&njkt osQ bykosQ Hkh vkokxeu dh ,d Fkk ysfdu okLro esa :l dk gj ekeys
lqO;ofLFkr vkSj fo'kky ç.kkyh osQ dkj.k esa çHkqRo FkkA vU; {ks=kksa dh turk vDlj
vkil esa tqMs+ gq, FksA lksfo;r la?k dk ?kjsyw misf{kr vkSj nfer eglwl djrh FkhA
gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ esa lksfo;r la?k us ns'kksa dh turk us viuh ljdkjksa vkSj lksfo;r
le;≤ ij vejhdk dks cjkcj dh fu;a=k.k dk fojks/ djuk 'kq: dj fn;kA
VDdj nh ysfdu mls bldh Hkkjh dher xksckZpos osQ 'kkld jgrs lksfo;r la?k us ,slh
pqdkuh iM+hA lksfo;r la?k çkS|ksfxdh vkSj xM+cfM+;ksa esa ml rjg dk gLr{ksi ugha lksfo;r la?k
cqfu;knh <k¡ps (elyu & ifjogu] ÅtkZ) fd;k tSlk vrhr esa gksrk FkkA iwohZ ;wjksi dh osQ usrk
osQ ekeys esa if'peh ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa ihNs lkE;oknh ljdkjsa ,d osQ ckn ,d fxj xb±A
jg x;kA ysfdu lcls cM+h ckr rks ;g Fkh lksfo;r la?k osQ ckgj gks jgs bu
fd lksfo;r la?k vius ukxfjdksa dh jktuhfrd ifjorZuksa osQ lkFk&lkFk vanj Hkh ladV
vkSj vkfFkZd vkdka{kkvksa dks iwjk ugha dj xgjkrk tk jgk Fkk vkSj blls lksfo;r la?k
ldkA lksfo;r la?k us 1979 esa vIk+ QxkfuLrku osQ fo?kVu dh xfr vkSj rst gqbZA xksckZPkso
esa gLr{ksi fd;kA blls lksfo;r la?k dh us ns'k osQ vanj vkfFkZd&jktuhfrd lq/kjksa
O;oLFkk vkSj Hkh detksj gqbAZ gkyk¡fd lksfo;r vkSj yksdra=khdj.k dh uhfr pyk;hA bu tkstsiQ LVkfyu
la?k esa yksxksa dk ikfjJfed yxkrkj c<+k lq/kj uhfr;ksa dk dE;qfuLV ikVhZ osQ usrkvksa (1879&1953)
ysfuu osQ mÙkjkf/dkjh_
ysfdu mRikndrk vkSj çkS|ksfxdh osQ ekeys }kjk fojks/ fd;k x;kA lksfo;r la?k osQ etcwr
esa og if'pe osQ ns'kkssa ls cgqr ihNs NwV 1991 esa ,d r[+rkiyV Hkh gqvkA cuus osQ nkSj esa
x;kA blls gj rjg dh miHkksDrk & oLrq dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ls tqM+s xjeiafFk;ksa us bls (1924&1953) usr`Ro
dh deh gks xbZA [kk|kUu dk vk;kr c<+kok fn;k FkkA rc rd turk dks Lora=krk fd;k_ vkS|ksxhdj.k
lky&nj&lky c<+rk x;kA 1970 osQ n'kd dk Lokn fey pqdk Fkk vkSj os dE;qfuLV dks rsth ls c<+kok vkSj
[ksrh dk cyiwoZd
osQ vafre o"kks± esa ;g O;oLFkk yM+[kM+k jgh ikVhZ osQ iqjkuh jaxr okys 'kklu esa ugha tkuk
lkewfgdhdj.k_ nwljs
Fkh vkSj varr% Bgj lh x;hA pkgrs FksA ;sYrflu us bl r[+rkiyV osQ fo'o ;q¼ esa thr dk
fojks/ esa egÙpiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ vkSj os Js;_ 1930 osQ n'kd
xksckZpso vkSj lksfo;r la?k dk uk;d dh rjg mHkjsA :lh x.kjkT; us] tgk¡ osQ Hk;kud vkrad]
fo?kVu cksfjl ;sYrflu us vke pquko thrk Fkk] ikVhZ osQ vanj vius
fojksf/;ksa dks oqQpyus
fe[+kkby xksckZpos us bl O;oLFkk dks lq/kjuk osQaæhÑr fu;a=k.k dks ekuus ls badkj dj
vkSj rkuk'kkgh joS;s osQ
pkgkA os 1980 osQ n'kd osQ eè; esa fn;kA lÙkk ekLdks ls x.kjkT;ksa dh rjiQ fy, ftEesnkj Bgjk,
lksfo;r la?k dh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ osQ egklfpo f[kldus yxhA ,slk [+kkldj lksfo;r la?k x,A
cusA if'pe osQ ns'kkssa esa lwpuk vkSj çkS|ksfxdh osQ mu Hkkxksa esa gqvk tks T;knk ;wjksihÑr Fks
osQ {ks=k esa Økafr gks jgh Fkh vkSj lksfo;r la?k vkSj vius dks laçHkq jkT; ekurs FksA
dks bldh cjkcjh esa ykus osQ fy, lq/kj vk'p;Ztud rkSj ij eè;&,f'k;kbZ x.kjkT;ksa
”k:jh gks x, FkssA xksckZpso us if'pe osQ us vius fy, Lora=krk dh ek¡x ugha dhA os
ns'kksa osQ lkFk laca/ksa dks lkekU; cukus] ^lksfo;r la?k* osQ lkFk gh jguk pkgrs FksA
lksfo;r la?k dks yksdrkaf=kd :i nsus vkSj lu~ 1991 osQ fnlEcj esa ;sYrflu osQ usrR` o
ogk¡ lq/kj djus dk I+kSQlyk fd;kA bl esa lksfo;r la?k osQ rhu cMss+ x.kjkT; :l]
i+SQlys dh oqQN ,slh Hkh ifj.kfr;k¡ jgha ;wØsu vkSj csyk:l us lksfo;r la?k dh
ftudk fdlh dks dksbZ vanktk ugha FkkA iwohZ lekfIr dh ?kks"k.kk dhA dE;qfuLV ikVhZ
;wjksi osQ ns'k lksfo;r [kses osQ fgLls FksA bu çfrcaf/r gks xbZ vkSj ijorhZ lksfo;r x.kjkT;ksa
dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk ,d vf/dkjh ekLdks ls jokuk gqvk vkSj lkewfgd [ksrh osQ ,d îQkeZ* ij vkyw dh
iSnkokj dks ntZ djus osQ fy, igqp
¡ kA
^fdlku lkFkh] bl lky dh iSnkokj dSlh jgh\* vf/dkjh us iwNkA
lksfo;r la?k
^bZ'oj dh Ñik ls vkyw osQ igkM+ yx x;s gS*a fdlku us crk;kA
osQ usrk
^ysfdu bZ'oj rks gksrk ugha!* vf/dkjh us mudh ckr dkVhA
^rks fiQj] vkyw osQ igkM+ Hkh ugha gksr!s * fdlku us tokc fn;kA
us iw¡thokn rFkk yksdra=k dks viuk vk/kj iru dks le>us osQ fy, ”k:jh gS D;ksafd
cuk;kA lksfo;r la?k osQ :i esa u rks dksbZ
lkE;oknh lksfo;r x.kjkT; osQ fo?kVu jkt&O;oLFkk igyh ckj VwVh gS vkSj u gh
dh ?kks"k.kk vkSj Lora=k jkT;ksa osQ jk"VªoqQy vkf[kjh ckjA lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu osQ
fufdrk –q'pso
(1894&1971)
(dkWeuosYFk vkWo bafMisMa Vas LVsVl
~ ) dk xBu oqQN fo'ks"k dkj.k ”k:j gks ldrs gSa
lksfo;r la?k osQ ckdh x.kjkT;ksa] [kkldj eè; ,f'k;kbZ ysfdu bl ekeys ls ge ,d loZ&lkekU;
jk"Vªifr (1953&1964)_ x.kjkT;ksa osQ fy, cgqr vk'p;Zpfdr djus lcd lh[k ldrs gSaA
LVkfyu dh usrR` o&'kSyh okyk FkkA ;s x.kjkT; vHkh ^Lora=k jkT;ksa osQ blesa dksbZ lansg ugha gS fd lksfo;r
osQ vkykspd_ 1956 esa jk"VªoqQy* ls ckgj FksA bl eqís dks rqjar gy la?k dh jktuhfrd&vkfFkZd laLFkk,¡ van#uh
oqQN lq/kj ykxw fd,_
dj fy;k x;kA bUgsa ^jk"VªoQq y* dk laLFkkid detksjh osQ dkj.k yksxksa dh vkdka{kkvksa
if'pe osQ lkFk
^'kkafriw.kZ lgvfLrRo* lnL; cuk;k x;kA :l dks lksfo;r la?k dk dks iwjk ugha dj ldhaA ;gh lksfo;r la?k
dk lq>ko j[kk_ gaxjh mÙkjkf/dkjh jkT; Lohdkj fd;k x;kA :l osQ iru dk dkj.k jgkA dbZ lkyksa
osQ tu&foæksg osQ neu dks lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa lksfo;r la?k dh lhV rd vFkZ O ;oLFkk xfr#¼ jghA blls
vkSj D;wck osQ felkby feyhA lksfo;r la?k us tks varjkZ"Vªh; djkj miHkksDrk&oLrqvksa dh cM+h deh gks xbZ vkSj
ladV esa 'kkfeyA
vkSj laf/;k¡ dh Fkha mu lc dks fuHkkus dk lksfo;r la?k dh vkcknh dk ,d cM+k
ftEek vc :l dk FkkA lksfo;r la?k osQ fgLlk viuh jktO;oLFkk dks 'kd dh u”kj
fo?kVu osQ ckn osQ le; esa iwooZ rhZ x.kjkT;ksa ls ns[kus yxk_ ml ij [kqysvke loky [kM+s
osQ chp ,dek=k ijek.kq 'kfDr laiUu ns'k djus 'kq: fd,A
dk n”kkZ :l dks feykA mlus vejhdk osQ ;g O;oLFkk bruh de”kksj oSQls gqbZ
lkFk ijek.kq fujL=khdj.k dh fn'kk esa oqQN vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk esa xfrjks/ D;ksa vk;k\
dne Hkh mBk,A lksfo;r la?k vc ugha jgk_ bldk mÙkj dkiQh gn rd lkiQ gSA bl
og nI+kQu gks pqdk FkkA flyflys esa ,d ckr ,dne Li"V gS fd
lksfo;r la?k us vius lalk/uksa dk vf/dka'k
lksfo;r la?k dk fo?kVu D;kas gqvk\ ijek.kq gfFk;kj vkSj lSU; lktks&lkeku ij
fo'o dh nwljh lcls cM+h egk'kfDr yxk;kA mlus vius lalk/u iwohZ ;wjksi osQ
eSa gSjku gw¡! vkf[kj vpkud oSQls fc[kj xbZ\ fli+QZ lksfo;r vius fiNyXxw ns'kksa osQ fodkl ij Hkh [kpZ
nqfu;kHkj osQ brus lkjs la?k vkSj lkE;okn osQ var dks le>us osQ fd, rkfd os lksfo;r fu;a=k.k esa cus jgsaA
lathnk yksxksa us ,slhs
O;oLFkk dks D;ksa
fy, gh ;g loky iwNuk ”k:jh ughaA ;g blls lksfo;r la?k ij xgjk vkfFkZd nckc
ljkgk\ loky fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd O;oLFkk osQ cuk vkSj lksfo;r O;oLFkk bldk lkeuk ugha
dj ldhA blh osQ lkFk ,d vkSj ckr gqbZA vkdj mÙkj T;knk fookfnr gks tkrs gSaA bl
if'peh eqYdksa dh rjDdh osQ ckjs esa lksfo;r fLFkfr dks gesa vkxs osQ bfrgkldkj 'kk;n
la?k osQ vke ukxfjdksa dh tkudkjh c<+hA os T;knk csgrj <ax ls le>k ik,aA
viuh jktO;oLFkk vkSj if'peh ns'kksa dh lcls lVhd mÙkj rks ;g tku iM+rk gS lksfo;r la?k
jktO;oLFkk osQ chp ekStnw vara j Hkkai ldrs fd tc xksckZpso us lq/kjksa dks ykxw fd;k osQ usrk
FksA lkyksa ls bu yksxksa dks crk;k tk jgk vkSj O;oLFkk esa <hy nh rks yksxksa dh
Fkk fd lksfo;r jktO;oLFkk if'pe osQ vkdka{kkvksa&vis{kkvksa dk ,slk Tokj meM+k
iw¡thokn ls csgrj gS ysfdu lPpkbZ ;g ftldk vuqeku 'kk;n gh dksbZ yxk ldrk
Fkh fd lksfo;r la?k fiNM+ pqdk Fkk vkSj FkkA bl ij dkcw ikuk ,d vFkZ esa vlaHko
vius fiNM+siu dh igpku ls yksxksa dks gks x;kA lksfo;r la?k esa turk osQ ,d rcosQ
jktuhfrd&euksoKS kfud :i ls /Ddk yxkA dh lksp ;g Fkh fd xksckZpso dks T;knk rst
fyvksfuM czs>uso
lksfo;r la?k ç'kklfud vkSj jktuhfrd xfr ls dne mBkus pkfg,A ;s yksx mudh
(1906&1982)
:i ls xfr#¼ gks pqdk FkkA lksfo;r la?k ij dk;Zi¼fr ls /hjt [kks cSBs vkSj fujk'k gks lksfo;r la?k osQ
dE;qfuLV ikVhZ us 70 lkyksa rd 'kklu fd;k x,A bu yksxksa us tSlk lkspk Fkk oSlk iQk;nk jk"Vªifr
vkSj ;g ikVhZ vc turk osQ çfr tokcnsg mUgsa ugha gqvk ;k laHko gS mUgsa cgqr /heh (1964&1982)_ ,f'k;k
ugha jg xbZ FkhA xfr#¼ ç'kklu] Hkkjh xfr ls iQk;nk gks jgk gksA turk osQ ,d dh lkewfgd lqj{kk
Hkz"Vkpkj vkSj viuh X+kyfr;ksa dks lq/kjus esa fgLls [+kkldj] dE;qfuLV ikVhZ osQ lnL; O;oLFkk dk lq>ko
fn;k_ vejhdk osQ lkFk
O;oLFkk dh v{kerk] 'kklu esa T;knk [kqykiu vkSj os yksx tks lksfo;r O;oLFkk ls iQk;ns
laca/kas esa ruko dh
ykus osQ çfr vfuPNk vkSj ns'k dh fo'kkyrk esa Fks] osQ fopkj Bhd blosQ foijhr FksA deh osQ nkSj ls laca¼_
osQ ckotwn lÙkk dk osQæa hÑr gksuk & bu lkjh budk dguk Fkk fd gekjh lÙkk vkSj psdksLyksokfd;k osQ
ckrksa osQ dkj.k vke turk vyx&Fkyx iM+ fo'ks"kkf/dkj vc de gks jgs gSa vkSj xksckZpos tu&foæksg osQ neu vkSj
xbZA blls Hkh cqjh ckr ;g Fkh fd îkVhZ* osQ cgqr tYnckth fn[kk jgs gSAa bl [khaprku esa viQxkfuLrku ij
vkØe.k esa 'kkfeyA
vf/dkfj;ksa dks vke ukxfjd ls T;knk xksckZpso dk leFkZu gj rjiQ ls tkrk jgk
fo'ks"kkf/dkj feys gq, FksA yksx vius dks vkSj tuer vkil esa c¡V x;kA tks yksx
jktO;oLFkk vkSj 'kkldksa ls tksMd + j ugha ns[k muosQ lkFk Fks mudk Hkh eksgHkax gqvkA ,sls
ik jgs Fks vkSj ljdkj dk tuk/kj f[kldrk yksxksa us lkspk fd xksckZpso [kqn viuh gh
pyk x;kA uhfr;ksa dk Bhd rjg ls cpko ugha dj ik
fe[+kkby xksckZpos osQ lq/kjksa esa bu nksuksa jgs gSaA
leL;kvksa osQ lek/ku dk ok;nk FkkA xksckZpos bu lkjh ckrksa osQ ckotwn laHkor% lksfo;r
us vFkZO;oLFkk dks lq/kjus] if'pe dh la?k dk fo?kVu u gksrkA ysfdu] ,d ?kVuk
cjkcjh ij ykus vkSj ç'kklfud <k¡ps esa <hy us vf/dka'k i;Zos{kdksa dks pkSadk;k vkSj
nsus dk ok;nk fd;kA xksckZpso rks jksx dk lksfo;r O;oLFkk osQ vanj osQ yksx Hkh blls
Bhd&Bhd funku dj jgs Fks vkSj lq/kjksa dks nax jg x,A ;g ?kVuk Fkh jk"Vªoknh Hkkoukvksa
ykxw djus dk mudk ç;kl Hkh Bhd Fkk & vkSj laçHkqrk dh bPNk osQ mHkkj dhA :l
,sls esa vkidks vk'p;Z gks ldrk gS fd vkSj ckfYVd x.kjkT; (,LVksfu;k] yrkfo;k
fiQj lksfo;r la?k VwVk D;ksa\ bl fcanq ij vkSj fyFkqvkfu;k)] mØsu rFkk tkftZ;k tSls
lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu dk ?kVuk&pØ
lksfo;r la?k ekpZ 1985 % fe[+kkby xksckZpos lksfo;r la?k dh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ osQ egklfpo pqus x,A
osQ usrk cksfjl ;sYrflu dks :l dh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk çeq[k cuk;kA lksfo;r
la?k esa lq/kjksa dh Ükà[kyk 'kq: dhA
1988 % fyFkqvkfu;k esa vk”kknh osQ fy, vkanksyu 'kq:A ,LVksfu;k vkSj yrkfo;k
esa Hkh iSQykA
vDVwcj 1989 % lksfo;r la?k dh ?kks"k.kk fd ôkjlk le>kSr*s osQ lnL; viuk Hkfo"; r;
djus osQ fy, Lora=k gSaA uoacj esa cfyZu dh nhokj fxjhA
fe[+kkby xksckZpso iQjojh 1990 % xksckZpos us lksfo;r laln M~;ew k osQ pquko osQ fy, cgqnyh; jktuhfr dh
(tUe 1931) 'kq#vkr dhA lksfo;r lÙkk ij dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk 72 o"kZ iqjkuk
lksfo;r la?k osQ ,dkf/dkj lekIrA
vafre jk"Vªifr
(1985&1991)_ twu 1990 % :lh laln us lksfo;r la?k ls viuh Lora=krk ?kksf"kr dhA
isjsLËksbdk
(iqujZpuk) vkSj ekpZ 1990 % fyFkqvkfu;k Lora=krk dh ?kks"k.kk djus okyk igyk lksfo;r x.kjkT; cukA
XykluksLr ([kqyis u)
twu 1991 % ;sYrflu dk dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ls bLrhiQkA :l osQ jk"Vªifr cusA
osQ vkfFkZd vkSj
jktuhfrd lq/kj 'kq: vxLr 1991 % dE;qfuLV ikVhZ osQ xjeiafFk;ksa us xksckZpso osQ f[+kykiQ ,d vliQy
fd,_ vejhdk osQ r[+rkiyV fd;kA
lkFk gfFk;kjksa dh
gksM+ ij jksd yxkbZ_ flracj 1991 % ,LVksfu;k] ykrfo;k vkSj fyFkqvkfu;k] rhuksa ckfYVd x.kjkT; la;qDr
viQxkfuLrku vkSj jk"Vªla?k osQ lnL; cusA (ekpZ 2004 esa mÙkj vVykafVd laf/ laxBu esa
iwohZ ;wjksi ls lksfo;r 'kkfey)
lsuk okil cqykbZ_
teZuh osQ ,dhdj.k fnlacj 1991 % :l] csyk:l vkSj mØsu us 1922 dh lksfo;r la?k osQ fuekZ.k ls lac¼
esa lgk;d_ 'khr;q¼ laf/ dks lekIr djus dk iSQlyk fd;k vkSj Lora=k jk"Vªksa dk jk"VªoqQy
lekIr fd;k_ cuk;kA vkesZfu;k] vtjcStku] ekYnksok] d”kkfdLrku] fdfxZftLrku]
lksfo;r la?k osQ rkf”kfdLrku] rqO+kZQesfuLrku vkSj m”csfdLrku Hkh jk"VªoqQy esa 'kkfeyA
fo?kVu dk vkjksi tkftZ;k 1993 esa jk"VªoQq y dk lnL; cukA la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k esa lksfo;r la?k
yxkA dh lhV :l dks feyhA
25 fnlacj] 1991 % xksckZpos us lksfo;r la?k osQ jk"Vªifr osQ in ls bLrhiQk fn;kA lksfo;r la?k
dk varA
lksfo;r la?k osQ fofHkUu x.kjkT; bl mHkkj fo?kVu dh ifj.kfr;k¡

esa 'kkfey FksA jk"Vªh;rk vkSj laçHkqrk osQ lksfo;r la?k dh ^nwljh nqfu;k* vkSj iwohZ
Hkkoksa dk mHkkj lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu dk ;wjksi dh lektoknh O;oLFkk osQ iru osQ
vafre vkSj lokZf/d rkRdkfyd dkj.k fl¼ ifj.kke fo'o jktuhfr osQ fygkt ls xaHkhj lksfo;r la?k
gqvkA bl elys ij Hkh vyx&vyx jk; jgsA blls eksVs rkSj ij rhu çdkj osQ nwjxkeh osQ usrk
feyrh gSA ifjorZu gq,A gj ifjorZu osQ cgqr lkjs
,d fopkj rks ;g gS fd jk"Vªh;rk dh çHkko gq,A mu lHkh çHkkoksa dks ;gk¡ lwphc¼
Hkkouk vkSj rM+i lksfo;r la?k osQ lewps djuk mfpr ugha gksxkA
bfrgkl esa dgha&u&dgha tkjh Fkh vkSj pkgs vOoy rks ^nwljh nqfu;k* osQ iru dk
lq/kj gksrs ;k u gksrs] lksfo;r la?k esa ,d ifj.kke 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSj osQ la?k"kZ dh
van:uh la?k"kZ gksuk gh FkkA [kSj! ;g rks lekfIr esa gqvkA lektoknh ç.kkyh iwt ¡ hoknh
bfrgkl dh vfuok;Zrk osQ ckjs esa vuqeku ç.kkyh dks iNkM+ ik,xh ;k ugha & ;g
cksfjl ;sYrflu
yxkuk gqvk ysfdu lksfo;r la?k osQ vkdkj] fopkj/kjkRed fookn vc dksbZ eqík ugha jgkA (1931&2007)
fofo/rk rFkk bldh c<+rh gqbZ vkarfjd 'khr;q¼ osQ bl fookn us nksuksa xqVksas dh lsukvksa :l osQ igys pqus gq,
leL;kvksa dks ns[krs gq, ,slk lkspuk vlaxr dks my>k;k Fkk] gfFk;kjksa dh rst gksM+ 'kq: jk"Vªifr (1991&1999)_
Hkh ugha gSA oqQN vU; yksx lksprs gSa fd dh Fkh] ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa osQ lap; dks c<+kok dE;qfuLV ikVhZ esa lÙkk
xksckZpos osQ lq/kjksa us jk"Vªokfn;ksa osQ vlarks"k fn;k Fkk rFkk fo'o dks lSU; xqVksa esa ck¡Vk FkkA osaQæ rd igq¡ps_ xksckZpso
dks bl lhek rd HkM+dk;k fd ml ij }kjk ekLdks osQ es;j
'khr;q¼ osQ lekIr gksus ls gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ cuk, x,_ ckn esa
'kkldksa dk fu;a=k.k ugha jgkA Hkh lekIr gks xbZ vkSj ,d ubZ 'kkafr dh xksckZpso osQ vkykspdksa
foMacuk ;g gS fd 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku laHkkouk dk tUe gqvkA esa 'kkfey vkSj
cgqr&ls yksx lksprs Fks fd lksfo;r la?k nwljk ;g fd fo'o jktuhfr esa dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ls
osQ eè;&,f'k;kbZ x.kjkT;ksa esa jk"Vªoknh 'kfDr&lac/ a cny x, vkSj bl dkj.k fopkjksa bLrhiQk_ 1991 esa
vkdka{kkvksa dk mHkkj lcls nenkj gksxk lksfo;r la?k osQ 'kklu
vkSj laLFkkvksa osQ vkisf{kd çHkko esa Hkh
osQ f[kykiQ fojks/ dk
D;ksafd ;s x.kjkT; :l ls /kfeZd vkSj cnyko vk;kA 'khr;q¼ osQ var osQ le; usr`Ro_ lksfo;r la?k osQ
uLyh fygkt ls vyx vkSj vkfFkZd :i osQoy nks laHkkouk,¡ Fkha& ;k rks cph gqbZ fo?kVu esa osaQæh;
ls fiNM+s gq, FksA ysfdu gqvk ;g fd egk'kfDr dk ncnck jgsxk vkSj ,d/zqoh; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ_
lksfo;r la?k osQ çfr jk"Vªoknh vlarks"k fo'o cusxk ;k fiQj dbZ ns'k vFkok ns'kksa osQ lkE;okn ls iw¡thokn
;wjksih; vkSj vis{kkÑr le`¼ x.kjkT;ksa & dh vksj laØe.k osQ
vyx&vyx lewg varjkZ"Vªh; O;oLFkk esa
nkSjku :lh yksxksa dks
:l] moszQu] tkftZ;k vkSj ckfYVd {ks=k esa egÙoiw.kZ eksgjs cudj mHkjsaxs vkSj bl rjg gq, d"V osQ fy,
lcls çcy u”kj vk;kA ;gk¡ osQ vke yksx cgq/zqoh; fo'o cusxk tgk¡ fdlh ,d ns'k f”kEesnkj Bgjk;k x;kA
vius dks eè; ,f'k;kbZ x.kjkT;ksa osQ yksxksa dk cksyckyk ugha gksxkA gqvk ;g fd
ls vyx&Fkyx eglwl dj jgs FksA budk vejhdk vosQyh egk'kfDr cu cSBkA vejhdk
vkil esa Hkh vyxko FkkA bu x.kjkT;ksa osQ dh rkdr vkSj çfr"Bk dh 'kg ikus ls vc
yksxksa esa ;g Hkko ?kj dj x;k fd T;knk iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij
fiNM+s bykdksa dks lksfo;r la?k esa 'kkfey çHkqRo'kkyh vFkZO;oLFkk gSA fo'o cSad vkSj
j[kus dh mUgsa Hkkjh dher pqdkuh iM+ jgh gSA varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k tSlh laLFkk,¡ fofHkUu
ns'kksa dh rkdroj lykgdkj cu xb± D;ksafd mBkuk pkgrs FksA bu ns'kksa us :l osQ lkFk
bu ns'kksa dks iw¡thokn dh vksj dne c<+kus vius etcwr fj'rs dks tkjh j[kk vkSj if'peh
osQ fy, bu laLFkkvksa us d”kZ fn;k gSA ns'kks]a vejhdk] phu rFkk vU; ns'kksa osQ lkFk
jktuhfrd :i ls mnkjoknh yksdra=k laca/ cuk,A bl rjg varjkZ"Vªh; iQyd ij
jktuhfrd thou dks lw=kc¼ djus dh dbZ u, f[kykM+h lkeus vk;sA gjsd osQ fgr]
loZJs"B /kj.kk osQ :i esa mHkjk gSA igpku vkSj vkfFkZd&jktuhfrd leL;k,¡
rhljh ckr ;g fd lksfo;r [kses osQ vyx&vyx FkhaA vkxs bUgha eqíksa ij ppkZ
eSaus fdlh dks dgrs gq, var dk ,d vFkZ Fkk u, ns'kksa dk mn;A bu dh tk,xhA
lquk gS fd] ^lksfo;r lHkh ns'kksa dh Lora=k igpku vkSj ilan gSA
la?k dk var lektokn buesa ls oqQN ns'k] [+kkldj ckfYVd vkSj lkE;oknh 'kklu osQ ckn ^'kkWd
dk var ugha gS*A D;k
iwohZ ;wjksi osQ ns'k ^;wjksih; la?k* ls tqM+uk Fksjsih*
;g laHko gS\
vkSj mÙkj vVykafVd laf/ laxBu (ukVks) lkE;okn osQ iru osQ ckn iwoZ lksfo;r la?k
dk fgLlk cuuk pkgrs FksA eè; ,f'k;kbZ ns'k osQ x.kjkT; ,d lÙkkoknh] lektoknh O;oLFkk
viuh fof'k"V HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr dk iQk;nk ls yksdrkaf=kd iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk rd osQ
iwohZ] eè; ;wjksi vkSj ^Lora=k jkT;ksa osQ jk"VªoqQy* dk ekufp=k
:lh la?k
csyk:l
lfcZ;k
eksVa us hxzks mozQs u
Lyksosfu;k o+Q”kkfdLrku
ozQks,f'k;k ekYnksok
jksekfu;k
cksfLu;k
vkSj gtsZxksfouk cqYxkfj;k m”csfdLrku
tkWftZ;k fdjfx>Lrku
dkslksoks
(;w,u,llhvkj 1244) v”kjcStku rqoQZ esfuLrku
,i+QokbZvkj rqdhZ rkf”kfdLrku
vYckfu;k eSlsMksfu;k
vesfZ u;k
vfu/kZfjr lhek *
ekufp=k ij
eè; ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa
Ïksr% https://www.unicef.org/hac2012/images/HAC2012_CEE-CIS_map_REVISED.gif
dks fpfUgr djsaA
uksV% bl ekufp=k dh xbZ lhek,¡ ,oa uke vkSj inuke la;qDr jk"Vª }kjk vkf/dkfjd :i ls vuqeksfnr ;k Loho`Qr
ugha gSA
d"Vçn laØe.k ls gksdj xqtjsA :l] eè; dks lekIr dj fn;k x;kA [kses osQ çR;sd
,f'k;k osQ x.kjkT; vkSj iwohZ ;wjksi osQ ns'kksa ns'k dks ,d&nwljs ls tksM+us dh txg
esa iw¡thokn dh vksj laØe.k dk ,d [kkl lh/s if'peh eqYdksa ls tksM+k x;kA bl
ekWMy viuk;k x;kA fo'o cSad vkSj rjg /hjs&/hjs bu ns'kksa dks if'peh vFkZra=k
varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k }kjk funsfZ 'kr bl ekWMy esa lekfgr fd;k x;kA if'peh nqfu;k osQ
dks ^'kkWd Fksjsih* (vk?kkr igq¡pkdj mipkj iw¡thoknh ns'k vc usrk dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs
djuk) dgk x;kA HkwriwoZ ^nwljh nqfu;k* osQ gq, viuh fofHkUu ,tsafl;ksa vkSj laxBuksa
ns'kksa esa 'kkWd Fksjsih dh xfr vkSj xgurk osQ lgkjs bl [kses osQ ns'kksas osQ fodkl dk
vyx&vyx jgh ysfdu bldh fn'kk vkSj ekxZn'kZu vkSj fu;a=k.k djsaxsA
pfj=k cM+h lhek rd ,d tSls FksA
gj ns'k dks iw¡thoknh vFkZO;oLFkk dh ^'kkWd Fksjsih* osQ ifj.kke
vksj iwjh rjg eqM+uk FkkA bldk eryc Fkk 1990 esa viuk;h xbZ ^'kkWd Fksjsih* turk
lksfo;r la?k osQ nkSj dh gj lajpuk ls iwjh dks miHkksx osQ ml ^vkuanyksd* rd ugha ys
rjg futkr ikukA ^'kkWd Fksjsih* dh lokZsifj xbZ ftldk mlus oknk fd;k FkkA veweu
ekU;rk Fkh fd fefYd;r dk lcls çHkkoh ^'kkWd Fksjsih* ls iwjs {ks=k dh vFkZO;oLFkk
:i futh LokfeRo gksxkA blosQ varxZr rgl&ugl gks xbZ vkSj bl {ks=k dh turk
jkT; dh laink osQ futhdj.k vkSj O;kolkf;d dks cckZnh dh ekj >syuh iM+hA :l esa] iwjk
LokfeRo osQ <k¡ps dks rqjar viukus dh ckr dk iwjk jkT;&fu;af=kr vkS|ksfxd <k¡pk pjejk
'kkfey FkhA lkewfgd îQkeZ* dks futh îQkeZ* mBkA yxHkx 90 çfr'kr m|ksxksa dks futh
esa cnyk x;k vkSj iw¡thoknh i¼fr ls [ksrh gkFkksa ;k daifu;ksa dks cspk x;kA vkfFkZd
'kq: gqbZA bl laØe.k esa jkT; fu;af=kr <k¡ps dk ;g iqufuZekZ.k pw¡fd ljdkj }kjk
lektokn ;k iw¡thokn osQ vfrfjDr fdlh funsZf'kr vkS|ksfxd uhfr osQ c”kk; ck”kkj
Hkh oSdfYid O;oLFkk ;k ^rhljs #[+k* dks dh rkdrsa dj jgh Fkha] blfy, ;g dne
eatwj ugha fd;k x;kA lHkh m|ksxksa dks efV;kesV djus okyk lkfcr
^'kkWd Fksjsih* ls bu vFkZO;oLFkkvksa osQ gqvkA bls ^bfrgkl dh lcls cM+h xjkt&lsy*
ckgjh O;oLFkkvksa osQ çfr #>ku cqfu;knh osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gS D;ksafd egÙoiw.kZ
rkSj ij cny x,A vc ekuk tkus yxk fd m|ksxksa dh dher de ls de djosQ vkadh
T;knk ls T;knk O;kikj djosQ gh fodkl xbZ vkSj mUgsa vkSus&ikSus nkeksa esa csp fn;k
fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl dkj.k êqDr x;kA gkyk¡fd bl egk&fcØh esa Hkkx ysus
O;kikj* dks iw.kZ :i ls viukuk ”k:jh osQ fy, lHkh ukxfjdksa dks vf/dkj&i=k
ekuk x;kA iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk dks viukus fn, x, Fks] ysfdu vf/dka'k ukxfjdksa us
osQ fy, foÙkh; [kqykiu] eqækvksa dh vkilh vius vf/dkj&i=k dkykcktkfj;ksa osQ gkFkksa
ifjorZuh;rk vkSj eqDr O;kikj dh uhfr csp fn;s D;ksafd mUgsa /u dh ”k:jr FkhA eq>s ^vk?kkr* rks nh[k
egÙoiw.kZ ekuh xbZA :lh eqæk :cy osQ ewY; esa ukVdh; jgk gS ysfdu ^mipkj*
varr% bl laØe.k esa lksfo;r [kses <ax ls fxjkoV vkbZA eqækLiQhfr bruh T;knk dgk¡ gS\ ge brus
osQ ns'kksa osQ chp ekStwn O;kikfjd xBca/uksa cM+s&cM+s tqeyksa esa D;ksa
c<+h fd yksxksa dh tekiw¡th tkrh jghA
cksyrs gSa\
lkewfgd [ksrh dh ç.kkyh lekIr gks pqdh osQ rkSj ij rqOkZQesfuLrku vkSj m”csfdLrku osQ
Fkh vkSj yksxksa dks vc [kk|kUu dh lqj{kk jk"Vªifr;ksa us igys 10 o"kks± osQ fy, vius dks
ekStwn ugha jghA :l us [kk|kUu dk vk;kr bl in ij cgky fd;k vkSj blosQ ckn
djuk 'kq: fd;kA lu~ 1999 esa okLrfod le;&lhek dks vxys 10 lkyksa osQ fy, c<+k
:l esa oqQy Ms<+ g”kkj ^ldy ?kjsyw mRikn* 1989 dh rqyuk esa fn;kA bu jk"Vªifr;ksa us vius iSQlyksa ls
cSad vkSj vU; foÙkh; dgha uhps FkkA iqjkuk O;kikfjd <k¡pk rks VwV vlgefr ;k fojks/ dh vuqefr ugha nhA
laLFkku Fks ftuesa ls pqdk Fkk ysfdu bldh txg dksbZ oSdfYid vf/drj ns'kksa esa U;kf;d laLÑfr vkSj
yxHkx vk/s ^'kkWd O;oLFkk ugha gks ik;h FkhA U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krk dks LFkkfir djus
Fksjsih* osQ ifj.kkeLo:i
fnokfy;k gks x,A ;g
lekt dY;k.k dh iqjkuh O;oLFkk dks dk dke djuk vHkh Hkh ckdh gSA
fp=k ,sls gh ,d cSad Øe ls u"V fd;k x;kA ljdkjh fj;k;rksa :l lfgr vf/dka'k ns'kksa dhs vFkZO;oLFkk
badkWe dk gSA :l osQ osQ [kkRes osQ dkj.k T;knkrj yksx X+kjhch esa us lu~ 2000 esa ;kuh viuh vk”kknh osQ 10
bl nwljs lcls cM+s iM+ x,A eè; oxZ lekt osQ gkf'k, ij lky ckn [kM+k gksuk 'kq: fd;kA bu vf/dka'k
cSad badkWe osQ fnokfy;k vk x;k vkSj vdknfed& ckSf¼d dkeksa ls ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ iquthZou dk dkj.k
gksus ls xzkgdksa osQ
tqM+s yksx ;k rks fc[kj x, ;k ckgj pys Fkk [kfut & rsy] çkÑfrd xSl vkSj /krq
vykok nl g”kkj
daifu;ksa vkSj x,A dbZ ns'kksa esa ,d êkfiQ;k oxZ* tSls çkÑfrd lalk/uksa dk fu;kZrA :l]
'ks;j/kjdksa dh tekiw¡th (tjk;eis'kk yksx) mHkjk vkSj mlus vfèkdrj d”kkfdLrku] rqoQZ esfuLrku] m”csfdLrku vkSj
Hkh Mwc xbZA vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa dks vius fu;a=k.k esa v”kjcStku rsy vkSj xSl osQ cM+s mRiknd
ys fy;kA futhdj.k us ubZ fo"kerkvksa dks ns'k gSaA ckdh ns'kksa dks vius {ks=k ls rsy dh
tUe fn;kA iwoZ lksfo;r la?k esa 'kkfey jgs ikbZi&ykbu xqtjus osQ dkj.k iQk;nk gqvkA
x.kjkT;ksa vkSj [kkldj :l esa vehj vkSj bl ,ot esa bUgsa fdjk;k feyrk gSA ,d gn
xjhc yksxksa osQ chp rh[kk foHkktu gks rd fofuekZ.k dk dke Hkh fiQj 'kq: gqvkA
x;kA igys dh O;oLFkk osQ foijhr] vc
/uh vkSj fu/Zu yksxksa osQ chp cgqr xgjh la?k"kZ vkSj ruko
vkfFkZd vlekurk FkhA iwoZ lksfo;r la?k osQ vf/dka'k x.kjkT;
vkfFkZd cnyko dks cM+h çkFkfedrk nh la?k"kZ dh vk'kadk okys {ks=k gSaA vusd
xbZ vkSj ml ij i;kZIr è;ku Hkh fn;k x;k x.kjkT;ksa us x`g;q¼ vkSj cX+kkor dks >syk gSA
ysfdu yksdrkaf=kd laLFkkvksa osQ fuekZ.k dk blosQ lkFk&lkFk bu ns'kksa esa ckgjh rkdrksa
dk;Z ,slh çkFkfedrk osQ lkFk ugha gks ldkA dh n[ky Hkh c<+h gSA blls fLFkfr vkSj Hkh
bu lHkh ns'kksa osQ lafo/ku gM+cM+h esa rS;kj tfVy gqbZ gSA
vkf[kj jk"Vªokn vkSj fd, x,A :l lfgr vf/dka'k ns'kksa esa :l osQ nks x.kjkT;ksa pspU;k vkSj nkfXk+ Lrku
vyxkookn esa varj D;k jk"Vªifr dks dk;Zikfydk çeq[k cuk;k x;k esa fgald vyxkooknh vkanksyu pysA ekLdks
gS\ vxj vki dke;kc gks vkSj mlosQ gkFk esa yxHkx gjlaHko 'kfDr
tkrs gSa rks jk"Vªh; uk;d
us pspu foæksfg;ksa ls fuiVus osQ tks rjhosQ
dgykrs gSa vkSj vxj Fkek nh xbZA iQyLo:i laln vis{kkÑr viuk;s vkSj ftl X+kSj&ftEesnkj rjhosQ ls
ukdke;kc jg tkrs gSa rks detksj laLFkk jg xbZA eè; ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa lSU; ceckjh dh mlesa ekuokf/dkj dk
vyxkookn iSQykus osQ
vijk/h Bgjk, tkrs gSaA esa jk"Vªifr dks cgqr vf/d 'kfDr;k¡ çkIr Fkha O;kid mYya?ku gqvk ysfdu blls vk”kknh
vkSj buesa ls oqQN lÙkkoknh gks x,A felky dh vkokt nck;h ugha tk ldhA
eè; ,f'k;k esa] rf”kfdLrku nl o"kks± iwohZ ;wjksi esa psdksLyksokfd;k 'kkafriwod
Z
;kuh 2001 rd x`g;q¼ dh pisV esa jgkA nks Hkkxksa esa c¡V x;kA psd rFkk Lyksokfd;k Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r
la?k dh vkfFkZd vkSj
bl iwjs {ks=k esa dbZ lkaçnkf;d la?k"kZ py uke osQ nks ns'k cusA ysfdu lcls xgu la?k"kZ
jktuhfrd
jgs gSaA v”kjcS”kku dk ,d çkar uxjuksa ckYdu {ks=k osQ x.kjkT; ;qxksLykfo;k esa
fopkj/kjkvksa dh
djkck[k gSA ;gk¡ osQ oqQN LFkkuh; vesfZ u;kbZ gqvkA lu~ 1991 esa ckn ;qxksLykfo;k dbZ lekurkvksa dh ,d
vyx gksdj vesZfu;k ls feyuk pkgrs gSaA çkarksa esa VwV x;k vkSj blesa 'kkfey lwph cuk,¡A
tkftZ;k esa nks çkar Lora=krk pkgrs gSa vkSj cksfLu;k&gtsxZ ksfouk] Lyksofs u;k rFkk Øks,f'k;k
x`g;q¼ yM+ jgs gSaA ;wØsu] fdjfx>Lrku us vius dks Lora=k ?kksf"kr dj fn;kA ;gk¡
rFkk tkftZ;k esa ekStwnk 'kklu dks m[kkM+ ûkVks* dks gLr{ksi djuk iM+k_ ;qxksLykfo;k
isQdus osQ fy, vkanksyu py jgs gSaA dbZ ij ceckjh gqbZ vkSj tkrh; la?k"kZ us x`g;q¼
ns'k vkSj çkar unh&ty osQ loky ij dk :i fy;kA
vkil esa fHkM+s gq, gSaA bu lkjh ckrksa dh
o”kg ls vfLFkjrk dk ekgkSy gS vkSj vke m”csfdLrku esa fganLq rkuh fiQYeksa dh /we
ukxfjd dk thou nwHkj gSA
eè; ,f'k;kbZ x.kjkT;ksa esa gkbMªkd
s kcZfud lksfo;r la?k dks fo?kfVr gq, lkr lky chr x;s ysfdu fganh fiQYeksa osQ
fy, m”csd yksxksa esa ogh yyd ekStwn gSA fgUnqLrku esa dksbZ ubZ fiQYe
(isVªksfy;e) lalk/uksa dk fo'kky HkaMkj
fjyht gqbZ ugha fd pan gÝrksa osQ Hkhrj bldh ikbjsVMs dkfi;k¡ m”csfdLrku
gSA blls bu x.kjkT;ksa dks vkfFkZd ykHk
dh jkt/kuh rk'kdan esa fcdus osQ fy, miyC/ gks tkrh gSaA rk'kdan osQ
gqvk gS ysfdu blh dkj.k ls ;g {ks=k ,d cM+s ck”kkj osQ u”knhd fgUnh fiQYeksa dh ,d nqdku eqgEen 'kjhI+kQ ir
ckgjh rkdrksa vkSj rsy daifu;ksa dh vkilh dh gSA eqgEen 'kjhI+kQ viQxkuh gSa vkSj ikfdLrku osQ lhekçkar osQ 'kgj
çfrLi/kZ dk v[kkM+k Hkh cu pyk gSA ;g is'kkoj ls ohfM;ks eaxkrs gSAa mudk dguk gS & ^^;gk¡ fganh fiQYeksa osQ cgqrjs s
{ks=k :l] phu vkSj vI+kQxkfuLrku ls lVk nhokus gSaA eSa rks dgw¡xk fd rk'kdan osQ 70 iQhlnh yksx bu fiQYeksa dks
gS rFkk if'pe ,f'k;k ls utnhd gSA 11 [kjhnrs gSaA ge yksx jkstkuk yxHkx 100 ohfM;ks csp ysrs gSaA eSaus
flracj 2001 dh ?kVuk osQ ckn vejhdk vHkh&vHkh 1000 vkSj ohfM;ks dk ^vkMZj* fn;k gSA m”csd yksx eè;
bl {ks=k esa lSfud fBdkuk cukuk pkgrk ,f'k;kbZ gSa_ os ,f'k;k osQ vax gSaA mudh ,d lk>h laLÑfr gSA blh dkj.k
FkkA mlus fdjk, ij fBdkus gkfly djus os yksx Hkkjrh; fiQYeksa dks ilan djrs gSaA**
osQ fy, eè; ,f'k;k osQ lHkh jkT;ksa dks lk>s bfrgkl osQ ckotwn Hkkjrh; fiQYeksa vkSj muosQ ^ghjks* osQ fy,
Hkqxrku fd;k vkSj vI+kQxkfuLrku rFkk bjkd m”csdh yksxksa dh nhokuxh m”csfdLrkuoklh vusd Hkkjrh;ksa dks vk'p;Ztud
esa ;q¼ osQ nkSjku bu {ks=kksa ls vius foekuksa tku iM+rh gSA rk'kdan fLFkr Hkkjrh; nwrkokl osQ v'kksd 'kej crkrs gSa&
dks mM+kus dh vuqefr yhA :l bu jkT;ksa ¶ge tgk¡ Hkh tkrs gSa vkSj LFkkuh; vf/dkfj;ksa ls feyrs gSa & dkchuk ea=kh
dks viuk fudVorhZ ^fons'k* ekurk gS vkSj rd & ckrphr esa ges'kk bldk ftØ djrs gSaA blls irk pyrk gS fd
mldk ekuuk gS fd bu jkT;ksa dks :l osQ Hkkjrh; fiQYe] laLÑfr] xhr vkSj [+kkl rkSj ij jktdiwj ;gk¡ ?kj&?kj tkus
tkrs gSaA ;gk¡ vf/dka'k yksx fganh xhr xk ysrs gSaA vFkZ pkgs u ekywe gksa
çHkko esa jguk pkfg,A [kfut&rsy tSls
ysfdu mudk mPpkj.k lgh gksrk gS vkSj os laxhr Hkh idM+ ysrs gSaA eSaus
lalk/u dh ekStwnxh osQ dkj.k phu osQ ik;k fd esjs lkjs iM+kslh fganh xhr ctkrs gSa vkSj xk ysrs gSaA eSa tc
fgr Hkh bl {ks=k ls tqM+s gSa vkSj phfu;ksa us m”csfdLrku vk;k rks ;g esjs fy, lpeqp cgqr vk'p;Z dh ckr FkhA¸
lhekorhZ {ks=kksa esa vkdj O;kikj djuk 'kq:
& chchlh osQ eè; ,f'k;k laoknnkrk yqbZl fgnkYxks dh fjiksVZ
dj fn;k gSA
Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r la?k iwoZ&lkE;oknh ns'k vkSj Hkkjr

Hkkjr us lkE;oknh jg pqoQs lHkh ns'kksa osQ lkFk vPNs lac/ a dk;e fd,
gSa ysfdu Hkkjr osQ laca/ :l osQ lkFk lcls T;knk xgjs gSaA Hkkjr dh
fons'k uhfr dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ igyw Hkkjr dk :l osQ lkFk laca/ gSA
'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ
laca/ cgqr xgjs FksA blls vkykspdksa dks ;g Hkkjr&:l laca/ksa dk bfrgkl vkilh fo'okl vkSj lk>s fgrksa dk
dgus dk volj Hkh feyk fd Hkkjr lksfo;r [kses bfrgkl gSA Hkkjr&:l osQ vkilh laca/ bu ns'kksas dh turk dh
dk fgLlk FkkA bl nkSjku Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r la?k vis{kkvksa ls esy [kkrs gSaA Hkkjrh; fgUnh fiQYeksa osQ uk;dksa esa jktdiwj
osQ laca/ cgqvk;keh FksA ls ysdj vferkHk cPpu rd :l vkSj iwoZ lksfo;r la?k osQ ckdh
vkfFkZd µ lksfo;r la?k us Hkkjr osQ lkoZtfud x.kjkT;ksa esa ?kj&?kj tkus tkrs gSaA vki bl {ks=k esa fganh fiQYeh xhr
{ks=k dh daifu;ksa dh ,sls oDr esa enn dh tc ctrs lqu ldrs gSa vkSj Hkkjr ;gk¡ osQ tuekul dk ,d vax gSA
,slh enn ikuk eqf'dy FkkA lksfo;r la?k us
fHkykbZ] cksdkjks vkSj fo'kk[kkiêðue osQ bLikr
dkj[kkuksa rFkk Hkkjr gsoh bysfDVªdYl tSls e'khujh
la;=a kksa osQ fy, vkfFkZd vkSj rduhdh lgk;rk nhA
Hkkjr esa tc fons'kh eqæk dh deh Fkh rc lksfo;r
la?k us #i;s dks ekè;e cukdj Hkkjr osQ lkFk
O;kikj fd;kA
pj.k
jktuhfrd µ lksfo;r la?k us d'ehj ekeys
ij la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa Hkkjr osQ #[k dks leFkZu © lksfo;r vkSj vejhdh nksuksa [kseksa osQ 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSj osQ
fn;kA lksfo;r la?k us Hkkjr osQ la?k"kZ osQ xk<+s ik¡p&ik¡p ns'kksa dks pqusaA
fnuksa] [+kkldj lu~ 1971 esa ikfdLrku ls ;q¼ © blh osQ vuq:i d{kk eas lewg cuk;saA gj lewg dks ,d ns'k
osQ nkSjku enn dhA Hkkjr us Hkh lksfo;r la?k dh dk ftEek lkSaisaA çR;sd lewg vius&vius fgLls osQ ns'k osQ ckjs
fons'k uhfr dk vçR;{k] ysfdu egÙoiw.kZ rjhosQ
esa ;g tkudkjh tqVk, fd 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSj esa ogk¡ osQ
ls leFkZu fd;kA
jktuhfrd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd gkykr dSls Fks\
lSU; µ Hkkjr dks lksfo;r la?k us ,sls oDr esa
© gj lewg ;g tkudkjh Hkh tqVk, dh lkE;okn osQ iru osQ ckn
lSfud lktks&lkeku fn, tc 'kk;n gh dksbZ vU;
ns'k viuh lSU; VsDukykWth Hkkjr dks nsus osQ fy, ml ns'k dh jktuhfrd] lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr D;k
rS;kj FkkA lksfo;r la?k us Hkkjr osQ lkFk dbZ ,sls gqbZA laHko gks rks gj lewg ;g Hkh crk, fd nwljh nqfu;k osQ
le>kSrs fd, ftlls Hkkjr la;qDr :i ls lSU; fo?kVu dk çHkko ml ns'k ij D;k gqvk\
midj.k rS;kj dj ldkA © gj lewg vius fu"d"kZ d{kk osQ lkeus j[ksA bu ns'kksa osQ yksx
laLÑfr µ fganh fiQYe vkSj Hkkjrh; laLÑfr crkSj ukxfjd vius ckjs esa D;k eglwl dj jgs Fks & bl fo"k;
lksfo;r la?k esa yksdfç; FksA cM+h la[;k esa ij Nk=kksa dh ckrphr dks lqfuf'pr djsaA
Hkkjrh; ys[kd vkSj dykdkjksa us lksfo;r la?k dh
;k=kk dhA vè;kidksa osQ fy,
* vki Nk=kksa osQ fu"d"kZ dks yksdrkaf=kd vkSj lkE;oknh O;oLFkk osQ fl¼kar
vkSj O;ogkj ls tksM+ ldrs gSa vkSj çR;sd osQ xq.k&nks"k dks js[kkafdr dj
ldrs gSaA
* D;k lkE;okn vkSj iw¡thokn dk dksbZ fodYi gks ldrk gS & Nk=kksa dks
bl fo"k; ij ppkZ djus osQ fy, c<+kok nsaA
:l vkSj Hkkjr nksuksa dk liuk cg/zoq h; lkFk vius laca / a ksa esa lary
q u ykus tSls elyksa
fo'o dk gSA cgq/zqoh; fo'o ls bu nksuksa esa iQk;ns gq, gSAa :l dks bl lac/ a ls lcls
ns'kksa dk vk'k; ;g gS fd varjkZ"Vªh; iQyd cM+k iQk;nk ;g gS fd Hkkjr :l osQ fy,
ij dbZ 'kfDr;k¡ ekStnw gks_a lqj{kk dh lkewfgd gfFk;kjksa dk nwljk lcls cM+k [kjhnnkj ns'k gSA
ftEesnkjh gks (;kuh fdlh Hkh ns'k ij geyk Hkkjrh; lsuk dks vf/dka'k lSfud lktks&lkeku
gks rks lHkh ns'k mls vius fy, [krjk ekusa :l ls çkIr gksrs gSAa pwf¡ d Hkkjr rsy osQ
vkSj lkFk feydj dkjZokbZ djs)a _ {ks=kh;rkvksa vk;krd ns'kksa esa ls ,d gS blfy, Hkh Hkkjr
dks T;knk txg feys_ varjkZ"Vªh; la?k"kks± dk :l osQ fy, egÙoiw.kZ gSA mlus rsy osQ
lek/ku ckrphr osQ }kjk gks_ gj ns'k dh ladV dh ?kM+h esa ges'kk Hkkjr dh enn dh
Lora=k fons'k uhfr gks vkSj la;Dq r jk"Vª tSlh gSA Hkkjr :l ls vius ÅtkZ&vk;kr dks Hkh
laLFkkvksa }kjk iSQlys fd, tk,¡ rFkk bu c<+kus dh dksf'k'k dj jgk gSA ,slh dksf'k'k
laLFkkvksa dks etcwr] yksdrkaf=kd vkSj d”kkfdLrku vkSj rqoZQesfuLrku osQ lkFk Hkh
'kfDrlaiUu cuk;k tk;A 2001 osQ Hkkjr&:l py jgh gSA bu x.kjkT;ksa osQ lkFk lg;ksx osQ
lkefjd le>kSrs osQ vax osQ :i esa Hkkjr varxZr rsy okys bykdksa esa lk>snkjh vkSj
vkSj :l osQ chp 80 f}i{kh; nLrkos”kksa ij fuos'k djuk Hkh 'kkfey gSA :l Hkkjr dh
gLrk{kj gq, gSaA ijekf.od ;kstuk osQ fy, Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gSA
Hkkjr dks :l osQ lkFk vius lac/ksa osQ :l us Hkkjr osQ varfj{k m|ksx esa Hkh ”k:jr
dkj.k d'ehj] ÅtkZ&vkiwfrZ] varjkZ"Vªh; osQ oDr Øk;kstfs ud jkWoQs V nsdj enn dh gSA
vkradokn ls lacfa /r lwpukvksa osQ vknku&çnku] Hkkjr vkSj :l fofHkUu oSKkfud ifj;kstukvksa
if'pe ,f'k;k esa igqp ¡ cukus rFkk phu osQ esa lk>hnkj gSAa
1- lksfo;r vFkZO;oLFkk dh çÑfr osQ ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk dFku X+kyr gS\
ç'ukoyh
(d) lksfo;r vFkZO;oLFkk esa lektokn çHkkoh fopkj/kjk FkhA
([k) mRiknu osQ lk/uksa ij jkT; dk LokfeRo@fu;a=k.k gksukA
(x) turk dks vkfFkZd vk”kknh FkhA
(?k) vFkZO;oLFkk osQ gj igyw dk fu;kstu vkSj fu;a=k.k jkT; djrk FkkA
2- fuEufyf[kr dks dkyØekuqlkj ltk,¡\
(d) vI+kQxku&ladV
([k) cfyZu&nhokj dk fxjuk
(x) lksfo;r la?k dk fo?kVu
(?k) :lh Økafr
3- fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu&lk lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu dk ifj.kke ugha gS\
(d) la;qDr jkT; vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ chp fopkj/kjkRed yM+kbZ dk var
([k) Lora=k jkT;ksa osQ jk"VªoqQy (lhvkbZ,l) dk tUe
ç'ukoyh (x) fo'o&O;oLFkk osQ 'kfDr&larqyu esa cnyko

(?k) eè;iwoZ esa ladV
4- fuEufyf[kr esa esy cSBk,a µ
(1) fe[+kkby xksckZpso (d) lksfo;r la?k dk mÙkjkf/dkjh
(2) 'kkWd Fksjsih ([k) lSU; le>kSrk
(3) :l (x) lq/kjksa dh 'kq#vkr
(4) cksfjl ;sYrflu (?k) vkfFkZd ekWMy
(5) okjlkW (Ä) :l osQ jk"Vªifr
5- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsaA
(d) lksfo;r jktuhfrd ç.kkyh ---------------------- dh fopkj/kjk ij vk/kfjr FkhA
([k) lksfo;r la?k }kjk cuk;k x;k lSU; xBca/u ---------------------- FkkA
(x) ---------------------- ikVhZ dk lksfo;r jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij ncnck FkkA
(?k) ---------------------- us 1985 esa lksfo;r la?k esa lq/kjksa dh 'kq#vkr dhA
(Ä) ---------------------- dk fxjuk 'khr;q¼ osQ var dk çrhd FkkA
6- lksfo;r vFkZO;oLFkk dks fdlh iwt
¡ hoknh ns'k tSls la;Dq r jkT; vejhdk dh vFkZO;oLFkk ls vyx
djus okyh fdUgha rhu fo'ks"krkvksa dk ftØ djsaA
7- fdu ckrksa osQ dkj.k xksckZpso lksfo;r la?k esa lq/kj osQ fy, ckè; gq,\
8- Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa osQ fy, lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu osQ D;k ifj.kke gq,\
9- 'kkWd Fksjis h D;k Fkh\ D;k lkE;okn ls iwt
¡ hokn dh rjiQ laØe.k dk ;g lcls csgrj rjhdk Fkk\
10- fuEufyf[kr dFku osQ i{k ;k foi{k esa ,d ys[k fy[ksa µ ^^nwljh nqfu;k osQ fo?kVu osQ ckn Hkkjr
dks viuh fons'k&uhfr cnyuh pkfg, vkSj :l tSls ijaijkxr fe=k dh txg la;qDr jkT;
vejhdk ls nksLrh djus ij T;knk è;ku nsuk pkfg,A**
vè;k; 2
lÙkk ds ledkyhu ds Uæ
ifjp;
1990 osQ n'kd osQ 'qk: esa fo'o jktuhfr
esa nks&/qzoh; O;oLFkk osQ VwVus osQ ckn ;g
Li"V gks x;k fd jktuSfrd vkSj vkfFkZd
lÙkk osQ oSdfYid osQa æ oqQN gn rd vejhdk
osQ çHkqRo dks lhfer djsaxsA ;wjksi esa ;wjksih;
la?k vkSj ,f'k;k esa nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªksa
osQ laxBu (vkfl;ku) dk mn; nenkj
'kfDr osQ :i esas gqvkA ;wjksih; la?k vkSj
vkfl;ku] nksuksa us gh vius&vius bykosQ esa
pyus okyh ,sfrgkfld nq'efu;ksa vkSj
detksfj;ksa dk {ks=kh; Lrj ij lek/ku <wa<+kA
lkFk gh bUgksaus vius&vius bykdksa esa vf/d
'kkafriw.kZ vkSj lgdkjh {ks=kh; O;oLFkk fodflr
djus rFkk bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa
dk lewg cukus dh fn'kk esa Hkh dke fd;kA
phu osQ vkfFkZd mHkkj us fo'o jktuhfr ij
dkiQh ukVdh; çHkko MkykA bl vè;k; esa
ge lÙkk osQ mHkjrs gq, oqQN oSdfYid 1978 osQ fnlacj esa nsax ';kvksisax us ^vksisu Mksj* (eqDr }kj) dh uhfr
osQUæksa ij ,d u”kj Mkysaxs vkSj ;g tk¡pus pyk;hA blosQ ckn ls phu us vn~Hkqr çxfr dh vkSj vxys lkyksa esa ,d cM+h
dh dksf'k'k djsaxs fd Hkfo"; esa mudh D;k vkfFkZd rkdr osQ :i esa mHkjkA ;s rLohjsa phu esa fodkl dh rsth ls cnyrh
ço`fÙk;ksa dk irk nsrh gSaA igyh rLohj Økafr osQ rRdky ckn osQ phu dh gSA
Hkwfedk gks ldrh gSA
blesa dgk x;k gS fd ^lektoknh jkLrk gh lcls O;kid jkLrk gS*A nwljh
rLohj 'ka?kkbZ dh gS tks phu dh ubZ vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk çrhd gSA
;wjksih; la?k eap cu x;k ftlosQ ekè;e ls if'peh

tc nwljk fo'o ;q¼ lekIr gqvk rc ;wjksi ;wjksi osQ ns'kksa us O;kikj vkSj vkfFkZd ekeyksa
osQ vusd usrk ^;wjksi osQ lokyksa* dks ysdj esa ,d&nwljs dh enn 'kq: dhA 1949 esa
ijs'kku jgsA D;k ;wjksi dks viuh iqjkuh xfBr ;wjksih; ifj"kn~ jktuSfrd lg;ksx osQ
nq'efu;ksa dks fiQj ls 'kq: djuk pkfg, ekeys esa ,d vxyk dne lkfcr gqbAZ ;wjksi
;k varjkZ"Vªh; laca/ksa esa ldkjkRed ;ksxnku osQ iwt a hoknh ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ vkilh
djus okys fl¼karksa vkSj laLFkkvksa osQ vk/kj ,dhdj.k dh çfØ;k pj.kc¼ <ax ls vkxs
ij mls vius laca/ksa dks u, fljs ls cukuk c<+h (bl ,dhdj.k dk dkyØe ns[ks)a vkSj
pkfg,\ nwljs fo'o;q¼ us mu vusd ekU;rkvksa blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i 1957 esa ;wjksih;u
vkSj O;oLFkkvksa dks èoLr dj fn;k ftlosQ bdkWukfed dE;qfuVh dk xBu gqvkA ;wjksih;u
vk/kj ij ;wjksih; ns'kksa osQ vkilh lac/ a cus ikfyZ;kesaV osQ xBu osQ ckn bl çfØ;k us
FksA 1945 rd ;wjksih; ns'kksa us viuh jktuhfrd Lo:i çkIr dj fy;kA lksfo;r
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dh cckZnh rks >syh gh] mu xqV osQ iru osQ ckn bl çfØ;k esa rsth
ekU;rkvksa vkSj O;oLFkkvksa dks èoLr gksrs Hkh vk;h vkSj 1992 esa bl çfØ;k dh ifj.kfr
ns[k fy;k ftu ij ;wjksi [kM+k gqvk FkkA ;wjksih; la?k dh LFkkiuk osQ :i esa gqbAZ
1945 osQ ckn ;wjksi osQ ns'kksa esa esy&feyki ;wjksih; la?k osQ :i esa leku fons'k vkSj
dks 'khr;q¼ ls Hkh enn feyhA vejhdk us lqj{kk uhfr] vkarfjd ekeyksa rFkk U;k; ls
;wjksi dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ iquxZBu osQ fy, tqM+s eqíksa ij lg;ksx vkSj ,dleku eqæk osQ
tcjnLr enn dhA bls ek'kZy ;kstuk osQ pyu osQ fy, jkLrk rS;kj gks x;kA
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA vesfjdk us ûkVks* osQ ,d yEcs le; esa cuk ;wjksih; la?k
rgr ,d lkewfgd lqj{kk O;oLFkk dks tUe vkfFkZd lg;ksx okyh O;oLFkk ls cnydj
fn;kA ek'kZy ;kstuk osQ rgr gh 1948 esa T;knk ls T;knk jktuSfrd :i ysrk x;k gSA
;wjksih; vkfFkZd lg;ksx laxBu dh LFkkiuk vc ;wjksih; la?k Lo;a dkiQh gn rd ,d
dh xbZ ftlosQ ekè;e ls if'peh ;wjksi osQ fo'kky jk"Vª&jkT; dh rjg gh dke djus
ns'kksa dks vkfFkZd enn nh xbZA ;g ,d ,slk yxk gSA gk¡ykfd ;wjksih; la?k dk ,d
lafo/ku cukus dh dksf'k'k rks vliQy gks
xbZ ysfdu bldk viuk >aMk] xku]
LFkkiuk&fnol vkSj viuh eqæk gSA vU;
ns'kksa ls laca/ksa osQ ekeys esa blus dkiQh gn
rd lk>h fons'k vkSj lqj{kk uhfr Hkh cuk
yh gSA u;s lnL;ksa dks 'kkfey djrs gq,
;wjksih; la?k us lg;ksx osQ nk;js esa foLrkj
;wjksih; la?k dk >aMk dh dksf'k'k dhA u;s lnL; eq[;r% HkwriwoZ
lksus osQ jax osQ flrkjksa dk ?ksjk ;wjksi osQ yksxksa dh ,drk vkSj esyfeyki dk lksfo;r [kses osQ FksA ;g çfØ;k vklku
çrhd gSA blesa 12 flrkjsa gSa D;ksafd ckjg dh la[;k dks ogk¡ ikjaifjd :i ls ugha jghA vusd ns'kksa osQ yksx bl ckr dks
iw.kZrk] lexzrk vkSj ,drk dk çrhd ekuk tkrk gSA ysdj oqQN [+kkl mRlkfgr ugha Fks fd tks
lzksr% http:// europa.eu/abc/symbols/emblem/index_en.htm
lÙkk osQ ledkyhu osQUæ 17
;wjksih; la?k dk ekufp=k
iqjkus lnL;
fiQuySaM
u, lnL;
LohMu
,LVksfu;k
yrkfo;k
MsuekoZQ
fyFkqvkfu;k
vk;jySaM ;wukbVsM
SaM
jy
fdaxMe iksyaMS
uhn
teZuh
csfYt;e
psd fjifCyd
yDlecxZ ;k
Lyksokfd
vkfLVª;k
gaxjh
Úkal
ozQks,f'k;k jksekfu;k
Lyksosfu;k
bVyh
cqYxkfj;k
Lisu
iqrZXk+ ky
xzhl
ekYVk
lkbçl
rkdr muosQ ns'k dh ljdkj dks gkfly Fkh fgLlsnkjh vejhdk ls rhu xquh ”;knk gS vkSj
og vc ;wjksih; la?k dks ns nh tk,A blh osQ pyrs ;g vejhdk vkSj phu ls
;wjksih; la?k esa oqQN ns'kksa dks 'kkfey djus O;kikfjd fooknksa esa iwjh /kSal osQ lkFk ckr
osQ loky ij Hkh vlgefr gSA djrk gSA bldh vkfFkZd 'kfDr dk çHkko
;wjksih; la?k dk vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd] blosQ u”knhdh ns'kksas ij gh ugha] cfYd
owQVuhfrd rFkk lSfud çHkko cgqr ”kcjnLr ,f'k;k vkSj vÚhdk osQ nwj&njkt osQ eqYo+Qksa vks! vc le> esa vk;k
'kkaxsu ohtk dk erycA
gSA 2016 esa ;g nqfu;k dh nwljh lcls cM+h ij Hkh gSA ;g fo'o O;kikj laxBu tSls ftl le>kSrs ij 'kkaxsu
vFkZO;oLFkk Fkh vkSj bldk ldy ?kjsyw varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj laxBuksas osQ vanj ,d esa nLr[+kr gq, mlosQ
vuqlkj vkidks fliZQ
mRiknu 17000 vjc Mkyj ls ”;knk Fkk tks egÙoiw.kZ lewg osQ :i esa dke djrk gSA ,d ns'k dk ohtk ysuk
vejhdk osQ gh yxHkx gSA bldh eqæk ;wjks ;wjksih; la?k dk ,d lnL; Úkal lqj{kk gksxk vkSj bl ohtk osQ
vejhdh Mkyj osQ çHkqRo osQ fy, [krjk ifj"kn~ oQk LFkk;h lnL; gSA ;wjksih; la?k osQ cwrs vki ;wjksih; la?k esa
'kkfey vf/dka'k ns'kksa
cu ldrh gSA fo'o O;kikj esa bldh dbZ vkSj ns'k lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ vLFkk;h esa tk losaQxsA
esa çHkkfor djuk bldk ,d mnkgj.k gSA

;wjksih; ,drk osQ egÙoiw.kZ iM+ko phu osQ lkFk ekuokfèkdkjksa osQ mYya?ku vkSj
i;kZoj.k fouk'k osQ ekeyksa ij /edh ;k
vçSy 1951 % if'peh ;wjksi osQ Ng ns'kksa µ Úkal] if'pe teZuh] lSfud 'kfDr dk mi;ksx djus dh txg
bVyh] csfYt;e] uhnjySaM vkSj yDtecxZ us isfjl
laf/ ij nLr[kr djosQ ;wjksih; dks;yk vkSj bLikr
owQVuhfr] vkfFkZd fuos'k vkSj ckrphr dh
leqnk; dk xBu fd;kA bldh uhfr T;knk çHkkoh lkfcr gqbZ gSA
ekpZ 1957 % bUgha Ng ns'kksa us jkse dh laf/ osQ ekè;e ls ;wjksih; lSfud rkdr osQ fglkc ls ;wjksih; la?k
vkfFkZd leqnk; (EEC) vkSj ;wjksih; ,Veh ÅtkZ osQ ikl nqfu;k dh nwljh lcls cM+h lsuk gSA
leqnk; (Euratom) dk xBu fd;kA bldk oqQy j{kk ctV vejhdk osQ ckn
tuojh 1973 % MsuekoZQ] vk;jySaM vkSj fczVsu us Hkh ;wjksih; leqnk; lcls vf/d gSA ;wjksih; la?k osQ ns'k Úkal
dh lnL;rk yhA osQ ikl ijek.kq gfFk;kj gSa vkSj vuqeku gS
twu 1979 % ;wjksih; laln osQ fy, igyk çR;{k pqukoA fd blosQ ikl djhc 335 ijek.kq gfFk;kj
tuojh 1981 % ;wuku (xzhl) us ;wjksih; leqnk; dh lnL;rk yhA gSaA varfj{k foKku vkSj lapkj çkS|ksfxdh osQ
twu 1985 % 'kkaxsu laf/ us ;wjksih; leqnk; osQ ns'kksa osQ chp lhek ekeys esa Hkh ;wjksih; la?k dk nqfu;k esa nwljk
fu;a=k.k lekIr fd;kA LFkku gSA
tuojh 1986 % Lisu vkSj iqrZxky Hkh ;wjksih; leqnk; esa 'kkfey gq,A vf/jk"Vªh; laxBu osQ rkSj ij ;wjkssih;
vDVwcj 1990 % teZuh dk ,dhdj.kA la?k vkfFkZd] jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd ekeyksa
iQjojh 1992 % ;wjksih; la?k osQ xBu osQ fy, ekfLVªLV laf/ ij nLr[krA
esa n[ky nsus esa l{ke gSA ysfdu vusd
ekeyksa esa blosQ lnL; ns'kksa dh viuh
tuojh 1993 % ,dhÑr cktkj dk xBuA
fons'k vkSj j{kk uhfr gS tks dbZ ckj ,d&nwljs
tuojh 2002 % ubZ eqæk ;wjks dks 12 lnL; ns'kksa us viuk;kA osQ f[kykiQ Hkh gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd
ebZ 2004 % lkbçl] psd x.kjkT;] ,LVksfu;k] gaxjh] yrkfo;k] bjkd ij vejhdh geys esa fczVsu osQ
fyFkqvkfu;k] ekYVk] iksyMaS ] Lyksokfd;k vkSj Lyksofs u;k
Hkh ;wjksih; la?k esa 'kkfeyA
çèkkuea=kh Vksuh Cys;j rks mlosQ lkFk Fks
ysfdu teZuh vkSj Úkal bl geys osQ
tuojh 2007 % cqYxkfj;k vkSj jksekfu;k ;wjksih; la?k esa 'kkfeyA
Lyksosfu;k us ;wjks dks viuk;kA f[kykiQ FksA ;wjksih; la?k osQ dbZ u, lnL;
fnlacj 2009 % fyLcu laf/ ykxw gqbZA ns'k Hkh vejhdh xBca/u esa FksA ;wjksi osQ
2012 % ;wjksih; la?k dks ukscsy 'kkafr iq#LdkjA oqQN fgLlksa esa ;wjks dks ykxw djus osQ
2013 % ozQks,f'k;k ;wjksih; la?k dk 28oka lnL; cukA dk;ZØe dks ysdj dkiQh ukjktxh gSA ;gh
2016 % fczVsu esa tuer laxzg] 51-9 izfr'kr ernkrkvksa us dkj.k gS fd fczVsu dh iwoZ ç/kuea=kh
iSQlyk fd;k fd fczVus ;wjksih; la?k ls ckgj (Brexit) ekxZjsV FkSpj us fczVsu dks ;wjksih; ck”kkj ls
gks tk,A vyx j[kkA MsuekoZQ vkSj LohMu us ekfLVªLV
laf/ vkSj lk>h ;wjksih; eqæk ;wjks dks ekuus
lnL;ksa esa 'kkfey gSaA blosQ pyrs ;wjksih; dk çfrjks/ fd;kA blls fons'kh vkSj j{kk
la?k vejhdk lesr lHkh eqYdksa dh uhfr;ksa ekeyksa esa dke djus dh ;wjksih; la?k dh
dks çHkkfor djrk gSA bZjku osQ ijek.kq dk;ZØe {kerk lhfer gksrh gSA
ls lacfa /r vejhdh uhfr;ksa dks gky osQ fnuksa
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu

2003 esa ;wjksih; la?k us ,d lk>k lafo/ku cukus dh dksf'k'k dh FkhA ;g dksf'k'k ukdke;kc jghA dYiuk dhft,] D;k
blh dks y{; djosQ ;g dkVwZu cuk gSA dkVwZfuLV us ;wjksih; la?k dks VkbVSfud ”kgkt osQ :i esa D;ksa gksrk vxj iwjs ;wjksih;
fn[kk;k gS\ la?k dh ,d iqQVcky
Vhe gksrh\
nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ jk"Vªkas dk laxBu ugha FkkA ckaMaxq lEesyu vkSj xqVfujis{k vkanksyu
(vkfl;ku) oxSjg osQ ekè;e ls ,f'k;k vkSj rhljh
+ ij ,d u”kj MkyasA vkiosQ
nqfu;k osQ u D'ks nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa esa ,drk dk;e djus osQ
[+;ky ls dkSu&ls ns'k ,f'k;k osQ nf{k.kh {ks=k ç;kl vukSipkfjd Lrj ij lg;ksx vkSj
esytksy djkus osQ ekeys esa dkjxj ugha gks
esa vkus pkfg,\ nwljs fo'o ;q¼ ls igys
jgs FksA blh osQ pyrs nf{k.k&iwoZ
vkSj mlosQ nkSjku] ,f'k;k dk ;g fgLlk
,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa us nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;kbZ
ckj&ckj ;wjksih; vkSj tkikuh mifuos'kokn
laxBu (vkfl;ku) cukdj ,d
dk f'kdkj gqvk rFkk Hkkjh jktuSfrd vkSj
oSdfYid igy dhA
vkfFkZd dher pqdkbZA ;q¼ lekIr gksus ij 1967 esa bl {ks=k osQ ik¡p
bls jk"Vª&fuekZ.k] vkfFkZd fiNM+siu vkSj ns'kksa us cSd
a kWd ?kks"k.kk ij gLrk{kj
xjhch tSlh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA djosQ ^vkfl;ku* dh LFkkiuk vkfl;ku dk >aMk
bls 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSj esa fdlh ,d egk'kfDr dhA ;s ns'k Fks baMksusf'k;k] vkfl;ku osQ çrhd&fpÉ esa /ku dh nl ckfy;k¡
nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k osQ nl ns'kksa dks bafxr djrh
osQ lkFk tkus osQ nckoksa dks Hkh >syuk iM+kA eysf'k;k] fiQfyihal] flaxkiqj gSa tks vkil esa fe=krk vkSj ,drk osQ /kxs ls
Vdjkoksa vkSj HkkxeHkkx dh ,slh fLFkfr dks vkSj FkkbZyaSMA ^vkfl;ku* dk caèks gSAa o`Ùk vkfl;ku dh ,drk dk çrhd gSA
nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k laHkkyus dh fLFkfr esa mís'; eq[; :i ls vkfFkZd lzksr% www.aseansec.org
iwoZ ,f'k;k vkSj iSflfiQd dk ekufp=k is'k djosQ vkfl;ku us

dkiQh ;'k dek;k gS vkSj
eaxksfy;k
bldks ^vkfl;ku 'kSyh*
mÙkj dksfj;k (ASEAN way) gh dgk
nf{k.k
phu
dksfj;k tkiku
tkus yxk gSA vkfl;ku osQ
dkedkt es a jk"Vª h ;
lkoZHkkSfedrk dk lEeku
E;kaekjykvksl
FkkbySaM fo;ruke
djuk cgqr gh egÙoiw.kZ
fiQfyihal
oaQcksfM;k
jgk gSA
ek'kZy }hilewg
czqusbZ nk#Llyke
eysf'k;k
iykm
ekbozQksusf'k;k osQ la?kh; jkT; nqfu;k esa lcls rst
ukW: fdfjckrh
flaxkiqj
jÝrkj ls vkfFkZd rjDdh
baMksufs 'k;k Vqokyw
djus okys lnL; ns'kksa osQ
iwohZ freksj
ikiqvk U;w fxuh
lksykseu }hilewg lewg vkfl;ku us vc
oqQd }hilewg
lkeksvk
uh;w vius mís';ksa dks vkfFkZd
fiQth
Vksxa k
vkSj lkekftd nk;js ls
lzksr% http://www.unicef.org/eapro/EAP_map_final.gif T;knk O;kid cuk;k gSA
uksV% ;wuhlsiQ lkbV ij fn, x, ekufp=k esa fdlh Hkh ns'k ;k {ks=k ;k fdlh Hkh 2003 es a vkfl;ku us
lhek osQ ifjlheu dh dkuwuh fLFkfr dks izfrfcafcr ugha fd;k x;k gSA
vkfl;ku lqj{kk leqnk;] vkfl;ku vkfFkZd
fodkl dks rst djuk vkSj mlosQ ekè;e ls leqnk; vkSj vkfl;ku lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd
+ esa vkfl;ku
uD'ks lkekftd vkSj lkaLÑfrd fodkl gkfly leqnk; uked rhu LrEHkksa osQ vkèkkj ij
osQ lnL; nss'kksa djuk FkkA dkuwu osQ 'kklu vkSj la;Dq r jk"Vª vkfl;ku leqnk; cukus dh fn'kk esa dne
dks igpkfu,A
uD+'ks esa vkfl;ku
osQ dk;nksa ij vk/kfjr {ks=kh; 'kkafr vkSj mBk, tks oqQN gn rd ;wjksih; la?k ls
osQ lfpoky; dks LFkkf;Ro dks c<+kok nsuk Hkh bldk mís'; feyrk&tqyrk gSA
fn[kk,¡A FkkA ckn osQ o"kksZa esa czuq bs Z nk#Llyke] fo;ruke] vkfl;ku lqj{kk leqnk; {ks=kh; fooknksa
ykvksl] E;kaekj vkSj dacksfM;k Hkh vkfl;ku dks lSfud Vdjko rd u ys tkus dh
esa 'kkfey gks x, rFkk bldh lnL; la[;k lgefr ij vk/kfjr gSA 2003 rd vkfl;ku
nl gks xbZA osQ lnL; ns'kksa us dbZ le>kSrs fd, ftuosQ
;wjksih; la?k dh rjg blus [kqn dks }kjk gj lnL; ns'k us 'kkafr] fu"i{krk]
D;k Hkkjr nf{k.k&iwoZ vfèkjk"Vªh; laxBu cukus ;k mldh rjg lg;ksx] vgLr{ksi dks c<+kok nsus vkSj
,f'k;k dk fgLlk
vU; O;oLFkkvksa dks vius gkFk esa ysus dk jk"Vªksa osQ vkilh varj rFkk laçHkqrk osQ
ugha gS\ Hkkjr osQ
iwoksZÙkjh jkT; vkfl;ku y{; ugha j[kkA vukSipkfjd] Vdjkojfgr vf/dkjksa dk lEeku djus ij viuh
ns'kksa osQ brus fudV gSaA vkSj lg;ksxkRed esy&feyki dk u;k mnkgj.k opuc¼rk tkfgj dhA vkfl;ku osQ ns'kksa
dh lqj{kk vkSj fons'k uhfr;ksa esa rkyesy vkfl;ku dh ekStwnk vkfFkZd 'kfDr]
cukus osQ fy, 1994 esa vkfl;ku {ks=kh; [kkl rkSj ls Hkkjr vkSj phu tSls rsth ls
eap (ARF) dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA fodflr gksus okys ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa osQ lkFk
vkfl;ku {ks=kh;
cqfu;knh :i ls vkfl;ku ,d vkfFkZd O;kikj vkSj fuos'k osQ ekeys esa mldh eap (ARF) osQ
laxBu Fkk vkSj og ,slk gh cuk jgkA çklafxdrk us bls vkSj Hkh vkd"kZd cuk fn;k lnL; dkSu gSa\
vkfl;ku {ks=k dh oqQy vFkZO;oLFkk vejhdk] gSA 'kq#vkrh o"kks± esa Hkkjrh; fons'k uhfr us
;wjksih; la?k vkSj tkiku dh rqyuk esa dkiQh vkfl;ku ij T;knk è;ku ugha fn;kA ysfdu
NksVh gS ij bldk fodkl bu lcls vf/d gky osQ o"kks± esa Hkkjr us viuh uhfr lq/kkjus
rsth ls gks jgk gSA blosQ pyrs bl {ks=k esa dh dksf'k'k dh gSA Hkkjr us nks vkfl;ku
vkSj blls ckgj blosQ çHkko esa rsth ls o`f¼
gks jgh gSA vkfl;ku vkfFkZd leqnk; dk
mís'; vkfl;ku ns'kksa dk lk>k ck”kkj vkSj
iwohZ ,f'k;k
mRiknu vk/kj rS;kj djuk rFkk bl bykosQ
osQ ns'k
osQ lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl esa enn
djuk gSA ;g laxBu bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa osQ
vkfFkZd fooknksa dks fuiVkus osQ fy, cuh
ekStwnk O;oLFkk dks Hkh lq/kjuk pkgsxkA gesa bldh
vkfl;ku us fuos'k] Je vkSj lsokvksa osQ vknr
ekeys esa eqDr O;kikj {ks=k (FTA) cukus ij Mkyuh gksxh
çfrLi/kZ
osQ'ko] n fgUnw
Hkh è;ku fn;k gSA bl çLrko ij vkfl;ku
osQ lkFk ckrphr djus dh igy vejhdk
vkSj phu us dj Hkh nh gSA
vkfl;ku rs”kh ls c<+rk gqvk ,d Hkkjr us 1991 ls yqd bZLV (Look East) vkSj 2014 ls ,DV bZLV (Act East)
uhfr viuk;hA blls iwohZ ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa (vkfl;ku] phu] tkiku vkSj nf{k.k
egÙoiw.kZ {ks=kh; laxBu gSA blosQ fotu
dksfj;k) ls mlosQ vkfFkZd laca/ksa esa c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gSA
nLrkos”k 2020 esa varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; esa
vkfl;ku dh ,d cfgeZq[kh Hkwfedk dks
çeq[krk nh xbZ gSA vkfl;ku }kjk vHkh
Vdjko dh txg ckrphr dks c<+kok nsus
dh uhfr ls gh ;g ckr fudyh gSA blh
rjOk+ Qhc ls vkfl;ku us oaQcksfM;k osQ Vdjko
dks lekIr fd;k] iwohZ freksj osQ ladV dks
lEHkkyk gS vkSj iwoZ&,f'k;kbZ lg;ksx ij
ckrphr osQ fy, 1999 ls fu;fer :i ls 25 tuojh 2018 dks ubZ fnYyh esa Hkkjr vkSj vkfl;ku lk>snkjh dh jtr t;arh eukus
okf"kZd cSBd vk;ksftr dh gSA osQ fy, Mkd fVdV tkjh djrs gq, vkfl;ku usrkvksa osQ lkFk Hkkjr osQ iz/kuea=khA
lnL;ksa] eysf'k;k] flaxkiqj vkSj FkkbZyaSM osQ ekWMy ij vk/kfjr FkhA vkfFkZd :i ls
lkFk eqDr O;kikj dk le>kSrk fd;k gSA fiNM+s lkE;oknh phu us iw¡thoknh nqfu;k ls
2010 esa vkfl;ku&Hkkjr eqDr O;kikj {ks=k vius fj'rs rksM+ fy,A ,sls esa blosQ ikl
O;oLFkk ykxw gqbAZ vkfl;ku dh vlyh vius gh lalk/uksa ls xqtkjk djus osQ vykok
rkdr vius lnL; ns'kksa] lgHkkxh lnL;ksa dksbZ pkjk u FkkA gk¡] FkksM+s le; rd bls
vkfl;ku D;ksa liQy jgk vkSj ckdh xSj&{ks=kh; laxBuksa osQ chp fujarj lksfo;r enn vkSj lykg Hkh feyh FkhA blus
vkSj n{ksl (lkoZQ) D;ksa laokn vkSj ijke'kZ djus dh uhfr esa gSA ;g fodkl dk tks eWkMy viuk;k mlesa [ksrh ls
ugha\ D;k blfy, fd ,f'k;k dk ,dek=k ,slk {ks=kh; laxBu gS tks iw¡th fudky dj ljdkjh fu;a=k.k esa cM+s
ml {ks=k esa dksbZ cgqr
,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa vkSj fo'o 'kfDr;ksa dks jktuSfrd m|ksx [kM+s djus ij tksj FkkA pwafd blosQ
cM+k ns'k ugha gS\
vkSj lqj{kk ekeyksa ij ppkZ osQ fy, jktuSfrd ikl fons'kh ck”kkjksa ls rduhd vkSj lkekuksa
eap miyC/ djkrk gSA dh [kjhn osQ fy, fons'kh eqæk dh deh Fkh
blfy, phu us vk;kfrr lkekuksa dks èkhjs&èkhjs
phuh vFkZO;oLFkk dk mRFkku ?kjsyw Lrj ij gh rS;kj djokuk 'kq: fd;kA
vkb,] vc ge vius fcYoqQy u”knhd osQ bl ekWMy esa phu us vHkwriwoZ Lrj ij
iM+kslh vkSj 'kfDr osQ rhljs cM+s osaQæ phu vkS|ksfxd vFkZO;oLFkk [kM+k djus dk vk/kj
dh vksj #[k+ djsaA vkfFkZd 'kfDr osQ :i esa cukus osQ fy, lkjs lalk/uksa dk bLrseky
phu osQ mn; dks iwjs fo'o esa ftl rjg fd;kA lHkh ukxfjdksa dks jkstxkj vkSj lkekftd
ns[kk tk jgk gS mls vxys iUus ij vafdr dY;k.k ;kstukvksa dk ykHk nsus osQ nk;js esa
dkVwuZ ,dne Bhd&Bhd crk jgk gSA 1978 yk;k x;k vkSj vius ukxfjdksa dks f'kf{kr
osQ ckn ls tkjh phu dh vkfFkZd liQyrk djus vkSj mUgsa LokLF; lqfo/k,¡ miyC/
dks ,d egk'kfDr osQ :i esa blosQ mHkjus djkus osQ ekeys esa phu lcls fodflr ns'kksa
osQ lkFk tksM+dj ns[kk tkrk gSA vkfFkZd ls Hkh vkxs fudy x;kA vFkZO;oLFkk dk
lq/kjksa dh 'kq#vkr djus osQ ckn ls phu fodkl Hkh 5 ls 6 iQhlnh dh nj ls gqvkA
lcls ”;knk rsth ls vkfFkZd o`f¼ dj jgk gS ysfdu tula[;k esa 2&3 iQhlnh dh okf"kZd
vkSj ekuk tkrk gS fd bl jÝrkj ls pyrs gq, o`f¼ bl fodkl nj ij ikuh isQj jgh Fkh
2040 rd og nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h vkfFkZd vkSj c<+rh vkcknh fodkl osQ ykHk ls oafpr
'kfDr] vejhdk ls Hkh vkxs fudy tk,xkA jg tk jgh FkhA [ksrh dh iSnkokj m|ksxksa dh
vkfFkZd Lrj ij vius iM+kslh eqYdksa ls iwjh ”k:jr yk;d vf/'ks"k ugha ns ikrh FkhA
tqM+ko osQ pyrs phu iwoZ ,f'k;k osQ fodkl vè;k; nks esa ge lksfo;r la?k dh
dk batu&tSlk cuk gqvk gS vkSj bl dkj.k jkT;&fu;af=kr vkfFkZdh osQ ladV dh ppkZ
{ks=kh; ekeyksa esa mldk çHkko cgqr c<+ x;k dj pqosQ gSaA ,sls gh ladV dk lkeuk phu
gSA bldh fo'kky vkcknh] cM+k Hkw&Hkkx] dks Hkh djuk iM+kA bldk vkS|ksfxd mRiknu
lalk/u] {ks=kh; vofLFkfr vkSj jktuSfrd i;kZIr rsth ls ugha c<+ jgk FkkA fons'kh
çHkko bl rst vkfFkZd o`f¼ osQ lkFk feydj O;kikj u osQ cjkcj Fkk vkSj çfr O;fDr vk;
phu osQ çHkko dks dbZ xquk c<+k nsrs gSaA cgqr de FkhA
1949 esa ekvks osQ usrR` o esa gqbZ lkE;oknh phuh usr`Ro us 1970 osQ n'kd esa oqQN
Økafr osQ ckn phuh tuoknh x.kjkT; dh cM+s uhfrxr fu.kZ; fy,A phu us 1972 esa
LFkkiuk osQ le; ;gk¡ dh vkfFkZdh lksfo;r vejhdk ls laca/ cukdj vius jktuSfrd
vkSj vkfFkZd ,dkarokl dks [kRe fd;kA

1973 esa ç/kuea=kh pkÅ ,uykbZ us Ñf"k]
m|ksx] lsuk vkSj foKku&çkS|ksfxdh osQ {ks=k
esa vk/qfudhdj.k osQ pkj çLrko j[ksA 1978
esa rRdkyhu usrk nsax ';kvksisax us phu esa
vkfFkZd lq/kjksa vkSj ^[kqys }kj dh uhfr* dh
?kks"k.kk dhA vc uhfr ;g gks x;h fd fons'k
iwath vkSj çkS|ksfxdh osQ fuos'k ls mPprj
Msax dkW; ehy] flaxkiqj] osQxYl dkVZwu

mRikndrk dks çkIr fd;k tk,A ck”kkjewyd
vFkZO;oLFkk dks viukus osQ fy, phu us
viuk rjhdk vktek;kA
phu us ^'kkWd Fksjis h* ij vey djus osQ
c”kk; viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dks pj.kc¼ <ax
ls [kksykA
1982 esa [ksrh dk futhdj.k fd;k x;k
vkSj mlosQ ckn 1998 esa m|ksxksa dkA O;kikj
laca/h vojks/ksa dks fliZQ ^fo'ks"k vkfFkZd phu dh c<+rh rkdr
{ks=kksa* osQ fy, gh gVk;k x;k gS tgk¡ fons'kh veweu phu dk uke vkrs gh gekjs tsgu esa phu dh nhokj vkSj MSªxu dh rLohj
dkSaèkrh gSA phu osQ vkfFkZd mHkkj dks fn[kkus osQ fy, ;gk¡ dkVwZfuLV us nksuksa dk
fuos'kd vius m|e yxk ldrs gSaA
bLrseky fd;k gSA igpkfu, fd dkVwZu esa fn[kk;k x;k ,d NksVk&lk vkneh dkSu
u;h vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa osQ dkj.k phu dh gks ldrk gS\ D;k og MªSxu dks jksd ldrk gS\
vFkZO;oLFkk dks viuh tM+rk ls mcjus esa
enn feyhA Ñf"k osQ futhdj.k osQ dkj.k x;kA bl rjg nwljs ns'kksa osQ fy, viuh
Ñf"k&mRiknksa rFkk xzkeh.k vk; esa mYys[kuh; vFkZO;oLFkk [kksyus dh fn'kk esa phu us ,d
c<+ksÙkjh gqbAZ xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk esa futh d+ne vkSj c<+k;kA vc phu dh ;kstuk
cpr dk ifjek.k c<+k vkSj blls xzkeh.k fo'o vkfFkZdh ls vius tqMk+ o dks vkSj xgjk
m|ksxksa dh rknkn cM+h rsth ls c<+hA m|ksx djosQ Hkfo"; dh fo'o O;oLFkk dks ,d
vkSj Ñf"k nksuksa gh {ks=kksa esa phu dh vFkZO;oLFkk eupkgk :i nsus dh gSA
dh o`f¼&nj rst jghA O;kikj osQ u;s dkuwu phu dh vkfFkZdh esa rks ukVdh; lq/kj
rFkk fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=kksa (Lis'ky bdkWukfed gqvk gS ysfdu ogk¡ gj fdlh dks lq/kjksa dk
”kksu&SEZ) osQ fuekZ.k ls fons'k&O;kikj esa ykHk ugha feyk gSA phu esa csjkstxkjh c<+h gS
mYys[kuh; o`f¼ gqbAZ phu iwjs fo'o esa vkSj 10 djksM+ yksx jkstxkj dh ryk'k esa gSA
çR;{k fons'kh fuos'k osQ fy, lcls vkd"kZd ogk¡ efgykvksa osQ jkstxkj vkSj dke djus osQ phu esa fliZQ Ng gh
ns'k cudj mHkjkA phu osQ ikl fons'kh eqæk gkykr mrus gh [kjkc gSa ftrus ;wjksi esa 18oha fo'ks"k vkfFkZd {ks=k gSa
dk vc fo'kky HkaMkj gS vkSj blosQ ne ij vkSj 19oha lnh esa FksA blosQ vykok i;kZoj.k vkSj Hkkjr esa ,sls 200
phu nwljs ns'kksa esa fuos'k dj jgk gSA phu osQ uqdlku vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj osQ c<+us tSls ifj.kke ls T;knk {ks=kksa dks
eatwjh! D;k ;g Hkkjr
2001 esa fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa 'kkfey gks Hkh lkeus vk,A xk¡o vkSj 'kgj osQ rFkk rVh;
osQ fy, vPNk gS\
rc vkSj eq[;Hkwfe ij jgus okys yksxksa osQ chp

vkfFkZd iQklyk c<+rk tk jgk gSA
gkyk¡fd {ks=kh; vkSj oSf'od Lrj ij
phu ,d ,slh tcjnLr vkfFkZd 'kfDr cudj
ekvks dh mHkjk gS fd lHkh mldk yksgk ekuus yxs gSAa
yky phu dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk ckgjh nqfu;k ls
fO+kQrkc tqM+ko vkSj ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk us vc ;g
fLFkfr cuk nh gS fd vius O;kolkf;d
lk>hnkjksa ij phu dk tcjnLr çHkko cu
pqdk gS vkSj ;gh dkj.k gS fd tkiku]
vc
vejhdk] vkfl;ku vkSj :l & lHkh O;kikj
osQ vkxs phu ls ckdh fooknksa dks Hkqyk pqoQs
gaSA mEehn dh tk jgh gS fd tYnh gh phu
vkSj rkboku osQ erHksn Hkh [kRe gks tk,¡xs
ekbd ysu] osQxYl dkVZwu
gw dh vkSj rkboku bldh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lkFk

iw¡thijLr T;knk ?kfu"B :i ls tqM+ tk;sxkA 1997 osQ
yky ^VkbZ* foÙkh; ladV osQ ckn vkfl;ku ns'kksa dh
vFkZO;oLFkk dks fVdk, j[kus esa phu osQ
vkfFkZd mHkkj us dkiQh enn dh gSA ykfruh
phu % rc vkSj vc
vejhdk vkSj vÚhdk esa fuos'k vkSj enn
dh bldh uhfr;k¡ crkrh gSa fd fodkl'khy
ns'kksa osQ ekeys esa phu ,d ubZ fo'o 'kfDr
osQ :i esa mHkjrk tk jgk gSA
phu
phu osQ lkFk Hkkjr osQ lac/
a
if'peh lkezkT;okn osQ mn; ls igys Hkkjr
vkSj phu ,f'k;k dh egk'kfDr FksA phu dk
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu
vius vklikl osQ bykdksa ij Hkh dkiQh

çHkko Fkk vkSj vklikl osQ NksVs ns'k blosQ
çHkqRo dks ekudj vkSj oqQN u”kjkuk nsdj
pSu ls jgk djrs FksA phuh jktoa'kksa osQ yEcs
phuh lkbfdy 'kklu esa eaxksfy;k] dksfj;k] fgUn&phu osQ
vè;k; dh 'kq#vkr esa fn, x, fp=k dh Hkkafr mi;qZDr dkVwZuksa esa ls igyk phu osQ oqQN bykosQ vkSj frCcr bldh v/hurk
#[+k esa cnyko dks bafxr djrk gSA nwljs dkVwZu esa lkbfdy dk çrhd osQ :i esa ekurs jgs FksA Hkkjr osQ Hkh vusd jktoa'kksa
bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA fo'o esa lcls T;knk lkbfdysa phu esa bLrseky dh tkrh gSaA vkSj lkezkT;ksa dk çHkko muosQ vius jkT; ls
dkVZwu esa lkbfdy dk bLrseky vkt osQ phu osQ nksgjsiu dks bafxr djus osQ fy, fd;k ckgj Hkh jgk FkkA Hkkjr gks ;k phu] budk
x;k gSA ;g nksgjkiu D;k gS\ D;k ge bls varfoZjks/ dg ldrs gSa\
çHkko fliZQ jktuSfrd ugha Fkk µ ;g vkfFkZd] lq/kjus osQ fy, fooknkLin ekeyksa dks NksMu+ s
/kfeZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd Hkh FkkA ij phu vkSj dks rS;kj gks x;kA 1981 esa lhek fooknksa dks
Hkkjr vius çHkko {ks=kksa osQ ekeys esa dHkh nwj djus osQ fy, okrkZvksa dh kÜ [a` kyk Hkh 'kq:
ugha Vdjk, FksA blh dkj.k nksuksa osQ chp dh xbZA
jktuSfrd vkSj lkaLÑfrd çR;{k lac/ a lhfer 'khr;q¼ dh lekfIr osQ ckn ls Hkkjr&phu
gh FksA ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd nksuksa ns'k ,d laca/ksa esa egÙoiw.kZ cnyko vk;k gSA vc
nwljs dks T;knk vPNh rjg ls ugha tku losQ buosQ lac/ a ksa dk j.kuhfrd gh ugha] vkfFkZd
vkSj tc chloha lnh esa nksuksa ns'k ,d nwljs igyw Hkh gSA nksuksa gh [kqn dks fo'o&jktuhfr
ls Vdjk, rks nksuksa dks gh ,d&nwljs osQ çfr dh mHkjrh 'kfDr ekurs gSa vkSj nksuksa gh
fons'k uhfr fodflr djus esa eqf'dysa vkb±A ,f'k;k dh vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj jktuhfr esa
vaxszth jkt ls Hkkjr osQ vk”kkn gksus egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkuk pkgsaxsA
vkSj phu }kjk fons'kh 'kfDr;ksa dks fudky fnlEcj 1988 esa jktho xka/h }kjk
ckgj djus osQ ckn ;g mEehn txh Fkh fd phu dk nkSjk djus ls Hkkjr&phu lEcUèkksa
;s nksuksa eqYd lkFk vkdj fodkl'khy nqfu;k dks lqèkkjus osQ ç;klksa dks c<+kok feykA
vkSj [kkl rkSj ls ,f'k;k osQ Hkfo"; dks r; blosQ ckn ls nksuksa ns'kksa us Vdjko Vkyus
djus esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk,axsA oqQN vkSj lhek ij 'kkafr vkSj ;FkkfLFkfr cuk,
le; osQ fy, ^fganh&phuh HkkbZ&HkkbZ* dk j[kus osQ mik;ksa dh 'kq#vkr dh gSA nksuksa
ukjk Hkh yksdfç; gqvkA lhek fookn ij pys ns'kksa us lkaLÑfrd vknku&çnku] foKku
lSU; la?k"kZ us bl mEehn dks lekIr dj vkSj rduhd osQ {ks=k esa ijLij lg;ksx vkSj
fn;kA vk”kknh osQ rRdky ckn 1950 esa phu O;kikj osQ fy, lhek ij pkj iksLV [kksyus
}kjk frCcr dks gM+ius rFkk Hkkjr&phu lhek osQ le>kSrs Hkh fd, gSaA 1999 ls Hkkjr vkSj
ij cfLr;k¡ cukus osQ iSQlys ls nksuksa ns'kksa osQ phu osQ chp O;kikj 30 iQhlnh lkykuk
chp laca/ ,dne xM+cM+ gks x,A Hkkjr dh nj ls c<+ jgk gSA blls phu osQ lkFk
vkSj phu nksuksa ns'k v#.kkpy çns'k osQ oqQN laca/ksa esa u;h xeZtks'kh vk;h gSA phu vkSj
bykdksa vkSj yík[k osQ vDlkbZ&fpu {ks=k ij Hkkjr osQ chp 1992 esa 33 djksM+ 80 yk[k
çfrLi/hZ nkoksa osQ pyrs 1962 esa yM+ iM+sA MkWyj dk f}i{kh; O;kikj gqvk Fkk tks
1962 osQ ;q¼ esa Hkkjr dks lSfud 2017 esa c<+dj 84 vjc MkWyj dk gks
ijkt; >syuh iM+h vkSj Hkkjr&phu lEcU/ksa pqdk gSA gky esa] nksuksa ns'k ,sls elyksa ij
ij bldk nh?kZdkfyd vlj gqvkA 1976 Hkh lg;ksx djus osQ fy,
rd nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp owQVuSfrd laca/ jkth gq, gSa ftuls nksuksa osQ
lekIr gh jgsA blosQ ckn /hjs&/hjs nksuksa osQ chp foHksn iSnk gks ldrs Fks] phu osQ jk"Vªifr 'kh ftufiax
us 2019 esa Hkkjr dk nkSjk
chp lEcUèkksa esa lq/kj 'kq: gqvkA 1970 osQ tSls & fons'kksa esa ÅtkZ lkSnk
fd;kA 2018 esa Hkkjr osQ
n'kd osQ mÙkjk¼Z esa phu dk jktuhfrd gkfly djus dk elykA izèkkuea=kh ujsanz eksnh phu x,
usr`Ro cnykA phu dh uhfr esa Hkh vc oSf'od /jkry ij Hkkjr vkSj FksA bu nkSjksa esa ftu le>kSrksa
oSpkfjd eqíksa dh txg O;kogkfjd eqís çeq[k phu us fo'o O;kikj laxBu ij gLrk{kj gq, muosQ ckjs esa
gksrs x, blfy, phu Hkkjr osQ lkFk laca/ tSls varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd laxBuksa irk djsaA
osQ usrk rFkk vf/dkjh vc vDlj u;h

fnYyh vkSj chftax dk nkSjk djrs gSaA blls
nksuksa ns'k ,d&nwljs dks T;knk djhc ls
le>us yxs gSAa ifjogu vkSj lapkj ekxks± dh
pj.k c<+ksÙkjh] leku vkfFkZd fgr rFkk ,d tSls
© viuh d{kk dks rhu lewgksa esa ck¡VksA oSf'od ljksdkjksa osQ dkj.k Hkkjr vkSj phu
osQ chp laca/ksa dks T;knk ldkjkRed rFkk
© gj lewg dks ;wjksih; la?k] vkfl;ku vkSj n{ksl tSls laxBuksa osQ
etcwr cukus esa enn feyh gSA
ckjs esa tkudkfj;k¡ tqVkus dk ftEek lkSaisaA
gkyk¡fd gky osQ le; esa nksuksa ns'kksa osQ
© buesa laxBu osQ mís'; vkSj dkedkt osQ ckjs esa lwpuk,a Hkh gksAa chp laca/ksa esa fxjkoV vkbZ gSA blosQ dkj.k
budh cSBdks]a f'k[kj lEesyuksa dh rLohjsa Hkh tqVkbZ tk ldrh gSAa lhek&fookn] phu&ikfdLrku vkfFkZd
© gj lewg viuh tkudkfj;k¡ iwjh d{kk osQ lkeus j[ksA xfy;kjk vkSj la;Dq r jk"Vª esa vkradokn fojksèkh
vè;kidksa osQ fy, Hkkjrh; izLrko osQ fo#¼ phu }kjk ikfdLrku
* vè;kid bu laLFkkvksa osQ dkedkt ij è;ku osQfUær djsaA
dks leFkZu nsuk vkfn gSaA
* Nk=kksa dk è;ku vlSfud@vkfFkZd laxBuksa dh miyfC/;ksa ij [khapsaA
* {ks=kh; vkfFkZd laxBuksa }kjk vius lnL; ns'kksa osQ fodkl esa fuHkkbZ tkus
okyh Hkwfedk dks crk,¡A
* fo'o 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk osQ oSdfYid utfj, osQ :i esa vkfFkZd laxBuksa dh
c<+rh Hkwfedk osQ çfr cPpksa dks tkx:d djsaA
osQ laca/ esa ,d tSlh uhfr;k¡ viuk;h gSaA

1998 esa Hkkjr osQ ijek.kq gfFk;kj ijh{k.k
dks oqQN yksxksa us phu ls [krjs osQ eísu”kj
mfpr Bgjk;k FkkA ysfdu blls Hkh nksuksa osQ
chp laioZQ de ugha gqvkA ;g lp gS fd
ikfdLrku osQ ijek.kq gfFk;kj dk;ZØe esa Hkh
phu dks ennxkj ekuk tkrk gSA ckaXykns'k
vkSj E;kaekj ls phu osQ lSfud lac/ a kas dks Hkh
nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa Hkkjrh; fgrksa osQ f[kykiQ
ekuk tkrk gSA ij blesa ls dksbZ Hkh eqík nksuksa
eqYdksa esa Vdjko djok nsus yk;d ugha ekuk
oqQN yksx dgrs gSa fd tkrkA bl ckr dk ,d çek.k ;g gS fd bu
phuh eky gekjs ck”kkj esa phtksa osQ cus jgus osQ ckotwn lhek fookn
Hkj tk,¡xs\ ij os gSa dgk¡\
lqy>kus dh ckrphr vkSj lSU; Lrj ij
lg;ksx dk dk;ZØe tkjh gSA phu vkSj Hkkjr
tkiku
lksuh] iSuklksfud] oSQuu] lqtqdh] gksaMk] V~;ksVk vkSj ekT+nk tSls çfl¼ tkikuh czkaMksa osQ
uke vkius ”k:j lqusa gksaxsA mPp çkS|ksfxdh osQ mRikn cukus osQ fy, buosQ uke e'kgwj
gSaA tkiku osQ ikl çkÑfrd lalk/u de gSa vkSj og T;knkrj dPps eky dk vk;kr
djrk gSA blosQ ckotwn nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn tkiku us cM+h rsth ls çxfr dhA tkiku
1964 esa vkfFkZd lg;ksx rFkk fodkl laxBu@vkWxZukb”ks'ku iQkWj bdkWukWfed dksvkWijs'ku
,aM MsoyiesaV (OECD) dk lnL; cu x;kA 2017 esa tkiku dh vFkZO;oLFkk fo'o
dh rhljh lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk gSA ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa esa vosQyk tkiku gh lewg&7 osQ
ns'kksa esa 'kkfey gSA vkcknh osQ fygkt ls fo'o esa tkiku dk LFkku X;kjgok¡ gSA
ijek.kq ce dh foHkhf"kdk >syus okyk ,dek=k ns'k tkiku gSA tkiku la;qDr jk"Vªla?k
osQ ctV esa 10 çfr'kr dk ;ksxnku djrk gSA la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ ctV esa va'knku djus
osQ fygkt ls tkiku nwljk lcls cM+k ns'k gSA 1951 ls tkiku dk vejhdk osQ lkFk
lqj{kk&xBcaèku gSA tkiku osQ lafo/ku osQ vuqPNsn 9 osQ vuqlkj & ^^jk"Vª osQ laçHkq
vklheks] fo'o dk lcls vR;k/qfud
vfèkdkj osQ :i esa ;q¼ dks rFkk varjkZ"Vªh; fooknksa dks lqy>kus esa cy&ç;ksx vFkok
ekuo:ih jkscksVA
/edh ls dke ysus osQ rjhosQ dk tkiku osQ yksx ges'kk osQ fy, R;kx djrs gSaA** tkiku
dk lSU; O;; mlosQ ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk osQoy 1 çfr'kr gS fiQj Hkh lSU; O;; osQ lz k s r % http://asimo.honda.com
fygkt ls fo'o esa tkiku dk LFkku lkroka gSA
bu rF;ksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj vuqeku yxkb, fd oSdfYid 'kfDr&osaQæ osQ :i esa tkiku fdruk çHkkodkjh gksxk\
gky osQ fnuksa esa nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp mPpLrjh; f}i{kh; ;k=kkvksa osQ nkSjku gLrk{kj fd, x, izeq[k le>kSrksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh irk djsaA
nf{k.k dksfj;k
dksfj;kbZ izk;}hi dks f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ osQ var esa nf{k.k dksfj;k (fjifCyd vkWi+Q dksfj;k) vkSj mÙkjh dksfj;k (MseksoszQfVd ihiqYl
fjifCyd vkWi+Q dksfj;k) esa 38osa lekukarj osQ lkFk&lkFk foHkkftr fd;k x;k FkkA 1950&53 osQ nkSjku dksfj;kbZ ;q¼ vkSj 'khr ;q¼
dky dh xfr'khyrk us nksuksa i{kksa osQ chp izfr}afnrk dks rs”k dj fn;kA
varr% 17 flracj 1991 dks nksuksa dksfj;k la;qDr jk"Vª osQ lnL; cusA
blh chp nf{k.k dksfj;k ,f'k;k esa lÙkk osQ osQa nz osQ :i esa mHkjkA
1960 osQ n'kd ls 1980 osQ n'kd osQ chp] bldk vkfFkZd 'kfDr osQ
:i esa rs”kh ls fodkl gqvk] ftls ^^gku unh ij peRdkj** dgk
tkrk gSA vius lok±xh.k fodkl dks laoQs frr djrs gq,] nf{k.k dksfj;k
1996 esa vksbZlhMh dk lnL; cu x;kA 2017 esa bldh vFkZO;oLFkk
nqfu;k esa X;kjgoha lcls cM+h vFkZO;oLFkk gS vkSj lSU; [kpZ esa bldk gku unh osQ fudV fl;ksy dk f{kfrt
lzksr% http://english.seoul.go.kr
nloka LFkku gSA
ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ 2016 osQ vuqlkj nf{k.k dksfj;k dk ,pMhvkbZ jSd a 18 gSA blosQ mPp ekuo fodkl osQ fy, f”kEesnkj ize[q k
dkjdksa esa ^^liQy Hkwfe lq/kj] xzkeh.k fodkl] O;kid ekuo lalk/u fodkl] rhoz U;k;laxr vkfFkZd o`f¼** 'kkfey gSA vU; dkjdksa
esa fu;kZr mUeq[khdj.k] e”kcwr iqufoZrj.k uhfr;k¡] lkoZtfud volajpuk fodkl] izHkkoh laLFkk,¡ vkSj 'kklu gSaA
lSelax] ,yth vkSj gqaMbZ tSls nf{k.k dksfj;kbZ czkaM Hkkjr esa izfl¼ gks x, gSaA Hkkjr vkSj nf{k.k dksfj;k osQ chp dbZ le>kSrs
muosQ c<+rs okf.kfT;d vkSj lkaLo`Qfrd laca/ksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA gky osQ fnuksa esa gLrk{kj fd, x, izeq[k le>kSrksa osQ ckjs esa irk djsaA
ç'ukoyh 1- frfFk osQ fglkc ls bu lcdks Øe nsa &

(d) fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa phu dk ços'k ([k) ;wjksih; vkfFkZd leqnk; dh LFkkiuk
(x) ;wjksih; la?k dh LFkkiuk (?k) vkfl;ku {ks=kh; eap dh LFkkiuk
2- ÂSEAN way* ;k vkfl;ku 'kSyh D;k gS\
(d) vkfl;ku osQ lnL; ns'kksa dh thou 'kSyh gS
([k) vkfl;ku lnL;ksa osQ vukSipkfjd vkSj lg;ksxiw.kZ dkedkt dh 'kSyh dks dgk tkrk gSA
(x) vkfl;ku lnL;ksa dh j{kkuhfr gSA
(?k) lHkh vkfl;ku lnL; ns'kksa dks tksM+us okyh lM+d gSA
3- buesa ls fdlus ^[kqys }kj* dh uhfr viukbZ\
(d) phu ([k) nf{k.k dksfj;k (x) tkiku (?k) vejhdk
4- [kkyh LFkku Hkjsa µ
(d) 1962 esa Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ chp ------------------ vkSj ------------------- dks ysdj lhekorhZ
yM+kbZ gqbZ FkhA
([k) vkfl;ku {ks=kh; eap osQ dkeksa esa -------------------------------------------- vkSj --------------------
djuk 'kkfey gSA
(x) phu us 1972 esa ------------------------ osQ lkFk nksrjiQk laca/ 'kq: djosQ viuk ,dkarokl
lekIr fd;kA
(?k) ------------------------ ;kstuk osQ çHkko ls 1948 esa ;wjksih; vkfFkZd lg;ksx laxBu dh
LFkkiuk gqbZA
(Ä) ------------------------ vkfl;ku dk ,d LrEHk gS tks blosQ lnL; ns'kksa dh lqj{kk osQ
ekeys ns[krk gSA
5- {ks=kh; laxBuksa dks cukus osQ mís'; D;k gSa\
6- HkkSxksfyd fudVrk dk {ks=kh; laxBuksa osQ xBu ij D;k vlj gksrk gS\
7- ^vkfl;ku fo”ku&2020* dh eq[;&eq[; ckrsa D;k gSa\
8- vkfl;ku leqnk; osQ eq[; LraHkksa vkSj muosQ mís';ksa osQ ckjs esa crk,¡A
9- vkt dh phuh vFkZO;oLFkk fu;af=kr vFkZO;oOFkk ls fdl rjg vyx gS\
10- fdl rjg ;wjksih; ns'kksa us ;q¼ osQ ckn dh viuh ijs'kkfu;k¡ lqy>kb±\ la{ksi esa mu dneksa dh
ppkZ djsa ftuls gksrs gq, ;wjksih; la?k dh LFkkiuk gqbZA
11- ;wjksih; la?k dks D;k phtsa ,d çHkkoh {ks=kh; laxBu cukrh gSaA
12- phu vkSj Hkkjr dh mHkjrh vFkZO;oLFkkvksa eas ekStnw k ,d/qoz h; fo'o O;oLFkk dks pqukSrh ns ldus
dh {kerk gSA D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gSa\ vius rdks± ls vius fopkjksa dks iq"V djsaA
13- eqYdksa dh 'kkafr vkSj le`f¼ {ks=kh; vkfFkZd laxBuksa dks cukus vkSj etcwr djus ij fVdh gSA
bl dFku dh iqf"V djsaA
14- Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ chp fookn osQ ekeyksa dh igpku djsa vkSj crk,¡ fd o`gÙkj lg;ksx osQ
fy, bUgsa oSQls fuiVk;k tk ldrk gSA vius lq>ko Hkh nhft,A
vè;k; 3
ledkyhu nf{k.k ,f'k;k

ifjp;
vkb,] vc ge 'khr ;q¼ osQ nkSj esa fo'o osQ
,d cM+s I+kQyd ij gq, cnykoksa ls u”kj gVk
dj viuk è;ku vius {ks=k ;kuh nf{k.k ,f'k;k
dh vksj eksMAas+ chloha lnh osQ vkf[+kjh lkyksa
esa tc Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku us [kqn dks ijek.kq
'kfDr&laiUu jk"Vªkas dh fcjknjh esa cSBk fy;k rks
;g {ks=k vpkud iwjs fo'o dh u”kj esa
egÙoiw.kZ gks mBkA Li"V gh fo'o dk è;ku bl
bykosQ esa py jgs dbZ rjg osQ la?k"kks± ij x;kA
bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa osQ chp lhek vkSj unh ty
osQ c¡Vokjs dks ysdj fookn dk;e gSA blosQ
vfrfjDr foæksg] tkrh; la?k"kZ vkSj lalk/uksa osQ
c¡Vokjs dks ysdj gksus okys >xM+s Hkh gSAa bu
otgksa ls nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk bykdk cM+k
laons u'khy gS vkSj vusd fo'ks"kKksa dk ekuuk gS
fd vkt fo'o esa ;g {ks=k lqj{kk osQ fygkt ls
[krjs dh vk'kadk okyk {ks=k gSA lkFk gh ,d
ckr vkSj gSA bl bykosQ osQ cgqr ls yksx bl
rF; dh fu'kkunsgh djrs gSa fd nf{k.k ,f'k;k
osQ ns'k vxj vkil esa lg;ksx djsa rks ;g {ks=k
fodkl djosQ le`¼ cu ldrk gSA bl vè;k;
esa ge nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa osQ chp ekStnw
la?k"kks± dh çÑfr vkSj bu ns'kksa osQ vkilh
lg;ksx dks le>us dh dksf'k'k djsxa As nf{k.k
,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa dh ?kjsyw jktuhfr ls bu >xM+kas
;sxsuh MsykØks us lu~ 1830 esa ,d isafVax cuk;h FkhA bldk 'kh"kZd
;k lg;ksx dk fe”kkt r; gksrk gS vFkok og Fkkµ^fycVhZ yhfMax n ihiy*A isafVax esa Lora=krk dh nsoh dks turk dh
buosQ ewy esa gSAa bl otg ls vè;k; esa igys vxqvkbZ djrs gq, fpf=kr fd;k x;k FkkA ;gk¡ fn;k x;k fp=k mlh isafVax dk
nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk ifjp; fn;k tk,xk vkSj oqQN lqHkk"k jk; Ñr :ikarj.k gSA
fgeky lkmFk ,f'k;u (tuojh] 2007)] n lkmFk ,f'k;u VªLV] usiky
ns'kksa dh ?kjsyw jktuhfr dh ppkZ dh tk,xhA ls lkHkkj
D;k gS nf{k.k ,f'k;k\ vkSj lhekvksa osQ ckotwn Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk
Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp fØosQV&eSp esa fczVus ls vk”kkn gksus osQ ckn] yksdrkaf=kd
fdruk rukoiw.kZ gksrk gSµ ;g ge c[kwch O;oLFkk liQyrkiwoZd dk;e gSA Hkkjr esa
nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa
tkurs gSaA geus ;g Hkh ns[kk gS fd fØosQV yksdra=k osQ fodkl osQ ckjs esa vki ,d
dh oqQN ,slh vkSj fO+kQrkc esa foLrkj ls i<+saxsA bl fO+kQrkc
fo'ks"krkvksa dh igpku eSp ns[kus osQ fy, ikfdLrkuh vFkok Hkkjrh;
djsa tks bl {ks=k osQ îSQUl* tc ,d&nwljs osQ ns'kksa esa igq¡prs gSa esa vk”kknh osQ ckn osQ fnuksa dh Hkkjrh;
ns'kksa esa rks leku :i rks mudk cM+k vknj&lRdkj gksrk gS_ xeZtks'kh jktuhfr dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA Hkkjr osQ
ls ykxw gksrh gSa ijarq ls estckuh dh tkrh gSA ;gh gky nf{k.k yksdra=k dh cgqr lkjh lhekvksa dh rjiQ
if'pe ,f'k;k vFkok bafxr fd;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu gesa ;kn
,f'k;kbZ ekeyksa dk Hkh gSA ;g ,d ,slk {ks=k
nf{k.k iwoZ ,f'k;k osQ j[kuk pkfg, fd ,d jk"Vª osQ :i esa Hkkjr
ns'kksa ij ykxw ugha gS tgk¡ ln~Hkko vkSj 'k=kqrk] vk'kk vkSj
gksrhaA fujk'kk rFkk ikjLifjd 'kadk vkSj fo'okl ges'kk yksdrkaf=kd jgk gSA ;gh ckr Jhyadk
lkFk&lkFk clrs gSAa ij ykxw gksrh gSA ikfdLrku vkSj
'kq#vkr ge ,d cqfu;knh loky ls djsa ckaXykns'k esa yksdrkaf=kd vkSj lSfud nksuksa
fd nf{k.k ,f'k;k gS D;k\ veweu ckaXykns'k] rjg osQ usrkvksa dk 'kklu jgk gSA 'khr;q¼
HkwVku] Hkkjr] ekynho] usiky] ikfdLrku osQ ckn osQ lkyksa esa ckaXykns'k esa yksdra=k
vkSj Jhyadk dks bafxr djus osQ fy, ^nf{k.k dk;e jgkA ikfdLrku esa 'khr;q¼ osQ ckn
,f'k;k* in dk O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA mÙkj osQ lkyksa esa yxkrkj nks yksdrkaf=kd ljdkjsa
dh fo'kky fgeky; ioZr&Jà[kyk] nf{k.k cuhaA igyh ljdkj csu”khj HkqV~Vks vkSj
dk ¯gn egklkxj] if'pe dk vjc lkxj nwljh uok”k 'kjhI+kQ osQ usr`Ro esa dk;e gqbZA
vkSj iwjc esa ekStwn caxky dh [kkM+h ls ;g ysfdu blosQ ckn 1999 esa ikfdLrku esa
bykdk ,d fof'k"V çkÑfrd {ks=k osQ :i esa lSfud r[rkiyV gqvkA 2008 ls fiQj ls
u”kj vkrk gSA ;g HkkSxksfyd fof'k"Vrk gh ;gk¡ yksdrkaf=kd&'kklu gSA 2006 rd usiky
bl mi&egk}hih; {ks=k osQ Hkk"kkbZ] lkekftd esa laoSèkkfud jktra=k Fkk vkSj bl ckr dk
rFkk lkaLÑfrd vuwBsiu osQ fy, ftEesnkj [krjk cjkcj cuk gqvk Fkk fd jktk vius
gSA bl {ks=k dh ppkZ esa tc&rc vIk+ QxkfuLrku gkFk esa dk;Zikfydk dh lkjh 'kfDr;k¡ ys
vkSj E;kaekj dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA ysxkA 2008 esa jktra=k dks [kRe fd;k vkSj
phu bl {ks=k dk ,d çeq[k ns'k gS ysfdu usiky ,d yksdrkaf=kd x.kjkT; osQ :i esa
phu dks nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk vax ugha ekuk mHkjkA ckaXykns'k vkSj usiky osQ vuqHkoksa osQ
tkrkA bl vè;k; esa ge ^nf{k.k ,f'k;k* in vk/kj ij ge dg ldrs gSa fd iwjs nf{k.k
dk bLrseky mi;qDZ r lkr ns'kksa osQ fy, ,f'k;k esa yksdra=k ,d LohÑr ewY; cu
djsaxsA bl rjg ifjHkkf"kr nf{k.k ,f'k;k gj pyk gSA
vFkZ esa fofo/rkvksa ls Hkjk&iwjk bykdk gS nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ nks lcls NksVs ns'kksa
D;k bu ns'kksa dh dksbZ fiQj Hkh Hkw&jktuhfrd èkjkry ij ;g ,d esa Hkh ,sls gh cnyko dh c;kj cg jgh
lqfuf'pr ifjHkk"kk gS\ {ks=k gSA gSA HkwVku 2008 esa laoS/kfud jktra=k cu
;g ifjHkk"kk nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ fofHkUu ns'kksa esa ,d&lh x;kA jktk osQ usr`Ro esa] ;g cgqnyh;
cukrk dkSu gS\ jktuhfrd ç.kkyh ugha gSA vusd leL;kvksa yksdra=k osQ :i esa mHkjkA nwljk }hih;
ns'k ekynho 1968 rd lYrur gqvk djrk FkkA 1968 esa

;g ,d x.kra=k cuk vkSj ;gk¡ 'kklu dh vè;{kkRed
ç.kkyh viuk;h x;hA 2005 osQ twu esa ekynho dh laln
us cgqnyh; ç.kkyh dks viukus osQ i{k esa ,der ls ernku
fd;kA ekynhfo;u MseksozsQfVd ikVhZ (,eMhih) dk ns'k
osQ jktuhfrd ekeyksa esa ncnck gSA ,eMhih us 2018 esa gq,
pqukoksa esa thr gkfly dhA
nf{k.k ,f'k;k esas yksdra=k dk fjdkMZ feyk&tqyk jgk gSA
blosQ ckotwn nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dh turk yksdra=k dh
vkdka{kkvksa esa lgHkkxh gSA bl {ks=k osQ ik¡p cM+s ns'kksa esa gky
gh esa ,d los{Z k.k fd;k x;k FkkA los{Z k.k ls ;g ckr ”kkfgj
gqbZ fd bu ik¡pksa ns'kksa esa yksdra=k dks O;kid tu&leFkZu
gkfly gSA bu ns'kksa esa gj oxZ vkSj /eZ osQ vke ukxfjd µ
yksdra=k dks vPNk ekurs gSa vkSj izfrfuf/ewyd yksdra=k dh
laLFkkvksa dk leFkZu djrs gSAa bu ns'kksa osQ yksx 'kklu dh fdlh
vkSj ç.kkyh dh vis{kk yksdra=k dks ojh;rk nsrs gSa vkSj ekurs
gSa fd muosQ ns'k osQ fy, yksdra=k gh Bhd gSA ;s fu"d"kZ cM+s
egÙoiw.kZ gSa D;ksafd igys ls ekuk tkrk jgk gS fd yksdra=k
fliQZ fo'o osQ /uh ns'kksa esa iQy&iwQy ldrk gSA bl fygkt
ls ns[ksa rks nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ yksdra=k osQ vuqHkoksa ls yksdra=k dh
oSf'od dYiuk dk nk;jk c<+k gSA
;s nksuksa vkjs[k nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ik¡p cM+s ns'kksa osQ 19 gtkj ls vf/d
vkb,] ge ns[ksa fd Hkkjr dks NksM+dj nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ukxfjdksa ls fy, x, lk{kkRdkj ij vk/kfjr gSaA
vU; pkj cM+s ns'kksa esa yksdra=k dk vuqHko oSQlk jgk\ lzksr µ ,l Mh ,l , Vhe µ LVsV vkWo MseksØslh bu lkÅFk ,f'k;k]
u;h fnYyh] vkWDliQksMZ ;wfuoflZVh çsl] 2007
SDG 3 SDG 4.6 SDG 4.1 SDG 8.1 SDG 3.2 SDG 3.3 SDG 1.1
tUe osQ le; O;Ld lk{kjrk fo|ky;h thMhih (2011 cky e`R;q nj Vh-ch- dk 1-90 MkWyj izfrfnu ls ekuo
vk;q çR;k'kk nj (% vk;q 15 ukekadu vuqikr rqyukRed ozQ; (izfr g”kkj iSQyko (izfr de esa thus okyh fodkl
(o"kks± esa) vkSj vfèkd) (ekè;fed) 'kfDr] $ esa) cPps) yk[k) tula[;k tula[;k lwph esa
ns'k 2017 2006&2016 2012&2017 2017 2016 2016 200+6&2016 LFkku
fo'o 72.2 82.1 79 15,439 29.9 140.0 – –

fodkl'khy 70.7 81.1 75 10,199 32.7 164.5 – –
ns'k
nf{k.k ,f'k;k 69.3 68.7 71 6,485 37.8 206.3 – –
ckaXykns'k 72.8 72.8 69 3,524 28.2 221.0 14.8 136
Hkkjr 68.8 69.3 75 6,427 34.6 211.0 21.2 130
usiky 70.6 59.6 71 2,433 28.4 154.0 15.0 149
ikfdLrku 66.6 57.0 46 5,035 64.2 268.0 6.1 150
Jhyadk 75.5 91.2 98 11,669 8.0 65.0 – 76
lzksr % ;w,uMhih] ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ] 2018
nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk ?kVukØe (1947 ls) ikfdLrku esa lsuk vkSj yksdra=k
1947 % fczfV'k&jkt dh lekfIr osQ ckn Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku dk
ikfdLrku esa igys lafo/ku osQ cuus osQ ckn
Lora=k jk"Vª osQ :i esa mn;A ns'k osQ 'kklu dh ckX+kMksj tujy v;wc [kku
1948 % Jhyadk (rRdkyhu flyksu) dks vk”kknh feyh_ d'ehj dks us vius gkFkksa esa ys yh vkSj tYnh gh viuk
ysdj Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp yM+kbZA fuokZpu Hkh djk fy;kA muosQ 'kklu osQ
1954&55 % ikfdLrku 'khr;q¼dkyhu lSU; xqV ^fl,Vks* vkSj ^lsaVks* esa f[kykI+kQ turk dk xqLlk HkM+dk vkSj ,sls esa
'kkfey gqvkA
flracj 1960 % Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku us fla/q unh ty le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd,A
mUgsa viuk in NksM+uk iM+kA blls ,d ckj
1962 % Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ chp lhek&fooknA fiQj lSfud 'kklu dk jkLrk lkiQ gqvk vkSj
1965 % Hkkjr&ikd ;q¼_ la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dk Hkkjr&ikd i;Zo{s k.k fe'kuA tujy ;kfg;k [kku us 'kklu dh ckxMksj
1966 % Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp rk'kdan le>kSrkA 'ks[k eqthcqjgZ eku laHkkyhA ;kfg;k [kku osQ lSfud&'kklu osQ
us iwohZ ikfdLrku dks ”;knk Lok;Ùkrk nsus osQ fy, N% lw=kh nkSjku ikfdLrku dks ckaXykns'k&ladV dk
çLrko j[kkA
ekpZ 1971 % ckaXykns'k osQ usrkvksa }kjk vk”kknh dh mn~?kks"k.kkA
lkeuk djuk iM+k vkSj 1971 esa Hkkjr osQ
vxLr 1971 % Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r la?k us 20 lkyksa osQ fy, eS=kh laf/ ij lkFk ikfdLrku dk ;q¼ gqvkA ;q¼ osQ
nLr[+kr fd,A ifj.kkeLo:i iwohZ ikfdLrku VwVdj ,d
fnlacj 1971 % Hkkjr&ikd ;q¼_ ckaXykns'k dh eqfDrA Lora=k ns'k cuk vkSj ckaXykns'k dgyk;kA
tqykbZ 1972 % Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp f'keyk&le>kSrkA blosQ ckn ikfdLrku esa tqfYI+kQdkj vyh
ebZ 1974 % Hkkjr us ijek.kq&ijh{k.k fd,A
HkqVV~ ks osQ usrR` o esa ,d fuokZfpr ljdkj cuh
1976 % ikfdLrku vkSj ckaXykns'k osQ chp owQVuf;d lac/ a cgky gq,A
fnlacj 1985 % ^n{ksl* osQ igys lEesyu (<kdk) esa nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa
tks 1971 ls 1977 rd dk;e jghA 1977 esa
us ^n{ksl* osQ ?kks"k.kk i=k ij gLrk{kj fd,A tsujy ft;kmy&gd us bl ljdkj dks fxjk
1987 % Hkkjr&Jhyadk le>kSrk_ Hkkjrh; 'kkafr lsuk dk Jhyadk esa fn;kA 1982 osQ ckn tsujy ft;kmy&gd
vfHk;ku (1987&90)A dks yksdra=k&leFkZd vkanksyu dk lkeuk
1988 % ekynho esa HkkM+s osQ lSfudksa }kjk fd, x, "kM~;=a k dks ukdke
djuk iM+k vkSj 1988 esa ,d ckj fiQj
djus osQ fy, Hkkjr us ogk¡ lsuk HksthA Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ
chp ,d&nwljs osQ ijek.kq fBdkuksa vkSj lqfo/kvksa ij geyk csu”khj HkqVV~ ks osQ usrR` o esa yksdrkaf=kd ljdkj
u djus osQ le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj gq,A cuhA ikfdLrku esa blosQ ckn dh jktuhfr
1988&91 % ikfdLrku] ckaXykns'k vkSj usiky esa yksdra=k dh cgkyhA csu”khj HkqV~Vks dh ikfdLrku ihiqYl ikVhZ
1993 % ^n{ksl* osQ lkrosa lEesyu (<kdk) esa vkilh O;kikj esa n{ksl vkSj eqfLye yhx osQ vkilh gksM+ osQ bnZ&fxnZ
osQ ns'kksa dks ojh;rk nsus dh laf/ (SAPTA) ij gLrk{kjA
?kwerh jghA fuokZfpr yksdra=k dh ;g voLFkk
fnlacj 1996 % xaxk unh osQ ikuh esa fgLlsnkjh osQ elys ij Hkkjr vkSj
ckaXykns'k osQ chp iQjDdk laf/ ij gLrk{kj gq,A 1999 rd dk;e jghA 1999 esa ,d ckj
ebZ 1998 % Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku us ijek.kq ijh{k.k fd,A fiQj lsuk us n[ky nh vkSj tsujy ijos”k
fnlacj 1998 % Hkkjr vkSj Jhyadk us eqDr O;kikj laf/ ij gLrk{kj fd,A eq'kjZiQ us ç/kuea=kh uok”k 'kjhI+kQ dks gVk
iQjojh 1999 % Hkkjr osQ ç/kuea=kh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h cl&;k=kk dj ykgkSj x, fn;kA 2001 esa ijos”k eq'kjZiQ us viuk
rFkk 'kkafr osQ ,d ?kks"k.kki=k ij gLrk{kj fd,A
fuokZpu jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa djk;kA ikfdLrku
twu&tqykbZ 1999 % Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp djfxy&;q¼A
tqykbZ 2001 % oktis;h&eq'kjZiQ osQ chp vkxjk&cSBd vliQyA
ij lsuk dh gqowQer Fkh gkyk¡fd lSfud
iQjojh 2004 % 12osa n{ksl lEesyu esa êqDr O;kikj laf/ (SAFTA)* ij 'kkldksa us vius 'kklu dks yksdrkaf=kd trkus
gLrk{kj gq,A osQ fy, pquko djk, gSAa 2008 ls ikfdLrku
2007 % vi+QxkfuLrku n{ksl dk lnL; cukA esa yksdrkaf=kd rjhosQ ls pqus x, usrk 'kklu
uoacj 2014 % 18oka n{ksl lEesyu dkBekaMw] usiky esa gqvkA
dj jgs gSaA
ikfdLrku esa yksdra=k osQ LFkk;h u

cu ikus osQ dbZ dkj.k gSaA ;gk¡ lsuk]
/eZx#q vkSj HkwLokeh vfHktuksa dk lkekftd tksM+ ?kVko esa
ncnck gSA bldh o”kg ls dbZ ckj fuokZfpr eSa ges'kk
ljdkjksa dks fxjkdj lSfud 'kklu dk;e vPNk jgk gw¡
gqvkA ikfdLrku dh Hkkjr osQ lkFk rukruh
jgrh gSA bl o”kg ls lsuk&leFkZd lewg
T;knk etcwr gSa vkSj vDlj ;s lewg
nyhy nsrs gSa fd ikfdLrku osQ jktuhfrd
nyksa vkSj yksdra=k esa [kksV gSA jktuhfrd
nyksa osQ LokFkZ lk/u rFkk yksdra=k dh
lqjsanj] n ¯gnw
/ekpkSdM+h ls ikfdLrku dh lqj{kk [krjs +Q
esa iM+sxhA bl rjg ;s rkdrsa lSfud 'kklu e'q kjZi
dks tk;”k Bgjkrh gSaA yksdra=k rks [kSj lsuk osQ tsujy vkSj ikfdLrku osQ jk"Vªifr osQ :i esa ikfdLrku osQ 'kkld
ikfdLrku esa iwjh rjg liQy ugha gks ijos”k eq'kjZi+Q dh nksgjh Hkwfedk dh vksj ;g dkVwZu laosQr djrk gSA dkVwZu esa
ldk gS ysfdu bl ns'k esa yksdra=k dk fn, x, lehdj.k dks è;ku ls i<+sa vkSj dkVwZu osQ lans'k dks fy[ksaA
t”ck cgqr e”kcwrh osQ lkFk dk;e jgk
gSA ikfdLrku esa vis{kkÑr Lora=k vkSj
lkglh çsl ekStwn gS vkSj ogk¡ ekuokf/dkj
ckaXykns'k esa yksdra=k
vkanksyu Hkh dkiQh etcwr gSA 1947 ls 1971 rd ckaXykns'k ikfdLrku dk
ikfdLrku esa yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu pys& vax FkkA vaxt sz h jkt osQ le; osQ caxky vkSj
blosQ fy, dksbZ [kkl varjkZ"Vªh; leFkZu vle osQ foHkkftr fgLlksa ls iwohZ ikfdLrku
ugha feyrkA bl o”kg ls Hkh lsuk dks dk ;g {ks=k cuk FkkA bl {ks=k osQ yksx
viuk çHkqRo dk;e djus osQ fy, c<+kok if'peh ikfdLrku osQ ncncs vkSj vius
feyk gSA vejhdk rFkk vU; if'peh ns'kksa Åij mnwZ Hkk"kk dks yknus osQ f[+kykI+kQ FksA
us vius&vius LokFkks± ls xq”kjs oDr esa ikfdLrku osQ fuekZ.k osQ rqjra ckn gh ;gk¡ osQ
ikfdLrku esa lSfud 'kklu dks c<+kok fn;kA yksxksa us caxkyh laLÑfr vkSj Hkk"kk osQ lkFk
bu ns'kksa dks ml vkradokn ls Mj yxrk gS fd, tk jgs nqO;Zogkj osQ f[kykI+kQ fojks/
ftls ;s ns'k ^fo'oO;kih bLykeh vkradokn* trkuk 'kq: dj fn;kA bl {ks=k dh turk us
dgrs gSaA bu ns'kksa dks ;g Hkh Mj lrkrk gS ç'kklu esa vius U;k;ksfpr çfrfuf/Ro rFkk
,d vksj iwohZ vkSj
fd ikfdLrku osQ ijekf.od gfFk;kj dgha jktuhfrd lÙkk esa leqfpr fgLlsnkjh dh if'peh teZuh Fks tks
bu vkradoknh lewgksa osQ gkFk u yx tk,¡A ek¡x Hkh mBk;hA if'peh ikfdLrku osQ çHkqRo feydj ,d gks x,_
bu ckrksa osQ eísu”kj ikfdLrku dks ;s ns'k osQ f[kykI+kQ tu&la?k"kZ dk usr`Ro 'ks[k nwljh vksj Hkkjr vkSj
îf'pe* rFkk nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa if'peh eqthcqjgZ eku us fd;kA mUgksaus iwohZ {ks=k osQ ikfdLrku gSa] tgk¡ yksxksa
dk ,d&nwljs ns'k esa
fgrksa dk j[kokyk ekurs gSaA fy, Lok;Ùkrk dh ek¡x dhA 'ks[k eqthcqjgZ eku tkuk Hkh vklku ugha gSA
osQ usr`Ro okyh vokeh yhx dks 1970 osQ [kM+h gqbAZ Hkkjr dh ljdkj us iwohZ ikfdLrku
pqukoksa esa iwohZ ikfdLrku dh lkjh lhVksa ij osQ yksxksa dh vk”kknh dh ek¡x dk leFkZu
fot; feyhA vokeh yhx dks la i.w kZ ikfdLrku fd;k vkSj mUgsa foÙkh; vkSj lSU; lgk;rk
osQ fy, çLrkfor lafo/ku lHkk esa cgqer nhA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i 1971 esa Hkkjr vkSj
gkfly gks x;kA ysfdu ljdkj ij if'peh ikfdLrku osQ chp ;q¼ fNM+ x;kA ;q¼ dh
ikfdLrku osQ usrkvksa dk ncnck Fkk vkSj lekfIr iwohZ ikfdLrku esa ikfdLrkuh lsuk
ljdkj us bl lHkk dks vkgwr djus ls badkj osQ vkReleiZ.k rFkk ,d Lora=k jk"Vª
+ dj fy;k
dj fn;kA 'ks[k+ eq”khc dks fxj Ýrkj ^ckaXykns'k* osQ fuekZ.k osQ lkFk gqbAZ
x;kA tsujy ;kfg;k [kku osQ lSfud 'kklu esa ckaXykns'k us viuk lafo/ku cukdj mlesa
ikfdLrkuh lsuk us caxkyh turk osQ vkanksyu vius dks ,d /eZfujis{k] yksdrkaf=kd rFkk
dks oqQpyus dh dksf'k'k dhA g”kkjksa yksx lektoknh ns'k ?kksf"kr fd;kA cgjgky] 1975
ikfdLrkuh lsuk osQ gkFkks ekjs x,A bl o”kg esa 'ks[k eqthcqjgZ eku us lafo/ku esa la'kks/u
ls iwohZ ikfdLrku ls cM+h la[;k esa yksx djk;k vkSj lalnh; ç.kkyh dh txg
Hkkjr iyk;u dj x,A Hkkjr osQ lkeus bu vè;{kkRed 'kklu ç.kkyh dks ekU;rk feyhA
'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dks laHkkyus dh leL;k vku 'ks[k eq”khc us viuh ikVhZ vokeh yhx dks
1987 esa tsujy bj'kkn osQ f[kykiQ yksdra=k leFkZd çn'kZu osQ nkSjku iqfyl }kjk ekjs x, uwj gqlSu dh ;kn esa <kdk fo'ofo|ky; esa
nhokj ij cuh ,d fp=kekykA mldh ihB ij vafdr gS & x.kra=k eqDr ikdA nhokj ij ^t; ckaXyk*] ^t; caxca/q*] ^foIyoohj gh lPps
balku gSa* vkSj ^Økafr gh eqfDr dk bdykSrk jkLrk gS* tSls ukjs fy[ks gSaA
'kkfgnqy vkye] fMªd ls lkHkkj
NksMd + j vU; lHkh ikfVZ;ksa dks lekIr dj NksVk vkSj leL;kvksa ls Hkjk jgkA 1990 osQ
ckaXykns'k osQ xzkeh.k
fn;kA blls ruko vkSj la?k"kZ dh fLFkfr iSnk n'kd esa usiky osQ ekvksoknh usiky osQ cSad osQ ckjs esa
gqbAZ 1975 osQ vxLr essa lsuk us muosQ f[+kykiQ vusd fgLlksa esa viuk çHkko tekus esa T;knk tkudkjh
cX+kkor dj nh vkSj bl ukVdh; rFkk =kkln dke;kc gq,A ekvksoknh] jktk vkSj lÙkk/kjh tqVk;saA D;k Hkkjr esa
?kVukØe esa 'ks[k eq”khc lsuk osQ gkFkks ekjs x,A vfHktu osQ f[kykI+kQ l'kL=k foæksg djuk x+jhch de djus osQ
fy, ,slh gh tqxr
u;s lSfud&'kkld ft;kmjZgeku us viuh pkgrs FksA bl o”kg ls jktk dh lsuk vkSj
yxk ldrs gSa\
ckaXykns'k us'kuy ikVhZ cuk;h vkSj 1979 osQ ekvksoknh xqfjYyksa osQ chp fgald yM+kbZ
pquko esa fot;h jgsA ft;kmjZgeku dh gR;k fNM+ xbZA oqQN le; rd jktk dh lsuk]
gqbZ vkSj ysfÝVusVa ”ksujy ,p ,e bj'kkn osQ yksdra=k&leFkZdksa vkSj ekvksokfn;ksa osQ chp
usrR` o esa ckaXykns'k esa ,d vkSj lSfud&'kklu f=kdks.kh; la?a k"kZ gqvkA 2002 esa jktk us laln
us ckxMksj laHkkyhA ysfdu] ckaXykns'k dh dks Hkax dj fn;k vkSj ljdkj dks fxjk fn;kA
turk tYnh gh yksdra=k osQ leFkZu esa mB bl rjg usiky esa tks Hkh FkksMk+ &cgqr yksdra=k
[kM+h gqbAZ vkanksyu esa Nk=k vkxs&vkxs py jgs Fkk mls jktk us [kRe dj fn;kA
FksA ckè; gksdj tsujy bj'kkn us ,d gn rd vçSy 2006 esa ;gk¡ ns'kO;kih yksdra=k&
jktuhfrd xfrfof/;ksa dh NwV nhA blosQ ckn leFkZd çn'kZu gq,A la?k"kZjr yksdra=k&leFkZd
osQ le; esa tsujy bj'kkn ik¡p lkyksa osQ fy, 'kfDr;ksa us viuh igyh cM+h thr gkfly
jk"Vªifr fuokZfpr gq,A turk osQ O;kid dh tc jktk KkusUæ us ckè; gksdj laln dks
fojks/ osQ vkxs >qdrs gq, ysfÝVusVa tsujy cgky fd;kA bls vçSy 2002 esa Hkax dj
bj'kkn dks jk"Vªifr dk in 1990 esa NksMu+ k fn;k x;k FkkA eksVs rkSj ij vfgald jgs bl
iM+kA 1991 esa pquko gq,A blosQ ckn ls çfrjks/ dk usr`Ro lkr nyksa osQ xBca/u
ckaXykns'k esa cgqnyh; pqukoksa ij vk/kfjr (lsosu ikVhZ vyk,al)] ekvksoknh rFkk
çfrfuf/ewyd yksdra=k dk;e gSA lkekftd dk;ZdrkZvksa us fd;kA
usiky esa yksdra=k dh vken vc yxHkx
usiky esa jktra=k vkSj yksdra=k eqdEey gqbZ gSA usiky vius bfrgkl osQ ,d
usiky vrhr esa ,d fgUnw&jkT; Fkk fiQj vf}rh; nkSj ls xq”kj jgk FkkA usiky dk
vk/qfud dky esa dbZ lkyksa rd ;gk¡ lao/S kfud lafo/ku fy[kus osQ fy, ogk¡ lafo/ku&lHkk
jktra=k jgkA lao/S kfud jktra=k osQ nkSj esa dk xBu gqvkA usiky esa oqQN yksx ekurs
usiky dh jktuhfrd ikfVZ;k¡ vkSj vke turk Fks fd vyadkfjd vFkks± esa jktk dk in
T;knk [kqys vkSj mÙkjnk;h 'kklu dh vkok”k dk;e j[kuk ”k:jh Fkk rkfd usiky vius
mBkrs jgsA ysfdu jktk us lsuk dh lgk;rk ls vrhr ls tqM+k jgsA ekvksoknh lewgksa us
'kklu ij iwjk fu;a=k.k dj fy;k vkSj usiky esa l'kL=k la?k"kZ dh jkg NksM+ nsus dh ckr eku
yksdra=k dh jkg vo#¼ gks xbZA yh FkhA ekvksoknh pkgrs Fks fd lafo/ku esa
,d etcwr yksdra=k&leFkZd vkanksyu ewyxkeh lkekftd vkfFkZd iqujZpuk osQ
dh pisV esa vkdj jktk us 1990 esa u, dk;ZØeksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tk;A lkr nyksa
yksdrkaf=kd lafo/ku dh ek¡x eku yhA usiky osQ xBca/u esa 'kkfey gjsd ny dks ;g ckr
esa yksdrkaf=kd ljdkjksa dk dk;Zdky cgqr Lohdkj ugha FkhA ekvksoknh vkSj oqQN vU;
jktuhfrd lewg Hkkjr dh ljdkj vkSj usiky gSA ;s yksx Hkkjr NksM+dj Jhyadk vk clh
osQ Hkfo"; esa Hkkjrh; ljdkj dh Hkwfedk ,d cM+h rfey vkcknh osQ f[kykI+kQ gSaA
dks ysdj cgqr 'kafdr FksA 2008 esa usiky rfeyksa dk cluk Jhyadk osQ vk”kkn gksus osQ
jktra=k dks [kRe djus osQ ckn yksdrkaf=kd ckn Hkh tkjh jgkA flagyh jk"Vªokfn;ksa dk
x.kjkT; cu x;kA 2015 esa usiky us u;k ekuuk Fkk fd Jhyadk essa rfeyksa osQ lkFk dksbs Z
lafo/ku viuk;kA ^fj;k;r* ugha cjrh tkuh pkfg, D;ksafd
usiky rks lpeqp cM+k
jksekapd tku iM+rk gSA dk'k! Jhyadk fliQZ flagyh yksxksa dk gSA rfeyksa
eSa usiky esa gksrhA
Jhyadk esa tkrh; la?k"kZ vkSj osQ çfr mis{kk Hkjs cjrko ls ,d mxz rfey
yksdra=k jk"Vªokn dh vkok”k cqyna gqbAZ 1983 osQ ckn
ge ns[k pqosQ gSa fd vk”kknh (1948) osQ ls mxz rfey laxBu ^fycjs'ku VkbxlZ vkWo
ckn ls ysdj vc rd Jhyadk esa yksdra=k rfey bZye* (fyV~Vs) JhyadkbZ lsuk osQ
dk;e gSA ysfdu] Jhyadk dks ,d dfBu lkFk l'kL=k la?k"kZ dj jgk gSA blus ^rfey
pqukSrh dk lkeuk djuk iM+kA ;g pqukSrh u bZye* ;kuh Jhyadk osQ rfeyksa osQ fy, ,d
rks lsuk dh Fkh vkSj u gh jktra=k dhA vyx ns'k dh ek¡x dh gSA Jhyadk osQ mÙkj
Jhyadk dks tkrh; la?k"kZ dk lkeuk djuk iwohZ fgLls ij fyV~Vs dk fu;a=k.k gSA
iM+k ftldh ek¡x gS fd Jhyadk osQ ,d {ks=k Jhyadk dh leL;k Hkkjroa'kh yksxksa ls
dks vyx jk"Vª cuk;k tk;A tqM+h gSA Hkkjr dh rfey turk dk Hkkjrh;
vk”kknh osQ ckn ls (Jhyadk dks mu ljdkj ij Hkkjh ncko gS fd og JhyadkbZ
fnuksa flyksu dgk tkrk Fkk) Jhyadk dh rfeyksa osQ fgrksa dh j{kk djsA Hkkjrh; ljdkj
jktuhfr ij cgqla[;d flagyh leqnk; osQ us le;≤ ij rfeyksa osQ loky ij
fgrksa dh uqekbanxh djs okyksa dk ncnck jgk Jhyadk dh ljdkj ls ckrphr dh dksf'k'k
2
;gk¡ nks fp=k fn, x, gSaA igys fp=k esa yksdra=k

leFkZd nqxkZ Fkkik dks yksdra=k&cgkyh dh ,d
jSyh (dkBekaMw] 1990) esa Hkkx ysrs gq, fn[kk;k
x;k gSA nwljh rLohj 2006 dh gSA blesa Hkh nqxkZ
Fkkik dks fn[kk;k x;k gS ysfdu bl ckj os
yksdra=k cgkyh osQ nwljs vkanksyu dh liQyrk dk
1
mRlo euk jgh gSaA
fp=k & feu ctjkpk;Z ls lkHkkj
dh gSA ysfdu 1987 esa Hkkjrh; ljdkj

Jhyadk osQ rfey elys esa çR;{k :i ls
'kkfey gqbAZ Hkkjr dh ljdkj us Jhyadk ls
,d le>kSrk fd;k rFkk Jhyadk ljdkj vkSj
rfeyksa osQ chp fj'rs lkekU; djus osQ fy,
Hkkjrh; lsuk dks HkstkA vkf[kj esa Hkkjrh;
lsuk fy^s osQ lkFk la?k"kZ esa iaQl xbZA Hkkjrh;
lsuk dh mifLFkfr dks Jhyadk dh turk us
Hkh oqQN [+kkl ilan ugha fd;kA JhyadkbZ
turk us le>k fd Hkkjr Jhyadk osQ van:uh
osQ'ko] n ¯gnw
ekeyksa esa n[kyankth dj jgk gSA 1989 esa
Hkkjr us viuh ^'kkafr lsuk* y{; gkfly
fd, fcuk okil cqyk yhA
;g dkVwZu 'kkafr okrkZvksa esa Jhyadk osQ usr`Ro osQ vkxs ekStwn nqfo/k dks fn[kkrk gSA
Jhyadk osQ bl ladV dk fgald pfj=k ,d vksj 'ksj osQ :i esa flagyh dV~VjiaFkh gSa vkSj nwljh vksj ck?k osQ :i esa rfey
FkkA varjkZ"Vªh; eè;LFk osQ :i esa ukosZ vkSj mxzoknhA
vkblySMa tSls LosQa fMusfo;kbZ ns'k ;q¼jr nksuksa laca/ksa osQ ,sls nk;jksa ij u”kj Mkysa tgk¡
i{kksa dks fiQj ls vkil esa ckrphr djus osQ la?k"kZ gq, gSaA 'khr;q¼ dh lekfIr dk ;g
fy, jkth dj jgs FksA varr% l'kL=k la?k"kZ vFkZ ugha fd bl bykosQ esa Hkh la?k"kZ vkSj
lekIr gks x;k D;ksafd 2009 esa fyV~Vs dks ruko lekIr gks x,A ge vkarfjd yksdra=k
[kRe dj fn;k x;kA ;k tkrh; la?k"kZ osQ elyksa ij gq, Vdjkoksa
la?k"kks± dh pisV esa gksus osQ ckn Hkh dks ns[k pqosQ gSaA ysfdu] oqQN egÙoiw.kZ
Jhyadk us vPNh vkfFkZd o`f¼ vkSj fodkl la?k"kZ varjkZ"Vªh; çÑfr osQ Hkh gSaA nf{k.k
osQ mPp Lrj dks gkfly fd;k gSA tula[;k ,f'k;k esa Hkkjr dh fLFkfr osaQæh; gS vkSj
dh o`f¼&nj ij liQyrkiwod Z fu;a=k.k djus bl o”kg ls buesa ls vf/dka'k la?k"kks± dk
okys fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa Jhyadk çFke gSA fj'rk Hkkjr ls gSA
nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa esa lcls igys Jhyadk bu la?k"kks± esa lcls çeq[k vkSj loZxkz lh
us gh viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dk mnkjhdj.k fd;kA la?k"kZ Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp dk la?k"kZ
x`g;q¼ ls xqtjus osQ ckotwn dbZ lkyksa ls bl gSA foHkktu osQ rqjra ckn nksuksa ns'k d'ehj osQ
ns'k dk çfr O;fDr ldy ?kjsyw mRikn nf{k.k elys ij yM+ iM+sA ikfdLrku dh ljdkj
,f'k;k esa lcls T;knk gSA van:uh la?k"kZ osQ dk nkok Fkk fd d'ehj ikfdLrku dk gSA
>a>kokrksa dks >sydj Hkh Jhyadk us yksdrkaf=kd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp 1947&48 rFkk
jktO;oLFkk dk;e j[kh gSA 1965 osQ ;q¼ ls bl elys dk lek/ku ugha
gqvkA 1948 osQ ;q¼ osQ iQyLo:i d'ehj
Hkkjr&ikfdLrku la?k"kZ osQ nks fgLls gks x,A ,d fgLlk ikfdLrku
vkb,] vc ge ?kjsyw jktuhfr osQ nk;js ls vfèkÑr d'ehj dgyk;k tcfd nwljk fgLlk
ckgj fudysa vkSj bl {ks=k osQ varjkZ"Vªh; Hkkjr dk tEew&d'ehj çkUr cukA nksuksa osQ
ysfdu] nksuksa ns'kksa dh ljdkjsa yxkrkj

Hkkjr&ikd fj'rs ,d nwljs dks lansg dh u”kj ls ns[krh gSaA
cadjksa dh Hkwy&Hkqy;S k ls dqlhZ&estksa dh Hkwy&Hkwy;S k rd Hkkjr ljdkj dk vkjksi gS fd ikfdLrku
ljdkj us yqosQ&Nqis <ax ls ¯glk dh
j.kuhfr tkjh j[kh gSA vkjksi gS fd og
d'ehjh mxzokfn;ksa dks gfFk;kj] çf'k{k.k
vkSj /u nsrk gS rFkk Hkkjr ij vkra doknh
geys osQ fy, mUgsa lqj{kk çnku djrk gSA
Hkkjr ljdkj dk ;g Hkh ekuuk gS fd
ikfdLrku us 1985&1995 dh vof/ esa
[kkfyLrku&leFkZd mxzokfn;ksa dks gfFk;kj
rFkk xksys&ck#n fn, FksA ikfdLrku dh
[kqfiQ;k ,tsalh baVj lfoZlst ba Vsyhtsal
osQ'ko] n ¯gnw
(vkbZ,lvkbZ) ij ckaXykns'k vkSj usiky osQ

xqIr fBdkuksa ls iwoksÙZ kj Hkkjr esa Hkkjr&fojks/h
2004&14 osQ nkSjku Hkkjr&ikd okrkZvksa ij ,d u”kfj;k vfHk;kuksa esa layXu gksus dk vkjksi gSA blosQ
tokc esa ikfdLrku dh ljdkj Hkkjrh; ljdkj
chp ,d fu;a=k.k&lhek js[kk gSA 1971 esa vkSj mldh [kqfiQ;k ,tsafl;ksa ij fla/ vkSj
Hkkjr us ikfdLrku osQ f[kykiQ ,d fu.kkZ;d cywfpLrku esa leL;k dks HkM+dkus dk vkjksi
;q¼ thrk ysfdu d'ehj elyk vulqy>k yxkrh gSA
gh jgkA Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp unh&
lkefjd elyksa tSls fl;kfpu Xysf'k;j ty osQ c¡Vokjs osQ loky ij Hkh rukruh gqbZ
ij fu;a=k.k rFkk gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ dks ysdj gSA 1960 rd nksuksa osQ chp flU/q unh osQ
Hkh Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp rukruh bLrseky dks ysdj rh[ks fookn gq,A la;ksx
jgrh gSA 1990 osQ n'kd esa nksuksa ns'kksa us ls] 1960 esa fo'o cSad dh enn ls Hkkjr
ijek.kq gfFk;kj vkSj ,sls gfFk;kjksa dks ,d&nwljs vkSj ikfdLrku us ^flaèkq&ty laf/* ij nLr[+kr
ij nkxus dh {kerk okys felkby gkfly dj fd, vkSj ;g laf/ Hkkjr&ikd osQ chp dbZ
fy,A blls nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp gfFk;kjksa dh lSU; la?k"kksaZ osQ ckotwn vc Hkh dk;e gSA
gksM+ us ,d u;k pfj=k xzg.k fd;k gSA 1998 gkyk¡fd fla/q ty&laf/ dh O;k[;k vkSj
esa Hkkjr us iks[kj.k esa vkSj blosQ oqQN fnuksa unh&ty osQ bLrseky dks ysdj vHkh Hkh
osQ vanj gh ikfdLrku us pxkbZ igkM+h ij oqQN NksVs&eksVs fookn gSaA dPN osQ ju esa
d'ehj elys ij gksus okyh
ijek.kq&ijh{k.k fd,A blosQ ckn ls ,slk ljfØd dh lhekjs[kk dks ysdj nksuksa ns'kksa
ckrphr ,slh tku iM+rh gS
ekuks Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ yxrk gS fd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ,d osQ chp erHksn gSaA ;g fookn NksVk tku
'kkld viuh tk;nkn dk lSU;&laca/ esa ca/ pqosQ gSa vkSj buosQ chp iM+ rk gS ysfdu blosQ lkFk ,d fpUrk
>xM+k fuiVk jgs gksaA tqM+h gqbZ gSA bl fookn dk lek/ku ftl
lh/s vkSj loZO;kih ;q¼ fNM+us dh vk'kadk
d'ehfj;ksa dks blesa oSQlk
yxrk gksxk\ de gks xbZ gSA <a x ls fd;k tk,xk mldk vlj ljfØd
bykosQ ls lVs leqæh&lalk/u osQ fu;a=k.k ij osQ Hkh ç;kl fd, tk jgs gSa fd lk>s [krjksa
Hkh iM+xs kA Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp bu dks igpku dj rFkk ,d nwljs dh ”k:jrksa
lHkh ekeyksa osQ ckjs esa okrkZvksa osQ nkSj py osQ çfr T;knk laons u'khyrk cjrdj lg;ksx
jgs gSAa osQ nk;js dks c<+k;k tk,A
Hkkjr vkSj usiky osQ chp e/qj lac/ a gSa
Hkkjr vkSj mlosQ vU; iM+kl
s h ns'k vkSj nksuksa ns'kkssa osQ chp ,d laf/ gqbZ gSA bl
ckaXykns'k vkSj Hkkjr osQ chp xaxk vkSj laf/ osQ rgr nksuksa ns'kksa osQ ukxfjd ,d&nwljs
,slk D;ksa gS fd gj iM+kslh
czãiq=k unh osQ ty esa fgLlsnkjh lfgr dbZ osQ ns'k esa fcuk ikliksVZ (ikji=k) vkSj oh”kk ns'k dks Hkkjr ls
eqíksa ij erHksn gSAa Hkkjrh; ljdkjksa osQ ckaXykns'k osQ vk&tk ldrs gSa vkSj dke dj ldrs gSAa oqQN&u&oqQN ijs'kkuh gS\
ls uk[kq'k gksus osQ dkj.kksa esa Hkkjr esa voS/ [+kkl lac/ a ksa osQ ckotwn nksuksa ns'k osQ chp D;k gekjh fons'k uhfr esa
oqQN xM+cM+h gS\ ;k ;g
vkçokl ij <kdk osQ [kaMu] Hkkjr&fojksèkh vrhr esa O;kikj ls lacfa /r eueqVko iSnk gq, osQoy gekjs cM+s gksus osQ
bLykeh dV~VjiaFkh tekrksa dks leFkZu] Hkkjrh; gSAa usiky dh phu osQ lkFk nksLrh dks ysdj dkj.k gS\
lsuk dks iwoksÙZ kj Hkkjr esa tkus osQ fy, vius Hkkjr ljdkj us vDlj viuh vçlUurk trk;h
bykosQ ls jkLrk nsus ls ckaXykns'k osQ badkj] gSA usiky ljdkj Hkkjr&fojks/h rÙoksa osQ f[kykiQ
<kdk osQ Hkkjr dks çkÑfrd XkSl fu;kZr u dne ugha mBkrhA blls Hkh Hkkjr uk[kq'k gSA
djus osQ iSQlys rFkk E;kaekj dks ckaXykns'kh Hkkjr dh lqj{kk ,tsfa l;k¡ usiky esa py jgs
bykosQ ls gksdj Hkkjr dks çkÑfrd xSl ekvksoknh vkanksyu dks viuh lqj{kk osQ fy,
fu;kZr u djus nsus tSls elys 'kkfey gSaA [krjk ekurh gaS D;ksfa d Hkkjr esa fcgkj ls ysdj
ckaXykns'k dh ljdkj dk ekuuk gS fd Hkkjrh; vkU/z çns'k rd fofHkUu çkarksa esa uDlyoknh
ljdkj unh&ty esa fgLlsnkjh osQ loky ij lewgksa dk mHkkj gqvk gSA usiky esa cgqr ls
bykosQ osQ nknk dh rjg cjrko djrh gSA yksx ;g lksprs gSa fd Hkkjr dh ljdkj usiky
blosQ vykok Hkkjr dh ljdkj ij pVxk¡o osQ van:uh ekeyksa esa n[ky ns jgh gS vkSj
ioZrh; {ks=k esa foæksg dks gok nsu_s ckaXykns'k mlosQ unh ty rFkk iufctyh ij vk¡[k
osQ çkÑfrd xSl esa lsa/ekjh djus vkSj xM+k, gq, gSA pkjksa rjiQ ls tehu ls f?kjs
O;kikj esa csbeZ kuh cjrus osQ Hkh vkjksi gSaA usiky dks yxrk gS fd Hkkjr mldks vius
foHksnksa osQ ckotwn Hkkjr vkSj ckaXykns'k Hkw{ks=k ls gksdj leqæ rd igqp ¡ us ls jksdrk gSA
dbZ elyksa ij lg;ksx djrs gSaA fiNys chl cgjgky Hkkjr&usiky osQ lac/a ,dne e”kcwr
o"kks± osQ nkSjku nksuksa osQ chp vkfFkZd laca/ vkSj 'kkafriw.kZ gSA foHksnksa osQ ckotwn nksuksa ns'k
”;knk csgrj gq, gSaA ckaXykns'k Hkkjr osQ O;kikj] oSKkfud lg;ksx] lk>s çkÑfrd lalk/
^yqd bZLV* vkSj 2014 ls ^,DV bZLV* uhfr u] fctyh mRiknu vkSj ty çca/u fxzM osQ
dk fgLlk gSA bl uhfr osQ vUrxZr E;kaekj elys ij ,d lkFk gSAa usiky esa yksdrU=k dh
osQ ”kfj, nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k ls laioZQ lk/ cgkyh ls nksuksa ns'kksa osQ chp lacèa kksa osQ vkSj
us dh ckr gSA vkink&çca/u vkSj i;kZoj.k e”kcwr gksus dh mEehn ca/h gSA
osQ elys ij Hkh nksuksa ns'kksa us fujarj lg;ksx Jhyadk vkSj Hkkjr dh ljdkjksa osQ lacèa kksa
fd;k gSA 2015 esa nksuksa us oqQN ifj{ks=kksa esa ruko bl }hi esa ”kkjh tkrh; la?k"kZ dks
(,UosQyso) dk vknku&iznku fd;kA bl ckr ysdj gSA tc rfey vkcknh jktuhfrd :i
ls uk[kq'k gks vkSj mls ekjk tk jgk gks rks ,sls

esas Hkkjrh; usrkvksa vkSj turk dk rVLFk cus
jguk vlaHko yxrk gSA 1987 osQ lSU;
gLr{ksi osQ ckn ls Hkkjrh; ljdkj Jhyadk
pj.k osQ van:uh ekeyksa esa vlyaXurk dh uhfr
ij vey dj jgh gSA Hkkjr ljdkj us
© d{kk esa vkB lewg cuk,¡ ;kuh nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa ftrus ns'k gSa mrus
Jhyadk osQ lkFk ,d eqDr O;kikj le>kSrs
lewgA gj lewg esa vki Nk=kksa dks vyx&vyx la[;k esa j[k ldrs
gSa rkfd nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa osQ vkdkj dks bafxr fd;k tk losQA ij nLr[kr fd, gSaA blls nksuksa ns'kksa osQ
laca/ e”kcwr gq, gSaA Jhyadk esa ^lqukeh* ls
© çR;sd lewg dks ,d ns'k dk uke nsaA lewg dk uke ftl ns'k
gqbZ rckgh osQ ckn osQ iqufuZekZ.k dk;ks± esa
osQ uke ij j[ksa ml lewg dks mDr ns'k osQ oqQN rF;ksa dh
tkudkjh nsaA blesa oqQN cqfu;knh lwpuk,¡ gksa vkSj nf{k.k ,f'k;k
Hkkjrh; enn ls Hkh nksuksa ns'k ,d nwljs osQ
osQ 'ks"k ns'kksa osQ lkFk bl ns'k osQ erHksn okys eqíksa@fooknksa dh djhc vk, gSAa
laf{kIr ppkZ gksA bl vè;k; esa tks eqís crk;s x, gSa mUgsa Hkh j[kk Hkkjr osQ HkwVku osQ lkFk Hkh cgqr vPNs
tk ldrk gSA vki pkgsa rks dksbZ vkSj çklafxd eqík ys ldrs gSa fj'rs gSa vkSj HkwVkuh ljdkj osQ lkFk dksbZ cM+k
ftldh ppkZ bl vè;k; esa ugha dh xbZ gSA >xM+k ugha gSA HkwVku ls vius dke dk
© Nk=kksa ls dgsa fd os viuh ilan dk dksbZ eqík pqu ysaA fookn dk lapkyu dj jgs iwoksÙZ kj Hkkjr osQ mxzokfn;ksa
;g eqík f}i{kh; Hkh gks ldrk gS vkSj cgqi{kh; Hkh (eqík Hkkjr vkSj xqfjYyksa dks HkwVku us vius {ks=k ls [knsM+
osaQfær gksxkA blosQ dkj.k Li"V gSa)A Hkxk;kA HkwVku osQ bl dne ls Hkkjr dks cM+h
© çR;sd lewg ls dgsa fd muosQ ns'k dh ljdkj us vrhr esa
enn feyh gSA Hkkjr HkwVku esa iufctyh dh
fooknksa osQ lek/ku osQ fy, tks dne mBk, gSa mldh [kkstchu cM+h ifj;kstukvksa esa gkFk c¡Vk jgk gSA bl
djsaA Nk=k ;g Hkh crk,a fd fookn osQ lek/ku osQ ç;kl D;ksa fgeky;h ns'k osQ fodkl dk;ks± osQ fy,
vliQy gq,\ lcls T;knk vuqnku Hkkjr ls gkfly gksrk gSA
© çR;sd lewg osQ Nk=k vius ns'k dh uqekbanxh djsa vkSj nwljs lewg
ekynho osQ lkFk Hkkjr osQ laca/ lkSgknZiw.kZ
osQ lkFk vius fu"d"kks±a dks feyk;saA rFkk xeZtks'kh ls Hkjs gSAa 1988 esa Jhyadk ls
vk, oqQN HkkM+s osQ rfey lSfudksa us ekynho
vè;kidksa osQ fy, ij geyk fd;kA ekynho us tc vkØe.k
* leku elyksa@fooknksa okys ns'kksa dks ,d lkFk j[ksaA ekeyk f}i{kh; gks rks
jksdus osQ fy, Hkkjr ls enn ek¡xh rks Hkkjrh;
nks lewg gksaxsA vxj ekeys cgqi{kh; gSa rks T;knk lewg cusaxsA (f}i{kh; ekeyksa
osQ mnkgj.k gSa & Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp tEew&d'ehj dk ekeyk ;k ok;qlsuk vkSj ukSlsuk us rqjar dkjZokbZ dhA
Hkkjr vkSj ckaXykns'k osQ chp vkçokfl;ksa dk ekeykA cgqi{kh; ekeys dk Hkkjr us ekynho osQ vkfFkZd fodkl] i;ZVu
mnkgj.k gS vkradokn ;k eqDr O;kikj {ks=k cukus ls tqM+s eqís)A vkSj eRL; m|ksx esa Hkh enn dh gSA
* lewgksa dks ,d r; le; lhek esa lek/ku osQ çLrkoksa ij ckrphr djuh gSA vkius è;ku fn;k gksxk fd nf{k.k ,f'k;k
vè;kid bl ckrphr osQ ifj.kke dks fy[k ysaA è;ku bl ckr ij jgs fd
osQ NksVs&NksVs iM+ksfl;ksa osQ lkFk Hkkjr dks
lgefr fdl fcanq ij cuh vkSj vlgefr fdl fcanq ijA
dbZ leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA
* nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa esa ekStnw fLFkfr ls ckrphr osQ bu ifj.kkeksa dk feyku
djsAa çnÙk rF;ksa osQ vk/kj ij fdlh jktuhfrd eqís ij ckrphr esa tks dfBukbZ Hkkjr dk vkdkj cM+k gS vkSj og 'kfDr'kkyh
vkbZ gks mldh ppkZ djsAa 'kkafriw.kZ lg vfLrRo osQ fy, ,d&nwljs osQ fgrksa ls gSA bldh o”kg ls vis{kkÑr NksVs ns'kksa dk
rkyesy cSBkuk ”k:jh gS & bl elys ij ppkZ djosQ bl vH;kl dks lekIr djsAa Hkkjr osQ bjknksa dks ysdj 'kd djuk ykfteh
gSA nwljh rjiQ] Hkkjr ljdkj dks vDlj ekStwnxh osQ dkj.k n{ksl dks T;knk liQyrk
eglwl gksrk gS fd mlosQ iM+kl s h ns'k mldk ugha feyh gSA n{ksl osQ lnL; ns'kksa us lu~
cs”kk iQk;nk mBk jgs gSaA Hkkjr ugha pkgrk 2002 esa ^nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ eqDr O;kikj&{ks=k
fd bu ns'kksa esa jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk iSnk gksA le>kSr*s (SAFTA) ij nLr[+kr fd;sA
mls Hk; yxrk gS fd ,slh fLFkfr esa ckgjh blesa iwjs nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ fy, eqDr O;kikj
rkdrksa dks bl {ks=k esa çHkko tekus esa enn {ks=k cukus dk ok;nk gSA
feysxhA NksVs ns'kksa dks yxrk gS fd Hkkjr ;fn nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ lHkh ns'k viuh
vxj vejhdk osQ ckjs
nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa viuk ncnck dk;e djuk lhekjs[kk osQ vkj&ikj eqDr&O;kikj ij lger esa fy[ks x, vè;k; dks
pkgrk gSA gks tk,¡ rks bl {ks=k esa 'kkafr vkSj lg;ksx osQ ^vejhdh opZLo* dk
nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ lkjs >xM+s fliQZ Hkkjr ,d u, vè;k; dh 'kq#vkr gks ldrh gSA 'kh"kZd fn;k x;k rks bl
vkSj mlosQ iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ chp gh ugha gSA nf{k.k ,f'k;k eqDr O;kikj {ks=k le>kSrs vè;k; dks Hkkjrh;
usiky&HkwVku rFkk ckaXykns'k&E;kaekj osQ chp (SAFTA) osQ ihNs ;gh Hkkouk dke dj opZLo D;ksa ugha dgk
x;k\
tkrh; ewy osQ usikfy;ksa osQ HkwVku vkçokl jgh gSA bl le>kSrs ij 2004 esa gLrk{kj gq,
rFkk jksfgaX;k yksxksa osQ E;kaekj esa vkçokl osQ vkSj ;g le>kSrk 1 tuojh 2006 ls çHkkoh
elys ij erHksn jgs gSAa ckaXykns'k vkSj usiky gks x;kA bl le>kSrs dk y{; gS fd bu
osQ chp fgeky;h ufn;ksa osQ ty dh fgLlsnkjh ns'kksa osQ chp vkilh O;kikj esa yxus okys
dks ysdj [kViV gSA ;g ckr lgh gS fd bl lhek 'kqYd dks de dj fn;k tk,A oqQN NksVs
bykosQ osQ lHkh cM+s >xMs+ Hkkjr vkSj mlosQ ns'k ekurs gSa fd ^lkÝVk* dh vksV ysdj Hkkjr
iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ chp gaAS bldk ,d dkj.k muosQ ck”kkj esa lsa/ ekjuk pkgrk gS vkSj
nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk Hkwxksy Hkh gS tgk¡ Hkkjr
chp esa fLFkr gS vkSj ckdh ns'k Hkkjr dh
lhek osQ bnZ&fxnZ iM+rs gSaA
'kkafr vkSj lg;ksx

D;k nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'k ,d&nwljs dk
lg;ksx djrs gSa ;k ;s ns'k ,d&nwljs ls
fli+Z Q yM+rs jgrs gS\a vusd la?k"kks± osQ ckotwn
nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'k vkil esa nksLrkuk fj'rs
rFkk lg;ksx osQ egÙo dks igpkurs gSaA
'kkafr osQ ç;kl f}i{kh; Hkh gq, gSa vkSj
{ks=kh; Lrj ij HkhA n{ksl (lkmFk ,f'k;u
,lks f 'k;u iQkW j fjtuy dks v kW i js ' ku
lqjsanj] n ¯gnw
(SAARC) nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa }kjk

cgqLrjh; lk/uksa ls vkil esa lg;ksx djus
dh fn'kk esa mBk;k x;k cM+k dne gSA bldh ;g dkVwZu {ks=kh; lg;ksx dh çxfr esa Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku dh Hkwfedk osQ ckjs
'kq#vkr 1985 esa gqbAZ nqHkkZX; ls foHksnksa dh esa D;k crkrk gS\
tukc gwA dkjksckj] dkelZ] O;kolkf;d m|e rFkk O;kolkf;d ekStwnxh osQ tfj;s muosQ
bdksukseh! vki Hkkjr osQ lekt vkSj jktuhfr ij vlj Mkyuk pkgrk gSA Hkkjr lksprk gS
lkFk osQoy cqfu;knh eqíksa fd ^lkÝVk* ls bl {ks=k osQ gj ns'k dks iQk;nk gksxk vkSj {ks=k esa
dh ckrsa D;ksa ugha djrs\
eqDr O;kikj c<+us ls jktuhfrd elyksa ij lg;ksx T;knk csgrj
gksxkA Hkkjr esa oqQN yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd ^lkÝVk* osQ fy,
ijs'kku gksus dh ”k:jr ugha D;ksafd Hkkjr HkwVku] usiky vkSj
Jhyadk ls igys gh f}i{kh; O;kikj le>kSrk dj pqdk gSA
gkyk¡fd Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ laca/ dHkh [kRe u gksus
osQ'ko] n ¯gnw
okys >xM+ksa vkSj fgalk dh ,d dgkuh tku iM+rs gSa fiQj Hkh
ruko dks de djus vkSj 'kkafr cgky djus osQ fy, bu ns'kksa osQ
chp yxkrkj ç;kl gq, gaSA nksuksa ns'k ;q¼ osQ tksf[ke de djus
vkWuykbu
osQ fy, fo'okl cgkyh osQ mik; djus ij lger gks x;s gSa A
lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ vkSj egÙoiw.kZ gfLr;k¡ nksuksa ns'kksa osQ yksxksa
osQ chp nksLrh dk ekgkSy cukus osQ fy, ,dtqV gqbZ gSaA nksuksa
ns'kksa osQ usrk ,d&nwljs dks csgrj <ax ls le>us vkSj nksuksa ns'kksa
osQ chp ekStwn cM+h leL;kvksa osQ lek/ku osQ fy, lEesyuksa
ikfdLrku fVªC;wu
vaik;j dks r; djuk gS

esa HksaV djrs gSaA fiNys ik¡p o"kks± osQ nkSjku nksuksa ns'kksa osQ iatkc
fd xsan Hkkjr osQ ikys esa okys fgLls osQ chp dbZ cl&ekxZ [kqys gSaA vc oh”kk vklkuh
gS ;k ikfdLrku osQA ls fey tkrs gSAa
Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku ls fy, x, nks dkVwZu bl {ks=k esa
dksbZ Hkh {ks=k gok esa ugha gksrkA pkgs dksbZ {ks=k vius dks xSj
fnypLih j[kus okys nks ckgjh f[kykfM+;ksa dh Hkwfedk bykdkbZ rkdrksa ls vyx j[kus dh ftruh Hkh dksf'k'k djs ml
dh O;k[;k djrs gSaA ;s ckgjh f[kykM+h dkSu gSa\ D;k ij ckgjh rkdrksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dk vlj iM+rk gh gSA phu vkSj
vkidks bu nksuksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k esa oqQN lekurk la;Dq r jkT; vejhdk nf{k.k ,f'k;k dh jktuhfr esa vge Hkwfedk
fn[kkbZ nsrh gS\
fuHkkrs gSAa fiNys nl o"kks± esa Hkkjr vkSj phu osQ laca/ csgrj gq,
gSaA phu dh j.kuhfrd lk>snkjh ikfdLrku osQ lkFk gS vkSj ;g
Hkkjr&phu laca/ksa esa ,d cM+h dfBukbZ gSA fodkl dh ”k:jr
vkSj oS'ohdj.k osQ dkj.k ,f'k;k egkns'k osQ ;s nks cM+s ns'k T;knk
utnhd vk;s gSAa lu~ 1991 osQ ckn ls buosQ vkfFkZd lac/ a ”;knk
e”kcwr gq, gSAa
'khr;q¼ osQ ckn nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa vejhdh çHkko rsth ls c<+k
yxrk gS gj laxBu O;kikj gSA vejhdk us 'khr;q¼ osQ ckn Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku nksuksa ls vius
osQ fy, gh curk gS\ D;k
O;kikj yksxkssa osQ vkilh
lac/ a csgrj fd, gSAa og Hkkjr&ikd osQ chp yxkrkj eè;LFk dh
esytksy ls T;knk egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgk gSA nksuksa ns'kksa esa vkfFkZd lq/kj gq, gSa vkSj mnkj
gS\ uhfr;k¡ viukbZ xbZ gSAa blls nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa vejhdh Hkkxhnkjh
”;knk xgjh gqbZ gSA vejhdk esa nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ewy osQ yksxksa dh
la[;k vPNh&[kklh gSA fiQj] bl {ks=k dh tula[;k vkSj cktkj dk
vkdkj Hkh Hkkjh Hkjde gSA bl dkj.k bl {ks=k jgsxk vFkok ;g ,d ,sls {ks=kh; xqV osQ :i
dh lqj{kk vkSj 'kkafr osQ Hkfo"; ls vejhdk osQ esa mHkjsxk ftlosQ lkaLÑfrd xq.k&/eZ rFkk
fgr Hkh ca/s gq, gSAa O;kikfjd fgr ,d gSa & ;g ckr fdlh
cgjgky] nf{k.k ,f'k;k dks la?k"kks± dh ckgjh 'kfDr ls T;knk ;gk¡ osQ yksxksa vkSj
vk'kadk okys {ks=k osQ :i esa igpkuk tkrk ljdkjksa ij fuHkZj gSA
ç'ukoyh
1- ns'kksa dh igpku djsa µ
(d) jktra=k] yksdra=k&leFkZd lewgksa vkSj vfrokfn;ksa osQ chp la?k"kZ osQ dkj.k jktuhfrd
vfLFkjrk dk okrkoj.k cukA
([k) pkjksa rjiQ Hkwfe ls f?kjk ns'kA
(x) nf{k.k ,f'k;k dk og ns'k ftlus lcls igys viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dk mnkjhdj.k fd;kA
(?k) lsuk vkSj yksdra=k&leFkZd lewgksa osQ chp la?k"kZ esa lsuk us yksdra=k osQ Åij ckth ekjhA
(Ä) nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ osaQæ esa vofLFkrA bl ns'k dh lhek,¡ nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ vf/dka'k ns'kksa ls
feyrh gSaA
(p) igys bl }hi esa 'kklu dh ckxMksj lqYrku osQ gkFk esa FkhA vc ;g ,d x.kra=k gSA
(N) xzkeh.k {ks=k esa NksVh cpr vkSj lgdkjh ½.k dh O;oLFkk osQ dkj.k bl ns'k dks X+kjhch de
djus esa enn feyh gSA
(t) ,d fgeky;h ns'k tgk¡ laoS/kfud jktra=k gSA ;g ns'k Hkh gj rjiQ ls Hkwfe ls f?kjk gSA
2- nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk dFku X+kyr gS\
(d) nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa fli+ZQ ,d rjg dh jktuhfrd ç.kkyh pyrh gSA
([k) ckaXykns'k vkSj Hkkjr us unh&ty dh fgLlsnkjh osQ ckjs esa ,d le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj fd, gSaA
(x) ^lkÝVk* ij gLrk{kj bLykekckn osQ 12osa lkoZQ&lEesyu esa gq,A
(?k) nf{k.k ,f'k;k dh jktuhfr esa phu vkSj la;Dq r jkT; vejhdk egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSAa
3- ikfdLrku osQ yksdra=khdj.k esa dkSu&dkSu lh dfBukb;k¡ gSa\
4- usiky osQ yksx vius ns'k esa yksdra=k dks cgky djus esa oSQls liQy gq,\
5- Jhyadk osQ tkrh;&la?k"kZ esa fdudh Hkwfedk çeq[k gS\
6- Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp gky esa D;k le>kSrs gq,\
7- ,sls nks elyksa osQ uke crk,¡ ftu ij Hkkjr&ckaXykns'k osQ chp vkilh lg;ksx gS vkSj blh rjg nks
,sls elyksa osQ uke crk,¡ ftu ij vlgefr gSA
8- nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa f}i{kh; laca/ksa dks ckgjh 'kfDr;k¡ oSQls çHkkfor djrh gSa\
ç'ukoyh 9- nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa osQ chp vkfFkZd lg;ksx dh jkg rS;kj djus esa n{ksl (lkoZQ) dh Hkwfedk
vkSj lhekvksa dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu djsaA nf{k.k ,f'k;k dh csgrjh esa ^n{ksl* (lkoZQ) T;knk
cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkk losQ] blosQ fy, vki D;k lq>ko nsaxs\
10- nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'k ,d&nwljs ij vfo'okl djrs gSaA blls varjkZ"Vªh; eapksa ij ;g {ks=k ,dtqV
gksdj viuk çHkko ugha tek ikrkA bl dFku dh iqf"V esa dksbZ Hkh nks mnkgj.k nsa vkSj nf{k.k ,f'k;k
dks etcwr cukus osQ fy, mik; lq>k,¡A
11- nf{k.k ,f'k;k osQ ns'k Hkkjr dks ,d ckgqcyh le>rs gSa tks bl {ks=k osQ NksVs ns'kksa ij viuk ncnck
tekuk pkgrk gS vkSj muosQ van:uh ekeyksa esa n[ky nsrk gSA bu ns'kksa dh ,slh lksp osQ fy,
dkSu&dkSu lh ckrsa ftEesnkj gSa\
vè;k; 4
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
ifjp;
bl vè;k; esa ge lksfo;r la?k osQ fc[kjus
osQ ckn varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk osQ
ckjs esa i<+saxsA ge ns[ksaxs fd ,d mHkjrs gq,
fo'o esa u;h pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus osQ
fy, varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa osQ iqufuZekZ.k dh ckrsa
gks jgh FkhaA bUgha pqukSfr;ksa esa ,d Fkh vejhdk
dh 'kfDr dk c<+ukA lq/kj dh çfØ;kvksa
vkSj mudh dfBukb;ksa dh ,d felky la;Dq r
jk"Vªl?a k dh lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ esa gksus okyk cnyko
gSA la;qDr jk"Vªla?k ls Hkkjr dk tqM+ko vkSj
lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ lq/kjksa dks ysdj mldk
fo'ks"k n`f"Vdks.k vius vki esa tkudkjh dk
,d vge fo"k; gSA bl vè;k; dk var bl
loky ls fd;k x;k gS fd D;k la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k ,sls fo'o esa dksbZ Hkwfedk fuHkk
ldrk gS ftlesa fdlh ,d egk'kfDr dk ;g la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk çrhd fpÞ~u gSA blesa nqfu;k dk uD'kk + cuk gqvk
ncnck gksA bl vè;k; esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gS vkSj blosQ pkjksa rjiQ tSrwu dh ifÙk;k¡ gSaA ;s ifÙk;k¡ fo'o 'kkafr dk
fuHkkus okys oqQN vU; varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh laosQr djrh gSaA www.un.org ls lkHkkj
Hkh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
ihVj fiLesL=kksfop] osQxYl dkVZwu

gSjh gsfjlu] osQxYl dkVZwu
twu 2006 osQ nkSjku btjkby us yscuku ij geyk fd;kA mldk dguk Fkk fd mxzoknh xqV fg”kcqYykg ij fu;a=k.k djus osQ fy, geyk ”k:jh gSA
Hkkjh la[;k esa vke ukxfjd ekjs x,A dbZ lkoZtfud bekjr vkSj fjgk;'kh bykosQ btjkbyh ceckjh dh pisV esa vk,A la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k us bl ekeys
ij ,d çLrko cgqr ckn ;kuh vxLr esa ikl fd;k vkSj btjkbyh lsuk bl bykosQ ls vDVwcj esa gh okil gks ldhA ;s nksuksa dkVwuZ bl ladV esa
la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k vkSj mlosQ egklfpo dh Hkwfedk ij fVIi.kh djrs gSAa
gesa varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu D;ksa pkfg,\ l=k esAa ysfdu] tSlk fd pfpZy dgrs Fks]
,d vksj bl rjg osQ dkVwZu vkSj fVIif.k;k¡ gfFk;kj yM+kus ls cf<+;k gS fd ”kcku yM+kbZ
gSa rks nwljh vksj ge ikrs gSa fd la;qDr tk,A D;k ;g ckr csgrj ugha fd ,d ,slh
jk"Vªla?k dks vkt dh nqfu;k dk lcls txg Hkh gks tgk¡ nqfu;k osQ lkjs ns'k bd_s gksa
egÙoiw.kZ varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ekuk tkrk gSA vkSj dHkh&dHkkj viuh ckrksa ls ,d&nwljs dk
veweu ^;w ,u* dgs tkus okys bl laxBu lj [kk,¡] cfuLir yM+kbZ osQ eSnku esa ,d&nwljs
dks fo'o Hkj osQ cgqr&ls yksx ,d vfuok;Z dk lj dye djus osQ\**
;gh ckr rks os laln osQ & 'kf'k Fk:j_ la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa
laxBu ekurs gSaA ;g laxBu mudh u”kj esa
ckjs esa dgrs gSaA D;k
'kkafr vkSj çxfr osQ çfr ekuork dh vk'kk lkoZtfud lwpuk vkSj lapkj osQ iwoZ
gesa crdgh dh ,slh
pkSikysa okLro esa dk çrhd gSA gesa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k tSls voj lfpoA
pkfg,\ laxBuksa dh ”k:jr D;ksa gS\ vkb,] ;gk¡ ,sls ;s nks m¼j.k ,d egÙoiw.kZ ckr dh
nks yksxksa osQ fopkj i<+rs gSa ftUgsa bl laxBu rjiQ b'kkjk djrs gSaA varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu
osQ dkedkt dh van#uh tkudkjh gS & gj e”kZ dh nok ugha ysfdu os egÙoiw.kZ
^^la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk xBu ekuork dks ”k:j gSaA varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ;q¼ vkSj
LoxZ igq¡pkus osQ fy, ugha cfYd mls ujd ls 'kkafr osQ ekeyksa esa enn djrs gSaA os
cpkus osQ fy, gqvk gSA** ns'kksa dh lgk;rk djrs gSa rkfd ge lc
dh csgrj thou&fLFkfr;k¡ dk;e gksaA
& Msx gSejlksYM_ la;qDr jk"Vªla?k
ns'kksa osQ chp eueqVko vkSj >xM+s gksrs
osQ nwljs egklfpo
gSa] ysfdu bldk eryc ;g ugha fd vius
^^crdgh dh pkSiky] Bhd dgk vkius! oSj&fojks/ osQ dkj.k os ,d&nwljs ls ;q¼
la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k esa [kwc cSBosQa gksrh gS]a nuknu Bku ysAa bldh txg os foHksn osQ elyksa ij
Hkk"k.k gksrs gSa & [+kkldj vke lHkk osQ okf"kZd ckrphr dj ldrs gSa vkSj mldk ,d
'kkafriw.kZ lek/ku <w¡<+ ldrs gSaA oLrqr% 'khr;q¼ osQ ckn osQ le; esa oqQN laxBuksa us
vf/dka'k >xM+ksa vkSj foHksnksa dk lek/ku cM+h egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS] [kkldj
fcuk ;q¼ osQ gh fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu ;g fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lanHkZ esaA buesa ls
,d ,slk rF; gS ftl ij de è;ku tkrk ,d varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k (baVjus'kuy ekWusVjh
varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k

gSA bl lanHkZ esa varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh iQaM&IMF) gSA ;g laxBu oSf'od Lrj dh
foÙk&O;oLFkk dh ns[kjs[k djrk gS vkSj ek¡xs tkus ij foÙkh; rFkk
Hkwfedk egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA varjkZ"Vªh;
rduhdh lgk;rk eqgS;k djrk gSA 189 (12 vizSy 2016 dh
laxBu dksbZ 'kfDr'kkyh jkT; ugha gksrk fLFkfr) ns'k varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k osQ lnL; gSa ysfdu gj lnL;
ftldh vius lnL;ksa ij /kSal pyrh gksA dh jk; dk otu cjkcj ugha gSA lewg&7 osQ lnL; (vejhdk]
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dk fuekZ.k fofHkUu jkT; tkiku] teZuh] Úkal] fczVus ] bVyh vkSj dukMk) osQ ikl 41-29
gh djrs gSa vkSj ;g muosQ ekeyksa osQ fy, izfr'kr er gSAa vU; vxz.kh lnL;ksa esa phu (6-09 %)] Hkkjr (2-
tokcnsg gksrk gSA tc jkT;ksa esa bl ckr ij 64 %)] :l (2-59 %)] czk”khy (2-22 %) vkSj lmQnh vjc (2-
lgefr gksrh gS fd dksbZ varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu 02 %) gSAa vosQys vejhdk osQ ikl 16-52 çfr'kr erkf/dkj gSAa
cuuk pkfg,] rHkh ,sls laxBu dk;e gksrs
gSaA ,d ckj budk fuekZ.k gks tk, rks ;s tk,A blosQ fy, fo'o osQ cM+s vkS|ksfxd
leL;kvksa osQ 'kkafriw.kZ lek/ku esa lnL; ns'kksa dk lg;ksx djuk ”k#jh gSA
ns'kksa dh enn djrs gSaA nqHkkZX; ls] lg;ksx dh ”k:jr dks
varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu ,d vkSj rjhosQ ls igpkuuk vkSj lpeqp esa lg;ksx djuk nks
ennxkj gksrs gSAa jk"Vªkas osQ lkeus vDlj oqQN vyx&vyx ckrsa gSaA ns'k lg;ksx djus dh
dke ,sls vk tkrs gSa ftUgsa lkFk feydj gh ”k:jr dks igpku ldrs gSa ysfdu lg;ksx
djuk gksrk gSA oqQN elys brus pqukSrhiw.kZ dk lcls csgrj rjhdk D;k gks µ bl ij
gksrs gSa fd muls rHkh fuiVk tk ldrk gS ges'kk muosQ chp lgefr ugha gks ldrhA
tc lHkh lkFk feydj dke djsaA bldh lg;ksx esa vkus okyh ykxr dk Hkkj dkSu
,d felky rks chekjh gh gSA oqQN jksxksa dks fdruk mBk,] lg;ksx ls gksus okys ykHk dk
rc gh [kRe fd;k tk ldrk gS tc fo'o vkilh c¡Vokjk U;k;ksfpr <ax ls oSQls gks]
dk gj ns'k viuh vkcknh dks VhosQ yxkus eksy&rksy osQ ckn tks r; gks tk, mlls
esa lg;ksx djsA ge ^Xykscy okfe±x* dksbZ eqdjs ugha vkSj vkilh le>kSrs osQ ckn
(fo'oO;kih rkio`f¼) vkSj mlosQ çHkkoksa tks ckrsa r; gqbZ gSa muls dksbZ Hkh nX+kk u djs&
dk gh mnkgj.k ysaA okrkoj.k esa xzhugkml bu fcanqvksa ij lHkh ns'k ges'kk lger ugha
xSlksa osQ c<+us ls rkieku c<+ jgk gSA blls
leqæry dh Å¡pkbZ c<+us dk [+krjk gSA vxj
,slk gqvk rks fo'o osQ leqærVh; bykosQ
,sls eqíksa vkSj leL;kvksa dh ,d lwph
ftlesa cM+s&cM+s 'kgj Hkh 'kkfey gSa] Mwc
cukb, ftUgsa lqy>kuk fdlh ,d ns'k
tk,sxa As gj ns'k vius&vius rjhosQ ls ^Xykscy osQ fy, laHko ugha gS vkSj ftuosQ fy,
okfe±x* osQ nq"çHkkoksa dk lek/ku <w<¡ + ldrk ,d varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dh ”k:jr gSA
gSA rc Hkh varr% lcls çHkkodkjh lek/ku
rks ;gh gS fd oSf'od rkio`f¼ dks jksdk
tk,¡xs fd mudh bPNkvksa&vkdka{kkvksa ij

la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh LFkkiuk
yxke dluk vlaHko gksxkA D;k la;qDr
vxLr 1941 % vejhdh jk"Vªifr :tosYV vkSj fczrkuh ç/kuea=kh jk"Vªla?k vejhdk osQ lkFk laokn vkSj ppkZ
pfpZy }kjk vVykafVd pkVZj ij gLrk{kj fd, x,A esa ennxkj gks ldrk gS vkSj D;k ;g laxBu
tuojh 1942 % /qjh 'kfDr;ksa osQ f[kykiQ yM+ jgs 26 fe=k&jk"Vª vejhdh ljdkj dh rkdr ij vaoqQ'k yxk
vVykafVd pkVZj osQ leFkZu esa okf'kaXVu esa feys vkSj ldrk gS\ ge bu lokyksa osQ mÙkj vè;k;
fnlacj 1943 esa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh ?kks"k.kk ij osQ var esa [kkstsaxsA
gLrk{kj gq,A
iQjojh 1945 % rhu cM+s usrkvksa (:tosYV] pfpZy vkSj LVkfyu) us la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk fodkl
;kYVk lEesyu esa çLrkfor varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu osQ ckjs esa
igys fo'o;q¼ us nqfu;k dks bl ckr osQ
la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dk ,d lEesyu djus dk fu.kZ; fd;kA
fy, txk;k fd >xM+ksa osQ fuiVkjs osQ fy,
vçSy&ebZ 1945 % lsu ÚkaflLdks esa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk varjkZ"Vªh;
,d varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu cukus dk ç;kl ”k:j
laxBu cukus osQ elys ij osaQfær nks eghus yack
lEesyu laiÂA
fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i
^yhx vkWo us'kal* dk tUe gqvkA 'kq#vkrh
26 twu 1945 % la;qDr jk"Vªla?k pkVZj ij 50 ns'kksa osQ gLrk{kjA
iksySaM us 15 vDVwcj dks gLrk{kj fd,A bl rjg liQyrkvksa osQ ckotwn ;g laxBu nwljk
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa 51 ewy laLFkkid lnL; gSaA fo'o;q¼ (1939&45) u jksd ldkA igys
24 vDVwcj 1945 % la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh LFkkiukA 24 vDVwcj la;qDr dh rqyuk esa bl egk;q¼ esa dgha ”;knk yksx
jk"Vªl?a k fnolA ekjs x;s vkSj ?kk;y gq,A
30 vDVwcj 1945 % Hkkjr la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa 'kkfeyA
gksrsA ,d varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu lg;ksx djus

osQ mik; vkSj lwpuk,¡ tqVkus esa enn dj
ldrk gSA ,slk laxBu fu;eksa vkSj ukSdj'kkgh
dh ,d :ijs[kk ns ldrk gS rkfd lnL;ksa
dks ;g fo'okl gks fd vkus okyh ykxr esa
lcdh leqfpr lk>snkjh gksxh] ykHk dk
c¡Vokjk U;k;ksfpr gksxk vkSj dksbZ lnL; ,d
ckj le>kSrs esa 'kkfey gks tkrk gS rks og bl
le>kSrs osQ fu;e vkSj 'krks± dk ikyu djsxkA 1942 dh la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh ?kks"k.kk osQ vk/kj
'khr;q¼ osQ var osQ ckn vc la;qDr ij nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ nkSjku (1943 esa)
jk"Vªla?k FkksM+h vyx Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk vejhsdk osQ ;q¼ lwpuk foHkkx (;wukbVsM LVs~Vl
gS µ ge ,slk vuqeku dj ldrs gSAa vejhdk vkWfiQl vkWo okj baiQkWjes'ku) }kjk rS;kj fd;k
vkSj mlosQ [kses osQ ns'k fotsrk cudj mHkjs x;k iksLVjA bl iksLVj esa mu ns'kksa osQ >aMksa dks
ns[kk tk ldrk gS ftUgkasus fe=k jk"Vªksa osQ ;q¼d
gSAa ,sls esa cgqr ls yksxksa vkSj ljdkjksa dks bl ç;klksa osQ leFkZu djus dk ladYi fd;k FkkA
ckr dh fpark lrk jgh gS fd vejhdk dh ;g iksLVj ,d vFkZ esa egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;g fn[kkrk
vxqvkbZ esa if'peh ns'k brus rkdroj gks gS fd la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh tM+sa ;q¼ esa FkhaA
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh lajpuk

izeq[k vax varjkZ"Vªh;
U;k;ky;
lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ blesa 15 U;k;/h'kksa
lgk;d fudk; dk pquko 9 o"kksZ±
15 lnL; gSAa ik¡p LFkk;h lnL;ksa
lSU; lfefr] varjkZ"Vªh; vijk/ phu] izQkal] :l] fczVus vkSj vejhdk osQ fy, vke lHkk
U;k;kf/dj.k (iwoZ ;wxksLykfo;k] dks ohVks (fu"ks/kf/dkj) dk vf/dkjA vkSj lqj{kk ifj"kn~
jokaMk) 'kkafr laLFkkid nl vLFkk;h lnL;ksa dk pquko vke nksuksa esa iw.kZ cgqer
vfHk;ku vkSj fe'ku lHkk }kjk nks o"kksaZ osQ fy,A fu.kZ; }kjk gksrk gSA
lHkh lnL;ksa ij ckè;dkjhA eq[;ky; gsx esaA
lac¼ laxBu
varjkZ"Vªh; vkf.od ÅtkZ 'kks/ vkSj çf'k{k.k laLFkku
(IAEA) vke lHkk vkSj lkekftd fodkl osQ fy,
lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ nksuksa osQ çfr 'kks/ laLFkku (UNRISD)
mÙkjnk;hA
lfpoky;
vU; izeq[k laxBuksa osQ dk;ks± osQ
fy, varjkZ"Vªh; LVkiQA bldk
dk;ZØe vkSj dks"k iz/ku egklfpo gksrk gS ftldh
O;kikj ,oa fodkl vke lHkk
193 lnL;ksa osQ çfrfuf/A lHkh dks fu;qfDr lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ dh lykg
lEesyu (UNCTAD) ij vke lHkk ik¡p lkyksa osQ
i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe ,dleku erA çeq[k fu.kZ;ksa osQ fy, nks
frgkbZ vkSj ckdh esa lkekU; cgqer dh fy, djrh gSA
( UNEP )
fodkl dk;ZØe ”k:jrA fu.kZ; lHkh lnL;ksa ij ckè;dkjh
( UNDP) ughaA vU; bdkbZ;k¡
ckydks"k (UNICEF) ekuokf/dkj mPpk;ksx dk dk;kZy;
tula[;k&dks"k (OHCHR) la;D q r jk"Vª fo'ofo|ky;
( UNFPA ) (UNU) ,pvkbZoh@,M~l dk;ZØe
lgk;d fudk; (UNAIDS)
'kj.kkFkhZ mPpk;ksx
lfefr;k¡ vkSj rnFkZ fudk;
( UNHCR) fo'ks"k ,tsfa l;k¡ (foÙkh; lgk;rk osQ fcuk)
fo'o [kk| dk;ZØe varjkZ"Vªh; Je laxBu (ILO)
( WFP) lac¼ laxBu [kk| ,oa Ñf"k laxBu (FAO)
jklk;fud gfFk;kjksa ij fu"ks/ la;qDr jk"Vªla?k 'kS{kf.kd] oSKkfud ,oa
osQ fy, laxBu (OPCW) lkaLd`frd laxBu (UNESCO)
fo'o LokLF; laxBu (WHO)
fo'ks"k dk;ks± osQ fy, varjkZ"Vªh; eqnzk&dks"k (IMF)
vk;ksx varjkZ"Vªh; ekSle&foKku laxBu (IMO)
ekuokf/dkj] eknd nzO;] varjkZ"Vªh; nwjlapkj la?k (ITU)
fVdkÅ fodkl] efgykvksa vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd ifj"kn~
dh fLFkfr lnL; ns'kksa dk pquko vke lHkk }kjk rhu U;kflrk ifj"kn~
o"kksZa osQ fy,A lHkh HkkSxksfyd {ks=kksa dks la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh U;kflrk
çfrfuf/Ro nsrs gq, 54 lnL;A iz.kkyh osQ varxZr vkus okyh
{ks=kh; vk;ksx vafre ^VªLV VsjhVjh* iykm osQ
vkfFkZd vk;ksx vktkn gksus osQ lkFk 1 uoEcj
(vÚhdk] ;wjksi] nf{k.k lac¼ laxBu 1994 ls ;g ifj"kn~ LFkfxrA
vejhdk vkSj oSQjsfc;kbZ fo'o O;kikj laxBu
ns'k) vkfFkZd vkSj (WTO) fu;qDr djus okys osQ çfr lh/h tokcnsgh n'kkZrk gS
lkekftd vk;ksx
foÙkh; lgk;rk foghu lac/ a n'kkZrk gSA
(,f'k;k&ç'kkar vkSj
lqj{kk ifj"kn~ dh fo'ks"k fLFkfr n'kkZrk gSA ;g ik¡p LFkk;h
if'pe ,f'k;k) lnL;ksa osQ fu"ks/kf/dkj (ohVks) ls fu;af=kr gksrh gSA
http://www.newint.org/issue375/pics/un-map-big.gif ij vk/kfjr
^yhx vkWo us'kal* osQ mÙkjkf/dkjh osQ çfrfuf/ egklfpo gksrk gSA orZeku
la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dh
:i esa la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dh LFkkiuk gqbAZ nwljs egklfpo ,aVksfu;ks xqVjs l s A og la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k
vusd ,tsfa l;ksa dk
;gk¡ ftØ fd;k fo'o;q¼ dh lekfIr osQ rqjra ckn lu~ 1945 osQ ukSosa egklfpo gSaA mUgkasus egklfpo dk
x;k gSA gjsd ,tsl a h esa bls LFkkfir fd;k x;kA 51 ns'kksa }kjk in 1 tuojh 2017 dks laHkkykA ;s 1995 ls
dh xfrfof/;ksa osQ la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k osQ ?kks"k.kki=k ij nLr[+kr djus 2002 rd iqrZxky osQ iz/kuea=kh vkSj 2005
ckjs esa ,d lekpkj osQ lkFk bl laxBu dh LFkkiuk gks xbZA nks ls 2015 rd ;wukbVsM us'kal gkbZ deh'kuj
[kkstAas
fo'o;q¼ksa osQ chp ^yhx vkWo us'kal* tks ugha iQkWj fjÝ;wtht jgsA
dj ik;k Fkk mls dj fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dh dbZ 'kk[kk,¡ vkSj
la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k us dhA la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dk ,tsfa l;k¡ gSAa lnL; ns'kksa osQ chp ;q¼ vkSj
mís'; gS varjkZ"Vªh; >xM+kas dks jksduk vkSj 'kkafr rFkk oSj&fojks/ ij vke lHkk esa Hkh ppkZ
jk"Vªkas osQ chp lg;ksx dh jkg fn[kkukA bldh gksrh gS vkSj lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa HkhA lkekftd
LFkkiuk osQ ihNs ;g vk'kk dke dj jgh Fkh vkSj vkfFkZd eqíksa ls fucVus osQ fy, dbZ
fd ;g laxBu fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ chp tkjh ,sls ,tsfa l;k¡ gSa ftuesa fo'o LokLF; laxBu (oYMZ
>xM+kas dks jksdus dk dke djsxk tks vkxs gsYFk vkxZukbts'ku& WHO)] la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k
pydj ;q¼ dk :i ys ldrs gSa vkSj vxj fodkl dk;ZØe (;wukbVsM us'kal MsoyiesVa
;q¼ fNM+ gh tk, rks 'k=kqrk osQ nk;js dks çksxkz e&UNDP)] la;qDr jk"Vªla?k ekuokf/
lhfer djus dk dke djsxkA blosQ vykok] dkj vk;ksx (;wukbVsM us'kal g~;weu jkbV~l
pwf¡ d >xM+s vDlj lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dfe'ku & UNHRC)] la;qDr jk"Vªla?k
osQ vHkko esa [kM+s gksrs gSa blfy, la;qDr 'kj.kkFkhZ mPpk;ksx (;wukbVsM us'kal gkbZ dfe'ku
jk"Vªla?k dh ,d ea'kk iwjs fo'o esa iQkWj fjÝ;wtht & UNHCR)] la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k
lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl dh laHkkoukvksa cky dks"k (;wukbVsM us'kal fpYMªsUl iQaM&
dks c<+kus osQ fy, fofHkUu ns'kksa dks ,d lkFk UNICEF) vkSj la;qDr jk"Vªla?k 'kSf{kd]
ykus dh gSA lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd laxBu (;wukbVsM
2011 rd la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ lnL; us'kal ,tqosQ'kuy] lks'ky ,aM dYpjy
ns'kksa dh la[;k 193 FkhA blesa yxHkx lHkh vkxZukbts'ku & UNESCO) 'kkfey gSaA
Lora=k ns'k 'kkfey gSaA la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh
'khr;q¼ gks ;k u gks] vke lHkk esa gjsd lnL; dks ,d oksV 'khr;q¼ osQ ckn la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k
,d lq/kj rks lcls
gkfly gSA bldh lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa ik¡p esa lq/kj
igys ”k:jh gSA la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k esa osQoy
LFkk;h lnL; gSaA buosQ uke gSa µ vejhdk] cnyrs ifjos'k esa ”k:jrksa dks iwjk djus osQ
yksdrkaf=kd usrkvksa dks :l] fczVsu] çQkal vkSj phuA nwljs fo'o;q¼ fy, fdlh Hkh laxBu esa lq/kj vkSj fodkl
gh vius ns'k dh osQ rqjra ckn osQ le; esa ;s ns'k lcls ”;knk djuk ykf”keh gSA la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k Hkh bldk
uqekbanxh djus dk gd rkdroj Fks vkSj bl egk;q¼ osQ fotsrk Hkh viokn ugha gSA gky osQ o"kksZa esa bl
gksuk pkfg,A vkf[kj jgs] blfy, bUgsa LFkk;h lnL; osQ :i esa oSf'od laLFkk esa lq/kj dh ek¡x djrs gq,
fdlh rkuk'kkg dks
pquk x;kA vkoktsa mBh gSaA cgjgky] lq/kjksa dh çÑfr
ns'k dh turk dh vksj
ls cksyus dh vuqefr la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dk lcls vf/d fn[kus osQ ckjs esa dksbZ Li"V jk; vkSj lgefr ugha
oSQls nh tk ldrh gS\ okyk lkoZtfud psgjk vkSj mldk ç/ku cu ik;h gSA
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ lkeus nks rjg osQ la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ egklfpo
cqfu;knh lq/kjksa dk elyk gSA ,d rks
;g fd bl laxBu dh cukoV vkSj bldh VªkbXo yh (1946&1952) ukosZ_ odhy vkSj fons'k ea=kh_
çfØ;kvksa esa lq/kj fd;k tk,A nwljs] bl d'ehj dks ysdj Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku osQ chp gqbZ yM+kbZ esa
;q¼fojke osQ fy, ç;kl_ dksfj;k&;q¼ dks 'kh?kz lekIr djokus
laxBu osQ U;k;kf/dkj esa vkus okys eqíksa dh esa ukdke;kc jgus ij vkykspuk_ nksckjk egklfpo cukus dk
leh{kk dh tk,A yxHkx lHkh ns'k lger gSa lksfo;r la?k us fojks/ fd;kA egklfpo osQ in ls R;kxi=kA
fd nksuksa gh rjg osQ ;s lq/kj ”k#jh gSaA ns'kksa Msx gSej'kksYM (1953&1961) LohMu_ vFkZ'kkL=kh vkSj
odhy_ Lost ugj ls tqM+s fookn dks lqy>kus vkSj vçQhdk osQ
osQ chp esa lgefr bl ckr ij ugha gS fd vukSifuos'khdj.k osQ fy, dke fd;kA dkaxks&ladV dks lqy>kus
blosQ fy, njvly Bhd djuk D;k gS] dh fn'kk esa fd, x, ç;klksa osQ fy, ej.kksijkar ukscsy 'kkafr
oSQls djuk gS vkSj dc djuk gS\ iqjLdkjA lksfo;r la?k vkSj çQkal us vçQhdk esa budh Hkwfedk
dh vkykspuk dhA
cukoV vkSj çfØ;kvksa esa lq/kj osQ varxZr
;w FkkaV (1961&1971)_ cekZ (E;kaekj) f'k{kd vkSj
lcls cM+h cgl lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ dkedkt jktuf;d_ D;wck osQ felkby&ladV osQ lek/ku vkSj dkaxkss osQ
dks ysdj gSA blls tqMh+ gqbZ ,d ek¡x ;g gS ladV dh lekfIr osQ fy, ç;kl fd,A lkbçl esa la;qDr
fd lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa LFkk;h vkSj vLFkk;h jk"Vªla?k dh 'kkafrlsuk cgky dhA fo;ruke ;q¼ osQ nkSjku
vejhdk dh vkykspuk dhA
lnL;ksa dh la[;k c<+k;h tk, rkfd ledkyhu oqQrZ okYMghe (1972&1981)_ vkWfLVª;k_ owQVuf;d vkSj
fo'o jktuhfr dh okLrfodrkvksa dh bl fons'kea=khA ukehfc;k vkSj yscukWu dh leL;kvksa osQ lek/ku osQ
laxBu esa csgrj uqekbanxh gks losQA [+kkl rkSj ç;kl fd,A ckaXykns'k esa jkgr&vfHk;ku dh ns[k&js[kA rhljh ckj
egklfpo in ij pqus tkus dh nkosnkjh dk phu us fojks/ fd;kA
ls ,f'k;k] vçQhdk vkSj nf{k.k vejhdk osQ
tsfo;j isjt s n owQb;kj (1982&1991) is#_ odhy vkSj
”;knk ns'kksa dks lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ esa lnL;rk nsus jktuf;d_ lkbçl] viQxkfuLrku vkSj vy lYokMksj esa 'kkafr&LFkkiuk
dh ckr mB jgh gSA blosQ vfrfjDr] vejhdk osQ fy, ç;kl fd,A ukehfc;k dh vk”kknh osQ fy, eè;LFkrkA
vkSj if'peh ns'k la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ ctV iQkWdySMa ;q¼ osQ ckn fczVus vkSj vtsVaZ huk osQ chp eè;LFkrkA
cqrjl cqrjl ?kkyh (1992&1996) felz_ jktuf;d] fof/
ls tqM+h çfØ;kvkas vkSj blosQ ç'kklu esa osÙkk vkSj fons'kea=kh_ ^,u vtsaMk iQkWj ihl* uked fjiksVZ tkjh
lq/kj pkgrs gSaA dhA ekstkafcd esa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk liQy vfHk;ku pyk;kA
tgk¡ rd la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k esa fdUgha cksfLu;k] lksekfy;k vkSj jokaMk esa la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dh vliQyrkvksa
osQ fy, vkjksi yxsA xaHkhj vlgefr;ksa osQ dkj.k vejhdk us
eqíksa dks ”;knk çkFkfedrk nsus vFkok mUgsa nqckjk egklfpo cuus dk fojks/ fd;kA
la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k osQ U;k;kf/dkj esa ykus dksiQh ,- vÂku (1997&2006) ?kkuk_ la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k osQ vf/
dk loky gS rks oqQN ns'k vkSj fo'ks"kK dkjh_ ,M~l] VhCkh vkSj eysfj;k ls yM+us osQ fy, ,d oSf'od dks"k
pkgrs gSa fd ;g laxBu 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk cuk;kA vejhdh usrR` o esa bjkd ij gq, geys dks voS/ djkj
fn;kA 2005 esa ekuokf/dkj ifj"kn~ rFkk 'kkafr laLFkkid vk;ksx dh
ls tqMs+ fe'kuksa esa ”;knk çHkkodkjh vFkok cM+h LFkkiuk dhA 2001 dk ukscy s 'kkafr iqjLdkj feykA
Hkwfedk fuHkk, tcfd vkSjksa dh bPNk gS fd cku dh ewu (2007&2016) dksfj;k x.kjkT; (nf{k.k dksfj;k)_
;g laxBu vius dks fodkl rFkk ekuoh; owQVuf;d vkSj fons'kea=khA bl in ij cSBus okys nwljs ,f'k;kbZ
gSAa tyok;q ifjorZu ij izdk'k MkykA lglzkfCn fodkl y{; vkSj
HkykbZ osQ dkeksa (LokLF;] f'k{kk] i;kZoj.k] lrr fodkl y{; ij è;ku fn;kA ;w,u ohesu osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy,
tula[;k fu;a=k.k] ekuokf/dkj] fyaxxr U;k; dke fd;kA ;q¼ fo;kstu vkSj ijek.kq fujL=khdj.k ij tksj fn;kA
vkSj lkekftd U;k;) rd lhfer j[ksA vUrksfu;ks euq,y ns vksfyohjk xqVjs l s (2017) iqrxZ ky_
vkb,] ge nksuksa gh fdLe osQ lq/kjksa ij iqrxZ ky osQ iz/kuea=kh (1995&2002)A ;qukbVsM us'kal gkbZ dfe'uj
iQWkj fjÝ;wtht (2005&2015)A lks'kfyLV baVjus'kuy osQ vè;{k
u”kj nkSM+k,¡A bl ppkZ esa ge ”;knk tksj (1999&2005)A vHkh os la;Dq r jk"Vª osQ uosa egklfpo gSAa
<k¡pkxr vkSj çfØ;kxr lq/kjksa ij nsaxsA fp=k www.un.org ls lkHkkj
tyok;q esa cnyko] i;kZoj.k dh gkfu]

egkekjh) ekStwn gSA
,slh n'kk eas tc 'khr;q¼ dk var
(1989) gks jgk Fkk rks fo'o osQ lkeus
loky Fkk fd D;k la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk gksuk
i;kZIr gS\ tks oqQN djuk ”k#jh gS D;k mls
djus esa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k l{ke gS\ bls D;k
djuk pkfg, vkSj oSQls djuk pkfg,\ la;Dq r
cku dh ewu] la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ egklfpo] 2015 esa ubZ fnYyh esa la;qDr jk"Vª
jk"Vªla?k csgrj <ax ls dke dj losQ blosQ
dh 70oha o"kZxkaB dk t'u eukus dh 'kq#vkr djrs gq,
fy, dkSu&ls lq/kj ”k#jh gSa\ fiNys iaæg
lkyksa ls blosQ lnL; ns'k bu ç'uksa osQ
la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dh LFkkiuk nwljs fo'o;q¼
O;kogkfjd vkSj larks"ktud mÙkj <w¡<+us dh
osQ rRdky ckn lu~ 1945 esa gqbZ FkhA bl
dksf'k'k dj jgs gSaA
egk;q¼ osQ ckn fo'o jktuhfr dh tks lPpkb;k¡
Fkha mlh osQ vuq:i bldk xBu gqvk vkSj
blosQ dkedkt ls rRdkyhu fo'o jktuhfr
çfØ;kvksa vkSj <k¡ps esa lq/kj
dh okLrfodrk,¡ >ydrh FkhaA 'khr;q¼ osQ lq/kj gksus pkfg, µ bl loky ij O;kid
ckn ;s lPpkb;k¡ cny xbZa gSAa 1991 ls vk, lgefr gS ysfdu lq/kj oSQls fd;k tk, dk
cnykoksa esa ls oqQN fuEufyf[kr gSa µ elyk dfBu gSA bl ij lgefr dk;e
l lksfo;r la?k fc[kj x;kA djuk eqf'dy gSA ;gk¡ ge la;qDr jk"Vªla?k
l vejhdk lcls ”;knk rkdroj gSA dh lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa lq/kj ij tkjh cgl dh
l lksfo;r la?k osQ mÙkjkf/dkjh jkT; FkksM+h ppkZ djsaxsA lu~ 1992 esa la;qDr
:l vkSj vejhdk osQ chp vc jk"Vªl?a k dh vke lHkk esa ,d çLrko LohÑr
laca/ dgha ”;knk lg;ksxkRed gSaA gqvkA çLrko esa rhu eq[; f'kdk;rksa dk
l phu cM+h rsth ls ,d egk'kfDr osQ ftØ Fkk µ
:i esa mHkj jgk gS_ Hkkjr Hkh rsth ls l lqj{kk ifj"kn~ vc jktuhfrd okLrfodrkvksa
bl fn'kk esa vxzlj gSA dh uqekbanxh ugha djrhA
l ,f'k;k dh vFkZO;oLFkk vçR;kf'kr l blosQ I+kQS lyksa ij if'peh ewY;ksa vkSj
nj ls rjDdh dj jgh gSA fgrksa dh Nki gksrh gS vkSj bu I+kQS lyksas
l vusd u, ns'k la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa ij pan ns'kksa dk ncnck gksrk gSA
'kkfey gq, gSa (;s ns'k lksfo;r la?k l lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa cjkcj dk çfrfuf/Ro
ls vk”kkn gq, ns'k gSa vFkok iwohZ ;wjksi ugha gSA
osQ HkwriwoZ lkE;oknh ns'k gSa)A la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ <k¡ps esa cnyko
l fo'o osQ lkeus pqukSfr;ksa dh ,d iwjh dh bu c<+rh gqbZ ek¡xksa osQ eísu”kj ,d
u;h dM+h (tulagkj] x`g;q¼] tkrh; tuojh 1997 dks la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k osQ egklfpo
la?k"kZ] vkradokn] ijekf.od çlkj] dksiQh vUuku us tk¡p 'kq: djokbZ fd lq/kj
oSQls djk, tk,¡A felky osQ rkSj ij ;gh fd

nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ nkSjku lu~ 1944 esa fo'o
D;k lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ u, lnL; pqus tkus
cSd
a dh vkSipkfjd LFkkiuk gqbAZ bl cSda dh
pkfg,\
xfrfof/;k¡ çeq[k :i ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa ls
blosQ ckn osQ lkyksa esa lqj{kk ifj"kn~ dh
lacaf/r gSaA ;g cSad ekuoh; fodkl (f'k{kk]
LFkk;h vkSj vLFkk;h lnL;rk osQ fy, ekunaM LokLF;)] Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl (flapkbZ]
fo'o cSad
lq>k, x,A buesa ls oqQN fuEufyf[kr gSaA xzkeh.k lsok,¡)] i;kZoj.k lqj{kk (çnw"k.k esa deh] fu;eksa dk
lq>ko vk, fd ,d u, lnL; dks & fuekZ.k vkSj mUgsa ykxw djuk)] vk/kjHkwr <k¡pk (lM+d] 'kgjh
l cM+h vkfFkZd rkdr gksuk pkfg,A fodkl] fctyh) rFkk lq'kklu (dnkpkj dk fojks/] fof/d
l cM+h lSU; rkdr gksuk pkfg,A laLFkkvksa dk fodkl) osQ fy, dke djrk gSA ;g vius lnL;&ns'kksa
l la;D q r jk"Vªl?a k osQ ctV esa ,sls ns'k dk dks vklku ½.k vkSj vuqnku nsrk gSA T;knk xjhc ns'kksa dks ;s
;ksxnku ”;knk gksA vuqnku okfil ugha pqdkus iM+rAs bl vFkZ esa ;g laLFkk ledkyhu
l vkcknh osQ fygkt ls cM+k jk"Vª gksA oSf'od vFkZ&O;oLFkk dks Hkh çHkkfor djrh gSA
l ,slk ns'k tks yksdra=k vkSj ekuokf/dkjksa dk
lEeku djrk gksA Li"V gS fd bu ekunaMksa esa ls gj ,d
l ;g ns'k ,slk gks fd vius Hkwxksy]
dh oqQN u oqQN oS/rk gSA ljdkjsa vius&vius
vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj laLÑfr osQ fygkt ls fgr vkSj egÙokdka{kkvksa osQ fygkt ls oqQN
fo'o dh fofo/rk dh uqekbanxh djrk gksA dlkSfV;ksa dks iQk;nsena rks oqQN dks uqdlkunsg
la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k osQ lkykuk ctV esa ekurh gSAa Hkys gh dksbZ ns'k lqj{kk ifj"kn~ dh
lokZf/d ;ksxnku djus okys ns'k (2019) lnL;rk osQ fy, bPNqd u gks] og fiQj Hkh
ozQ-la- lnL; % crk ldrk gS fd bu dlkSfV;ksa esa fnDdr
1 la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk 22.0 gSA lqj{kk ifj"kn~ dh lnL;rk osQ fy, fdlh
2 phu 12.0
3 tkiku 8.5
ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk fdruh cM+h gksuh pkfg,
4 teZuh 6.0 vFkok mlosQ ikl fdruh cM+h lSU;&rkdr
5 ;w-osQ- 4.5
6 iz+Qkal 4.4
gksuh pkfg,\ dksbZ jk"Vª la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ
7 bVyh 3.3 ctV esa fdruk ;ksxnku djs fd lqj{kk ifj"kn~
8 czk”khy 2.9
dh lnL;rk gkfly dj losQ\ dksbZ ns'k
9 dukMk 2.7
10 :l 2.4 fo'o esa cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkkus dh dksf'k'k dj
11 nf{k.k dksfj;k 2.2 jgk gks rks mldh cM+h tula[;k blesa
12 vkWLVªsfy;k 2.2
13 Lisu 2.1 ck/d gS ;k lgk;d\ vxj yksdra=k vkSj
14 rqdhZ 1.3 ekuokf/dkj osQ çfr lEeku gh dlkSVh gks
15 uhnjySaM 1.3
16 eSfDldks 1.2 rks bl ekeys esa csgrjhu fjdkMZ okys ns'kksa
17 lmQnh vjc 1.1 dh drkj yx tk,xhA loky ;g gS fd
18 fLoV”kjySaM 1.1
19 vtsZaVhuk 0.9
D;k ;s ns'k îfj"kn~* osQ lnL; osQ :i esa
20 LohMu 0.9 çHkkodkjh gksaxs\
21 Hkkjr 0.8
blosQ vkxs loky ;g Hkh gS fd
lzkrs % www.un.org
çfrfuf/Ro osQ elys dks oSQls gy fd;k
dksbZ fo'o dks lH;rk ;k laLÑfr osQ

vk/kj ij ck¡Vdj oSQls ns[k ldrk gS tc
fd fdlh ,d gh jk"Vª osQ Hkhrj fofHkUu
laLÑfr&/kjk,¡ mifLFkr gksrh gSa\
pj.k blh ls tqM+k ,d elyk lnL;rk dh
çÑfr dks cnyus dk FkkA felky osQ rkSj ij]
© d{kk dks N% lewgksa esa ckaVsA gj lewg la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh lqj{kk
ifj"kn~ dh LFkk;h lnL;rk osQ fy, ;gk¡ lq>k, x, fdlh ,d oqQN dk tksj Fkk fd ik¡p LFkk;h lnL;ksa dks
ekunaM dk ikyu djsxkA fn;k x;k fu"ks/kf/dkj (ohVks ikoj) [kRe
gksuk pkfg,A vusd dk ekuuk Fkk fd
© gj lewg vius ekunaM osQ vk/kj ij LFkk;h lnL;ksa dh ,d
fu"ks/kf/dkj yksdra=k vkSj laçHkq jk"Vªksa osQ
lwph cuk,xkA (elyu tula[;k osQ ekunaM dks viukus okyk
lewg ik¡p lokZf/d tula[;k okys ns'kksa dh lwph cuk,xkA)
chp cjkcjh dh /kj.kk ls esy ugha [kkrk
vr% ;g la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ fy, mfpr ;k
© gj lewg viuh lq>kbZ gqbZ lwph ij ,d çLrqfr djsxk vkSj
çklafxd ugha gSA
crk,xk fd ;g ekunaM D;ksa viuk;k tkuk pkfg,A
lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa ik¡p LFkk;h vkSj nl
vè;kidksa osQ fy, vLFkk;h lnL; gSaA nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn
* Nk=kksa dks lewg osQ fy, og ekunaM viukus nsa ftldh os Lo;a rjiQnkjh nqfu;k esa fLFkjrk dk;e djus osQ fy, la;Dq r
dj jgs gksaA
jk"Vªla?k osQ ?kks"k.kki=k esa ik¡p LFkk;h lnL;ksa
* lHkh lwfp;ksa dh rqyuk djsa vkSj ns[ksa fd fdrus uke bu lwfp;ksa esa lk>s
dks fo'ks"k gSfl;r nh xbZA ik¡p LFkk;h
gSaA ;g Hkh ns[ksa fd fdruh ckj Hkkjr dk uke vk jgk gSA
lnL;ksa dks eq[; iQk;nk Fkk fd lqj{kk&ifj"kn~
* oqQN le; ,d [kqyh ppkZ djsa fd gesa dkSu&lk ekunaM viukuk pkfg,A
esa mudh lnL;rk LFkk;h gksxh vkSj mUgsa
tk,\ D;k HkkSxksfyd n`f"V ls cjkcjh osQ ôhVks* dk vf/dkj gksxkA vLFkk;h lnL;
çfrfuf/Ro dk ;g vFkZ gS fd ,f'k;k] nks o"kks± osQ fy, pqus tkrs gSa vkSj bl vof/
vçQhdk] ykfruh vejhdk vkSj oSQjsfc;kbZ osQ ckn mudh txg u, lnL;ksa dk p;u
{ks=k dh ,d&,d lhV lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa gksuh gksrk gSA nks lky dh vof/ rd vLFkk;h
pkfg,\ ,d ç'u ;g Hkh gS fd D;k lnL; jgus osQ rRdky ckn fdlh ns'k dks
egkns'kksa osQ ctk, {ks=k vkSj mi{ks=k dks fiQj ls bl in osQ fy, ugha pquk tk
çfrfuf/Ro dk vk/kj cuk;k tk,A ldrkA vLFkk;h lnL;ksa dk fuokZpu bl
çfrfuf/Ro dk elyk Hkwxksy osQ vk/kj ij rjg ls gksrk gS fd fo'o osQ lHkh egkns'kksa
D;ksa gy fd;k tk,\ vkfFkZd fodkl dks dk çfrfuf/Ro gks losQA
vk/kj ekudj ;g elyk D;ksa ugha gy lcls egÙoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd vLFkk;h
fd;k tk,\ vxj vkfFkZd fodkl dks lnL;ksa dks ohVks dk vf/dkj ugha gSA
vk/kj ekusa rc Hkh dfBukbZ gSA fodkl'khy lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ esa iSQlyk ernku osQ tfj,
ns'k fodkl dh vyx&vyx lhf<+;ksa ij gksrk gSA gj lnL; dks ,d oksV dk vf/dkj
[kM+s gSaA fiQj laLÑfr dk D;k djsa\ D;k gksrk gSA cgjgky] LFkk;h lnL;ksa esa ls dksbZ
fofHkUu laLÑfr;ksa ;k ^lH;rkvks*a dks ”;knk ,d vius fu"ks/kf/dkj (ohVks) dk ç;ksx
larqfyr <ax ls çfrfuf/Ro fn;k tk,\ dj ldrk gS vkSj bl rjg og fdlh iSQlys
dks jksd ldrk gS] Hkys gh vU; LFkk;h bdV~Bs gq,A bl volj ij ekStwnk fLFkfr;ksa
lnL;ksa vkSj lHkh vLFkk;h lnL;ksa us ml dh leh{kk gqbAZ bl cSBd esa 'kkfey usrkvksa
I+kQS lys osQ i{k esa ernku fd;k gksA us cnyrs gq, ifjos'k esa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dks
fu"ks/kf/dkj dks lekIr djus dh eqfge ”;knk çklafxd cukus osQ fy, fuEufyf[kr
rks pyh gS ysfdu bl ckr dh Hkh le> cuh dne mBkus dk I+kSQlyk fd;k µ
;g ckr fcyoqQy X+kyr
gS fd LFkk;h lnL; ,sls lq/kj osQ fy, l 'kkafr laLFkkid vk;ksx dk xBu
gSA vly esa ohVks dh
'kk;n gh jkth gksxa As 'khr;q¼ Hkys gh lekIr l ;fn dksbZ jk"Vª vius ukxfjdksa dks ”k:jr rks detksj ns'kksa
gks x;k gks] ysfdu laHko gS fd fo'o vHkh vR;kpkjksa ls cpkus esa vliQy gks dks gS] mudks ugha
brus vkewy&pwy cnyko osQ fy, rS;kj u tk, rks fo'o&fcjknjh bldk mÙkjnkf;Ro ftuosQ ikl igys ls
gksA bl ckr dk [krjk gS fd ôhVks* u gks rks ys µ bl ckr dh LohÑfrA cgqr rkdr gSA
lu~ 1945 osQ leku bu rkdroj ns'kksa dh l ekuokf/dkj ifj"kn~ dh LFkkiuk (2006
fnypLih la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa u jgs_ blls osQ 19 twu ls lfØ;)A
ckgj jgdj os viuh #fp osQ vuqlkj dke l lglzkfCn fodkl y{; (feysfu;e
djsa vkSj muosQ tqM+ko vFkok leFkZu osQ MsosyiesaV xksYl) dks çkIr djus ij
vHkko esa ;g laxBu çHkkodkjh u jg tk,A lgefrA
l gj :i&jhfr osQ vkradokn dh fuank
la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dk U;k;kf/dkj l ,d yksdra=k&dks"k dk xBu
lnL;rk dk loky ,d xaHkhj loky gSA l VªLVhf'ki dkmafly (U;kflrk ifj"kn~)

lrr fodkl
ysfdu blosQ vykok Hkh fo'o osQ lkeus dks lekIr djus ij lgefrA y{;
oqQN Bksl elys gSaA la;qDr jk"Vªla?k us tc ;g le>uk dfBu ugha fd ;s eqís Hkh (Sustainable
Development
vius vfLrRo osQ 60 lky iwjs fd, rks la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ fy, cM+s isapnkj gSaA Goals – SDGs)
blosQ lHkh lnL; ns'kksa osQ çeq[k bl lkyfxjg 'kkafr laLFkkid vk;ksx dks D;k djuk osQ ckjs esa irk
dks eukus osQ fy, 2005 osQ flrEcj esa pkfg,\ nqfu;k esa cgqr&ls >xM+s py jgs djsaA
LFkk;h lnL;ksa }kjk ôhVks&ikoj* dk gSaA ;g vk;ksx fdlesa n[ky ns\ gj >xM+s
bLrseky (1 twu 2018 rd) esa n[ky nsuk D;k bl vk;ksx osQ fy,
phu 11 mfpr vFkok laHko gksxk\ Bhd blh rjg
;g loky Hkh iwNk tk ldrk gS fd
Úkla vR;kpkjksa ls fuiVus esa fo'o&fcjknjh dh
18
;wosQ lksfo;r ftEesnkjh D;k gksxh\ ekuokf/dkj D;k gS
32 la?k@ vkSj bl ckr dks dkSu r; djsxk fd fdl
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135 Lrj dk ekuokf/dkj&mYya?ku gks jgk gS\
vejhdk ekuokf/dkj&mYya?ku dh n'kk esa D;k
84
dkjZokbZ dh tk, & bls dkSu r; djsxk\
cgqr ls ns'k vc Hkh fodkl'khy txr dk
fgLlk gSaA ,sls esa ^lrr fodkl y{;* esa
lzksr% www.un.org fu/kZfjr fodkl laca/h egRokdkaa{kh y{;ksa
oapuk dks ekud cukuk dgk¡ rd O;kogkfjd gS\

kj
ujlga vLo D;k vkradokn dh dksbZ loZekU; ifjHkk"kk gks
Qq j 'kkafrlSfud hdk;Z
nkji
"Z Vhª ;
vra jk h
ldrh gS\ la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k yksdra=k dks c<+kok
x nsus esa /u dk bLrseky oSQls djsxk\ ,sls gh
ukjktvc dHkh
lgk;rk ugha vkSj Hkh loky fd, tk ldrs gSaA
la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k esa lq/kj vkSj Hkkjr

isV csxyh] osQxYl dkVZwu
Hkkjr us la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ <k¡ps esa cnyko

osQ elys dks dbZ vk/kjksa ij leFkZu fn;k gSA
Hkkjr dk ekuuk gS fd cnys gq, fo'o esa
la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dh e”kcwrh vkSj n`<r+ k ”k#jh
'kCnksa dh cjlkr gSA Hkkjr bl ckr dk Hkh leFkZu djrk gS fd
nkjiqQj dh gkyr dh ,d ckuxhA vkidk D;k ekuuk gS] la;qDr jk"Vªla?k bl la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ chp lg;ksx
rjg dh fLFkfr;ksa esa fdl çdkj gLr{ksi dj ldrk gS\ D;k blosQ fy, la;qDr c<+kus vkSj fodkl dks c<+kok nsus esa ”;knk
jk"Vªla?k osQ U;k;kf/dkj esa cnyko dh ”k:jr gSS\ cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkk,A Hkkjr dk fo'okl gS
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k 'kkafr LFkkiuk vfHk;kuksa ,oa 'kkafr fuekZ.k dk;kZy;kas dk ekufp=k
ekyh if'peh lgkjk eè; vizQhdh nkjiqQj dkslksoks lkbizl yscoku Hkkjr vkSj
MINUSMA MINURSO x.kjkT; UNAMID UNMIK UNFICYP UNIFIL ikfdLrku
MINUSCA
UNMOGIP
eè;
gSrh ykbcsfj;k Mh-vkj- dkaxks nf{k.k lwMku vcsbZ ,f'k;k lhfj;k
MINUJUSTH UNMIL MONUSCO UNMISS UNISFA UNTSO UNDOF
lzksr% www.un.org
fd la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ vtsaMs esa fodkl dk
fo'o O;kikj laxBu (oYMZ VªsM vkxZukbts'ku&
ekeyk çeq[k gksuk pkfg, D;ksfa d varjkZ"Vªh;
WTO) & ;g varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu oSf'od
'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, ;g
O;kikj osQ fu;eksa dks r; djrk gSA bl laxBu dh
”k#jh iwoZ 'krZ gSA LFkkiuk lu~ 1995 esa gqbAZ ;g laxBu ^tsujy
fo'o O;kikj laxBu

Hkkjr dh ,d cM+h fpark lqj{kk ifj"kn~ ,xzhesVa vkWu VªMs ,aM VSfjiQ* osQ mÙkjkf/dkjh osQ :i
dh laajpuk dks ysdj gSA lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ dh esa dke djrk gS tks nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn vfLrRo esa vk;k FkkA
lnL; la[;k fLFkj jgh gS tcfd la;qDr buosQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k 164 (29 tqykbZ 2016 dh fLFkfr) gSA gj
jk"Vªla?k dh vke lHkk esa lnL;ksa dh la[;k Ik+ QS lyk lHkh lnL;ksa dh lgefr ls fd;k tkrk gS ysfdu vejhdk]
[kwc c<+h gSA Hkkjr dk ekuuk gS fd blls ;wjksih; la?k rFkk tkiku tSlh cM+h vkfFkZd 'kfDr;k¡ fo'o&O;kikj
lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ çfrfuf/Roewyd pfj=k dh laxBu esa O;kikj osQ fu;eksa dks bl rjg cukus esa dke;kc gks
gkfu gqbZ gSA Hkkjr dk roZQ gS fd ifj"kn~ dk xbZ gSa ftlls muosQ fgr l/rs gksaA fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh cgq/
foLrkj djus ij og ”;knk çfrfuf/ewyd k f'kdk;r jgrh gS fd bl laxBu dh dk;Zfof/ ikjn'khZ ugha
gS vkSj cM+h vkfFkZd rkdrsa mUgsa /fd;krh gSaA
gksxh vkSj mls fo'o&fcjknjh dk ”;knk
leFkZu feysxkA vk'p;Z ugha fd Hkkjr [kqn Hkh iquxZfBr
gesa ;g ckr è;ku esa j[kuh pkfg, lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ esa ,d LFkk;h lnL; cuuk
fd la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh lnL; la[;k lu~ pkgrk gSA Hkkjr fo'o esa lcls cM+h vkcknh
1965 esa 11 ls c<+kdj 15 dj nh xbZ Fkh okyk nwljk ns'k gSA Hkkjr esa fo'o dh
ysfdu LFkk;h lnL;ksa dh la[;k fLFkj oqQy&tula[;k dk 1@5ok¡ fgLlk fuokl djrk
jghA blosQ ckn ls ifj"kn~ dk vkdkj tl gSA blosQ vfrfjDr] Hkkjr fo'o dk lcls
dk rl cuk gqvk gSA ;g Hkh ,d rF; gS cM+k yksdra=k gSA Hkkjr us la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dh
fd la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh vke lHkk esa yxHkx lHkh igydnfe;ksa esa Hkkx fy;k gSA
”;knkrj fodkl'khy lnL;&ns'k gSaA bl la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ 'kkafr cgky djus osQ
dkj.k] lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ I+kQS lyksa esa mudh ç;klksa esa Hkkjr yacs le; ls Bksl Hkwfedk
Hkh lquh tkuh pkfg, D;ksafd bu Ik+ QS lyksa dk fuHkkrk vk jgk gSA lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa Hkkjr dh
mu ij çHkko iM+rk gSA LFkk;h lnL;rk dh nkosnkjh blfy, Hkh
Hkkjr lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ vLFkk;h vkSj mfpr gS D;ksafd og rsth ls varjkZ"Vªh;
LFkk;h] nksuksa gh rjg osQ lnL;ksa dh la[;k iQyd ij vkfFkZd&'kfDr cudj mHkj jgk
esa c<+kÙs kjh dk leFkZd gSA Hkkjr osQ çfrfuf/;ksa gSA Hkkjr us la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ ctV esa
dk roZQ gS fd fiNys oqQN o"kksZa esa fu;fer :i ls viuk ;ksxnku fn;k gS vkSj
lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ dh xfrfof/;ksa dk nk;jk ;g dHkh Hkh vius Hkqxrku ls pqdk ugha gSA
c<+k gSA lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ osQ dkedkt dh Hkkjr bl ckr ls vkxkg gS fd lqj{kk ifj"kn~
liQyrk fo'o&fcjknjh osQ leFkZu ij fuHkZj esa LFkk;h lnL;rk dk ,d çrhdkRed egÙo D;k ge ik¡p cMs+
gSA bl dkj.k lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ iquxZBu dh Hkh gSA blls irk pyrk gS fd fdlh ns'k dk nknkvksa dh nknkfxjh
dksbZ ;kstuk O;kid /jkry ij cuuh pkfg,A varjkZ"Vªh; ekeyksa esa egÙo c<+ jgk gSA [kRe djuk pkgrs gSa
felky osQ fy,] mlesa vHkh dh vis{kk fdlh ns'k dks viuh bl c<+h gqbZ gSfl;r ;k muesa 'kkfey gksdj
”;knk fodkl'khy ns'k gksus pkfg,A ,d vkSj nknk cuuk
dk iQk;nk mldh fons'k uhfr esa feyrk gSA pkgrs gSa\
lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa bUgha egkns'kksa dh uqekbanxh

varjkZ"Vªh; vkf.od ÅtkZ ,tsalh
varjkZ"Vªh; vkf.od ÅtkZ ,tsl a h (baVjus'kuy ugha gSA bu ljksdkjksa dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr ;k
,VkWfed ,uthZ ,tsalh &IAEA) & bl fdlh vkSj ns'k osQ fy, fudV Hkfo"; esa
laxBu dh LFkkiuk 1957 esa gqbAZ ;g laxBu la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh lqj{kk ifj"kn~ dk LFkk;h
ijekf.od ÅtkZ osQ 'kkafriw.kZ mi;ksx dks
lnL; cu ikuk eqf'dy yxrk gSA
c<+kok nsus vkSj lSU; mís';ksa esa blosQ bLrseky
dks jksdus dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA bl laxBu osQ vf/dkjh fu;fer ,d&/zo
q h; fo'o esa la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k
:i ls fo'o dh ijekf.od lqfo/kvksa dh tk¡p djrs gSa rkfd
ukxfjd ijek.kq&la;a=kksa dk bLrseky lSU; mís';ksa osQ fy, u gksA la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ <k¡ps vkSj çfØ;kvksa esa
lq/kj ls oqQN ns'kksa dh ;g vk'kk Hkh c¡/h
jgh gS fd bu cnykoksa ls la;qDr jk"Vªla?k
,d&/zqoh; fo'o esa tgk¡ vejhdk lcls
rkdroj ns'k gS vkSj mldk dksbZ xaHkhj
vxj vkidh lk[k ,d rkdroj ns'k osQ çfr}U}h Hkh ugha µ dkjxj <ax ls dke dj
:i esa gS rks vkidk çHkko ”;knk gksxkA ik,xkA D;k la;qDr jk"Vªla?k vejhdh çHkqRo
Hkkjr pkgrk gS fd og la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ fo#¼ larqyudkjh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk
dh lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa fu"ks/kf/dkj laiUu gS\ D;k ;g laxBu 'ks"k fo'o vkSj vejhdk
(ohVks/kjh) lnL; cus] ysfdu oqQN ns'k osQ chp laokn dk;e djosQ vejhdk dks
lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa Hkkjr dks LFkk;h lnL; cukus viuh euekuh djus ls jksd ldrk gS\
dk fojks/ djrs gSaA fliQZ iM+kslh ikfdLrku vejhdk dh rkdr ij vklkuh ls vaoQq 'k
gh ugha] ftuosQ lkFk Hkkjr osQ laca/ ugha yxk;k tk ldrkA igyh ckr rks ;g
fnDdrryc jgs gS]a cfYd oqQN vkSj ns'k Hkh fd lksfo;r la?k dh xSj ekStwnxh esa vc
pkgrs gSa fd Hkkjr dks lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa vejhdk ,dek=k egk'kfDr gSA viuh lSU;
ohVks/kjh LFkk;h lnL; osQ :i esa 'kkfey u vkSj vkfFkZd rkdr osQ cwrs og la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k
fd;k tk,A felky osQ fy,] oqQN ns'k Hkkjr ;k fdlh vU; varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu dh vuns[kh
osQ ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa dks ysdj fpafrr gSaA dj ldrk gSA
oqQN vkSj ns'kksa dk ekuuk gS fd ikfdLrku nwljs] la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k osQ Hkhrj vejhdk
osQ lkFk laca/ksa esa dfBukbZ osQ dkj.k Hkkjr dk [kkl çHkko gSA og la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ
LFkk;h lnL; osQ :i esa vçHkkoh jgsxkA ctV esa lcls ”;knk ;ksxnku djus okyk ns'k
oqQN vU; ns'kksa dk ekuuk gS fd mHkjrh gqbZ gSA vejhdk dh foÙkh; rkdr cstksM+ gSA ;g
rkdr osQ :i esa vU; ns'kksa elyu czkthy] Hkh ,d rF; gS fd la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k vejhdh
teZuh] tkiku vkSj 'kk;n nf{k.k vçQhdk dks Hkw&{ks=k esa fLFkr gS vkSj bl dkj.k Hkh
Hkh 'kkfey djuk iM+sxk ftldk ;s ns'k vejhdk dk çHkko blesa c<+ tkrk gSA la;Dq r
vxj la;qDr jk"Vªla?k
fojks/ djrs gSaA oqQN ns'kksa dk fopkj gS fd jk"Vªl?a k osQ dbZ ukSdj'kkg blosQ ukxfjd gSAa
fdlh dks U;w;koZQ cqyk, vxj lqj{kk ifj"kn~ esa fdlh rjg dk foLrkj blosQ vfrfjDr] vxj vejhdk dks yxs fd
vkSj vejhdk mls ohtk gksrk gS rks vçQhdk vkSj nf{k.k vejhdk dks dksbZ çLrko mlosQ vFkok mlosQ lkFkh jk"Vªkas
u ns rks D;k gksxk\ ”k:j çfrfuf/Ro feyuk pkfg, D;ksfa d ekStnw k osQ fgrksa osQ vuqoQw y ugha gS vFkok vejhdk
dks ;g çLrko u t¡ps rks vius ôhVks* ls

og mls jksd ldrk gSA viuh rkdr vkSj vxj nk,¡ gkFk ---rks ck,¡ gkFk
fu"ks/kf/dkj osQ dkj.k la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ ls ckr ugha--- ls le>k;h
egklfpo osQ p;u esa Hkh vejhdk dh ckr le>ksxs tk,xh
cgqr o”ku j[krh gSA vejhdk viuh bl
rkdr osQ cwrs 'ks"k fo'o esa iwQV Mky ldrk
gS vkSj Mkyrk gS] rkfd mldh uhfr;ksa dk
fojks/ ean iM+ tk,A
bl rjg la;qDr jk"Vªla?k vejhdk dh
rkdr ij vaoqQ'k yxkus esa [+kkl l{ke ughaA
fiQj Hkh] ,d/zqoh; fo'o esa tgk¡ vejhdh
rkdr dk cksyckyk gS µ la;qDr jk"Vªla?k
vejhdk vkSj 'ks"k fo'o osQ chp fofHkUu
elyksa ij ckrphr dk;e dj ldrk gS vkSj
ekbd ysu] osQxYl dkVZwu

bl laxBu us ,slk fd;k Hkh gSA vejhdh
usrk vDlj la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh vkykspuk
djrs gSa ysfdu os bl ckr dks le>rs gSa fd
>xM+ksa vkSj lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl osQ
elys ij la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ tfj, 190
jk"Vªkas dks ,d lkFk fd;k tk ldrk gSA tgk¡
rd 'ks"k fo'o dh ckr gS rks mlosQ fy,
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k ,slk eap gS tgk¡ vejhdh
joS;s vkSj uhfr;ksa ij oqQN vaoQq 'k yxk;k tk vkfl;ku {ks=kh;
dk uke fn;k tkrk gSA bls ns[krs gq, ;g eap osQ lnL;ksa
ldrk gSA ;g ckr Bhd gS fd okf'kaXVu osQ dYiuk djuk dfBu gS fd la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ uke irk
fo#¼ 'ks"k fo'o 'kk;n gh dHkh ,dtqV gks tSls laxBu osQ fcuk fo'o osQ lkr vjc ls djsaA
ikrk gS vkSj vejhdk dh rkdr ij vaoqQ'k Hkh ”;knk yksx oSQls jgsaxsA çkS|ksfxdh ;g
yxkuk ,d gn rd vlaHko gS] ysfdu
blosQ ckotwn la;qDr jk"Vªla?k gh og txg
gS tgk¡ vejhdk osQ fdlh [kkl joS;s vkSj ,eusLVh baVjus'kuy ,d Lo;alsoh laxBu gSA
;g iwjs fo'o esa ekuokf/dkjksa dh j{kk osQ
uhfr dh vkykspuk dh lquokbZ gks vkSj dksbZ
,eusLVh baVjus'kuy
fy, vfHk;ku pykrk gS A ;g la x Bu

chp dk jkLrk fudkyus rFkk fj;k;r nsus dh
ekuokf/dkjksa ls tqMh+ fjiksVZ rS;kj vkSj çdkf'kr
ckr dgh&lksph tk losQA djrk gSA ljdkjksa dks ;s fjiksVZ vDlj ukxokj
la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k esa FkksMh+ dfe;k¡ gSa ysfdu yxrh gSa D;ksafd ,eusLVh dk ”;knk tksj
blosQ fcuk nqfu;k vkSj cngky gksxhA vkt ljdkjksa }kjk fd, tk jgs nqO;Zogkj ij gksrk
fofHkUu lektksa vkSj elyksa osQ chp vkilh gSA cgjgky] ;s fjiksVZ ekuokf/dkjksa ls lacaf/r vuqla/ku vkSj
rkj tqMr+ s tk jgs gSAa bls îkjLifjd fuHkZjrk* rjiQnkjh esa cM+h egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
fl¼ dj jgh gS fd vkus okys fnuksa esa fo'o

;g Hkh ekuokf/dkjksa dh odkyr vkSj
muls lacaf/r vuqla/ku djus okyk ,d esa ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk c<+rh tk,xhA blfy,]
g~;weu jkbV~l okWp
varjkZ"Vªh; Lo;alsoh laxBu gSA ;g vejhdk la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk egÙo Hkh fujarj c<+sxkA
dk lcls cM+k varjkZ"Vªh; ekuokf/dkj yksxksa dks vkSj ljdkjksa dks la;qDr jk"Vªla?k
laxBu gSA ;g nqfu;k Hkj osQ ehfM;k dk rFkk nwljs varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa osQ leFkZu vkSj
è;ku ekuokf/dkjksa osQ mYya?ku dh vksj mi;ksx osQ rjhosQ ryk'kus gksaxs & ,sls rjhosQ
[khaprk gSA blus ck:nh lqjaxksa ij jkssd yxkus osQ fy, ] cky
lSfudksa dk ç;ksx jksdus osQ fy, vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; naM U;k;ky;
tks muosQ fgrksa vkSj fo'o fcjknjh osQ fgrksa
LFkkfir djus osQ fy, vfHk;ku pykus esa enn dh gSA ls O;kid /jkry ij esy [kkrs gksaA
ç'ukoyh
1- fu"ks/kf/dkj (ohVks) osQ ckjs eas uhps oqQN dFku fn, x, gSaA buesa çR;sd osQ vkxs lgh ;k X+kyr
dk fpÉ yxk,¡A
(d) lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ osQ fliQZ LFkk;h lnL;ksa dks ôhVks* dk vf/dkj gSA
([k) ;g ,d rjg dh udkjkRed 'kfDr gSA
(x) lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ I+kSQlyksa ls vlar"q V gksus ij egklfpo ôhVks* dk ç;ksx djrk gSA
(?k) ,d ôhVks* ls Hkh lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ dk çLrko ukeatwj gks ldrk gSA
2- la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ dkedkt osQ ckjs esa uhps oqQN dFku fn, x, gSaA buesa ls çR;sd osQ lkeus lgh
;k X+kyr dk fpÉ yxk,¡A
(d) lqj{kk vkSj 'kkafr ls tqM+s lHkh elyksa dk fuiVkjk lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ esa gksrk gSA
([k) ekuorkoknh uhfr;ksa dk fØ;kUo;u fo'oHkj esa iSQyh eq[; 'kk[kkvksa rFkk ,tsfa l;ksa osQ ekiQZr
gksrk gSA
(x) lqj{kk osQ fdlh elys ij ik¡pksa LFkk;h lnL; ns'kksa dk lger gksuk mlosQ ckjs esa fy, x,
iSQlys osQ fØ;kUo;u osQ fy, ”k:jh gSA
(?k) la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dh egklHkk osQ lHkh lnL; la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k osQ ckdh çeq[k vaxksa vkSj fo'ks"k
,tsafl;ksa osQ Lor% lnL; gks tkrs gSaA
3- fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk rF; lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ esa Hkkjr dh LFkk;h lnL;rk osQ çLrko dks ”;knk
o”kunkj cukrk gS\
(d) ijek.kq {kerk
([k) Hkkjr la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ tUe ls gh mldk lnL; gSA
(x) Hkkjr ,f'k;k esa gSA
(?k) Hkkjr dh c<+rh gqbZ vkfFkZd rkdr vkSj fLFkj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk
4- ijek.kq çkS|ksfxdh osQ 'kkafriw.kZ mi;ksx vkSj mldh lqj{kk ls lac¼ la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh ,tsalh dk
uke gS µ
(d) la;qDr jk"Vªla?k fujL=khdj.k lfefr
([k) varjkZ"Vªh; vkf.od ÅtkZ ,tsalh
ç'ukoyh
(x) la;qDr jk"Vªla?k varjkZ"Vªh; lqj{kk lfefr
(?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
5- fo'o O;kikj laxBu fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl laxBu dk mÙkjkf/dkjh gS\
(d) tsujy ,xzhesaV vkWu VªsM ,aM VSfjiQ
([k) tsujy ,jsatesaV vkWu VªsM ,aM VSfjiQ
(x) fo'o LokLF; laxBu
(?k) la;qDr jk"Vªla?k fodkl dk;ZØe
6- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ djsaA
(d) la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk eq[; mn~ns'; -------------- gSA
([k) la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk lcls tkuk&igpkuk in -------------- dk gSA
(x) la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ esa -------------- LFkk;h vkSj -------------- vLFkk;h lnL; gSaA
(?k) -------------- la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ orZeku egklfpo gSaA
(p) ekuokf/dkjksa dh j{kk esa lfØ; nks Lo;alsoh laxBu -------------- vkSj -------------- gSaA
7- la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh eq[; 'kk[kkvksa vkSj ,tsafl;ksa dk lqesy muosQ dke ls djsa &
1- vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd ifj"kn~
2- varjkZ"Vªh; U;k;ky;
3- varjkZ"Vªh; vkf.od ÅtkZ ,tsalh
4- lqj{kk&ifj"kn~
5- la;qDr jk"Vªla?k 'kj.kkFkhZ mPpk;ksx
6- fo'o O;kikj laxBu
7- varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k
8- vke lHkk
9- fo'o LokLF; laxBu
10- lfpoky;
(d) oSf'od foÙk&O;oLFkk dh ns[kjs[kA
([k) varjkZ"Vªh; 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dk laj{k.kA
(x) lnL; ns'kksa osQ vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k dh fparkA
(?k) ijek.kq çkS|ksfxdh dk 'kkafriw.kZ mi;ksx vkSj lqj{kkA
(M) lnL; ns'kksa osQ chp ekStwn fooknksa dk fuiVkjkA
(p) vkikrdky esa vkJ; rFkk fpfdRlh; lgk;rk eqgS;k djukA
(N) oSf'od ekeyksa ij cgl&eqckfglk
(t) la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ ekeyksa dk lek;kstu vkSj ç'kklu
(>) lcosQ fy, LokLF;
(×k) lnL; ns'kksa osQ chp eqDr O;kikj dh jkg vklku cukukA
ç'ukoyh 8- lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ osQ dk;Z D;k gSa\

9- Hkkjr osQ ukxfjd osQ :i esa lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ esa Hkkjr dh LFkk;h LknL;rk osQ i{k dk leFkZu vki oSQls
djsxa \s vius çLrko dk vkSfpR; fl¼ djsAa
10- la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ <k¡ps dks cnyus osQ fy, lq>k, x, mik;ksa osQ fØ;kUo;u esa vk jgh dfBukb;ksa
dk vkykspukRed ewY;kadu djsa\
11- gkyk¡fd la;qDr jk"Vªla?k ;q¼ vkSj blls mRiUu foink dks jksdus esa ukdke;kc jgk gS ysfdu fofHkUu
ns'k vHkh Hkh bls cuk, j[kuk pkgrs gSaA la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dks ,d vifjgk;Z laxBu ekuus osQ D;k
dkj.k gSaA
12- la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa lq/kj dk vFkZ gS lqj{kk ifj"kn~ osQ <k¡ps esa cnykoA bl dFku dk lR;kiu djsaA
vè;k; 5
ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk

ifjp;
fo'o&jktuhfr osQ ckjs esa i<+rs gq, vDlj
gekjk lkeuk ^lqj{kk* vFkok ^jk"Vªh; lqj{kk*
tSls 'kCn ls gksrk gSA ge lksprs gSa fd bu
'kCnksa osQ vFkZ gesa ekywe gSA ysfdu] D;k
lpeqp gesa bu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ ekywe gSa\
cgl ;k ppkZ dks jksduk gks rks vDlj bl
tqeys dk bLrseky gksrk gSA dgk tkrk gS fd
;g lqj{kk dk elyk gS vkSj ns'k dh HkykbZ
osQ fy, cM+k ”k:jh gSA ,slk dgus dk
edln ;g trkuk gksrk gS fd elyk cM+k
egÙoiw.kZ vFkok xqIr gS vkSj bl dkj.k ml
ij [kqyh ppkZ ugha gks ldrhA ge ,slh
fiQYesa ns[krs gSa ftlesa ^jk"Vªh; lqj{kk* ls tqMk+
lc oqQN cM+k <¡dk&Nqik vkSj [krjukd gksrk
gSA ,slk tku iM+rk gS fd ekuksa lqj{kk lkr
rkyksa osQ Hkhrj dh pht gks vkSj ftlls vke
ukxfjd dk oqQN ysuk&nsuk u gksA ysfdu
yksdra=k esa dksbZ Hkh ckr bruh <¡dh&Nqih
ugha j[kh tk ldrhA lqj{kk osQ ckjs esa gesa
vkSj ”;knk tkuus dh ”k:jr gSA lqj{kk D;k
gS] Hkkjr osQ lqj{kk ljksdkj D;k&D;k gSa\ ;g
vè;k; bu lokyksa ij cgl djrk gSA blesa
lqj{kk dks le>us osQ nks u”kfj;ksa dh ppkZ dh
;s fp=k lqj{kk osQ nks fHkUu igyqvksa dks n'kkZrs gSaA oqQN fp=k XossVkekyk esa py
xbZ gSA vè;k; esa bl ckr ij tksj fn;k x;k jgs x`g&;q¼ osQ gSaA vki ns[k ldrs gSa fd ekrk,¡ ;q¼ esa [kks, vius cPpksa
gS fd fofHkUu lanHkZ vkSj fLFkfr;ksa dks è;ku dk bartkj dj jgh gSa vkSj ;q¼ esa 'kghn gq, yksxksa dks ;kn fd;k tk jgk
esa j[kuk ”k:jh gS D;ksafd blh ls lqj{kk osQ gSA oqQN fp=k ckaXyksn'k osQ gSaA buesa ck<+ tSlh çkÑfrd vkink ls iSnk gqbZ
ckjs esa gekjk u”kfj;k curk gSA vlqj{kk dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA
lqj{kk D;k gS\ osQa æh; ewY;\ D;k iwjs ns'k osQ ôsQa æh; ewY;*\
lqj{kk dk cqfu;knh vFkZ gS [krjs ls vk”kknhA vke L=kh&iq#"kksa osQ osQa æh; ewY;\ D;k ukxfjdksa
ekuo dk vfLrRo vkSj fdlh ns'k dk thou dh uqekbanxh djus okyh ljdkj ges'kk ôsQa æh;
[krjksa ls Hkjk gksrk gSA rc D;k bldk eryc ewY;ks*a dk ogh vFkZ xzg.k djrh gS tks dksbZ
;g gS fd gj rjg osQ [+krjs dks lqj{kk ij lk/kj.k ukxfjd\
[krjk ekuk tk;\ vkneh tc Hkh vius ?kj blosQ vfrfjDr tc ge osaQæh; ewY;ksa
esjh lqj{kk osQ ckjs esa
ls ckgj dne fudkyrk gS rks mlosQ vfLrRo ij eaMjkrs [+krjksa dh ckr dgrs gSa rks ;g
fdlus iQSlyk fd;k\ vFkok thou&;kiu osQ rjhdksa dks fdlh u loky Hkh mBrk gS fd ;s [+krjs fdrus
oqQN usrkvksa vkSj fdlh vFkZ esa [krjk ”k:j gksrk gSA ;fn geus xgjs gksus pkfg,\ tks ewY; gesa I;kjs gSa
fo'ks"kKksa us\ D;k eSa [krjs dk bruk O;kid vFkZ fy;k rks fiQj dekscs'k mu lHkh dks cM+s ;k NksVs [+krjs
viuh lqj{kk dk iQSlyk gekjh nqfu;k esa gj ?kM+h vkSj gj txg lqj{kk gksrs gSaA D;k gj [+krjs dks lqj{kk dh
ugha dj ldrh\
osQ gh loky u”kj vk;saxsA le> esa 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gS\
blh dkj.k tks yksx lqj{kk fo"k;d vè;;u tc Hkh dksbZ jk"Vª oqQN djrk gS vFkok
djrs gSa mudk dguk gS fd osQoy mu phtksa oqQN djus esa vliQy gksrk gS rks laHko
dks ^lqj{kk* ls tqMh+ phtksa dk fo"k; cuk;k gS blls fdlh vU; ns'k osQ osaQæh; ewY;ksa
tk; ftuls thou osQ ôsQa æh; ewY;ks*a dks dks gkfu igq¡prh gksA tc Hkh jkgxhj
[krjk gksA rks fiQj loky curk gS fd fdlosQ viuh jkg esa ywVk tkrk gS rks vke
vkneh osQ jkstejkZ osQ thou dks {kfr
igq¡prh gSA fiQj Hkh] vxj ge lqj{kk dk
bruk O;kid vFkZ djsa rks gkFk&ikao
fgykuk Hkh eqf'dy gks tk,xk_ gj txg
gesa [+krjs u”kj vk,¡xsA
bl rjg ns[ksa rks ge bu ckrksa ls
,d fu"d"kZ fudky ldrs gSaA lqj{kk dk
fj'rk fiQj cM+s xaHkhj [krjksa ls gS_ ,sls
[krjs ftudks jksdus osQ mik; u fd,
x, rks gekjs osaQæh; ewY;ksa dks viwj.kh;
{kfr igq¡psxhA
;s ckrsa rks Bhd gSa] fiQj Hkh gesa ;g
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu
Lohdkj djuk pkfg, fd ^lqj{kk* vius

vki esa HkqyS;knkj /kj.kk gSA felky osQ
fy, ge ;g iwN ldrs gSa fd D;k
lfn;ksa vFkok n'kdksa ls fofHkUu lektksa
esa lqj{kk dh ,dleku /kj.kk pyh vk
vkius ^'kkafr&lsuk* osQ ckjs esa lquk gksxkA D;k vkidks yxrk gS fd jgh gS\ ,slk gks rks vk'p;Ztud gS
^'kkafr&lsuk* dk gksuk Lo;a esa ,d fojks/kHkklh ckr gS\ D;ksafd lalkj esa fdruh gh ckrsa jkst
cnyrh jgrh gSaA fiQj ge ;g loky Hkh

dj ldrs gSa fd D;k fdlh [+kkl le;
esa fo'o osQ lHkh lektksa esa lqj{kk dh
,d tSlh /kj.kk jgrh gS\ ;g ckr Hkh
gte ugha gksrh vkSj vk'p;Ztud yxrh
gS fd djhc 200 eqYdksa osQ 7 vjc yksx
lqj{kk dh ,d tSlh /kj.kk j[krs gksa\ ,sls
esa vkidks ;g tkudkj dksbZ /Ddk ugha
yxsxk fd lqj{kk ,d fooknxzLr /kj.kk
gSA vkb,] lqj{kk dh fofHkÂ /kj.kkvksa dks
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu

nks dksfV;ksa esa j[kdj le>us dh dksf'k'k
djrs gSa ;kuh lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd vkSj
vikjaifjd /kj.kkA
ikjaifjd /kj.kk µ ckgjh lqj{kk ;q¼ dh vFkZO;oLFkk
vf/dka'kr;k tc ge lqj{kk osQ ckjs esa cqfu;knh rkSj ij fdlh ljdkj osQ ikl
oqQN i<+ ;k lqu jgs gksrs gSa rks gekjk ;q¼ dh fLFkfr esa rhu fodYi gksrs gSa µ
lkeuk lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd vFkkZr~ jk"Vªh; vkReleiZ.k djuk rFkk nwljs i{k dh ckr
lqj{kk dh /kj.kk ls gksrk gSA lqj{kk dh dks fcuk ;q¼ fd, eku ysuk vFkok ;q¼ ls
ikjaifjd vo/kj.kk esa lSU; [+krjs dks gksus okys uk'k dks bl gn rd c<+kus osQ
fdlh ns'k osQ fy, lcls ”;knk [+krjukd laosQr nsuk fd nwljk i{k lgedj geyk
ekuk tkrk gSA bl [+krjs dk lzksr dksbZ djus ls ckt vk;s ;k ;q¼ Bu tk; rks
nwljk eqYd gksrk gS tks lSU; geys dh viuh j{kk djuk rkfd geykoj ns'k vius
/edh nsdj laçHkqrk] Lora=krk vkSj {ks=kh; edln esa dke;kc u gks losQ vkSj ihNs gV
v[kaMrk tSls fdlh ns'k osQ osaQæh; ewY;ksa tk, vFkok geykokj dks ijkftr dj nsukA
osQ fy, [+krjk iSnk djrk gSA lSU; dkjZokbZ ;q¼ esa dksbZ ljdkj Hkys gh vkReleiZ.k dj
ls vke ukxfjdksa osQ thou dks Hkh ns ysfdu og bls vius ns'k dh uhfr osQ
[+krjk gksrk gSA 'kk;n gh dHkh ,slk :i esa dHkh çpkfjr ugha djuk pkgsxhA bl
gksrk gks fd fdlh ;q¼ esa fliQZ lSfud dkj.k] lqj{kk&uhfr dk lac/a ;q¼ dh vk'kadk
?kk;y gks a vFkok ekjs tk;s a A vke dks jksdus esa gksrk gS ftls ^vijks/* dgk
L=kh&iq#"k dks Hkh ;q¼ esa gkfu mBkuh tkrk gS vkSj ;q¼ dks lhfer j[kus vFkok
iM+ r h gS A vDlj fugRFks vkS j vke mldks lekIr djus ls gksrk gS ftls j{kk
vkSjr&enZ dks tax dk fu'kkuk cuk;k dgk tkrk gSA ;q¼ dk eryc gS
vlqj{kk] foèoal vkSj
tkrk gS_ mudk vkSj mudh ljdkj dk ijaijkxr lqj{kk&uhfr dk ,d rÙo vkSj
e`R;q! ;q¼ fdlh dks
gkSlyk rksM+us dh dksf'k'k gksrh gSA gSA bls 'kfDr&larqyu dgrs gSaA dksbZ ns'k D;k lqj{kk ns ik,xk\
ijek.kq ;g dok;n ”;knkrj viuh lSU;&'kfDr

'kfDr&laiUu
fcjknjh c<+kus dh gksrh gS ysfdu vkfFkZd vkSj
çkS|ksfxdh dh rkdr Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gS D;ksfa d
lSU;&'kfDr dk ;gh vk/kj gSA
ikjaifjd lqj{kk&uhfr dk pkSFkk rÙo gS
xBca/u cukukA xBca/u esa dbZ ns'k 'kkfey
fxzLVks dksej] osQxYl dkVZwu
gksrs gSa vkSj lSU; geys dks jksdus vFkok

mlls j{kk djus osQ fy, leosr dne mBkrs
gSaA vf/dka'k xBca/uksa dks fyf[kr laf/ ls
,d vkSipkfjd :i feyrk gS vkSj ,sls
xBca/uksa dks ;g ckr fcyoqQy Li"V jgrh
gS fd [krjk fdlls gSA fdlh ns'k vFkok
tc dksbZ u;k ns'k ijek.kq 'kfDr&laiUu gksus dh nkosnkjh djrk gS rks cM+h rkdrsa xBca/u dh rqyuk esa viuh rkdr dk vlj
D;k joS;k vf[r;kj djrh gSa\ gekjs ikl ;g dgus osQ D;k vk/kj gSa fd c<+kus osQ fy, ns'k xBca/u cukrs gSAa xBcaèku
ijekf.od gfFk;kjksa ls ySl oqQN ns'kksa ij rks fo'okl fd;k tk ldrk gS ijarq oqQN
jk"Vªh; fgrksa ij vk/kfjr gksrs gSa vkSj jk"Vªh;
ij ugha\
fgrksa osQ cnyus ij xBca/u Hkh cny tkrs
gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] la;qDr jkT; vejhdk
vius vM+ksl&iM+ksl esa ns[kus ij ikrk gS fd us lu~ 1980 osQ n'kd esa lksfo;r la?k osQ
oqQN eqYd NksVs gSa rks oqQN cM+As blls b'kkjk f[kykiQ bLykeh mxzokfn;ksa dks leFkZu fn;k
fey tkrk gS fd Hkfo"; esa fdl ns'k ls mls ysfdu vkslkek fcu yknsu osQ usr`Ro esa
[krjk gks ldrk gSA felky osQ fy, dksbZ vy&dk;nk uked lewg osQ vkradokfn;ksa
iM+kslh ns'k laHko gS ;g u dgs fd og us tc 11 flracj 2001 osQ fnu ml ij
geys dh rS;kjh esa tqVk gSA geys dk dksbZ geyk fd;k rks mlus bLykeh mxzokfn;ksa osQ
çdV dkj.k Hkh ugha tku iM+rk gksA fiQj Hkh f[kykiQ ekspkZ [kksy fn;kA
;g ns[kdj fd dksbZ ns'k cgqr rkdroj gS lqj{kk dh ijaijkxr /kj.kk esa ekuk
;g Hkkaik tk ldrk gS fd Hkfo"; esa og tkrk gS fd fdlh ns'k dh lqj{kk dks
geykoj gks ldrk gSA bl otg ls gj ”;knkrj [+krjk mldh lhek osQ ckgj ls
ljdkj nwljs ns'k ls vius 'kfDr&lary q u dks gksrk gSA bldh o”kg gS varjkZ"Vªh; O;oLFkkA
ysdj cgqr laons u'khy jgrh gSA dksbZ ljdkj bl fueZe eSnku esa ,slh dksbZ osaQæh; rkdr
nwljs ns'kksa ls 'kfDr&larqyu dk iyM+k vius ugha tks ns'kksa osQ O;ogkj&cjrko ij vaoqQ'k
i{k esa cSBkus osQ fy, th&rksM+ dksf'k'k j[kus esa l{ke gksA fdlh ns'k osQ Hkhrj
djrh gSA tks ns'k utnhd gksa] ftuosQ lkFk fgalk osQ [+krjksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, ,d
vucu gks ;k ftu ns'kksa osQ lkFk vrhr esa tkuh&igpkuh O;oLFkk gksrh gS µ bls
yM+kbZ gks pqdh gks muosQ lkFk 'kfDr&lary q u ljdkj dgrs gSaA ysfdu] fo'o&jktuhfr esa
dks vius i{k esa djus ij [+kkl rkSj ij tksj ,slh dksbZ osaQæh; lÙkk ugha tks lcosQ Åij
fn;k tkrk gSA 'kfDr&lary q u cuk;s j[kus dh gksA ;g lkspus dk ykyp gks ldrk gS fd
la;qDr jk"Vªla?k ,slh lÙkk gS vFkok ,slk laiUu gSaA vf/dka'k ;wjksih; ns'kksa] [kkldj
,d gÝrs osQ v[kckj
cu ldrk gSA cgjgky] fiQygky viuh rkdroj if'peh eqYdksa osQ lkeus viuh ij u”kj nkSM+k,¡ vkSj
cukoV osQ vuq:i la;qDr jk"Vªla?k vius lhek osQ Hkhrj cls leqnk;ksa vFkok oxksZa ls iwjs fo'o esa py jgs
lnL; ns'kksa dk nkl gS vkSj blosQ lnL; dksbZ xaHkhj [krjk ugha FkkA bl dkj.k bu van:uh rFkk ckgjh
ns'k ftruh lÙkk bldks lkSia rs vkSj Lohdkjrs ns'kksa us viuk è;ku lhekikj osQ [krjksa ij la?k"kks± dh lwph
cuk,¡A
gSa mruh gh lÙkk bls gkfly gksrh gSA vr% osaQzfær fd;kA
fo'o&jktuhfr esa gj ns'k dks viuh lqj{kk bu ns'kksa osQ lkeus ckgjh [krjs D;k Fks\
dh ftEesnkjh [kqn mBkuh gksrh gSA ;gk¡ ij fiQj gesa lanHkZ vkSj fLFkfr ij è;ku
nsuk gksxkA ge bl ckr dks tkurs gSa fd nwljs
ikjaifjd /kj.kk& vkarfjd lqj{kk fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn 'khr;q¼ dk nkSj pyk vkSj
bruh ckrksa dks i<+us osQ ckn vkiosQ bl nkSj esa la;qDr jk"Vª vejhdk osQ usr`Ro
tsgu esa ;g loky ”k:j dkSa/k gksxk okyk if'peh xqV rFkk lksfo;r la?k dh
fd D;k lq j {kk vka r fjd 'kka f r vkS j vxqvkbZ okyk lkE;oknh xqV ,d&nwljs osQ
dkuwu&O;oLFkk ij fuHkZj ugha djrh\ vkeus&lkeus FksA lcls cM+h ckr ;g fd
vxj fdlh ns'k osQ Hkhrj jDrikr gks nksuksa xqVksa dks vius Åij ,d&nwljs ls lSU;
jgk gks vFkok gksus dh vk'kadk gks rks geys dk Hk; FkkA blosQ vfrfjDr] oqQN
og ns'k lqjf{kr dSls gks ldrk gS\ ;g ;wjksih; ns'kksa dks vius mifuos'kksa esa
ckgj osQ geyksa ls fuiVus dh rS;kjh mifuos'khÑr turk ls [kwu&[kjkcs dh fpark
dSls djsxk tcfd [kqn viuh lhek osQ lrk jgh FkhA vc ;s yksx vk”kknh pkgrs FksA
Hkhrj lqjf{kr ugha gS\ bl flyflys esa ge ;kn djsa fd 1950 osQ
blh dkj.k lqj{kk dh ijaijkxr /kj.kk n'kd esa çQkal dks for;uke vFkok lu~
dk ”k:jh fj'rk van:uh lqj{kk ls Hkh gSA 1950 vkSj 1960 osQ n'kd esa fczVsu dks
nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn ls bl igyw ij osQU;k esa tw>uk iM+kA
”;knk tksj ugha fn;k x;k rks bldk dkj.k mifuos'kksa us 1940 osQ n'kd osQ mÙkjk¼Z
;gh Fkk fd nqfu;k osQ vf/dka'k rkdroj ls vktkn gksuk 'kq: fd;k vkSj muosQ
ns'k viuh van:uh lqj{kk osQ çfr dekscs'k lqj{kk&ljksdkj vDlj ;wjksih; rkdrksa osQ
vk'oLr FksA geus igys dgk Fkk fd lanHkZ leku gh FksA oqQN uo Lora=k ns'k ;wjksih;
vkSj fLFkfr dks u”kj esa j[kuk ”k:jh gSA rkdrksa osQ leku 'khr;q¼dkyhu xqVksa esa ,d
vkarfjd lqj{kk ,sfrgkfld :i ls ljdkjksa u ,d osQ lnL; cu x,A ,sls esa bu ns'kksa
dk ljksdkj cuh pyh vk jgh Fkh ysfdu dks tksj idM+rs 'khr;q¼ dh fpark djuh Fkh
nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ ckn ,sls gkykr vkSj vkSj nwljs [kses esa tkus okys vius iM+kls h ns'k
lanHkZ lkeus vk;s fd vkarfjd lqj{kk igys vFkok nwljs xqV osQ usrk (la;Dq r jkT; vejhdk
dh rqyuk esa dgha de egÙo dh pht cu vFkok lksfo;r la?k) ls nq'euh Bkuuh Fkh
xbZA lu~ 1945 osQ ckn ,slk tku iM+k fd ;k vejhdk vFkok lksfo;r la?k osQ fdlh
la;qDr jkT; vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k lkFkh ns'k ls oSj eksyuk FkkA nwljs fo'o;q¼
viuh lhek osQ vanj ,dhÑr vkSj 'kkafr osQ ckn ftrus ;q¼ gq, mlesa ,d frgkbZ
chp lhek js[kk vkSj Hkw{ks=k vFkok vkcknh

ij fu;a=k.k dks ysdj ;k ,d&,d djosQ
lHkh lokyksa ij >xM+s gq,A
vyx jk"Vª cukus ij rqys vanj osQ
vyxkooknh vkanksyuksa ls Hkh bu ns'kksa dks
[krjk FkkA dksbZ iM+kl
s h eqYd ,sls vyxkooknh
vkanksyu dks gok ns vFkok mldh lgk;rk
djs rks nks iM+kslh ns'kksa osQ chp ruko dh
fLFkfr curh Fkh (fo'o osQ l'kL=k la?k"kksaZ esa
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu

95 çfr'kr vc vkarfjd ;q¼ osQ varxZr gSAa
lu~ 1946 ls 1991 osQ chp x`g ;q¼ksa dh
la[;k esa nksxquh o`f¼ gqbZ gS tks fiNys 200
rhljh nqfu;k osQ gfFk;kj o"kksZa esa lcls yach Nykax gSA) bl rjg]
iM+kslh ns'kksa ls ;q¼ vkSj vkarfjd la?k"kZ
;q¼ksa osQ fy, 'khr;q¼ ftEesnkj jgkA buesa ls uo&Lora=k ns'kksa osQ lkeus lqj{kk dh lcls
vf/dka'k ;q¼ rhljh nqfu;k esa gq,A ftl cM+h pqukSrh FksA
rjg fonk gksrh vkSifuosf'kd rkdrksa dks
mifuos'kksa esa [kwu&[kjkcs dk Hk; lrk jgk Fkk lqj{kk osQ ikjaifjd rjhosQ
mlh rjg vktknh osQ ckn oqQN mifuosf'kr lqj{kk dh ijaijkxr /kj.kk esa Lohdkj fd;k
eqYdksa dks Mj Fkk fd muosQ ;wjksih; tkrk gS fd fgalk dk bLrseky ;FkklaHko
vkSifuosf'kd 'kkld dgha mu ij geyk u lhfer gksuk pkfg,A ;q¼ osQ y{; vkSj
cksy nsaA ,sls esa bu eqYdksa dks ,d lkèku nksuksa ls bldk laca/ gSA Û;k;&;q¼*
lkezkT;oknh ;q¼ ls viuh j{kk osQ fy, dh ;wjksih; ijaijk dk gh ;g ijorhZ foLrkj
rS;kjh djuh iM+hA gS fd vkt yxHkx iwjk fo'o ekurk gS fd
,f'k;k vkSj vçQhdk osQ uo Lora=k ns'kksa fdlh ns'k dks ;q¼ mfpr dkj.kksa ;kuh
osQ lkeus [kM+h lqj{kk dh pqukSfr;k¡ ;wjksih; vkRe&j{kk vFkok nwljksa dks tulagkj ls
ns'kksa osQ eqdkcys nks ek;uksa esa fof'k"V FkhaA cpkus osQ fy, gh djuk pkfg,A bl n`f"Vdks.k
,d rks bu ns'kksa dks vius iM+kslh ns'k ls osQ vuqlkj fdlh ;q¼ esa ;q¼&lk/uksa dk
lSU; geys dh vk'kadk FkhA nwljs] bUgsa lhfer bLrseky gksuk pkfg,A ;q¼jr~ lsuk
van:uh lSU;&la?k"kZ dh Hkh fpark djuh FkhA dks pkfg, fd og la?k"kZfoeq[k 'k=kq] fugRFks
tks vius gh ns'k osQ
bu ns'kksa dks lhekikj ls [krjk rks Fkk gh] O;fDr vFkok vkRelieZ.k djus okys 'k=kq
f[kykiQ yM+rs gSa fuf'pr
gh os fdUgha ckrksa ls [kkldj iM+kslh ns'kksa ls_ lkFk gh Hkhrj ls dks u ekjsA lsuk dks mrus gh cy dk ç;ksx
uk[kq'k gksrs gSaA 'kk;n Hkh [krjs dh vk'kadk FkhA vusd uo Lora=k djuk pkfg, ftruk vkRej{kk osQ fy, ”k:jh
;g mudh vlqj{kk gh gS ns'k la;qDr jkT; vejhdk ;k lksfo;r la?k gks vkSj mls ,d lhek rd gh fgalk dk
tks ns'k osQ fy, vlqj{kk vFkok vkSifuosf'kd rkdrksa ls dgha ”;knk lgkjk ysuk pkfg,A cy ç;ksx rHkh fd;k
iSnk djrh gSA
vius iM+kslh ns'kksa ls vk'kafdr FksA buosQ tk; tc ckdh mik; vliQy gks x, gksaA
lqj{kk dh ijaijkxr /kj.kk bl laHkkouk

ls bUdkj ugha djrh fd ns'kksa osQ chp ,d
u ,d :i esa lg;ksx gksA buesa lcls
egÙoiw.kZ gS µ fujL=khdj.k] vL=k&fu;a=k.k
rFkk fo'okl dh cgkyhA fujL=khdj.k dh
ek¡x gksrh gS fd lHkh jkT; pkgs mudk
vkdkj] rkdr vkSj çHkko oqQN Hkh gks]
oqQN [kkl fdLe osQ gfFk;kjksa ls ckt
vk;saA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] 1972 dh tSfod
gfFk;kj laf/ (ckW;ksykWftdy ohiUl oaQos'a ku
BWC) rFkk 1992 dh jklk;fud gfFk;kj bl fp=k osQ Hkhrj fy[kk gS µ D;k ns'k ij [krjs osQ ckny eaMjk jgs gSa\ vxj
blesa vki dksbZ iSQlyk ugha dj ik jgs rks x`g j{kk&foHkkx osQ bl vkradekih
laf/ (osQfedy ohiUl daosa'ku& CWC)
dk bLrseky djsaA ;g ehVj vkidks crkrk gS fd ns'k ij vkrad dk lk;k
esa ,sls gfFk;kj dks cukuk vkSj j[kuk çfrcaf/r fdruk ?kuk gSA vkradlwpd lwbZ dks Åij fn, x, [kkuksa esa ls fdlh ,d ij
dj fn;k x;k gSA 155 ls ”;knk ns'kksa us ys tk;sa tks vkiosQ tkurs ekStwnk [kkSI+kQ dh lgh rLohj is'k djrk gksA blls
BWC laf/ ij vkSj 181 ns'kksa us CWC laf/ irk pysxk fd vejhdh turk vkradh geys dks ysdj fdruh vk'kafdr gSA
ij gLrk{kj fd, gSaA bu nksuksa laf/;ksa ij vkrad gekjs gj rjiQ gS vkSj og dHkh Hkh ge ij >iV ldrk gSA bl
vkradekih osQ cwrs vkidks irk py tk,xk fd vkidks fdruk Hk;Hkhr jguk
nLr[+r djus okyksa esa lHkh egk'kfDr;k¡
gSA lko/kuhiwoZd lwbZ ?kqek,¡¸
'kkfey gSaA ysfdu egk'kfDr;k¡ µ vejhdk
rFkk lksfo;r la?k lkewfgd lagkj osQ vL=k
;kuh ijekf.od gfFk;kj dk fodYi ugha felkby laf/ (ABM) us vejhdk vkSj
Nks M + u k pkgrh Fkha blfy, nks u ks a us lksfo;r la?k dks cSyfs LVd felkbyksa dks
vL=k&fu;a=k.k dk lgkjk fy;kA j{kk&dop osQ :i esa bLrseky djus ls jksdkA
vL=k fu;a=k.k osQ varxZr gfFk;kjksa dks ,sls ç{ksikL=kksa ls geys dh 'kq#vkr dh tk
fodflr djus vFkok mudks gkfly djus ldrh FkhA laf/ esa nksuksa ns'kksa dks lhfer la[;k
osQ lac/ a esa oqQN dk;ns&dkuwuksa dk ikyu esa ,slh j{kk&ç.kkyh rSukr djus dh vuqefr
djuk iM+rk gSA lu~ 1972 dh ,aVh cSyfs LVd Fkh ysfdu bl laf/ us nksuksa ns'kksa dks ,slh
j{kk&ç.kkyh osQ O;kid mRiknu ls jksd fn;kA
tSlk fd geus vè;k; ,d esa ns[kk gS]
vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k us vL=k&fu;a=k.k
dh dbZ vU; laf/;ksa ij gLrk{kj fd,
okg js! igys rks bu
ftlesa lkefjd vL=k ifjlheu laf/&2
yksxksa us ;s ekjd vkSj
(LVSVª ftd vkElZ fyfeVs'ku Vªhª Vh& SALT II) egaxs gfFk;kj cuk,]
vkSj lkefjd vL=k U;wuhdj.k laf/ (LVsVª ftd fiQj bu gfFk;kjksa ls [kqn
vkElZ fjMD'ku VªhVh&(START) 'kkfey dks cpkus osQ fy, ;s
gSaA ijek.kq vçlkj laf/ (U;wfDy;j ukWu tfVy laf/;k¡ dhaA bls
dgrs gSa lqj{kk!
çksfyiQsjs'ku VªhVh&NPT (1968) Hkh ,d
vFkZ esa vL=k fu;a=k.k laf/ gh Fkh D;ksafd ugha fd;k ysfdu bUgsa gkfly dj ldus
blus ijekf.od gfFk;kjksa osQ miktZu dks okys ns'kksa dh la[;k ”k:j de dhA
dk;ns&dkuwu osQ nk;js esa yk [kM+k fd;kA lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd /kj.kk esa ;g ckr
ftu ns'kksa us lu~ 1967 ls igys ijek.kq Hkh ekuh xbZ gS fd fo'okl cgkyh osQ
gfFk;kj cuk fy;s Fks ;k mudk ijh{k.k dj mik;ksa ls ns'kksa osQ chp fgalkpkj de fd;k
fy;k Fkk mUgsa bl laf/ osQ varxZr bu tk ldrk gSA fo'okl cgkyh dh çfØ;k esa
gfFk;kjksa dks j[kus dh vuqefr nh xbZA tks lSU; Vdjko vkSj çfr}fU}rk okys ns'k lwpukvksa
ns'k lu~ 1967 rd ,slk ugha dj ik;s Fks rFkk fopkjksa osQ fu;fer vknku&çnku dk
mUgsa ,sls gfFk;kjksa dks gkfly djus osQ iQSlyk djrs gSaA nks ns'k ,d&nwljs dks vius
vf/dkj ls oafpr fd;k x;kA ijek.kq vçlkj iQkSth edln rFkk ,d gn rd viuh lSU;
laf/ us ijekf.od vk;q/ksa dks lekIr rks ;kstukvksa osQ ckjs esa crkrs gSaA ,slk djosQ ;s
ns'k vius çfr}U}h dks bl ckr dk vk'oklu
nsrs gSa fd mudh rjiQ ls vkSpd geys dh
tk,¡ rks tk,¡ dgk¡ ,aMh flaxj
;kstuk ugha cuk;h tk jghA ns'k ,d&nwljs
dks ;g Hkh crkrs gSa fd muosQ ikl fdl
D;k gesa 'kkafr foHkkx
osQ fy, oqQN yk[k rjg osQ lSU;&cy gSaA os ;g Hkh crk ldrs
MkWyj fey loQrs gSaA gSa fd bu cyksa dks dgk¡ rSukr fd;k tk jgk
gSA la{ksi esa dgsa rks fo'oklh cgkyh dh
kpsZ
brus [ çfØ;k ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd çfr}U}h
ugha--- kZ'r ugha
dks cn k ldrkA ns'k fdlh X+kyriQgeh ;k xiQyr esa iM+dj
t
fd;k
tax osQ fy, vkeknk u gks tk,¡A
oqQy feykdj ns[ksa rks lqj{kk dh
'kkafr&vfgalk
vfgalk foHkkx
ijaijkxr /kj.kk eq[; :i ls lSU; cy
fo/s;d ikfjr
djks dh LFkkiuk
djksA 300 vjc osQ ç;ksx vFkok lSU; cy osQ ç;ksx dh
MkWyj bjkd ;q¼ vk'kadk ls lac¼ gSA lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd
ksa o
sQ /kj.kk esa ekuk tkrk gS fd lSU; cy ls
kSfud
iwo
Z l ys jc 425 vjc lqj{kk dks [krjk igqp ¡ rk gS vkSj lSU; cy
Hkwr eke v
67 lkykuk j{kk foHkkx
ls gh lqj{kk dks dk;e j[kk tk ldrk gSA
,aMh flaxj] osQxYl dkVZwu
100 vjc 2 lqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kj.kk

vkarfjd lqj{kk
viQxku ;q¼
40 vjc vjc lqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kj.kk fliQZ lSU;
[krjksa ls lac¼ ughaA blesa ekuoh; vfLrRo
ij pksV djus okys O;kid [krjksa vkSj
vejhdk esa lqj{kk ij rks Hkkjh&Hkjde [kpZ gksrk gS tcfd 'kkafr ls tqM+s vk'kadkvksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA
ekeyksa ij cgqr de gh [kpZ fd;k tkrk gSA ;g dkVwZu bl fLFkfr ij bldh 'kq#vkr gksrh gS ikjaifjd lqj{kk dh
,d fVIi.kh djrk gSA D;k gekjs ns'k esa gkyr blls oqQN vyx gS\ /kj.kk osQ Hkhrj Lohdkj fd, x, lanHkhZ
(lqj{kk fdldh\) ij loky mBkdjA ,slk iSjksdkjksa dk tksj

djrs gq, lqj{kk osQ rhu vkSj rÙoksa µ fdu O;fDr;ksa dks fgald
phtksa dh lqj{kk] fdu [krjksa ls lqj{kk vkSj [krjksa ;kuh [kwu&
lqj{kk osQ rjhosQ ij Hkh ç'ufpg~u yxk;k [kjkcs ls cpkus ij
tkrk gSA tc ge lanHkhZ dh ckr djrs gSa rks gksrk gS ;k la;qDr
gekjk vk'k; gksrk gS µ ^lqj{kk fdldks jk"Vªla?k osQ HkwriwoZ
pkfg,\ lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd /kj.kk esa Hkw{ks=k egklfpo dksI+kQh
vkSj laLFkkvksa lfgr jkT; dks lanHkhZ ekuk vÂku osQ 'kCnksa esa
tkrk gSA lqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kj.kk esa dgsa rks ,sls iSjksdkjksa
lanHkhZ dk nk;jk cM+k gksrk gSA tc ge dk vk'k; gksrk
iwNrs gSa fd ^lqj{kk fdldks*\ rks lqj{kk dh gS Ô;fDr;ksa vkSj
vikjaifjd /kj.kk osQ çfrikndksa dk tokc leqnk;ksa dks van:uh
gksrk gS µ ^^fliQZ jkT; gh ugha O;fDr;ksa [kwu & [kjkck ls
vkSj leqnk;ksa ;k dgsa fd lewph ekuork dks cpkukA* ekuork dh
lqj{kk dh ”k:jr gSA** blh dkj.k lqj{kk dh lqj{kk dk O;kid
vikjaifjd /kj.kk dks êkuork dh lqj{kk* vFkZ ysus okys
vFkok ^fo'o&j{kk* dgk tkrk gSA iSjksdkjksa dk roZQ gS
ekuork dh j{kk dk fopkj turk& fd [krjksa dh lwph
tuknZu dh lqj{kk dks jkT;ksa dh lqj{kk ls esa vdky] egkekjh
c<+dj ekurk gSA ekuork dh lqj{kk vkSj vkSj vkinkvksa dks
jkT; dh lqj{kk ,d&nwljs osQ iwjd gksus Hkh 'kkfey fd;k
pkfg, vkSj vDlj gksrs Hkh gSaA ysfdu tkuk pkfg, D;ksfa d
lqjf{kr jkT; dk eryc ges'kk lqjf{kr ;q¼] tu&lagkj vkSj
turk ugha gksrkA ukxfjdksa dks fons'kh geys vkra d okn lkFk
ls cpkuk Hkys gh mudh lqj{kk dh ”k:jh feydj ftrus yksxksa dks ekjrs gSa mlls
'kÙkZ gks ysfdu brus Hkj dks i;kZIr ugha dgha ”;knk yksx vdky] egkekjh vkSj
ekuk tk ldrkA lPpkbZ ;g gS fd fiNys çkÑfrd vkink dh HksaV p<+ tkrs gSaA
100 o"kksZa esa ftrus yksx fons'kh lsuk osQ ekuork dh lqj{kk osQ O;kidre vFkZ esa
gkFkksa ekjs x, mlls dgha ”;knk yksx [kqn vkfFkZd lqj{kk vkSj ekuoh; xfjek dh
viuh gh ljdkjksa osQ gkFkksa [ksr jgsA lqj{kk dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA rfud
ekuork dh lqj{kk osQ lHkh iSjksdkj vyx vankt esa dgsa rks ekuork dh j{kk osQ
ekurs gSa fd bldk çkFkfed y{; O;fDr;ksa O;kidre u”kfj, esa tksj ^vHkko ls eqfDr*
dh laj{kk gSA cgjgky] bl ckr ij erHksn vkSj ^Hk; ls eqfDr* ij fn;k tkrk gSA vc yx jgk gS fd ckr
gS fd Bhd&Bhd ,sls dkSu&ls [krjs gSa fo'oO;kih [krjs tSls oSf'od rkio`f¼ gks jgh gS! bls gh eSa
lpeqp osQ vkneh osQ
ftuls O;fDr;ksa dks cpk;k tkuk pkfg,A (Xykscy okfeZxa )] varjkZ"Vªh; vkradokn rFkk
fy, lpeqp dh lqj{kk
ekuork dh lqj{kk dk ladh.kZ vFkZ ysus okys ,M~l vkSj cMZ Ýyw tSlh egkekfj;ksa osQ dgrk gw¡A
eísu”kj 1990 osQ n'kd esa fo'o&lqj{kk dh ij tksj nsrs gSaA ge uhps osQ [kaM esa ,sls
/kj.kk mHkjhA dksbZ Hkh ns'k bu leL;kvksa dk oqQN [krjksa dh ppkZ djsaxsA
lek/ku vosQys ugha dj ldrkA ,slk Hkh gks vkra d okn dk vk'k; jktuhfrd
ldrk gS fd fdUgha fLFkfr;ksa esa fdlh ,d [kwu&[kjkcs ls gS tks tku&cw>dj vkSj
ns'k dks bu leL;kvksa dh ekj ckfd;ksa dh fcuk fdlh eqjkSOor osQ ukxfjdksa dks
vis{kk ”;knk >syuh iM+sA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] viuk fu'kkuk cukrk gS A va r jkZ " Vª h ;
ekuokf/dkjksa osQ oSf'od rkio`f¼ ls vxj leqæry nks ehVj vkradokn ,d ls ”;knk ns'kksa esa O;kIr gS
mYya?ku dh ckr gks rks Å¡pk mBrk gS rks ckaXykns'k dk 20 çfr'kr vkSj mlosQ fu'kkus ij dbZ ns'kksa osQ ukxfjd
ge ges'kk ckgj D;ksa
ns[krs gSa\ D;k gekjs
fgLlk Mwc tk,xk_ dekscs'k iwjk ekynho gSaA dksbZ jktuhfrd lanHkZ ;k fLFkfr ukilan
vius ns'k esa blosQ lkxj esa lek tk,xk vkSj FkkbySaM dh 50 gks rks vkradoknh lewg mls cy&ç;ksx
mnkgj.k ugha feyrs\ iQhlnh vkcknh dks [krjk igqp ¡ xs kA pwf¡ d bu vFkok cy&ç;ksx dh /edh nsdj cnyuk
leL;kvksa dh çÑfr oSf'od gS blfy, pkgrs gSaA tuekul dks vkrafdr djus osQ
varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx vR;ar egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrk fy, ukxfjdksa dks fu'kkuk cuk;k tkrk gS
gS] Hkys gh bls gkfly djuk eqf'dy gksA vkSj vkradokn ukxfjdksa osQ vlarks"k dk
bLrseky jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa vFkok la?k"kks± esa
[krjs osQ u;s lzksr 'kkfey vU; i{k osQ f[+kykiQ djrk gSA
lqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kj.kk osQ nks i{k gSaµ vkradokn osQ fpj&ifjfpr mnkgj.k gSa
ekuork dh lqj{kk vkSj fo'o lqj{kkA ;s nksuksa foeku&vigj.k vFkok HkhM+ Hkjh txgksa
lqj{kk osQ lanHkZ esa [krjksa dh cnyrh çÑfr tSls jsyxkM+h] gksVy] ck”kkj ;k ,slh gh
vU; txgksa ij ce yxkukA lu~ 2001 osQ
11 flracj dks vkradokfn;ksa us vejhdk osQ
oYMZ VªsM lsaVj ij geyk cksykA bl ?kVuk
osQ ckn ls nwljs eqYd vkSj ogk¡ dh ljdkjsa
vkradokn ij ”;knk è;ku nsus yxh gSaA
cgjgky] vkradokn dksbZ u;h ifj?kVuk ugha
gSA xqtjs oDr esa vkradokn dh vf/dka'k
?kVuk,¡ eè;iwoZ] ;wjksi] ykfruh vejhdk
vkSj nf{k.k ,f'k;k esa gqb±A
ekuokf/dkj µ ekuokf/dkj dks
rhu dksfV;ksa esa j[kk x;k gSA gks ldrk gS
vkidks yxs fd ekuokf/dkjksa dh blls
dgha ”;knk dksfV;k¡ gks ldrh gSa ysfdu bu
rhuksa dksfV;ksa ls ekuokf/dkj fo"k;d ppkZ
Vsc] osQxYl dkVZwu
dh 'kq#vkr dh tk ldrh gSA igyh dksfV

jktuhfrd vf/dkjksa dh gS tSls vfHkO;fDr
vkSj lHkk djus dh vk”kknhA nwljh dksfV
vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd vf/dkjksa dh gSA

vf/dkjksa dh rhljh dksfV esa mifuos'khÑr
turk vFkok tkrh; vkS j ew y oklh
vYila[;dksa osQ vf/dkj vkrs gSaA bl
oxhZdj.k dks ysdj O;kid lgefr gS ysfdu
bl ckr ij lgefr ugha cu ik;h gS fd
buesa ls fdl dksfV osQ vf/dkjksa dks lkoZHkkSe
ekuokf/dkjksa dh laKk nh tk, ;k bu vf/dkjksa
osQ mYya?ku dh fLFkfr esa varjkZ"Vªh; fcjknjh
dks D;k djuk pkfg,\
1990 osQ n'kd ls oqQN ?kVukvksa elyu
jokaMk esa tulagkj] oqQoSr ij bjkd dk geyk
vkSj iwohZ frewj esa baMksufs 'k;kbZ lsuk osQ jDrikr
[kq'kgkyh vkSj cngkyh dk djhch fj'rk
osQ dkj.k cgl py iM+h gS fd la;Dq r
D;k xSj&cjkcjh osQ c<+us dk lqj{kk ls tqM+s igyqvksa ij oqQN vlj iM+rk gS\
jk"Vªl?a k dks ekuokf/dkjksa osQ guu dh fLFkfr
esa gLr{ksi djuk pkfg, ;k ughaA oqQN dk vFkok lkekftd lewgksa dks vkSj /uh cuus
roZQ gS fd la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dk ?kks"k.kki=k esa enn feyrh gS tcfd çfr O;fDr fuEu
varjkZ"Vªh; fcjknjh dks vf/dkj nsrk gS fd vk; vkSj tula[;k dh rhoz o`f¼ ,d lkFk
og ekuokf/dkjksa dh j{kk osQ fy, gfFk;kj feydj xjhc ns'kksa vkSj lkekftd lewgksa dks
mBk;sA nwljh rjiQ oqQN ,sls Hkh gSa ftudk vkSj X+kjhc cukrs gSaA
roZQ gS fd laHko gS] rkdroj ns'kksa osQ fgrksa ls fo'oLrj ij ;g vlekurk mÙkjh xksyk¼Z
;g fu/kZfjr gksrk gks fd la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k osQ ns'kksa dks nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z osQ ns'kksa ls vyx
ekuokf/dkj&mYya?ku osQ fdl ekeys esa dkjZokbZ djrh gSA nf{k.k xksyk¼Z osQ ns'kksa esa vlekurk
djsxk vkSj fdlesa ughaA vPNh&[kklh c<+h gSA ;gk¡ oqQN ns'kksa us
[krjs dk ,d vkSj lzkrs oSf'od fu/Zurk vkcknh dh jÝrkj dks dkcw esa fd;k gS vkSj
gSA fo'o dh tula[;k fiQygky 760 djksM+ vk; dks c<+kus esa liQy jgs gSa tcfd ckdh
gS vkSj ;g vk¡dM+k 21oha lnh osQ eè; rd ns'k ,slk ugha dj ik;s gSAa mnkgj.k osQ fy,
1000 djksM+ gks tk,xkA fiQygky fo'o dh nqfu;k esa lcls ”;knk l'kL=k la?k"kZ vçQhdk
oqQy tula[;k & o`f¼ dk 50 iQhlnh fliQZ osQ lgkjk e#LFky osQ nf{k.korhZ ns'kksa esa gksrs
6 ns'kksa & Hkkjr] phu] ikfdLrku] ukbthfj;k] gSAa ;g bykdk nqfu;k dk lcls xjhc bykdk
ckaXykns'k vkSj baMksufs 'k;k esa ?kfVr gks jgk gSA gSA 21oha lnh osQ 'kq#vkrh le; esa bl
vuqeku gS fd vxys 50 lkyksa esa nqfu;k osQ bykosQ osQ ;q¼ksa esas 'ks"k nqfu;k dh rqyuk esa
lcls xjhc ns'kksa esa tula[;k rhu xquh c<+xs h dgha ”;knk yksx ekjs x,A
tcfd blh vof/ esa vusd èkuh ns'kksa dh nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z osQ ns'kksa esa ekStwn xjhch
tula[;k ?kVsxhA çfr O;fDr mPp vk; vkSj osQ dkj.k vf/dkf/d yksx csgrj thou
tula[;k dh de o`f¼ osQ dkj.k /uh ns'k [kkldj vkfFkZd voljksa dh ryk'k esa
vk;q&izR;k'kk f'k'kq e`R;q nj

tUe osQ le; vk;q çR;k'kk ,d Ok"kZ dh mez iwjh djus ls igys e`R;q dh
pisV esa vkus okys f'k'kqvksa dh la[;k
lgkjk e#LFky osQ nf{k.korhZ ns'k µ 40 o"kZ
yxHkx mu lHkh lektksa esa tgk¡ vkSlr
LohMu µ 1000 ls 3
vk;q&izR;k'kk 70 o"kZ ls ”;knk gS& futh
fodflr ns'k (vkSlr) µ 100 esa 1
Hkkjrh; miegk}hi µ 7 esa 1
vk; 1000 MkWyj ls vf/d gSA
vÚhdk osQ oqQN fgLlksa esa µ 5 ls 1
fiQj Hkh---
Hkkstu osQ vHkko] lkiQ&liQkbZ dh deh vkSj vi;kZIr
lu 1975 esa bu ns'kksa esa vk;q&izR;k'kk vkSj fpfdRlh; ns[kHkky dh otgksa ls cPps vkSj f'k'kq ”;knk
vkenuh dk ,d C;kSjk pisV esa vkrs gSaA
D;wck µ 70 o"kZ vkSj 540 MkWyj
ik¡p o"kZ dh vk;q iwjh djus ls igys
Jhyadk µ 80 o"kZ vkSj 200 MkWyj
czkthy µ 61 o"kZ vkSj 750 MkWyj cky&e`R;q (%)
yhfc;k µ 53 o"kZ vkSj 3000 MkWyj
;s vk¡dM+s fn[kkrs gSa fd fdlh ns'k esa vk; vkSj lsokvksa dk
c¡Vokjk ftl <ax ls gksrk gS mldk xgjk vlj lekt osQ
LokLF; dh n'kk ij iM+rk gSA
fodkl'khy ns'k fodflr ns'k
mÙkjh xksyk¼Z osQ ns'kksas esa çokl dj jgs gSaA ¶vkarfjd :i ls foLFkkfir tu¸ osQ
blls varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij jktuhfrd erHksn mnkgj.k gSaA
mB [kM+k gqvk gSA varjkZ"Vªh; dk;ns dkuwu fo'o dk 'kj.kkFkhZ&ekufp=k fo'o osQ
vkçoklh (tks viuh ethZ ls Lons'k NksM+rs la?k"kZ&ekufp=k ls yxHkx gw&c&gw esy [kkrk
gSa) vkSj 'kj.kkFkhZ (tks ;q¼] çkÑfrd gS D;ksafd nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z osQ ns'kksa esa l'kL=k
vkink vFkok jktuhfrd mRihM+u osQ dkj.k la?k"kZ vkSj ;q¼ osQ dkj.k yk[kksa yksx 'kj.kkFkhZ
Lons'k NksM+us ij e”kcwj gksrs gSa) esa Hksn cus vkSj lqjf{kr txg dh ryk'k esa fudys
djrs gSaA lkekU;r;k mEehn dh tkrh gS gSaA 1990 ls 1995 osQ chp lÙkj ns'kksa osQ
fd dksbZ jkT; 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dks Lohdkj djsxk eè; oqQy 93 ;q¼ gq, vkSj blesa yxHkx
ysfdu mUgsa vkçokfl;ksa dks Lohdkjus dh lk<+s 55 yk[k yksx ekjs x;sA blosQ
ckè;rk ugha gksrhA 'kj.kkFkhZ viuh tUeHkwfe ifj.kkeLo:i O;fDr] ifjokj vkSj dHkh&dHkh
vçQhdk dk ,d
ekufp=k yhft,
dks NksM+rs gSa tcfd tks yksx viuk ?kj&ckj iwjs leqnk; dks loZO;kIr Hk; vFkok
vkSj turk dh NksM+ pqosQ gSa ijarq jk"Vªh; lhek osQ Hkhrj vkthfodk] igpku vkSj thou&;kiu osQ
lqj{kk ij eaMjkrs gh gSa mUgsa ¶vkarfjd :i ls foLFkkfir ifjos'k osQ uk'k osQ dkj.k tUeHkwfe NksM+us
fofHkUu [krjksa dks tu¸ dgk tkrk gSA 1990 osQ n'kd osQ ij etcwj gksuk iM+kA ;q¼ vkSj 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa
bl ekufp=k ij 'kq#vkrh lkyksa esa fgalk ls cpus osQ fy, osQ çokl osQ vkilh fj'rs ij u”kj Mkyus ls
fpfÉr dhft,A
d'ehj ?kkVh NksM+us okys d'ehjh iafMr irk pyrk gS fd lu~ 1990 osQ n'kd esa
oqQy 60 txgksa ls 'kj.kkFkhZ çokl djus dks uqdlku mBk;k gS vkSj cMZ Ýyw osQ dkj.k
etcwj gq, vkSj blesa rhu dks NksM+dj 'ks"k dbZ nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dks eqxZ&fu;kZr can
lHkh osQ ewy esa l'kL=k la?k"kZ FkkA djuk iM+kA ,slh egkekfj;k¡ crkrh gSa fd
,pvkbZoh&,M~l] cMZ Ýyw vkSj lklZ ns'kksa osQ chp ikjLikfjd fuHkZjrk c<+ jgh gS
(flfo;j ,D;wV jslfijsVjW h flaMkª es & SARS) vkSj jk"Vªh; lhek,¡ vc igys dh rqyuk esa
tSlh egkekfj;k¡ vkçokl] O;olk;] i;ZVu de lkFkZd jg xbZ gSaA bu egkekfj;ksa dk
vkSj lSU;&vfHk;kuksa osQ tfj, cM+h rsth ls laosQr gS fd varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx dks c<+kus
fofHkUu ns'kksa esa iQSyh gSaA bu chekfj;ksa osQ dh ”k:jr gSA
iQSyko dks jksdus esa fdlh ,d ns'k dh lqj{kk dh /kj.kk esa foLrkj djus dk ;g
liQyrk vFkok vliQYkrk dk çHkko nwljs eryc ugha gS fd ge gj rjg osQ d"V ;k
ns'kksa esa gksus okys laØe.k ij iM+rk gSA chekjh dks lqj{kk fo"k;d ppkZ osQ nk;js esa
vuqeku gS fd 2003 rd iwjh nqfu;k 'kkfey dj ldrs gSAa vxj ge ,slk djrs gSa
esa 4 djksM+ yksx ,pvkbZoh&,M~l ls laØfer rks lqj{kk dh /kj.kk esa laxfr ugha jg tkrhA
gks pqosQ FksA blesa nks&frgkbZ yksx vçQhdk ,sls esa gj pht lqj{kk dk elyk gks ldrh
esa jgrs gSa tcfd 'ks"k osQ 50 iQhlnh gSA blh dkj.k fdlh elys dks lqj{kk dk
nf{k.k ,f'k;k esaA mÙkjh vejhdk rFkk nwljs elyk dgykus osQ fy, ,d loZ LohÑr
vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa esa mipkj dh u;h fof/;ksa U;wure ekud ij [kjk mrjuk ”k:jh gSA
osQ dkj.k 1990 osQ n'kd osQ mÙkjk¼Z osQ felky osQ fy,] vxj fdlh elys ls lanHkhZ
o"kksZa esa ,pvkbZoh ,M~l ls gksus okyh e`R;q (jkT; vFkok tulewg) osQ vfLrRo dks
dh nj esa rsth ls deh vk;h gSA ysfdu [krjk gks jgk gks rks mls lqj{kk dk elyk
vçQhdk tSls X+kjhc bykosQ osQ fy, ;s dgk tk ldrk gS pkgs bl [krjs dh çÑfr
mipkj dher dks ns[krs gq, vkdk'k&oqQlqe oqQN Hkh gksA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ekynho dks
dgs tk,¡xs tcfd vçQhdk dks ”;knk
xjhc cukus esa ,pvkbZoh&,M~l egÙoiw.kZ
?kVd lkfcr gqvk gSA
,cks y k ok;jl] gS U Vkok;jl vkS j
gsisVkbfVl&lh tSlh oqQN u;h egkekfj;k¡
mHkjh gSa ftuosQ ckjs esa tkudkjh Hkh
oqQN [kkl ugha gSA Vhch] eysfj;k] Msaxh çkÑfrd
cq[kkj vkSj gStk tSlh iqjkuh egkekfj;ksa vkink,¡
us vkS"kf/&çfrjks/d :i /kj.k dj fy;k gS
vkSj blls budk mipkj dfBu gks x;k gSA vk
osQ'ko] n ¯gnw
tkuojksa esa egkekjh iQSyus osQ Hkkjh vkfFkZd rad

okn
nq"çHkko gksrs gSAa 1990 osQ n'kd osQ mÙkjk¼Z
osQ lkyksa ls fczVsu us êSM&dkÅ* egkekjh
osQ HkM+d mBus osQ dkj.k vjcksa MkWyj dk ;gk¡ tks eqís fn[kk, x, gSa muls nqfu;k oSQls mcjs\
Hkh lqj{kk dh ikjaifjd èkkj.kk osQ leku

fo'o esa 'kj.kkFkhZ (2017)
LFkkuh; lanHkksZa osQ vuqowQy ifjorZu'khy gSA
fo'o osQ foLFkkfir yksxksa dks dgk¡ 'kj.k nh xbZ gS
lg;ksxewyd lqj{kk
16%
vesfjdk geus ns[kk fd lqj{kk ij eaMjkrs bu vusd
11% vikjaifjd [+krjksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, lSU;&
17%
;wjksi ,f'k;k vkSj iSflfQd la?k"kZ dh ugha cfYd vkilh lg;ksx dh
”k:jr gSA vkradokn ls yM+us vFkok
ekuokf/dkjksa dks cgky djus esa Hkys gh
lSU;&cy dh dksbZ Hkwfedk gks (vkSj ;gk¡ Hkh
lSU;&cy ,d lhek rd gh dkjxj gks
30% ldrk gS) ysfdu xjhch feVkus] rsy rFkk
vQz hdk
26% cgqeYw ; èkkrqvksa dh vkiwfrZ c<+kus] vkçokfl;ksa
fefMy bZLV vkSj mÙkjh vQzhdk
vkSj 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dh vkoktkgh osQ çca/u
lzksr µ http://www.unhcr.org
rFkk egkekjh osQ fu;a=k.k esa lSU;&cy ls
D;k enn feysxh ;g dguk eqf'dy gSA
oSf'od rkio`f¼ ls [krjk gks ldrk gS oLrqr% ,sls vf/dka'k elyksa esa lSU;&cy
D;ksafd leqæ ry osQ Å¡pk mBus ls bldk osQ ç;ksx ls ekeyk vkSj fcxM+sxkA
”;knkrj fgLlk Mwc tk,xk tcfd nf{k.kh ”;knk çHkkoh ;gh gksxk fd varjkZ"Vªh;
vçQhdh ns'kksa esa ,pvkbZoh&,M~l ls xaHkhj lg;ksx ls j.kuhfr;k¡ rS;kj dh tk;¡A lg;ksx
[krjk gS D;ksfa d ;gk¡ gj 6 o;Ld O;fDr esa f}i{kh; (nks ns'kksa osQ chp)] {ks=kh;] egkns'kh;
,d bl jksx (cksLrokuk dh gkyr lcls vFkok oSf'od Lrj dk gks ldrk gSA ;g
cnrj gSA ogk¡ 3 esa ls bl ckr ij fuHkZj djsxk fd [krjs dh çÑfr
,d O;fDr D;k gS vkSj fofHkUu ns'k blls fucVus osQ
vkradokn ,pvkbZ&,M~l ihfM+r fy, fdrus bPNqd rFkk l{ke gSAa lg;ksxewyd
;q¼ gS) ls ihfM+r gSA 1994 lqj{kk esa fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ vfrfjDr
es a joka M k dh rq R lh varjkZ"Vªh;&jk"Vªh; Lrj dh vU; laLFkk,¡
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu
tutkfr osQ vfLrRo ij tSls varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu (la;qDr jk"Vªla?k]

[krjk eaMjk;k D;ksafd fo'o LokLF; laxBu] fo'o cSd a ] varjkZ"Vªh;
çfr}U}h gqrq tutkfr us eqæk dks"k vkfn) Lo;alos h laxBu (,eusLVh
oqQN gh gÝrksa esa yxHkx baVjus'kuy] jsM ØkWl] futh laxBu rFkk
va/k fo'o
5 yk[k rqRlh yksxksa dks ekj MkykA blls irk nkunkrk laLFkk,¡] ppZ vkSj /kfeZd laxBu]
pyrk gS fd lqj{kk dh vikjaifjd /kj.kk e”knwj laxBu] lkekftd vkSj fodkl
laxBu) O;olkf;d laxBu vkSj fuxe rFkk Hkkjr dh lqj{kk uhfr dk nwljk ?kVd gS
tkuh&ekuh gfLr;k¡ (tSls usYlu eaMsyk] vius lqj{kk fgrksa dks cpkus osQ fy, varjkZ"Vªh;
enj Vsjslk) 'kkfey gks ldrh gSaA dk;nksa vkSj laLFkkvksa dks e”kcwr djukA
lg;ksx ewyd lqj{kk esa Hkh vafre mik; Hkkjr osQ igys ç/kuea=kh tokgjyky
osQ :i esa cy&ç;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA usg: us ,f'k;kbZ ,drk] fomifuos'khdj.k
varjkZ"Vªh; fcjknjh mu ljdkjksa ls fucVus osQ (Decolonisation) vkSj fujL=khdj.k osQ
fy, cy&ç;ksx dh vuqefr ns ldrh gS tks ç;klksa dh fgek;r dhA mUgksaus varjkZ"Vªh; eq>s ;g lqudj vPNk
viuh gh turk dks ekj jgh gksa vFkok la?k"kksZa esa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dks vafre iap yxrk gS fd esjs ns'k osQ
ikl ijekf.od gfFk;kj
xjhch] egkekjh vkSj çy;adkjh ?kVukvksa ekuus ij tksj fn;kA Hkkjr us gfFk;kjksa osQ
gSa ysfdu dksbZ eq>s ;g
dh ekj >sy jgh turk osQ nq[k&nnZ dh vçlkj osQ laca/ esa ,d lkoZHkkSe vkSj fcuk le>k, fd D;k blls eSa
mis{kk dj jgh gksA ,slh fLFkfr esa lqj{kk dh HksnHkko okyh uhfr pykus dh igydneh ”;knk lqjf{kr gks x;k gw&¡
vikjaifjd /kj.kk dk tksj gksxk fd cy&ç;ksx dh ftlesa gj ns'k dks lkewfgd lagkj osQ D;k esjk ifjokj ”;knk
lkewfgd LohÑfr ls vkSj lkewfgd :i esa gfFk;kjksa (ijek.kq] tSfod] jklk;fud) ls lqjf{kr gks x;k gS\
fd;k tk, u fd dksbZ ,d ns'k varjkZ"Vªh; lac¼ cjkcj osQ vf/dkj vkSj nkf;Ro gksaA
fcjknjh vkSj Lo;alsoh laxBuksa lesr vU;ksa Hkkjr us uo&varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dh
dh ethZ ij dku fn, cxSj cy ç;ksx dk ek¡x mBk;h vkSj lcls cM+h ckr ;g fd nks
jkLrk vf[r;kj djsA egk'kfDr;ksa dh [ksesckth ls vyx mlus
xqVfujis{krk osQ :i esa fo'o&'kkafr dk
Hkkjr µ lqj{kk dh j.kuhfr;k¡ rhljk fodYi lkeus j[kkA Hkkjr mu 160
Hkkjr dks ikjaifjd (lSU;) vkSj vikjaifjd ns'kksa esa 'kkfey gS ftUgksaus 1997 osQ D;ksVks
[krjksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k gSA ;s [krjs çksVksdkWy ij gLrk{kj fd, gSAa D;ksVks çksVksdkWy
lhek osQ vanj ls Hkh mHkjs vkSj ckgj ls HkhA esa oSf'od rkio`f¼ ij dkcw j[kus osQ fy,
Hkkjr dh lqj{kk&uhfr osQ pkj cM+s ?kVd gSa xzhugkÅl xSlksa osQ mRltZu dks de djus osQ
vkSj vyx&vyx oDr esa bUgha ?kVdksa osQ lac/a esa fn'kk funs'Z k crk, x, gSAa lg;ksxewyd
gsj&iQsj ls lqj{kk dh j.kuhfr cuk;h xbZ gSA lqj{kk dh igydnfe;ksa osQ leFkZu esa Hkkjr
lqj{kk&uhfr dk igyk ?kVd jgk us viuh lsuk la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k osQ 'kkafrcgkyh
lSU;&{kerk dks e”kcwr djuk D;ksfa d Hkkjr ij osQ fe'kuksa esa Hksth gSA
iM+kl
s h ns'kksa ls geys gksrs jgs gSAa ikfdLrku us Hkkjr dh lqj{kk j.kuhfr dk rhljk ?kVd
1947&48] 1965] 1971 rFkk 1999 esa vkSj gS ns'k dh van:uh lqj{kk&leL;kvksa ls
phu us lu~ 1962 esa Hkkjr ij geyk fd;kA fucVus dh rS;kjhA uxkySaM] fetksje] iatkc
nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ bykosQ esa Hkkjr osQ pkjksa rjiQ vkSj d'ehj tSls {ks=kksa ls dbZ mxzoknh lewgksa ijaijkxr lqj{kk vkSj
ijek.kq gfFk;kjksa ls ySl ns'k gSAa ,sls esa Hkkjr us le;≤ ij bu çkarksa dks Hkkjr ls vijaijkxr lqj{kk osQ
osQ ijek.kq ijh{k.k djus osQ i+QS lys (1998) vyxkus dh dksf'k'k dhA Hkkjr us jk"Vªh; varxZr Hkkjr ljdkj
dks mfpr Bgjkrs gq, Hkkjrh; ljdkj us ,drk dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, yksdrkaf=kd }kjk fd, tkus okys
jk"Vªh; lqj{kk dk roZQ fn;k FkkA Hkkjr us lu~ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk ikyu fd;k gSA ;g [kpZ dh rqyuk djsaA
1974 esa igyk ijek.kq ijh{k.k fd;k FkkA O;oLFkk fofHkUu leqnk; vkSj tu&lewgksa dks
pj.k
© unh osQ fdukjs cls bu pkj xk¡oksa dh ,d dkYifud fLFkfr dk o.kZu djsaA
unh osQ fdukjs pkj xk¡o dksVkckx] xsoyh] oaQMyh vkSj xksIik vklikl cls gSaA dksVkckx xk¡o osQ yksx unh osQ
fdukjs lcls igys vkdj clsA bykosQ osQ çpqj çkÑfrd lalk/uksa rd mudh vck/ igq¡p FkhA /hjs&/hjs
fofHkUu {ks=kksa osQ yksx bl bykosQ esa vkus yxs D;ksafd ;gk¡ ikuh vkSj çkÑfrd lalk/u cgqrk;r esa miyC/
FksA vc ;gk¡ pkj xk¡o gSaA le; xqtjus osQ lkFk bu xk¡oksa dh vkcknh Hkh c<+h ysfdu lalk/u ugha c<+sA gj
xk¡o us viuh lhek js[kk vkSj miyC/ çkÑfrd lalk/uksa ij nkosnkjh trkuh 'kq: dhA dksVkckx xk¡o osQ yksx
bl bykosQ esa lcls igys vkdj cls Fks blfy, os lalk/uksa esa ”;knk fgLlk pkgrs FksA oaQMyh vkSj xsoyh
xk¡o osQ yksxksa dk dguk Fkk fd gekjs xk¡o dh vkcknh ckfd;ksa dh rqyuk esa ”;knk gS blfy, gesa ”;knk fgLlk
pkfg,A xksIik xk¡o osQ yksxksa dk dguk Fkk fd ge yksx jbZlh dh f”kanxh thrs gSa blfy, gesa ”;knk cM+k fgLlk
feyuk pkfg, Hkys gh gekjs xk¡o dh tula[;k de gksA pkjksa xk¡o osQ yksx ,d&nwljs dh ek¡x ls vlger Fks
vkSj lalk/uksa dk bLrseky viuh euethZ ls dj jgs FksA bl otg ls xk¡ookyksa osQ chp cjkcj >xM+s gksus yxsA
/hjs&/hjs yksx bl fLFkfr ls rax vk x, vkSj mudk pSu tkrk jgkA vc bu pkjksa xk¡o osQ yksx mlh rjg thuk
pkgrs gSa tSls cjlksa igys os th jgs Fks ysfdu mUgsa ugha irk fd bl Lo.kZ;qx esa dSls ykSVk tk,A
çR;sd xk¡o dh fo'ks"krk dk o.kZu djrs gq, ,d laf{kIr uksV rS;kj djsaA ;g o.kZu ,slk gks fd mlls vkt osQ
jk"Vªksa dh okLrfod çÑfr dh >yd feyrh gksA
© d{kk dks pkj lewg esa ck¡VsaA gj lewg ,d xk¡o dk çfrfuf/Ro djsA xk¡oksa dh fo'ks"krk dk o.kZu djus okyk
,d&,d laf{kIr uksV gj lewg dks nsaA ftl lewg dks tks uksV feys og mlh xk¡o dh fo'ks"krk dks /kj.k djsA
© iqjkus fnuksa dh rjg fdl çdkj jgk tk, µ bl fo"k; ij ppkZ osQ fy, vè;kid çR;sd lewg dks oqQN le;
(15 feuV) nsA çR;sd lewg viuh j.kuhfr r; djsA
© xk¡oksa osQ uqekbanksa osQ :i esa lHkh lewg fdlh lek/ku rd igq¡pus osQ fy, vkil esa eqDr Hkko ls ppkZ djsa
(20 feuV)A çR;sd lewg vius roZQ j[ks vkSj nwljs osQ rdksZa dk çR;qÙkj nsA ifj.kke oqQN bl çdkj dk gksxk_
,d eS=khiw.kZ le>kSrk ftlesa lcdh ek¡xksa dk è;ku j[kk x;k gksA ,slk 'kk;n gh dHkh gksrk gSA ;k] iwjh cgl
cxSj fdlh edln dks lk/s [kRe gks tk,xhA
vè;kidksa osQ fy,
* xk¡oksa dks jk"Vª osQ :i esa of.kZr djsa vkSj lqj{kk@[krjs dh leL;kvksa dks HkkSxksfyd {ks=k@v[kaMrk] çkÑfrd lalk/uksa rd igq¡p@foæksg
vkfn ls tksM+saA
* lewgksa osQ chp tc ckrphr gks jgh Fkh rks vkius tks oqQN ns[kk mlosQ ckjs esa ckr dhft, vkSj le>kb, fd fofHkUu jk"Vª Hkh ,sls
elyksa ij blh rjg ckrphr djrs gSaA
* fofHkUu jk"Vªksa osQ Hkhrj vkSj fofHkUu jk"Vªksa osQ chp vHkh tks lqj{kk osQ elys ekStwn gSa muesa oqQN dk gokyk nsrs gq, bl vH;kl
dks lekIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
viuh f'kdk;rksa dks [kqydj j[kus vkSj lÙkk ukxfjd viuh vkok”k mBk losQa A yksdrkaf=kd
esa Hkkxhnkjh djus dk ekSdk nsrh gSA jhfr ls fuokZfpr ljdkj osQ Åij ncko gksrk
vkf[kj esa ,d ckr ;g fd Hkkjr esa gS fd og vkfFkZd lao`f¼ dks ekuoh;
vFkZO;oLFkk dks bl rjg fodflr djus osQ fodkl dk lgxkeh cuk,A bl çdkj] yksdra=k
ç;kl fd, x, gSa fd cgqla[;d ukxfjdksa flI+kQZ jktuhfrd vkn'kZ ugha gS_ yksdrkaf=kd
dks xjhch vkSj vHkko ls fu”kkr feys rFkk 'kklu turk dks ”;knk lqj{kk eqgS;k djkus
ukxfjdksa osQ chp vkfFkZd vlekurk ”;knk dk lk/u Hkh gSA bl lanHkZ esa Hkkjrh;
u gksA ;s ç;kl ”;knk liQy ugha gq, gSaA yksdra=k dh liQyrk vkSj vliQyrkvksa osQ
gekjk ns'k vc Hkh xjhc gS vkSj vlekurk,¡ ckjs esa vki ,d vkSj fdrkc esa foLrkj ls
ekSTkwn gSaA fiQj Hkh] yksdrkaf=kd jktuhfr ls i<+saxsA ;g fdrkc Lokra=;ksÙkj Hkkjr dh
,sls volj miyC/ gSa fd xjhc vkSj oafpr jktuhfr ij osaQfær gSA
1- fuEufyf[kr inksa dks muosQ vFkZ ls feyk,¡
ç'ukoyh
(1) fo'okl cgkyh osQ mik; (dkWfUiQMsal fcfYMax estlZ & CBMs)
(2) vL=k&fu;a=k.k
(3) xBca/u
(4) fujL=khdj.k
(d) oqQN [kkl gfFk;kjksa osQ bLrseky ls ijgst
([k) jk"Vªksa osQ chp lqj{kk&ekeyksa ij lwpukvksa osQ vknku&çnku dh fu;fer çfØ;k
(x) lSU; geys dh fLFkfr ls fucVus vFkok mlosQ vijks/ osQ fy, oqQN jk"Vªkas dk vkil
esa esy djukA
(?k) gfFk;kjksa osQ fuekZ.k vFkok mudks gkfly djus ij vaoqQ'k
2- fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdldks vki lqj{kk dk ijaijkxr ljksdkj@lqj{kk dk vikjaifjd ljksdkj@^[krjs
dh fLFkfr ugha* dk n”kkZ nsaxs µ
(d) fposQuxqfu;k@Msaxw cq[kkj dk çlkj
([k) iM+kslh ns'k ls dkexkjksa dh vken
(x) iM+kslh jkT; ls dkexkjksa dh vken
(?k) vius bykosQ dks jk"Vª cukus dh ek¡x djus okys lewg dk mn;
(Ä) vius bykosQ dks vf/d Lok;Ùkrk fn, tkus dh ek¡x djus okys lewg dk mn;A
(p) ns'k dh l'kL=k lsuk dks vkykspukRed u”kj ls ns[kus okyk v[kckjA
3- ijaijkxr vkSj vikjaifjd lqj{kk esa D;k varj gS\ xBca/uksa dk fuekZ.k djuk vkSj mudks cuk;s
j[kuk buesa ls fdl dksfV esa vkrk gS\
4- rhljh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa vkSj fodflr ns'kksa dh turk osQ lkeus ekStnw [krjksa esa D;k varj gS\
5- vkradokn lqj{kk osQ fy, ijaijkxr [krjs dh Js.kh esa vkrk gS ;k vijaijkxr\
ç'ukoyh 6- lqj{kk osQ ijaijkxr n`f"Vdks.k osQ fglkc ls crk,¡ fd vxj fdlh jk"Vª ij [krjk eaMjk jgk gks rks
mlosQ lkeus D;k fodYi gksrs gSa\
7- ^'kfDr&larqyu* D;k gS\ dksbZ ns'k bls dSls dk;e djrk gS\
8- lSU; xBca/u osQ D;k mís'; gksrs gSa\ fdlh ,sls lSU; xBca/u dk uke crk,¡ tks vHkh ekStwn gSA
bl xBca/u osQ mís'; Hkh crk,¡\
9- i;kZoj.k osQ rsth ls gks jgs uqdlku ls ns'kksa dh lqj{kk dks xaHkhj [krjk iSnk gks x;k gSA D;k vki
bl dFku ls lger gSa\ mnkgj.k nsrs gq, vius rdksZa dh iqf"V djsaA
10- ns'kksa osQ lkeus fiQygky tks [krjs ekStwn gSa muesa ijekf.od gfFk;kj dk lqj{kk vFkok vijks/ osQ
fy, cM+k lhfer mi;ksx jg x;k gSA bl dFku dk foLrkj djsaA
11- Hkkjrh; ifjn`'; dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, fdl fdLe dh lqj{kk dks ojh;rk nh tkuh pkfg, µ
ikjaifjd ;k vikjaifjd\ vius roZQ dh iqf"V esa vki dkSu&ls mnkgj.k nsaxs\
12- uhps fn, x, dkVZwu dks le>saA dkVZwu esa ;q¼ vkSj vkradokn dk tks laca/ fn[kk;k x;k gS mlosQ
i{k ;k foi{k esa ,d laf{kIr fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu
vè;k; 6
i;kZoj.k vkSj çkÑfrd

lalk/ku
ifjp;
bl vè;k; esa fo'o&jktuhfr esa i;kZoj.k
vkSj lalk/uksa osQ c<+rs egÙo dh ppkZ dh
xbZ gSA 1960 osQ n'kd ls i;kZoj.k osQ elys
us tksj idM+kA blh i`"BHkwfe dks è;ku esa
j[kdj bl vè;k; esa oqQN egÙoiw.kZ
i;kZoj.k&vkanksyuksa dh rqyukRed ppkZ dh
xbZ gSA ge lk>h laink vkSj ^fo'o dh lk>h
fojklr* tSlh /kj.kkvksa osQ ckjs esa Hkh i<+saxsA
bl vè;k; dks i<+dj vki la{ksi esa tku
ldrs gSa fd i;kZoj.k ls tqM+h gky dh cglksa
esa Hkkjr us dkSu&lk i{k fy;k gSA blosQ ckn
vè;k; esa lalk/uksa dh gksM+ ls tqM+h oSf'od
jktuhfr dh ,d laf{kIr ppkZ dh xbZ gSA
vè;k; dk lekiu ;g crkrs gq, fd;k x;k
gS fd ledkyhu fo'o&jktuhfr esa gkf'k, 1992 osQ i`Foh lEesyu us i;kZoj.k dks fo'o jktuhfr osQ çeq[k eqíksa esa
ij [kM+h ewyoklh turk (Indigenous 'kkfey djk fn;kA ;gk¡ fn, x, fp=kksa esa o"kkZ osQ ou vkSj xjku
(esuxzksOl) ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA
people) osQ bu lokyksa ls D;k ljksdkj gSa
vkSj og D;k lksprh gSA
oSf'od jktuhfr esa i;kZoj.k dh nqfu;k Hkj esa Ñf"k&;ksX; Hkwfe esa vc
fpark D;ksas\ dksbZ c<+kÙs kjh ugha gks jgh tcfd ekStnw k
bl iqLrd esa geus fo'o&jktuhfr ij cM+s mitkÅ tehu osQ ,d cM+s fgLls dh
lhfer vFkks± esa ppkZ dh gS] elyu geus moZjrk de gks jgh gSA pkjkxkgksa osQ pkjs
;q¼ vkSj laf/ dh ckrsa dha_ jkT;'kfDr osQ [kRe gksus dks gSa vkSj eRL;&HkaMkj ?kV
mRFkku vkSj iru dh ppkZ gqbZ ;k fiQj geus jgk gSA tyk'k;ksa dh tyjkf'k cM+h
varjkZ"Vªh; iQyd ij vius ns'k dh uqekbanxh rsth ls de gqbZ gS mlesa çnw"k.k c<+k
djus okyh ljdkjksa vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa gSA blls [kk|& mRiknu esa deh vk
dh ckrsa dhaA vè;k; lkr esa geus jgh gSA
fo'o&jktuhfr osQ nk;js dks FkksM+k c<+kdj la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k dh ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ
taxy osQ loky ij
mlesa xjhch vkSj egkekjh tSls fo"k; Hkh (2016) osQ vuqlkj fodkl'khy ns'kksa
jktuhfr] ikuh osQ loky
ij jktuhfr vkSj 'kkfey dj fy, gSaA ,slk djus esa dksbZ dh 66-3 djksM+ turk dks LoPN ty
ok;qeaMy osQ elys ij eqf'dy Hkh ugha D;ksafd ge lc ekurs gSa miyC/ ugha gksrk vkSj ;gk¡ dh nks
jktuhfr! fiQj] fdl fd xjhch vkSj egkekjh ij vaoQq 'k j[kus dh vjc pkyhl djksM+ vkcknh lki+ Q&li+ QkbZ
ckr esa jktuhfr ugha gS!
ftEesnkjh ljdkj dh gSA bl vFkZ esa ;s eqís dh lqfo/k ls oafpr gSaA bl otg ls
fo'o&jktuhfr osQ nk;js esa gh vkrs gSaA vc 30 yk[k ls ”;knk cPps gj lky ekSr
”kjk bu eqíksa ij fopkj dhft,A D;k vki osQ f'kdkj gksrs gSaA
ekurs gSa fd bu tSls eqís ledkyhu çkÑfrd ou tyok;q dks larqfyr
fo'o&jktuhfr osQ nk;js esa vkrs gSa\ j[kus esa enn djrs gSa] buls typØ
Hkh larqfyr cuk jgrk gS vkSj bUgha
ouksa esa /jrh dh tSo&fofo/rk dk
HkaMkj Hkjk jgrk gS ysfdu ,sls ouksa
dh dVkbZ gks jgh gS vkSj yksx
foLFkkfir gks jgs gSaA tSo&fofo/rk
dh gkfu tkjh gS vkSj bldk dkj.k gS
mu i;kZ o klks a dk foèoa l tks
tSo&çtkfr;ksa osQ ekeys esa le`¼ gSaA
/jrh osQ Åijh ok;qeaMy esa vks”kksu
xSl dh ek=kk esa yxkrkj deh gks
vjky osQ vklikl cls g”kkjksa yksxksa dks viuk ?kj&ckj NksM+uk iM+k D;ksafd ikuh jgh gSA bls vks”kksu ijr esa Nsn gksuk
osQ fo"kkDr gksus ls eRL;&m|ksx u"V gks x;kA tgktjkuh m|ksx vkSj blls tqM+s Hkh dgrs gSaA blls ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k
reke dkedkt [kRe gks x,A ikuh esa ued dh lkaærk osQ ”;knk c<+ tkus ls vkSj euq"; osQ LokLF; ij ,d cM+k
iSnkokj de gks xbZA vusd vuqla/ku gq, ysfdu bl leL;k dk lek/ku u gks [krjk eaMjk jgk gSA
ldkA njvly bl txg e”kkd&e”kkd esa yksx ,d&nwljs ls dgrs gSa fd ftrus
iwjs fo'o esa leqærVh; {ks=kksa dk çnw"k.k
yksx lkxj osQ vè;;u osQ fy, vk;s os vxj ,d&,d ckYVh ikuh Hkh ykrs rks
;g lkxj Hkj x;k gksrkA (vjky lkxj dh vofLFkfr ns[kus le>us osQ fy,
Hkh c<+ jgk gSA ;|fi leqæ dk eè;orhZ
i`"B 24 ij fn, ekufp=k dks ns[ksaA Hkkx vc Hkh vis{kkÑr LoPN gS ysfdu
lzksr% www.gobartimes.org
bldk rVorhZ ty tehuh fØ;kdykiksa

ls çnwf"kr gks jgk gSA iwjh nqfu;k esa
leqærVh; bykdksa esa euq";ksa dh l?ku
clkgV tkjh gS vkSj bl ço`fr ij
vaoqQ'k u yxk rks leqæh i;kZoj.k dh
xq.koÙkk esa Hkkjh fxjkoV vk,xhA
vkidks yx ldrk gS fd ;s rks uSlfxZd
?kVuk,¡ gSa vkSj budk vè;;u jktuhfr foKku
dh txg Hkwxksy okyh d{kk esa fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A ysfdu ”kjk fiQj ls lksfp,A i;kZoj.k
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu

osQ uqdlku ls tqM+s ftu elyksa dh ppkZ
Åij dh xbZ gS mu ij vaoqQ'k j[kus osQ
fy, vxj fofHkUu ns'kksa dh ljdkjsa dne
mBkrh gSa rks bu elyksa dh ifj.kfr bl vFkZ
esa jktuhfrd gksxhA bu elyksa esa vf/dka'k oSf'od rkio`f¼
,sls gSa fd fdlh ,d ns'k dh ljdkj budk ;gk¡ vaxqfy;ksa dks fpeuh vkSj fo'o dks ,d ykbZVj osQ :i esa fn[kk;k x;k
gSA ,slk D;ksa\
iwjk lek/ku vosQys ne ij ugha dj ldrhA
bl otg ls ;s elys fo'o&jktuhfr dk c<+rh tula[;k osQ vkyksd esa çkÑfrd
fgLlk cu tkrs gSaA cgjgky] i;kZoj.k vkSj lalk/uksa osQ fouk'k osQ vans'ks dks cM+h [kwch
çkÑfrd lalk/uksa osQ elys ,d vkSj xgjs ls crkrh gSA la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k i;kZoj.k dk;ZØe
vFkZ esa jktuhfrd gSaA dkSu i;kZoj.k dks (UNEP) lfgr vusd varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa
uqdlku igq¡pkrk gS\ bl ij jksd yxkus osQ us i;kZoj.k ls tqM+h leL;kvksa ij lEesyu
mik; djus dh ftEesnkjh fdldh gS\ /jrh djk;s vkSj bl fo"k; ij vè;;u dks c<+kok
osQ çkÑfrd lalk/uksa ij fdldks fdrus nsuk 'kq: fd;kA bl ç;kl dk mís';
bLrseky dk gd gS\ bu lokyksa osQ tokc i;kZoj.k dh leL;kvksa ij ”;knk dkjxj
cgq/k bl ckr ls fu/kZfjr gksrs gSa fd dkSu vkSj lqy>h gqbZ igydnfe;ksa dh 'kq#vkr
ns'k fdruk rkdroj gSA bl rjg ;s elys djuk FkkA rHkh ls i;kZoj.k oSf'od jktuhfr
xgjs vFkks± esa jktuhfrd gSaA dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ elyk cu x;kA
gkyk¡fd i;kZoj.k ls tqM+s ljksdkjksa dk 1992 esa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dk i;kZoj.k
yack bfrgkl gS ysfdu vkfFkZd fodkl osQ vkSj fodkl osQ eqís ij osQa fær ,d lEesyu]
vius ikl&iM+ksl
dkj.k i;kZoj.k ij gksus okys vlj dh fpark czkthy osQ fj;ks Mh tusfj;ks esa gqvkA bls dh ,slh [kcjksa
us 1960 osQ n'kd osQ ckn ls jktuhfrd i`Foh lEesyu (Earth Summit) dgk dh drjusa tqVk,¡
pfj=k xzg.k fd;kA oSf'od ekeyksa ls ljksdkj tkrk gSA bl lEesyu esa 170 ns'k] g”kkjksa ftuesa i;kZoj.k
j[kus okys ,d fo}r~ lewg ^Dyc vkWo jkse* Lo;alos h laxBu rFkk vusd cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa vkSj jktuhfr osQ
chp laca/
us 1972 esa ^fyfeV~l Vw xzkFs k* 'kh"kZd ls ,d us Hkkx fy;kA oSf'od jktuhfr osQ nk;js esa
fn[kkbZ nsrk gksA
iqLrd çdkf'kr dhA ;g iqLrd nqfu;k dh i;kZoj.k dks ysdj c<+rs ljksdkjksa dks bl
;kuh mÙkjh xksyk¼Z rFkk xjhc vkSj fodkl'khy

vxj vki bl xzg dks ns'k ;kuh nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z i;kZoj.k osQ
cpkuk pkgrs gSa rks vius vyx&vyx vtsaMs osQ iSjksdkj gSaA mÙkjh
gkFk mBk,¡--- ns'kksa dh eq[; fpark vks”kksu ijr dh Nsn
vkSj oSf'od rkio`f¼ (Xykscy ofe±x) dks
ysdj FkhA nf{k.kh ns'k vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj
i;kZoj.k çca/u osQ vkilh fj'rs dks lqy>kus
osQ fy, ”;knk fpafrr FksA
fj;ks&lEesyu esa tyok;q&ifjorZu]
tSo&fofo/rk vkSj okfudh osQ lac/ a esa oqQN
fu;ekpkj fu/kZfjr gq,A blesa ^vtsaMk&21*
osQ :i esa fodkl osQ oqQN rkSj&rjhosQ Hkh
lq>k, x,A ysfdu blosQ ckn Hkh vkilh
varj vkSj dfBukb;k¡ cuh jghaA lEesyu esa
bl ckr ij lgefr cuh fd vkfFkZd o`f¼
dk rjhdk ,slk gksuk pkfg, fd blls i;kZoj.k
dks uqdlku u igq¡psA bls ^fVdkÅ fodkl*
dk rjhdk dgk x;kA ysfdu leL;k ;g Fkh
fd ^fVdkÅ fodkl* ij vey dSls fd;k
tk,xkA oqQN vkykspdksa dk dguk gS fd
^vtsaMk&21* dk >qdko i;kZoj.k laj{k.k
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu
dks lqfuf'pr djus osQ ctk; vkfFkZd o`f¼

dh vksj gSA vkb,] vc i;kZoj.k dh
oSf'od jktuhfr osQ oqQN fookfnr eqíksa ij
D;k i`Foh dh lqj{kk dks ysdj /uh vkSj xjhc ns'kksa osQ u”kfj, esa varj gS\ ,d u”kj Mkyrs gSaA
lEesyu esa ,d Bksl :i feykA bl lEesyu fo'o dh lk>h laink dh lqj{kk

ls ik¡p lky igys (1987) ^voj dkWeu lk>h laink mu lalk/uksa dks dgrs gSa ftu
Ý;wpj* 'kh"kZd cVZyMaS fjiksVZ Nih FkhA fjiksVZ ij fdlh ,d dk ugha cfYd iwjs leqnk;
esa psrk;k x;k Fkk fd vkfFkZd fodkl osQ dk vf/dkj gksrk gSA la;qDr ifjokj dk
pkyw rkSj&rjhosQ vkxs pydj fVdkÅ lkfcr pwYgk] pkjkxkg] eSnku] oqQvk¡ ;k unh lk>h
ugha gksxa As fo'o osQ nf{k.kh fgLls esa vkS|ksfxd laink osQ mnkgj.k gSaA blh rjg fo'o osQ
fodkl dh ek¡x ”;knk çcy gS vkSj fjiksVZ oqQN fgLls vkSj {ks=k fdlh ,d ns'k osQ
esa blh gokys ls psrkouh nh xbZ FkhA laçHkq {ks=kkf/dkj ls ckgj gksrs gSaA blhfy,
fj;ks&lEesyu esa ;g ckr [kqydj lkeus mudk çca/u lk>s rkSj ij varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk;
vk;h fd fo'o osQ /uh vkSj fodflr ns'k }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bUgsa ôSf'od laink* ;k
vaVkoZQfVdk ij fdldk LokfeRo gS\
vaVkoZQfVd egkns'kh; bykdk 1 djksM+ 40 yk[k oxZ

fdyksehVj esa iQSyk gqvk gSA fo'o osQ futZu {ks=k dk
26 çfr'kr fgLlk blh egkns'k osQ varxZr vkrk gSA
LFkyh; fge dk 90 çfr'kr fgLlk vkSj /jrh ij
ekStwn LoPN ty dk 70 çfr'kr fgLlk bl egkns'k
esa ekStwn gSA vaVkoZQfVd egkns'k dk 3 djksM+ 60
yk[k oxZ fdyksehVj rd vfrfjDr foLrkj leqæ esa
gSA lhfer LFkyh; thou okys bl egkns'k dk leqæh
ikfjfLFkfrdh&ra=k vR;ar moZj gS ftlesa oqQN ikni
(lw{e 'kSoky] dod vkSj ykbosQu)] leqæh Lru/kjh
tho] eRL; rFkk dfBu okrkoj.k esa thou;kiu osQ
fy, vuqowQfyr fofHkUu i{kh 'kkfey gSaA blesa fØy
eNyh Hkh 'kkfey gS tks leqæh vkgkj kÜ [a` kyk dh /qjh
gS vkSj ftl ij nwljs tkuojksa dk vkgkj fuHkZj gSA
vaVkoZQfVd çns'k fo'o dh tyok;q dks larfq yr j[kus
esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA bl egkns'k dh
van:uh fgekuh ijr xzhu gkÅl xSl osQ teko dk
egÙoiw.kZ lwpuk&lzksr gSA lkFk gh] blls yk[kksa cjl
igys osQ ok;qeaMyh; rkieku dk irk fd;k tk ldrk gSA
fo'o osQ lcls lqnwj Ba<+s vkSj >a>kokrh egkns'k vaVkoZQfVdk ij fdldk LokfeRo gS\ blosQ ckjs esa nks nkos fd;s tkrs gSaA oqQN
ns'k tSls µ fczVus ] vtsUZ Vhuk] fpys] ukos]Z çQkal] vkWLVªfs y;k vkSj U;wthySMa us vaVkoZQfVd {ks=k ij vius laçHkq vf/dkj dk oS/kfud
nkok fd;kA vU; vf/dka'k ns'kksa us blls myVk #[k viuk;k fd vaVkoZQfVd çns'k fo'o dh lk>h laink gS vkSj ;g fdlh Hkh
ns'k osQ {ks=kkf/dkj esa 'kkfey ugha gSA bl erHksn osQ jgrs vaVkoZQfVdk osQ i;kZoj.k vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dh lqj{kk osQ fu;e cus
vkSj viuk;s x,A ;s fu;e dYiuk'khy vkSj nwjxkeh çHkko okys gSaA vaVkoZQfVdk vkSj i`Foh osQ /zqoh; {ks=k i;kZoj.k&lqj{kk osQ fo'ks"k
{ks=kh; fu;eksa osQ varxZr vkrs gSaA
1959 osQ ckn bl bykosQ esa xfrfof/;k¡ oSKkfud vuqla/ku] eRL; vk[ksV vkSj i;ZVu rd lhfer jgh gSaA ysfdu bruh de
xfrfof/;ksa osQ ckotwn bl {ks=k osQ oqQN fgLls vof'k"V inkFkZ tSls rsy osQ fjlko osQ ncko esa viuh xq.koÙkk [kks jgs gSaA
êkuork dh lk>h fojklr* dgk tkrk gSA U;k;kpkj (çksVksdkWy 1987) vkSj vaVkoZQfVdk
blesa i`Foh dk ok;qeMa y] vaVkoZQfVdk] leqæh i;kZoj.kh; U;k;kpkj (1991) gks pqosQ gSaA
lrg vkSj ckgjh varfj{k 'kkfey gSaA ikfjfLFkfrdh ls tqM+s gj elys osQ lkFk ,d
ôSf'od laink* dh lqj{kk osQ loky cM+h leL;k ;g tqMh+ gS fd viq"V oSKkfud
cgqr tYnh gh gesa
ij varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx dk;e djuk Vs<+h lk{;ksa vkSj le;&lhek dks ysdj erHksn iSnk
lquus dks feysxk fd
[khj gSA bl fn'kk esa oqQN egÙoiw.kZ le>kSrs gksrs gSaA ,sls esa ,d loZ&lkekU; i;kZoj.kh; paæek dk i;kZoj.k Hkh
tSls vaVkoZQfVdk laf/ (1959)] ekafVª;y vtsaMk ij lgefr dk;e djuk eqf'dy u"V gks x;k gSA
1970 osQ n'kd esa vÚhdk dh lcls cM+h foinkvksa esa ,d Fkh vuko`f"VA blosQ dkj.k ik¡p ns'kksa dh mitkÅ tehu catj gks xbZ vkSj mlesa njkj iM+ xbZA
njvly i;kZoj.kh; 'kj.kkFkhZ tSlk vViVk 'kCn blh ?kVuk osQ ckn çpfyr gqvkA [ksrh&fdlkuh osQ vlaHko gks tkus osQ dkj.k vusd yksxksa dks ?kj&ckj NksM+uk iM+kA
lzksr% www.gobartimes.org
gksrk gSA bl vFkZ esa 1980 osQ n'kd osQ eè; iQk;ns u rks ekStwnk ih<+h esa lcosQ fy,
esa vaVkoZQfVdk osQ Åij vkstksu ijr esa Nsn cjkcj gSa vkSj u vkxs dh ihf<+;ksa osQ fy,A
dh [kkst ,d vk¡[k [kksy nsus okyh ?kVuk gSA
Bhd blh rjg oSf'od laink osQ :i lk>h ijarq vyx&vyx
esa ckgjh varfj{k osQ bfrgkl ls Hkh irk f”kEesnkfj;k¡
pyrk gS fd bl {ks=k osQ çca/u ij mÙkjh Åij geus ns[kk fd i;kZoj.k dks ysdj
vkSj nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z osQ ns'kksa osQ chp ekStwn mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z osQ ns'kksa osQ joS;s
D;ksVks çksVksdkWy osQ
ckjs esa vkSj vf/d
vlekurk dk vlj iM+k gSA /jrh osQ ok;qeMa y esa varj gSA mÙkj osQ fodflr ns'k i;kZoj.k
tkudkjh ,d=k djsaA vkSj leqæh lrg osQ leku ;gk¡ Hkh egÙoiw.kZ osQ elys ij mlh :i esa ppkZ djuk pkgrs
fdu cM+s ns'kksa us bl elyk çkS|ksfxdh vkSj vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk gSa ftl n'kk esa i;kZoj.k vkt ekStnw gSA ;s ns'k
ij nLr[kr ugha fd, gSA ;g ,d ”k:jh ckr gS D;ksafd ckgjh pkgrs gSa fd i;kZoj.k osQ laj{k.k esa gj ns'k dh
vkSj D;ksa\ varfj{k esa tks nksgu&dk;Z gks jgs gSa muosQ ftEesnkjh cjkcj gksA nf{k.k osQ fodkl'khy
ns'kksa dk roZQ gS fd fo'o esa ikfjfLFkfrdh viuh {kerk osQ vuq:i] i;kZoj.k osQ vi{k;
dks uqdlku vf/dka'kr;k fodflr ns'kksa osQ esa viuh fgLlsnkjh osQ vk/kj ij lk>h ijarq
vkS|ksfxd fodkl ls igqp ¡ k gSA ;fn fodflr vyx&vyx f”kEesnkfj;k¡ fuHkkrs gq, i;kZoj.k
ns'kksa us i;kZoj.k dks ”;knk uqdlku igq¡pk;k dh lqj{kk osQ ç;kl djsxa As bl fu;ekpkj dks
gS rks mUgsa bl uqdlku dh HkjikbZ dh Lohdkj djus okys ns'k bl ckr ij lger
ftEesnkjh Hkh ”;knk mBkuh pkfg,A blosQ Fks fd ,sfrgkfld :i ls Hkh vkSj ekStwnk
vykok] fodkl'khy ns'k vHkh vkS|ksxhdj.k le; esa Hkh xzhu gkÅl xSlksa osQ mRltZu esa
dh çfØ;k ls xqtj jgs gSa vkSj ”k:jh gS fd lcls ”;knk fgLlk fodflr ns'kksa dk gSA
mu ij os çfrca/ u yxsa tks fodflr ns'kksa ;g ckr Hkh ekuh xbZ fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa
ij yxk;s tkus gSaA bl çdkj varjkZ"Vªh; dk çfrO;fDr mRltZu vis{kkÑr de gSA
i;kZoj.k dkuwu osQ fuekZ.k] ç;ksx vkSj O;k[;k bl dkj.k phu] Hkkjr vkSj vU; fodkl'khy
esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh fof'k"V ”k:jrksa dk ns'kksa dks D;ksVks&çksVksdkWy dh ckè;rkvksa ls
è;ku j[kk tkuk pkfg,A lu~ 1992 esa gq, vyx j[kk x;k gSA D;ksVks çksVksdkWy ,d
i`Foh lEesyu esa bl roZQ dks eku fy;k x;k varjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrk gSA blosQ varxZr
vkSj bls ^lk>h ijarq vyx&vyx ftEesnkfj;k¡* vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa osQ fy, xzhu gkÅl xSlksa
dk fl¼kar dgk x;kA osQ mRltZu dks de djus osQ y{; fu/kZfjr
bl lanHkZ esa fj;ks&?kks"k.kki=k dk dguk fd, x, gSaA dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM] ehFksu
gS fd µ ¶/jrh osQ ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dh vkSj gkbMªks&Ýyksjks dkcZu tSlh oqQN
v[kaMrk vkSj xq.koÙkk dh cgkyh] lqj{kk xSlksa osQ ckjs esa ekuk tkrk gS fd oSf'od
rFkk laj{k.k osQ fy, fofHkUu ns'k fo'o&ca/Rq o rkio` f ¼ (Xyks c y okfe± x ) es a budh
dh Hkkouk ls vkil esa lg;ksx djsaxsA dksb&Z u&dksbZ Hkwfedk ”k:j gSA Xykscy okfe±x
i;kZoj.k osQ fo'oO;kih vi{k; esa fofHkUu dh ifj?kVuk esa fo'o dk rkieku c<+rk gS
jkT;ksa dk ;ksxnku vyx&vyx gSA bls vkSj /jrh osQ thou osQ fy, ;g ckr cM+h
ns[krs gq, fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh ^lk>h ijarq çy;adkjh lkfcr gksxhA tkiku osQ D;ksVks
vyx&vyx ftEesnkfj;k¡* gksxhA fodflr esa 1997 esa bl çksVksdkWy ij lgefr cuhA
ns'kksa osQ lektksa dk oSf'od i;kZoj.k ij 1992 esa bl le>kSrs osQ fy, oqQN fl¼karksa
ncko ”;knk gS vkSj bu ns'kksa osQ ikl foiqy r; fd, x, Fks vkSj fl¼kar dh bl
çkS|ksfxd ,oa foÙkh; lalk/u gSaA bls ns[krs :ijs[kk ;kuh ;wukbVsM us'kUl ÚseooZQ oaQos'a ku
gq, fVdkÅ fodkl osQ varjkZ"Vªh; ç;kl esa vkWu DykbesV psat ij lgefr trkrs gq,
fodflr ns'k viuh [+kkl ftEesnkjh Lohdkj gLrk{kj gq, FksA D;ksVks çksVksdkWy ij bUgha
djrs gSaA** fl¼karksa osQ vkyksd esa lgefr cuhA
tyok;q osQ ifjorZu ls lacaf/r la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k osQ fu;ekpkj ;kuh ;wukbVsM lk>h laink
;g ”kk;t fl¼kar gS!
us'kal ÚseooZQ daosa'ku vkWu DykbesV past lk>h laink dk vFkZ gksrk gS ,slh laink gekjs ns'k esa tkjh
(UNFCCC-1992) esa Hkh dgk x;k gS ftl ij fdlh lewg osQ çR;sd lnL; dk vkj{k.k dh uhfr dh
rjg! gS u\
fd bl laf/ dks Lohdkj djus okys ns'k LokfeRo gksA blosQ ihNs ewy roZQ ;g gS fd
,sls lalk/u dh çÑfr] mi;ksx osQ Lrj vkSj Hkkjr osQ ou&çns'kksa esa fo|eku ikou ou&çkarjksa
j[k&j[kko osQ lanHkZ esa lewg osQ gj lnL; dks dk çca/u ijaijkuqlkj xzkeh.k leqnk; djrk
leku vf/dkj çkIr gksxa s vkSj leku mÙkjnkf;Ro vk jgk gSA
fuHkkus gksxa As mnkgj.k osQ fy,] lfn;ksa osQ
pyu vkSj vkilh le>nkjh ls Hkkjr osQ i;kZoj.k osQ elys ij Hkkjr dk i{k
xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa us lk>h laink osQ lanHkZ esa Hkkjr us 2002 esa D;ksVks çksVksdkWy (1997)
vius lnL;ksa osQ vf/dkj vkSj nkf;Ro r; ij gLrk{kj fd, vkSj bldk vuqeksnu
fd, gSAa futhdj.k] xgurj [ksrh] vkcknh fd;kA Hkkjr] phu vkSj vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa
dh o`f¼ vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dh fxjkoV dks D;ksVks çksVksdkWy dh ckè;rkvksa ls NwV nh
lesr dbZ dkj.kksa ls iwjh nqfu;k esa lk>h laink xbZ gS D;ksfa d vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ nkSj esa xzhugkÅl
dk vkdkj ?kV jgk gS] mldh xq.koÙkk vkSj xSlksa osQ mRl”kZu osQ ekeys esa budk oqQN [+kkl
yksx dgrs gSa fd ykfruh xjhcksa dks mldh miyC/rk de gks jgh gSA ;ksxnku ugha FkkA vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ nkSj dks
vejhdk esa ,d unh jktdh; LokfeRo okyh oU;Hkwfe esa ikou ekus ekStnw k oSf'od rkio`f¼ vkSj tyok;q&ifjorZu
csp nh xbZA lk>h laink
oSQls csph tk ldrh gS\
tkus okys ou&çkarj osQ okLrfod çca/u dh dk ftEesnkj ekuk tkrk gSA cgjgky] D;ksVks
iqjkuh O;oLFkk lk>h laink osQ j[k&j[kko vkSj çksVksdkWy osQ vkykspdksa us è;ku fnyk;k gS
miHkksx dk Bhd&Bhd mnkgj.k gSA nf{k.k fd vU; fodkl'khy ns'kksa lfgr Hkkjr vkSj
Hkkjr osQ ikou ou&çkarj

cgqr ls iqjkus lektksa esa /kfeZd dkj.kksa ls çÑfr dh j{kk djus dk pyu gSA Hkkjr esa fo|eku îkou ou&çkarj* bl pyu
osQ lqanj mnkgj.k gSaA bl çFkk esa ouksa osQ oqQN fgLlksa dks dkVk ugha tkrkA bu LFkkuksa ij nsork vFkok fdlh iq.;kRek dk
okl ekuk tkrk gSA bUgsa gh îkou ou&çkarj* ;k ^nsoLFkku* dgk tkrk gSA bu ikou ou&çkarjksa osQ ns'kO;kih iSQyko dk
vanktk bl ckr ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd ns'kHkj dh Hkk"kkvksa esa buosQ fy, vyx&vyx 'kCn gSAa bu nsoLFkkuksa dks jktLFkku
esa okuh] osaQdM+h vkSj vksjku_ >kj[kaM esa tgsjk Fkku vkSj ljuk_ es?kky; esa fyaxnksg_ osQjy esa dko_ mÙkjk[kaM esa Fkku ;k
nsoHkwfe vkSj egkjk"Vª esa nso jgfrl vkfn lSdM+ksa ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gSA i;kZoj.k&laj{k.k ls tqM+s lkfgR; esa ^nsoLFkku*
osQ egÙo dks vc Lohdkj fd;k tk jgk gS vkSj bls leqnk; vk/kfjr lalk/u&çca/u osQ :i esa ns[kk tk jgk gSA ^nsoLFkku*
dks ge ,sslh O;oLFkk osQ :i esa ns[k ldrs gSa ftlosQ varxZr iqjkus lekt çkÑfrd lalk/uksa dk bLrseky bl rjg djrs
gSa fd ikfjfLFkfrdh ra=k dk lary q u cuk jgsA oqQN vuql/ a kudÙkkZvksa dk fo'okl gS fd ^nsoLFkku* dh ekU;rk ls tSo&fofo/rk
vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh&laj{k.k esa gh ugha lkaLÑfrd oSfoè; dks Hkh dk;e j[kus esa enn fey ldrh gSA ^nsoLFkku* dh O;oLFkk
ou&laj{k.k osQ fofHkUu rkSj&rjhdksa ls laiUu gS vkSj bl O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ lk>h laink osQ laj{k.k dh O;oLFkk ls
feyrh&tqyrh gSaA ^nsoLFkku* osQ egÙo dk ijaijkxr vk/kj ,sls {ks=k dh vkè;kfRed vFkok lkaLÑfrd fo'ks"krk,¡ gSaA fganw
leosr :i ls çkÑfrd oLrqvksa dh iwtk djrs gSa ftlesa isM+ vkSj ou&çkUrj Hkh 'kkfey gSaA cgqr&ls eafnjksa dk fuekZ.k
^nsoLFkku* esa gqvk gSA lalk/uksa dh fojyrk ugha çÑfr osQ çfr xgjh J¼k gh og vk/kj Fkh ftlus brus ;qxksa ls ouksa dks
cpk, j[kus dh çfrc¼rk dk;e j[khA cgjgky] gky osQ lkyksa esa euq";ksa dh clkgV osQ foLrkj us /hjs&/hjs ,sls ^nsoLFkkuks*a
ij viuk dC”kk dj fy;k gSA
u;h jk"Vªh; ou&uhfr;ksa osQ vkus osQ lkFk dbZ txgksa ij bu ijaijkxr ouksa dh igpku ean iM+us yxh gSA ^nsoLFkku*
osQ çca/u esa ,d dfBu leL;k rc vkrh gS tc ,sls LFkku dk dkuwuh LokfeRo ,d osQ ikl gks vkSj O;kogkfjd fu;a=k.k
fdlh nwljs osQ gkFk esa gks ;kuh dkuwuh LokfeRo jkT; dk gks vkSj O;kogkfjd fu;a=k.k leqnk; osQ gkFk esAa bu nksuksa osQ uhfrxr
ekud vyx&vyx gSa vkSj ^nsoLFkku* osQ mi;ksx osQ mís';ksa esa Hkh buosQ chp dksbZ esy ughaA
vle
ikuh esa rwiQku & turk ijs'kku eè; çns'k vkSj NÙkhlx<+ l
l czãiq=k
dksbZcksrksZ] esey] uke'kwæ
pacy] csrok] ueZnk
l l dhVuk'kd Hkjko] vf/d
xksfj;k] d.kZiYVk] iaf[k;k eRL;u
mÙkj çns'k vkSj mÙkjk[kaM l
çnw"k.k] vf/eRL;u] l xaxk] ;equk] xkserh

l vkS|ksfxd çnw"k.k] vf/d eRL;u
ck¡/ fuekZ.k vkSj--- l eYykg] /ksjh] osQoV

fcgkj vkSj >kj[kaM
l vkS|ksfxd çnw"k.k] cka/ vkSj xsjkt]
ikuh osQ fudV ikuh dks ”;knk nksgu l xaxk] dkslh] lqo.kZjs[kk
l eYykg] eqlkt] osQoV] dkbZcrkZ

jgus okys leqnk;ksa l vkS|ksfxd çnw"k.k] ck¡/] uxj fudkl
osQ lkeus çeq[k

leL;k,¡ gSa%
rVh; i;kZoj.k ls
if'peh caxky
tqM+s eqís l gqxyh nkeksnj
l xkSj] dukZVd] esV]s tyekyks]a /qU;k
l eNyh vkSj leqæh thou l vkS|ksfxd çnw"k.k] ?kjsyw fudkl
dk vfr'k; nksgu xqtjkr

l ueZnk mM+hlk
l eNyh vkSj çku dh eaxksy] oyhZ] eNqvkjk
l
l esganh
c<+rh ek¡x osQ dkj.kA l vkS|ksfxd çnw"k.k] ck¡/ l tfy;k] oSQckVkZ] ek>h] dkanjk
l vkS- ç-] ck¡/] vf/eRL;u
esuxzkso dks uqdlkuA vka/z çns'k
l leqæ rVksa ij vkS|ksfxd l xksnkojh] Ñ".kk rfeyukMq
l vaxhoqQyk {kf=k;] cyhtk&oknk Hkokuh] dkosjh] uks;y
çnw"k.kA Hkkjh ek=kk esa iV~Vkiw] tykjh
l
l Hkjkrj] iVuou] ioZrjktoqQye
çnwf"kr ty dks fcuk l vkS|ksfxd] ?kjsyw dpjk l vkS|ksfxd çnw"k.k
'kks/u osQ leqæ esa Mkyuk l ufn;k¡ osQjy

l vR;f/d e'khuhdj.k l /hjok] Hkjkrj] eksxkohjk] okyu]
l çeq[k leqnk; l cksbl eksx;kj] pksyuk;du
l ?kjsyw ty fudkl] Hkwty dk vfr nksgu
l [krjs
xkscj VkbEl osQ iksLVj ij vk/kfjr
phu Hkh tYnh gh xzhugkÅl xSlksa osQ mRl”kZu osQ vuq:i Hkkjr i;kZoj.k ls tqMs+ varjkZ"Vªh;
osQ ekeys esa fodflr ns'kksa dh Hkk¡fr vxyh elyksa esa ”;knkrj ,sfrgkfld mÙkjnkf;Ro
drkj esa u”kj vk;sxa As 2005 osQ twu esa xziq &8 dk roZQ j[krk gSA bl roZQ osQ vuqlkj
osQ ns'kksa dh cSBd gqbAZ blesa Hkkjr us è;ku xzhugkÅl xSlksa osQ fjlko dh ,sfrgkfld
fnyk;k fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa xzhu gkÅl vkSj ekStwnk tokcnsgh ”;knkrj fodflr
xSlksa dh çfr O;fDr mRltZu nj fodflr ns'kksa dh gSA blesa tksj nsdj dgk x;k gS fd
ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa ukeek=k gSA lk>h ijarq ^fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh igyh vkSj vifjgk;Z
vyx&vyx f”kEesnkfj;ksa osQ fl¼kar osQ çkFkfedrk vkfFkZd rFkk lkekftd fodkl
vuq:i Hkkjr dk fopkj gS fd mRltZu&nj esa dh gSA* gky esa la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ bl
deh djus dh lcls ”;knk f”kEesokjh fodflr fu;ekpkj (UNFCCC) osQ varxZr ppkZ
eSa le> x;k! igys mu
ns'kksa dh gS D;ksfa d bu ns'kksa us ,d yach pyh fd rsth ls vkS|ksfxd gksrs ns'k (tSls yksxksa us /jrh dks cckZn
vof/ rd cgqr ”;knk mRltZu fd;k gSA czkthy] phu vkSj Hkkjr) fu;ekpkj dh fd;k vkSj vc /jrh
dks pkSiV djus dh
la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k osQ tyok;q&ifjorZu ls ckè;rkvksa dk ikyu djrs gq, xzhugkÅl gekjh ckjh gSA D;k ;gh
lacaf/r cqfu;knh fu;ekpkj UNFCCC) xSlksa osQ mRltZu dks de djsAa Hkkjr bl ckr gS gekjk i{k\
osQ f[kykiQ gSA mldk ekuuk gS fd ;g ckr Fkk fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks fj;k;rh 'krks±
bl fu;ekpkj dh ewy Hkkouk osQ fo#¼ gSA ij u;s vkSj vfrfjDr foÙkh; lalk/u rFkk
Hkkjr ij bl rjg dh ckè;rk vk;n djuk i;kZoj.k osQ lanHkZ esa csgrj lkfcr gksus
vuqfpr Hkh gSA Hkkjr eas 2030 rd dkcZu okyh çkS|ksfxdh eqgS;k djkus dh fn'kk esa
dk çfr O;fDr mRltZu c<+us osQ ckotwn dksbZ lkFkZd çxfr ugha gqbZ gSA Hkkjr bl
fo'o osQ (lu~ 2000) osQ vkSlr (3-8 Vu ckr dks ”k:jh ekurk gS fd fodflr ns'k
çfr O;fDr) osQ vk/s ls Hkh de gksxkA fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks foÙkh; lalk/u rFkk
2000 rd Hkkjr dk çfr O;fDr mRltZu 0- LoPN çkS|ksfxdh eqgS;k djkus osQ fy, rqjar
9 Vu Fkk vkSj vuqeku gS fd 2030 rd ;g mik; djsa rkfd fodkl'khy ns'k ^çQseooZQ
ek=kk c<+dj 1-6 Vu çfrO;fDr gks tk,xhA dUosU'ku vkWu DykbesV psat* dh ekStwnk
Hkkjr dh ljdkj fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa osQ çfrc¼rkvksa dks iwjk dj losaQA Hkkjr dk
tfj, i;kZoj.k ls lacfa /r oSf'od ç;klksa esa ;g Hkh ekuuk gS fd ^n{ksl* (SAARC)
f'kjdr dj jgh gSA felky osQ fy, Hkkjr us esa 'kkfey ns'k i;kZoj.k osQ çeq[k oSf'od
viuh us'kuy vkWVks&Ý;wy ikWfylh* osQ varxZr elyksa ij ,d leku jk; cuk;sa rkfd bl
okguksa osQ fy, LoPNrj b±/u vfuok;Z dj {ks=k dh vkok”k o”kuh gks losQA
fn;k gSA 2001 esa ÅtkZ&laj{k.k vf/fu;e
ikfjr gqvkA blesa ÅtkZ osQ ”;knk dkjxj i;kZoj.k vkanksyu µ ,d ;k vusd
bLrseky dh igydneh dh xbZ gSA Bhd i;kZoj.k gkfu dh pqukSfr;ksa ls fucVus osQ
blh rjg 2003 osQ fctyh vf/fu;e esa fy, ljdkjksa us varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij tks
uohdj.kh; (Renewable) ÅtkZ osQ is'kdneh dh gS ge ml osQ ckjs esa tku
bLrseky dks c<+kok fn;k x;k gSA gky esa pqosQ gSaA ysfdu bu pqukSfr;ksa osQ eísu”kj
çkÑfrd xSl osQ vk;kr vkSj LoPN dks;ys oqQN egÙoiw.kZ is'kdnfe;k¡ ljdkjksa dh
osQ mi;ksx ij vk/kfjr çkS|ksfxdh dks viukus rjiQ ls ugha cfYd fo'o osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa
dh rjiQ #>ku c<+k gSA blls irk pyrk gS esa lfØ; i;kZoj.k osQ çfr lpsr dk;ZdrkZvksa
fd Hkkjr i;kZoj.k lqj{kk osQ fygkt ls Bksl us dh gSAa bu dk;ZdrkZvksa esa oqQN rks varjkZ"Vªh;
dne mBk jgk gSA Hkkjr ck;ksMhty ls Lrj ij vkSj ckdh LFkkuh; Lrj ij lfØ;
lacaf/r ,d jk"Vªh; fe'ku pykus osQ fy, gSaA vkt iwjs fo'o esa i;kZoj.k vkanksyu
Hkh rRij gSA blosQ varxZr 2011&12 rd lcls ”;knk thoar] fofo/rkiw.kZ rFkk rkdroj
ck;ksMhty rS;kj gksus yxsxk vkSj blesa 1 lkekftd vkanksyuksa esa 'kqekj fd, tkrs gSaA
djksM+ 10 yk[k gsDVs;j Hkwfe dk bLrseky lkekftd psruk osQ nk;js esa gh jktuhfrd
gksxkA Hkkjr us 2 vDrwcj 2016 dks isfjl dkjZokbZ osQ u;s :i tUe ysrs gSa ;k mUgsa
tyok;q le>kSrs dks vuqeksfnr fd;kA [kkstk tkrk gSA bu vkanksyuksa ls u, fopkj
iquuZohÑr gksus okyh ÅtkZ osQ lcls cM+s fudyrs gSaA bu vkanksyuksa us gesa n`f"V nh gS
dk;ZØeksa esa ls ,d Hkkjr esa py jgk gSA fd oS;fDrd vkSj lkewfgd thou osQ fy,
Hkkjr us i`Foh&lEesyu (fj;ks) osQ vkxs osQ fnuksa esa D;k djuk pkfg, vkSj D;k
le>kSrksa osQ fØ;kUo;u dk ,d iqujkoyksdu ugha djuk pkfg,A ;gk¡ oqQN mnkgj.kksa dh
1997 esa fd;kA bldk eq[; fu"d"kZ ;g ppkZ dh tk jgh gS ftlls irk pyrk gS
fd ekStnw k i;kZoj.k vkanksyuksa dh ,d eq[; n'kd esa fo'o osQ fo'kkyre ouksa dk fouk'k
fo'ks"krk mudh fofo/rk gSA c<+k gSA
nf{k.kh ns'kksa elyu eSfDldks] fpys] [kfut&m|ksx i`Foh ij ekStwn lcls fpidks vkanksyu
osQ ckjs esa vkSj
czk”khy] eysf'k;k] baMksusf'k;k] egkns'kh; rkdroj m|ksxksa esa ,d gSA oSf'od vFkZO;oLFkk
tkudkjh tqVk,aA
vçQhdk vkSj Hkkjr osQ ou&vkanksyuksa ij esa mnkjhdj.k osQ dkj.k nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z osQ
cgqr ncko gSA rhu n'kdksa ls i;kZoj.k dks vusd ns'kksa dh vFkZO;oLFkk cgqjk"Vªh;
ysdj lfØ;rk dk nkSj tkjh gSA blosQ daifu;ksa osQ fy, [kqy pqdh gSaA [kfut
ckotwn rhljh nqfu;k osQ fofHkUu ns'kksa esa ouksa m|ksx /jrh osQ Hkhrj ekStwn lalk/uksa dks
dh dVkbZ [krjukd xfr ls tkjh gSA fiNys ckgj fudkyrk gS] jlk;uksa dk Hkjiwj mi;ksx
D;k ou futZu gksrs gSa\
nf{k.kh ns'kksa osQ ou&vkanksyu mÙkjh ns'kksa osQ ou&vkanksyuksa ls ,d [kkl vFkZ
esa fHkUu gSAa nf{k.kh ns'kksa osQ ou futZu ugha gSa tcfd mÙkjh xksyk¼Z osQ ns'kksa
osQ ou tufoghu gSa ;k dgsa fd bu ns'kksa esa ou dks futZu çkar osQ :i
esa ns[kk tkrk gSA blh otg ls mÙkjh ns'kksa essa ouHkwfe dks futZu Hkwfe dk
ntkZ fn;k x;k gS ;kuh ,slh txg tgk¡ yksx ugha jgrs&clrsA ;g n`f"Vdks.k
euq"; dks çÑfr dk fgLlk ugha ekurkA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks ;g n`f"Vdks.k
i;kZoj.k dks euq"; ls nwj dh pht ekurk gS ;kuh ,d ,slh pht ftls
ckx&cxhps ;k vHk;kj.; esa rCnhy dj euq";ksa ls cpk;k tkuk pkfg,A
nwljh rjiQ] nf{k.kh ns'kksa esa i;kZoj.k osQ vf/dka'k elys bl ekU;rk ij
vk/kfjr gSa fd yksx ouksa essa Hkh jgrs gSaA
ouksa dks fotuiu dk çrhd ekuus dk n`f"Vdks.k vkWLVsfª y;k] LosQa fMusfo;k]
mÙkjh vejhdk vkSj U;wthySMa esa gkoh gSA vf/dka'k ;wjksih; ns'kksa osQ foijhr
bu bykdksa esa ^vfodflr futZu ou&{ks=k* vis{kkÑr ”;knk gSaA bldk ;g
eryc ugha fd nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z osQ ns'kksa esa ^fotuiu* dk vfHk;ku ,dne
unkjn gSA fiQyhfiUl esa ^gfjr&laxBuksa* (Green Organisations)
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu
us x#M+ rFkk vU; f'kdkjh if{k;ksa dks foyqIr gksus ls cpkus osQ fy, eqfge D;k vki i;kZjoj.kfon~ksa osQ ç;kl ls lger gSa\
pyk;hA Hkkjr esa ^caxky&Vkbxj* dks cpkus dh eqfge py jgh gS D;ksafd i;kZoj.kfon~ksa dks ;gk¡ ftl :i esa fpf=kr fd;k
budh la[;k yqIr gksus dh gn rd de gks pyh FkhA vçQhdk esa gkFkhnk¡r x;k gS D;k vkidks og lgh yxrk gS\
osQ O;kikj vkSj gkfFk;ksa dks funZ;rkiwoZd ekjus osQ fo#¼ yack vfHk;ku
pyk;k x;kA fotuiu osQ oqQN çfl¼ la?k"kZ czkthy vkSj baMksusf'k;k osQ
taxyksa esa fNM+s gSAa bu lHkh vfHk;kuksa dk è;ku fdlh [+kkl çtkfr dks cpkus ij jgk gS lkFk gh budk tksj futZu ou&i;kZoklksa
dks laj{k.k nsus ij gSA ,sls i;kZoklksa ls tarq&çtkfr;ksa dks dk;e j[kus esa enn feyrh gSA fotuiu ls tqM+s vusd elyksa dks
gky osQ fnuksa esa tSo&fofo/rk osQ elyksa dk :i fn;k x;k gS D;ksafd nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z osQ ns'kksa esa fotuiu dh vo/kj.kk dks
LohÑfr feyuk dfBu gSA buesa ls vusd vfHk;kuksa dh 'kq#vkr vkSj foÙkh; enn oYMZ okbYM ykbiQ iQaM (WWF) tSls
laxBuksa us dhA ,sls ç;klksa esa LFkkuh; yksxksa dh enn Hkh yh xbZA
djrk gS_ Hkwfe vkSj tyekxks± rd rFkk baMksusf'k;k ls ysdj phu rd cM+s
dks çnwf"kr djrk gS vkSj ck¡/ksa dks cukus dh gksM+ yxh gSA Hkkjr esa
LFkkuh; ouLifr;ksa dk fouk'k ck¡/&fojks/h vkSj unh fgrS"kh oqQN vxz.kh
djrk gS A blos Q dkj.k vkanksyu py jgs gSaA bu vkanksyuksa esa ueZnk
tu&leqnk;ksa dks foLFkkfir vkanksyu lcls ”;knk çfl¼ gSA ;g ckr
gksuk iM+rk gSA dbZ ckrksa osQ è;ku nsus dh gS fd Hkkjr esa ck¡/ fojks/h
lkFk bu dkj.kksa ls fo'o osQ rFkk i;kZoj.k&cpko osQ vU; vkanksyu ,d
ckaXykns'k osQ mÙkj&iwohZ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa [kfut&m|ksx dh vkykspuk vFkZ esa leku/ehZ gSa D;ksafd ;s vfgalk ij
ftys fnuktiqj osQ 'kgj
vkSj fojks/ gqvk gSA vk/kfjr gSaA
iqQyokM+h esa ,d
iwjk&dk&iwjk leqnk; bldk ,d vPNk mnkgj.k fiQyhfiUl
dks;yk [kuu ifj;kstuk gS tgk¡ dbZ lewgksa vkSj laxBuksa us ,d lkFk lalk/uksa dh Hkw&jktuhfr
osQ fojks/ esa mB [kM+k feydj ,d vkWLVsªfy;kbZ cgqjk"Vªh; daiuh ^^fdls] D;k] dc] dgk¡ vkSj dSls gkfly
gqvkA bl fp=k esa vusd ôsLVuZ ekbfuax dkjiksjs'ku* osQ f[kykiQ gksrk gS** µ ^lalk/uksa dh Hkw&jktuhfr*
efgyk;sa çLrkfor
vfHk;ku pyk;kA bl daiuh dk fojks/ [kqn bUgha lokyksa ls tw>rh gSA ;wjksih; rkdrksa osQ
dks;yk ifj;kstuk osQ
fojks/ esa ukjs yxk jgh
blosQ Lons'k ;kuh vkWLVsªsfy;k esa gqvkA fo'oO;kih çlkj dk ,d eq[; lk/u vkSj
gSaA bl fp=k esa ,d L=kh bl fojks/ osQ ihNs ijekf.od 'kfDr osQ edln lalk/u jgs gSaA lalk/uksa dks ysdj
vius cPps dks lhus ls eq[+kkyiQr dh Hkkouk,¡ dke dj jgh gSaA jkT;ksa osQ chp rukruh gqbZ gSA lalk/uksa ls
yxk, gq, [kM+h gSA vkWLVsfsª y;k esa bl daiuh dk fojks/ vkLVsfª y;kbZ tqM+h Hkw&jktuhfr dks if'peh nqfu;k us
vkfnokfl;ksa osQ cqfu;knh vf/dkjksa dh iSjksdkjh ”;knkrj O;kikfjd laca/] ;q¼ rFkk rkdr
osQ dkj.k Hkh fd;k tk jgk gSA osQ lanHkZ esa lkspkA bl lksp osQ ewy esa Fkk
oqQN vkanksyu cM+s ck¡/ksa osQ f[kykiQ fons'k esa lalk/uksa dh ekStwnxh rFkk leqæh
la?k"kZ dj jgs gSaA vc ck¡/&fojks/h vkanksyu ukSogu esa n{krkA leqæh ukSogu Lo;a bekjrh
dks ufn;ksa dks cpkus osQ vkanksyuksa osQ :i esa ydfM+;ksa ij vk/kfjr Fkk blfy, tgkt
ns[kus dh ço`fÙk Hkh c<+ jgh gS D;ksafd ,sls dh 'kgrhjksa osQ fy, bekjrh ydfM+;ksa dh
vkanksyu esa ufn;ksa vkSj unh&?kkfV;ksa osQ ”;knk vkiwfrZ 17oha lnh ls ckn osQ le; esa çeq[k
fVdkÅ rFkk U;k;laxr çca/u dh ckr mBk;h ;wjksih; 'kfDr;ksa dh çkFkfedrkvksa esa jghA
tkrh gSA 1980 osQ n'kd osQ 'kq#vkrh vkSj igys vkSj nwljs fo'o;q¼ osQ nkSjku lkefjd
eè;orhZ o"kks± esa fo'o dk igyk ck¡/&fojks/h lalk/uks]a [kkldj rsy dh fuckZ/ vkiwfrZ dk
vkanksyu nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z esa pykA vkLVsfª y;k egÙo cgqr vPNh rjg mtkxj gks x;kA
esa pyk ;g vkanksyu çSQadfyu unh rFkk iwjs 'khr;q¼ osQ nkSjku mÙkjh xksyk¼Z osQ
blosQ ifjorhZ ou dks cpkus dk vkanksyu fodflr ns'kksa us bu lalk/uksa dh lrr~
FkkA ;g ou vkSj fotuiu dh iSjksdkjh djus vkiwfrZ osQ fy, dbZ rjg osQ dne mBk;sA
okyk vkanksyu Fkk gh] ck¡/&fojks/h vkanksyu blosQ varxZr lalk/u&nksgu osQ bykdksa rFkk
Hkh FkkA leqæh ifjogu&ekxks± osQ bnZ&fxnZ lsuk dh
fiQygky nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z osQ ns'kksa esa rSukrh] egÙoiw.kZ lalk/uksa dk HkaMkj.k] lalk/uksa
rqdhZ ls ysdj FkkbZySaM vkSj nf{k.k vçQhdk osQ mRiknd ns'kksa esa euilan ljdkjksa dh
cgkyh rFkk cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa vkSj vius tk,¡ rks tk,¡ dgk¡ ,aMh flaxj
fgrlk/d varjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrksa dks leFkZu
nsuk 'kkfey gSA if'peh ns'kksa osQ jktuhfrd bls dgrs gSa uo&mifuos'kokn
fparu dk osQa æh; ljksdkj ;g Fkk fd lalk/uksa
geus rqEgkjs ns'k dks efV;kesV dj fn;k gSA vc mlosQ
rd igq¡p vck/ :i ls cuh jgs D;ksafd iqufuekZ.k dk [kpkZ nksA
lksfo;r la?k bls [krjs esa Mky ldrk FkkA
,d cM+h fpark ;g Hkh Fkh fd [kkM+h osQ
ns'kksa esa ekStnw rsy rFkk nf{k.kh vkSj if'peh ge Hkqxrku osQ :i esa isVªksfy;e
,f'k;k osQ ns'kksa esa ekStnw [kfut ij fodflr tSls çkÑfrd lalk/u Lohdkj
djrs gSAa
ns'kksa dk fu;a=k.k cjdjkj jgsA 'khr;q¼ dh
lekfIr vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu osQ ckn
ljdkjksa dh ekStnw k fpark lqjf{kr vkiwfrZ dks
cuk, j[kus dh gSA vusd [kfu”k [+kkldj
jsfM;ks/ehZ [kfu”kksa ls tqM+s O;kolkf;d
IkS+ Qlyksa dks ysdj Hkh ljdkjksa dks fpark lrkrh
gSA cgjgky] oSf'od j.kuhfr esa rsy yxkrkj
,.Mh flaxj] osQxYl dkVZwu

lcls egÙoiw.kZ lalk/u cuk gqvk gSA
chloha lnh osQ vf/dka'k le; esa
fo'o dh vFkZO;oLFkk rsy ij fuHkZj jghA
;g ,d txg ls nwljh txg rd igq¡pk,
tk ldus okys b±/u osQ :i esa vifjgk;Z
cuk jgkA rsy osQ lkFk foiqy laink tqM+h gS rsy&mRiknd ns'k gSA bjkd dk Kkr rsy&HkaMkj
vkSj blh dkj.k bl ij dC”kk tekus osQ lÅnh vjc osQ ckn nwljs uacj ij gSA bjkd
fy, jktuhfrd la?k"kZ fNM+rk gSA isVªksfy;e osQ ,d cM+s fgLls esa rsy&HkaMkjksa dh ekStnw xh
dk bfrgkl ;q¼ vkSj la?k"kks± dk Hkh bfrgkl dks ysdj [kkst&chu vHkh ugha gqbZ gSA
gSA ;g ckr if'pe ,f'k;k vkSj eè; laHkkouk gS fd bjkd dk rsy&HkaMkj 112
,f'k;k esa lcls Li"V :i ls u”kj vkrh gSA vjc cSjy ls dgha ”;knk gksA la;qDr jkT;
if'pe ,f'k;k] [+kkldj [kkM+h&{ks=k fo'o vejhdk] ;wjksi] tkiku rFkk phu vkSj Hkkjr
osQ oqQy rsy&mRiknu dk 30 çfr'kr eqgS;k esa bl rsy dh [kir gksrh gS ysfdu ;s ns'k
djkrk gSA bl {ks=k esa fo'o osQ Kkr rsy&HkaMkj bl bykosQ ls cgqr nwjh ij gSaA
dk 64 çfr'kr fgLlk ekStwn gS vkSj bl fo'o&jktuhfr osQ fy, ikuh ,d vkSj
dkj.k ;gh ,dykSrk {ks=k gS tks rsy dh ek¡x egÙoiw.kZ lalk/u gSA fo'o osQ oqQN Hkkxksa
esa [k+kl c<+ksÙkjh gksus ij mldh iwfrZ dj esa lkiQ ikuh dh deh gks jgh gSA lkFk gh]
ldrk gSA lÅnh vjc osQ ikl fo'o osQ fo'o osQ gj fgLls esa LoPN ty leku
oqQy rsy&HkaMkj dk ,d pkSFkkbZ fgLlk ekStnw ek=kk esa ekStwn ugha gSA bl dkj.k] laHkkouk
gSA lÅnh vjc fo'o esa lcls cM+k gS fd lk>s ty&lalk/u dks ysdj iSnk
rsy ns[kks] rsy dh /kj ns[kks---!!

gekjs thou esa isVkª fs y;e ij vk/kfjr mRiknksa dh dM+h varghu gSA VwFkisLV] islesdj] isVa ] L;kgh---A nqfu;k dks ifjogu osQ
fy, ftruh ÅtkZ dh ”k:jr iM+rh gS mldk 95 iQhlnh isVkª fs y;e ls gh iwjk gksrk gSA iwjh vkS|ksfxd nqfu;k isVkª fs y;e osQ
cwrs fVdh gSA ge blosQ fcuk thou dh dYiuk ugha dj ldrsA gkyk¡fd tehu osQ uhps vHkh vjcksa cSjy rsy gekjs bLrseky
osQ bartkj esa iM+k gS fiQj Hkh ns'kksa osQ chp fookn gSA
eSa dkyk lksuk eqYd osQ 'kkgh [+kkunku ls gwA¡ eSa gh gw¡ og 'k[+l ftls yksx /uoqQcsj dgrs
gSAa tcls esjs eqYd+ esa dkyk lksuk feyk gS] esjh lYrur esa d+jkekr gks jgs gSAa tukc fcx
vkW;y vkSj mudh gqoQw er ;gk¡ ,d jks”k cM+k [+k”kkuk [kkstus vkbZA geus rsy [kkstk vkSj lkSnk
iVk fy;kA bu yksxksa us eq>s gfFk;kj fn,A brus gfFk;kj fd mudk cks> eq>s gh Hkkjh yxus
yxk gSA gfFk;kjksa ls ynk&iQ¡nk eSa tc dHkh nk¡r fuiksjrk gw¡ rks yksx vokd~ jg tkrs gSAa mu
yksxksa us gfFk;kj fn, vkSj cnys esa eSua s fcx vkW;y vkSj mlosQ csV&s iksrksa dks rsy vkSj viuh
oi+Qknkjh nhA eSa [kq'kgky vkSj ekynkj gw¡ vkSj os Hkh eLrh vkSj ets esa gSAa vxj mudh i+QkSt
esjs eqYd esa x'r dj jgh gS rks djs] eq>s D;k\
cs'kdherh phtksa dh eSa dæ djrk gwA¡ fcx vkW;y dgrs gSa fd muosQ jk"Vªifr vk”kknh
vkSj tEgwfj;r dks cM+k dherh ekurs gSa blhfy, eSua s Hkh vius eqYd esa vktknh vkSj 'ks[k iSVªks MkWyj&mYyk
tEgwfj;r dks lkr rkyksa osQ Hkhrj can djosQ j[kk gSA dkyk lksuk eqYd osQ lqYrku
,d fnu eSua s [kqn ls iwNk fd vkf[kj eSa vius eqYd osQ fdl dke vk ldrk gwA¡ esjs eqYd esa rsy dh
Hkw[k fodV gSA og dHkh [kRe gksus dk uke ugha ysrh] pyks] rks fiQj rsy dk bartke djrs gSAa eSa cktkj
dh vk”kknh dk gkeh gwA¡ eryc ;g fd nwj osQ ns'kksa esa rsy osQ oqQ,¡ [kksnus dh vk”kknh_ /jrh dh
vkcks&gok dks efV;kesV djus dh vk”kknh vkSj ,sls dBiqrys rkuk'kkgksa dh rktiks'kh dh vk”kknh tks viuh
gh turk ij dksMs+ iQVdkjsA
ge dksbZ jktuhfrd nkaoisp a ugha djrsA pquko vfHk;kuksa osQ oDr ge #i;ks&a iSlksa ls usrkvksa dh oqQN
enn Hkj dj nsrs gSAa cnys esa ge muls dgrs gSa fd gekjh daiuh esa iSls yxkvksA bl rjg gesa Vhoh osQ
tukc fcx vkW;y
fcx dSejkssa osQ lkeus csoowQiQksa dh rjg g¡lus vkSj gkFk fgykus osQ djrc fn[kk dj 'keZlkj ugha gksuk iM+rkA
fcx vkW;y ,aM lal osQ lhbZvks
gekjs xSjkt esa ,d 'kkunkj pht uqek;k gSA gS uk\

,dne iryh] pdkpd vkSj pedhyh dkjA blesa ikWoj LVs;fjax vkSj vkWVksefs Vd xs;lZ Hkh gSAa
bldh fid&vi yk”kokc gS vkSj ekbyst osQ rks D;k dgus! blls /qvk¡ oxSjg Hkh dkiQh de
fudyrk gSA nsf[k,] gesa tYnh&tYnh igqp ¡ uk gSA gesa [kwclwjr ftanxh dh FkksMh+ gM+cM+h gSA Åij
okyk lcdk Hkyk djsA rks pysAa gqj-Z --
Jh ,oa Jherh cM+cksys
tukc r[+rkiyV vktknh vkSj tEgwfj;r dh fgi+Qktr dh ckr djrs gSAa 'kk;n blh otg ls os cand w vkSj
felkby dks ysdj cM+s nfj;kfny gSAa ,slh gh felkby vkSj cano w Qas mUgksua s gesa :lh Hkkyqvksa ls yM+us osQ fy, nh
FkhaA mUgksua s rks gesa yM+us osQ nk¡oisp
a Hkh fl[kk,A gesa ugha irk Fkk fd ;s yksx rsy osQ ihNs iM+s gSAa fcx vkW;y
ges'kk ehBh&ehBh ckrsa djrs gSa vkSj eu eksg ysrs gSAa ysfdu ge yksx vHkh vkil esa taxksa dh dcM~Mh [ksy jgs
gSAa vc geus [ksy osQ vius gh fu;e cuk fy, gSAa tukc r[+rkiyV dh ljdkj vius dk;ns&dkuwu cnyrs jgrh
gSA geus dgk ;g ckr Bhd ugha gSA gekjs oqQN yksx vc tukc r[rkiyV] mudh gqoQw er vkSj ogk¡ osQ yksxksa
ls uI+kQjr djus yxs gSAa etk ;g gS fd r[+rkiyV dks mlosQ gh [ksy esa tc ekr nsuh gksrh gS rks muosQ fn,
xksy&s ck:n vkSj felkby gekjs fy, cM+s dke osQ lkfcr gksrs gSAa
tukc X+kyr&fu'kkuph
mldh xq.koÙkk ?kVsxhA ns'kksa osQ chp LoPN

ty&lalk/uksa dks gfFk;kus ;k mudh lqj{kk
djus osQ fy, fgald >M+isa gqbZ gSaA bldk
,d mnkgj.k gS µ 1950 vkSj 1960 osQ
n'kd esa b”kjk;y] lhfj;k rFkk tkMZu osQ
chp gqvk la?k"kZA buesa ls çR;sd ns'k us
tkWMZu vkSj ;kjeqd unh ls ikuh dk cgko gekjs ns'k esa Hkh ikuh
eksM+us dh dksf'k'k dh FkhA fiQygky rqdhZ] dks ysdj cM+s
lhfj;k vkSj bjkd osQ chp iQjkr unh ij >xM+s&VaVs py jgs gSaA
ck¡/ osQ fuekZ.k dks ysdj ,d&nwljs ls Buh ;s la?k"kZ muls fdl
gqbZ gSA cgqr ls ns'kksa osQ chp ufn;ksa dk rjg vyx gS\
lk>k gS vkSj muosQ chp lSU;&la?k"kZ gksrs
jgrs gSaA
ewyoklh (Indigenous
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu
People) vkSj muosQ vf/dkj

ewyokfl;ksa dk loky i;kZoj.k] lalk/u vkSj
jktuhfr dks ,d lkFk tksM+ nsrk gSA la;qDr
jk"Vªla?k us 1982 esa budh ,d 'kq#vkrh
i`Foh ij ikuh dk foLrkj ”;knk vkSj Hkwfe dk
ifjHkk"kk nhA bUgsa ,sls yksxksa dk oa'kt crk;k
foLrkj de gSA fiQj Hkh] dkVwZfuLV us ”kehu dks
ikuh dh vis{kk ”;knk cM+s fgLls esa fn[kkus dk x;k tks fdlh ekStwnk ns'k esa cgqr fnuksa ls
iQSlyk fd;k gSA ;g dkVZwu fdl rjg ikuh dh jgrs pys vk jgs FksA fiQj fdlh nwljh
deh dks fpf=kr djrk gS\ laLÑfr ;k tkrh; ewy osQ yksx fo'o osQ
nwljs fgLls ls ml ns'k esa vk;s vkSj bu yksxksa
erHksn 21oha lnh esa iQlkn dh tM+ lkfcr dks v/hu cuk fy;kA fdlh ns'k osQ êwyoklh*
gksAa bl thounk;h lalk/u dks ysdj fgald vkt Hkh ml ns'k dh laLFkkvksa osQ vuq:i
la?k"kZ gksus dh laHkkouk gS vkSj blh dks bafxr vkpj.k djus ls ”;knk viuh ijaijk]
djus osQ fy, fo'o&jktuhfr osQ oqQN fo}kuksa lkaLÑfrd fjok”k rFkk vius [+kkl lkekftd]
us ^ty;q¼* 'kCn x<+k gSA felky osQ fy, vkfFkZd <jsZ ij thou&;kiu djuk ilan
ge ,d çpfyr erHksn dh ppkZ djsaA djrs gSaA
ty/kjk osQ mn~xe ls nwj clk gqvk ns'k Hkkjr lfgr fo'o osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa esa
mn~xe osQ utnhd cls gq, ns'k }kjk bl ij ekStwn yxHkx 30 djksM+ ewyokfl;ksa osQ
ck¡/ cukus] blosQ ekè;e ls vR;f/d flapkbZ loZlkekU; fgr fo'o&jktuhfr osQ lanHkZ esa
djus ;k bls çnwf"kr djus ij vkifÙk trkrk D;k gS\a fiQyhfiUl osQ dksjfMysjk {ks=k esa 20
gS D;ksafd ,sls dkeksa ls nwj cls gq, ns'k dks yk[k ewyoklh yksx jgrs gSaA fpys esa ekiq'ks
feyus okys ikuh dh ek=kk de gksxh ;k uked ewyokfl;ksa dh la[;k 10 yk[k gSA
ewyoklh vyx&vyx txgksa ij dk;e gSa

ysfdu tehu vkSj ml ij vk/kfjr fofHkUu
thou&ç.kkfy;ksa osQ ckjs esa budh fo'on`f"V
vk'p;Ztud :i ls ,d tSlh gSA Hkwfe dh
gkfu dk vFkZ gS] vkfFkZd&lalk/uksa osQ ,d
vk/kj dh gkfu vkSj ;g ewyokfl;ksa osQ
thou osQ fy, cgqr cM+k [+krjk gSA ml
jktuhfrd vk”kknh dk D;k eryc tks thus
osQ fy, lk/u gh u eqgS;k djk;s\
Hkkjr esa êwyoklh* osQ fy, vuqlwfpr
tutkfr ;k vkfnoklh 'kCn ç;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA ;s oqQy tula[;k dk vkB çfr'kr
gSaA vioknLo:i oqQNsd ?kqeUrw tutkfr;ksa
ckaXykns'k osQ pVxkao ioZrh; {ks=k esa 6 yk[k dks NksM+ nsa rks Hkkjr dh vf/dka'k vkfnoklh
vkfnoklh cls gSaA mÙkj vejhdh ewyokfl;ksa turk vius thou&;kiu osQ fy, [ksrh ij
dh la[;k 3 yk[k 50 gtkj gSA iukek ugj osQ fuHkZj gSaA lfn;ksa ls ;s yksx cs/M+d ftruh
iwjc esa oqQuk uked ewyoklh 50 g”kkj dh cu iM+s mruh tehu ij [ksrh djrs vk jgs
rknkn esa gSa vkSj mÙkjh lksfo;r esa ,sls yksxksa dh FksA ysfdu] fczrkuh vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu dk;e
vkcknh 10 yk[k gSA nwljs lkekftd vkanksyuksa gksus osQ ckn ls tutkrh; leqnk;ksa dk lkeuk
dh rjg ewyoklh Hkh vius la?k"kZ] vtsaMk vkSj ckgjh yksxksa ls gqvkA
vf/dkjksa dh vkok”k mBkrs gSaA
fo'o&jktuhfr esa ewyokfl;ksa dh vkok”k
fo'o&fcjknjh esa cjkcjh dk n”kkZ ikus osQ fy,
mBh gSA ewyokfl;ksa osQ fuokl okys LFkku eè;
vkSj nf{k.k vejhdk] vçQhdk] nf{k.kiwoZ ,f'k;k
rFkk Hkkjr esa gS tgk¡ bUgsa vkfnoklh ;k tutkfr
dgk tkrk gSA vkWLVªsfy;k vkSj U;wthySaM lesr
vksfl;kuk {ks=k osQ cgqr ls }hih; ns'kksa esa
gtkjksa lkyksa ls ikWfyusf'k;k] eSyusf'k;k vkSj
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu
ekbØksufs 'k;k oa'k osQ ewyoklh jgrs gSAa ljdkjksa

ls budh ek¡x gS fd bUgsa ewyoklh dkSe osQ
vkfnoklh turk vkSj :i esa viuh Lora=k igpku j[kus okyk leqnk;
muosQ vkanksyuksa osQ ckjs
esa oqQN ”;knk ckrsa D;ksa
ekuk tk,A vius ewy oklLFkku ij gd dh
ugha lquk;h iM+rha\ D;k nkosnkjh esa fo'oHkj osQ ewyfuoklh ;g tqeyk ,d pEep i;kZoj.k Hkh!
ehfM;k dk muls dksbZ bLrseky djrs gSa fd ge ;gk¡ ^vuar dky ls D;k vkidks ;g u”kfj;k t¡prk gS ftlesa
eueqVko gS\ ,d 'kgjh bykosQ osQ vkneh dks çÑfr[kksj
jgrs pys vk jgs gSa*A HkkSxksfyd :i ls pkgs
vkSj ykyph fn[kk;k x;k gSA
gkyk¡fd jktuhfrd çfrfuf/Ro osQ 1970 osQ n'kd esa fo'o osQ fofHkUu
fygkt ls budks laoS/kfud lqj{kk gkfly Hkkxksa osQ ewyokfl;ksa osQ usrkvksa osQ chp
gS ysfdu ns'k osQ fodkl dk bUgsa ”;knk laioZQ c<+kA blls buosQ lk>s vuqHkoksa vkSj
ykHk ugha fey ldk gSA vktknh osQ ckn ls ljksdkjksa dks ,d 'kDy feyhA 1975 esa
fodkl dh cgqr lh ifj;kstuk,¡ pyha vkSj ôYMZ dkmafly vkWiQ bafMftul ihiy* dk
cM+h la[;k esa yksx foLFkkfir gq,A ,slh xBu gqvkA la;qDr jk"Vªla?k esa lcls igys
ifj;kstukvksa ls foLFkkfir gksus okyksa esa ;g bl ifj"kn~ dks ijke'kZnk;h ifj"kn~ dk n”kkZ
leqnk; lcls cM+k gSA njvly bu yksxksa us fn;k x;kA blosQ vfrfjDr vkfnokfl;ksa osQ
fodkl dh cgqr cM+h dher pqdk;h gSA ljksdkjksa ls lac¼ 10 vU; Lo;alos h laxBuksa
ewyoklh leqnk;ksa osQ vf/dkjksa ls tqM+s dks Hkh ;g n”kkZ fn;k x;k gSA vxys vè;k;
eqís jk"Vªh; vkSj varjkZ"Vªh; jktuhfr esa yacs esa oS'ohdj.k osQ fojks/ esa py jgs vkanksyu
le; rd misf{kr jgs gSaA gky osQ fnuksa esa dh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA buesa vusd vkanksyuksa us
bl loky ij è;ku fn;k tkus yxk gSA ewyokfl;ksa osQ vf/dkjksa ij tksj fn;k gSA
pj.k
© gj Nk=k ls dgsa fd vius jks”kejkZ osQ bLrseky dh nl oLrqvksa dh lwph cuk,A
(bl lwph esa dye@dkx”k@bjstj@oaQI;wVj@ikuh vkfn osQ uke fy, tk ldrs gSaA)
© Nk=kksa ls dgsa fd os bu oLrqvksa osQ fuekZ.k esa ç;qDr çkÑfrd lalk/uksa dh ek=kk dk
vkdyu djsaA dye@dkxt@oaQI;wVj vkfn cuh&cuk;h ph”k gks rks Nk=k blesa yxs
çkÑfrd lalk/u dh ek=kk crkk,¡A vxj lwph esa ikuh ;k bl tSlh dksbZ pht gks rks
Nk=kksa ls dgsa fd çfr xSyu ikuh dh iafiax vkSj ifj'kks/u esa yxh fctyh dh ek=kk
dh x.kuk djsaA gj Nk=k vkdyu djs vkSj vank”ks ls ,d ek=kk dks fy[ksA
vè;kidksa osQ fy,
* gj Nk=k }kjk crk;h xbZ la[;k dks ,d=k dj ysa fiQj bls tksM+ nsa rkfd irk yxs fd mDr d{kk osQ Nk=kksa }kjk
lalk/uksa dh fdruh ek=kk dk mi;ksx gqvk (vè;kid enn djsa vkSj Nk=kksa dks [kqn ls x.kuk djus ns)a A
* blh fo|ky; dh ckdh d{kkvksa ls bl vH;kl dks tksM+sa fiQj ns'k osQ lHkh fo|ky;ksa osQ fy, bldk
vkdyu djsaA ns'k osQ Lrj ij tks vkadM+k vk, mldk bLrseky nwljs ns'kksa osQ LowQy esa miHkksx fd,
tk jgs lalk/uksa dh ek=kk ls rqyuk djus esa Hkh gks ldrk gSA (vè;kid osQ ikl igys ls oqQN pqfuUnk
ns'kksa osQ Nk=kksa }kjk bLrseky fd, tk jgs lalk/uksa osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A ns'kksa dk p;u
djrs le; è;ku j[ksa fd os fodflr@fodkl'khy@vfodflr ns'kksa esa ls gksa)
* Nk=kksa ls dgsa fd os ml ek=kk dk vuqeku yxk,¡ ftldk ge miHkksx dj jgs gSAa muls Hkfo"; esa fd,
tkus okys miHkksx dh ek=kk dk vuqeku yxkus dks dgsAa
ç'ukoyh 1- i;kZoj.k osQ çfr c<+rs ljksdkjksa dk D;k dkj.k gS\ fuEufyf[kr esa lcls csgrj fodYi pquAas
(d) fodflr ns'k çÑfr dh j{kk dks ysdj fpafrr gSaA
([k) i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk ewyoklh yksxksa vkSj çkÑfrd i;kZoklksa osQ fy, ”k:jh gSA
(x) ekuoh; xfrfof/;ksa ls i;kZoj.k dks O;kid uqdlku gqvk gS vkSj ;g uqdlku [+krjs dh gn
rd igq¡p x;k gSA
(?k) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA
2- fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa çR;sd osQ vkxs lgh ;k X+kyr dk fpÞ~u yxk;saA ;s dFku i`Foh&lEesyu osQ
ckjs esa gSa µ
(d) blesa 170 ns'k] gtkjksa Lo;alos h laxBu rFkk vusd cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa us Hkkx fy;kA
([k) ;g lEesyu la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ rÙoko/ku esa gqvkA
(x) oSf'od i;kZoj.kh; eqíksa us igyh ckj jktuhfrd /jkry ij Bksl vkdkj xzg.k fd;kA
(?k) ;g egklEesyuh cSBd FkhA
3- ^fo'o dh lk>h fojklr* osQ ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr esa dkSu&ls dFku lgh gSa\
(d) /jrh dk ok;qeaMy] vaVkoZQfVdk] leqæh lrg vkSj ckgjh varfj{k dks ^fo'o dh lk>h
fojklr* ekuk tkrk gSA
([k) ^fo'o dh lk>h fojklr* fdlh jkT; osQ laçHkq {ks=kkf/dkj esa ugha vkrsA
(x) ^fo'o dh lk>h fojklr* osQ çca/u osQ loky ij mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh ns'kksa osQ chp
erHksn gSA
(?k) mÙkjh xksyk¼Z osQ ns'k ^fo'o dh lk>h fojklr* dks cpkus osQ fy, nf{k.kh xksyk¼Z osQ ns'kksa
ls dgha ”;knk fpafrr gSaA
4- fj;ks lEesyu osQ D;k ifj.kke gq,\
5- ^fo'o dh lk>h fojklr* dk D;k vFkZ gS\ bldk nksgu vkSj çnw"k.k dSls gksrk gS\
6- ^lk>h ijarq vyx&vyx f”kEesnkfj;k¡* ls D;k vfHkçk; gS\ ge bl fopkj dks dSls ykxw dj ldrs
gS\a
7- oSf'od i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk ls tqM+s eqís 1990 osQ n'kd ls fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ çkFkfed ljksdkj D;ksa
cu x, gSa\
8- i`Foh dks cpkus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd fofHkUu ns'k lqyg vkSj lgdkj dh uhfr viuk,¡A
i;kZoj.k osQ loky ij mÙkjh vkSj nf{k.kh ns'kksa osQ chp tkjh okrkZvksa dh jks'kuh esa bl dFku
dh iqf"V djsaA
9- fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ lkeus lcls xaHkhj pqukSrh oSf'od i;kZoj.k dks vkxs dksbZ uqdlku igq¡pk, cxSj
vkfFkZd fodkl djus dh gSA ;g dSls gks ldrk gS\ oqQN mnkgj.kksa osQ lkFk le>k,¡A
fo'o lkekftd eap csgrj gS fd eqc a bZ çfrjks/ 2004
rFkkdfFkr fo'o lkekftd eap dk
,d eqDr vkdk'k dksfeUVuZ tSlk
fojks/ dj jgk gSA eqc a bZ çfrjks/ us
fo'o lkekftd eap osQ vyksdrkaf=kd
laxBu cukuk [krjukd rkSj&rjhdksa rFkk lkezkT;oknh ns'kksa vkSj
gksxk tks lewps vkanksyu cM+s O;kikj osQ /u ij bldh fuHkZjrk
dk çoDrk vkSj osaQæ D;k iwt
¡ hokn dks dks mtkxj fd;k gSA
,d vksj iqjkus [kRe djus dk bdykSrk
fdLe dh lrgh cuus dh dksf'k'k fo'o lkekftd eap lkezkT;oknh
djsA rjhdk loZlÙkkoknh
okeiaFkh jktuhfr gS vkSj rkuk'kkgh gSA
oS'ohdj.k vkSj ;q¼ osQ f[kykiQ
nwljh vksj vyx&vyx jaxksa iui jgs tq>k#iu dks iVjh ls mrkjuk
okyh vjktdrkoknh rkdrsa vkSj vius esa gte dj ysuk pkgrk
gSaA budk lk>s eqíksa ij gSA lkekftd eap fo'o iwt ¡ hoknh
l?ku :i ls ,d gksuk O;oLFkk dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy,
la?k"kZ dks lq/kjokn dh rjiQ eksMu+ k
ukeqefdu gSA pkgrk gSA blesa lkezkT;okfn;ksa osQ
jktuhfrd vkdk vkSj dBiqryh
ljdkjsa rks 'kkfey gSa ysfdu jk"Vªh;
uomnkjokn ubZ
eqfDr vkanksyu osQ uqekbans ughaA
cksry esa iqjkuh 'kjkc gSA
;g iw¡thokn dk [krjukd lPph
:i gSA bls gj dher ij fodYiksa dh [kkst lektoknh O;oLFkk ,u-th-vks-
[kRe dj nsuk pkfg,A D;k ;g vkSj fuekZ.k dh yxkrkj osQoy la?k"kZ ls ykbZ
oqQN vPNk Hkh gks ldrk gS\
lkezkT;okn osQ
pyus okyh ;g çfØ;k tk ldrh gS_ varghu
ge Hkh mrus gh Hkzfer gSa cgqyrk vkSj fofo/rk Hkjh vkSj fujFkZd cglksa ls nyky gSaA ;s
ftrus dh vkiA gksxhA bldk lanHkZ xSj ughaA turk dks
nyh; vkSj xSj ljdkjh
gksxkA Hkjekrs&cjxkyrs gSa
lzksr% xkscj VkbEl] Mkmu Vw vFkZ osQ iksLVj ij vk/kfjr vkSj Hkz"V djrs gSaA
ifjp;
iqLrd osQ bl vafre vè;k; esa ge
oS'ohdj.k ij ckr djsaxsA oS'ohdj.k dh
ppkZ bl iqLrd osQ dbZ vè;k;ksa esa vkSj vè;k; 7
dbZ fo"k;ksa dh iqLrd esa dh xbZ gSA ge
hdj.k
'kq#vkr oS'ohdj.k dh vo/kj.kk osQ fo'ys"k.k
vkSj blosQ dkj.kksa dh tk¡p ls djsaxsA blosQ
ckn ge oS'ohdj.k osQ jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd
oS'o
vkSj lkaLÑfrd ifj.kkeksa dh ckr djsaxsA
gekjh fnypLih ;g le>us esa Hkh gS fd
oS'ohdj.k dk Hkkjr ij D;k çHkko iM+k gS
vkSj Hkkjr oS'ohdj.k dks oSQls çHkkfor dj
jgk gSA vkf[kj esa ge oS'ohdj.k dks ysdj
gksus okys çfrjks/ ij u”kj Mkysaxs vkSj tkusaxs
fd oSQls Hkkjr osQ lkekftd vkanksyu bl
çfrjks/ dk fgLlk gSaA
100 ledkyhu fo'o jktfufr
oS'ohdj.k dh vo/kj.kk vkSj dkWyst esa og vOoy lkfcr gqbZA vc

tuknZu ,d dkWy&lsaVj esa dke djrk mls ukSdjh djus vkSj ,d Lora=k oWQfjvj
gSA og nsj nksigj esa dke osQ fy, dh 'kq#vkr djus dk volj gkFk yxk gSA
fudyrk gS_ nÝrj esa ?kqlus osQ lkFk gh ,sls volj osQ ckjs esa mlosQ ifjokj dh
og tkWu cu tkrk gS_ u;k ygtk vf[+r;kj efgyk,¡ lksp Hkh ugha ldrh FkhaA lkfjdk
dj ysrk gS vkSj gtkjksa fdyksehVj nwj osQ fj'rsnkjksa esa ls oqQN bl ukSdjh dk fojks/
cls vius xzkgdksa ls ckr djus osQ fy, dj jgs gSa ysfdu lkfjdk us vkf[kjdkj ;g
,d u;h Hkk"kk cksyus yxrk gSA vius ?kj esa ukSdjh djus dk Ik+ QS lyk fd;k D;ksfa d mldh
og u rks ;g Hkk"kk vkSj u gh bl ygts esa ih<+h osQ ukStokuksa osQ lkeus u;s volj
cgqr&ls usikyh etnwj cksyrk gSA og lkjh jkr dke djrk gS tks ekStwn gSaA
dke djus osQ fy, njvly mlosQ fons'kh xzkgdksa osQ fy, fnu ;s rhuksa mnkgj.k oS'ohdj.k dk ,d u
Hkkjr vkrs gSaA D;k ;g dk le; gksrk gSA tuknZu ,d ,sls vkneh ,d igyw fn[kkrs gSaA igys mnkgj.k esa
oS'ohdj.k gS\ tuknZu lsokvksa osQ oS'ohdj.k esa fgLlsnkjh
dks viuh lsok çnku dj jgk gS ftlls cgqr
laHko gS] og dHkh vkeus&lkeus dh eqykdkr dj jgk gSA jke/kjh tUefnu osQ fy, tks
u dj losQA ;gh mldh fnup;kZ gSA tuknZu migkj [kjhn jgk gS mlesa gesa fo'o osQ
dh Nqf^;k¡ Hkh Hkkjrh; oSQysaMj ls ugha ,d Hkkx ls nwljs Hkkx esa oLrqvksa dh
cfYd vejhdk osQ oSQysaMj ls esy [kkrh gSa vkoktkgh dk irk pyrk gSA lkfjdk osQ
tgk¡ mlosQ xzkgd jgrs gSaA lkeus thou&ewY;ksa osQ chp nqfo/k dh
viuh ukS o"khZ;k csVh dks tUefnu dk fLFkfr gSA ;g nqfo/k va'kr% mu voljksa osQ
migkj nsus osQ fy, jke/kjh ck”kkj x;k gSA dkj.k iSnk gqbZ gS tks mlosQ ifjokj dh
mlus viuh csVh dks ,d NksVh&lh lkbfdy efgykvksa dks igys miyC/ ugha Fks ysfdu
migkj esa nsus dk ok;nk fd;k gSA jke/kjh us vkt os ,d lPpkbZ gSa vkSj ftUgsa O;kid
ck”kkj esa tkdj ,slh lkbfdy <w¡<+us dk LohÑfr fey jgh gSA
I+kSQlyk fd;k tks mls dher osQ fygkt ls ;fn ge okLrfod thou esa ôS'ohdj.k*
t¡p tk, vkSj oqQN mEnk DokfyVh dh gksA 'kCn osQ bLrseky dks ij[ksa rks irk pysxk
mlus vkf[kjdkj ,d lkbfdy [kjhnh tks fd bldk bLrseky dbZ rjg osQ lanHkksZa esa
cuh rks phu esas Fkh ysfdu fcd Hkkjr esa jgh gksrk gSA uhps oqQN mnkgj.k fn, tk jgs gSaA
gSA bl lkbfdy dh dher jke/kjh dh tsc bUgsa nsf[k,] ;s mnkgj.k Åij osQ mnkgj.kksa
oQks ekfI+kQd iM+h vkSj ^DokfyVh* Hkh mls ls oqQN vyx gSa µ
,d gÝ+rs osQ t¡p xbZA jke/kjh us bls [kjhnus dk I+kSQlyk iQly osQ ekjs tkus ls oqQN fdlkuksa us
v[+kckj ij u”kj fd;kA fiNys lky viuh csVh dh ftn ij vkRegR;k dj yhA bu fdlkuksa us ,d
nkSM+kb, vkSj
jke/kjh us mls ^ckchZ MkWy* [kjhndj fn;k cgqjk"Vªh; oaQiuh ls cM+s ega xs cht
oS'ohdj.k osQ
fo"k; esa tks oqQN Fkk tks njvly la;Dq r jkT; vejhdk esa cuh [kjhns FksA
Nik gks mldh Fkh vkSj Hkkjr esa fcd jgh FkhA ;wjksi fLFkr ,d cM+h vkSj viuh
drju ,df=kr lkfjdk vius ifjokj esa igyh ih<+h çfr;ksxh oaQiuh dks ,d Hkkjrh; oaQiuh
dhft,A dh f'kf{kr gSA dfBu esgur osQ cwrs LowQy us [kjhn fy;k tcfd [kjhnh xbZ oaQiuh
oS'ohdj.k 101
osQ ekfyd bl [kjhnnkjh dk fojks/ bl vè;k; esa oS'ohdj.k

dj jgs FksA ls tqMs+ fofHkUu igyqvksa
vusd [kqnjk nqdkunkjksa dks Hk; gS fd 1 dks n'kkZrh ,d fp=kekyk
nh xbZ gSA ;s fp=k
vxj oqQN cM+h varjkZ"Vªh; oaQifu;ksa us fo'oHkj osQ vyx&vyx
ns'k esa [kqnjk nqdkuksa dh viuh Ja`[kyk fgLlksa ls fy, x, gSAa ;s
[kksy yh rks mudh jksth&jksVh tkrh fp=k oS'ohdj.k osQ
fofHkUu jax&:i] dkj.k
jgsxhA vkSj vyx&vyx lektksa
eqEcbZ osQ ,d fiQYe&fuekZrk ij ij iM+us okys çHkkoksa dh
vkjksi yxs fd mlus gkWyhoqM esa cuh ,d >yd nsrs gSAa
,d fiQYe dh dgkuh mBkdj viuh 1 vkSj 2
;s fp=k gekjs lkeus fojks/
fiQYe cuk yh gSA kHkklh fLFkfr j[krs gSAa
2
if'peh ifj/ku iguus okyh dkWyst buesa fHkUu laLÑfr;ksa osQ
dh Nk=kkvksa dks ,d mxzoknh laxBu us yksxksa dk laioZQ fn[kk;k
x;k gSA baVjusV osQ ekè;e
vius ,d c;ku esa /edh nh gSA ls vçR;{k laioZQ cgqr
;s mnkgj.k gesa crkrs gSa fd oS'ohdj.k ”;knk dkjxj gqvk gSA
3
gj vFkZ esa ldkjkRed gh ugha gksrk_ yksxksa U;w;koZQ esa la;Dq r jk"Vªl?a k
ij blosQ nq"çHkko Hkh iM+ ldrs gSAa njvly eq[;ky; osQ lkeus
3
,sls yksxksa dh la[;k ”;knk gS tks ekurs gSa çn'kZu
4
fd oS'ohdj.k osQ ldkjkRed çHkko de
gkaxdkax esa py jgh
vkSj udkjkRed çHkko ”;knk gSAa bu mnkgj.kksa fo'o O;kikj laxBu dh
ls ;g Hkh irk pyrk gS fd oS'ohdj.k cSBd osQ nkSjku fojks/
fliQZ vkfFkZd elyksa ls ugha tqM+k vkSj çn'kZuA bu yksxksa dk
ekuuk gS fd oS'ohdj.k
”k:jh ugha fd çHkko dh fn'kk ges'kk /uh us oqQN ns'kksa osQ çfr
eqYdksa ls X+kjhc eqYdksa dh vksj xfr'khy gksA HksnHkko vkSj c<+k;k gSA
pw¡fd ôS'ohdj.k* 'kCn dk ç;ksx 4
vf/dka'kr;k lVhd vFkksZa esa ugha gksrk
blhfy, ;g Li"V djuk ”k:jh gS fd
bldk lgh&lgh vFkZ D;k gSA ,d vo/kj.kk
osQ :i esa oS'ohdj.k dh cqfu;knh ckr
gS µ çokgA çokg dbZ rjg osQ gks ldrs
gSa µ fo'o osQ ,d fgLls osQ fopkjksa dk
nwljs fgLlksa esa igq¡puk_ iw¡th dk ,d ls
”;knk txgksa ij tkuk_ oLrqvksa dk dbZ&dbZ Hkkjr esa fcdus okyh
phu dh cuh cgqr&lh
ns'kksa esas igq¡puk vkSj mudk O;kikj rFkk phtsa rLdjh dh gksrh
csgrj vkthfodk dh ryk'k esa nqfu;k osQ gSaA D;k oS'ohdj.k osQ
pyrs rLdjh gksrh gS\
fofHkUu fgLlksa esa yksxksa dh vkoktkghA ;gk¡ ,d etcwr ,sfrgkfld vk/kj gS blfy,
lcls ”k:jh ckr gS ^fo'oO;kih ikjLifjd ”k:jh gS fd ge bu çokgksa dks bfrgkl osQ
tqM+ko* tks ,sls çokgksa dh fujarjrk ls iSnk lanHkZ esa ns[ksaA
gqvk gS vkSj dk;e Hkh gSA gkyk¡fd oS'ohdj.k osQ fy, dksbZ ,d
oS'ohdj.k ,d cgqvk;keh vo/kj.kk dkjd ftEesokj ugha fiQj Hkh çkS|ksfxdh
D;k lkezkT;okn dk gh
gSA blosQ jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd vius vki esa ,d vifjgk;Z dkj.k lkfcr
u;k uke oS'ohdj.k ugha vorkj gSa vkSj buosQ chp Bhd&Bhd Hksn gqbZ gSA blesa dksbZ 'kd ugha fd VsyhxzkiQ]
gS\ gesa u;s uke dh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ;g eku ysuk X+kyr gS VsyhiQksu vkSj ekbØksfpi osQ uohure
”k:jr D;ksa gS\ fd oS'ohdj.k osQoy vkfFkZd ifj?kVuk gSA vkfo"dkjkas us fo'o osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa osQ chp
Bhd blh rjg ;g eku ysuk Hkh Hkwy gksxh lapkj dh Økafr dj fn[kk;h gSA 'kq:&'kq: esa
fd oS'ohdj.k ,dne lkaLÑfrd ifj?kVuk tc NikbZ (eqæ.k) dh rduhd vk;h Fkh rks
gSA oS'ohdj.k dk çHkko cM+k fo"ke jgk mlus jk"Vªokn dh vk/kjf'kyk j[khA blh rjg
gSµ ;g oqQN lektksa dks ckfd;ksa dh vis{kk vkt ge ;g vis{kk dj ldrs gSa fd
vkSj lekt osQ ,d fgLls dks ckdh fgLlksa çkS|ksfxdh dk çHkko gekjs lkspus osQ rjhosQ
dh vis{kk ”;knk çHkkfor dj jgk gSA ,sls esa ij iM+xs kA ge vius ckjs esa ftl <ax ls
”k:jh gks tkrk gS fd fof'k"V lanHkksZa ij lksprs gSa vkSj ge lkewfgd thou osQ ckjs esa
i;kZIr è;ku fn, fcuk ge oS'ohdj.k osQ ftl r”kZ ij lksprs gSa µ çkS|ksfxdh dk ml
çHkko osQ ckjs esa loZ&lkekU; fu"d"kZ fudkyus ij vlj iM+xs kA
ls ijgst djsaA fopkj] iw¡th] oLrq vkSj yksxksa dh fo'o
osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa vkoktkgh dh vklkuh
oS'ohdj.k osQ dkj.k çkS|ksfxdh esa gqbZ rjDdh osQ dkj.k laHko gqbZ
D;k gS oS ' ohdj.k dh o”kg\ vxj gSA bu çokgksa dh xfr esa varj gks ldrk gSA
oS'ohdj.k fopkj] iw¡th] oLrq vkSj yksxksa mnkgj.k osQ fy, fo'o osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa osQ
dh vkoktkgh ls tqM+h ifj?kVuk gS rks chp iw¡th vkSj oLrq dh xfr'khyrk yksxksa
'kk;n ;g iwNuk vlaxr u gksxk fd dh vkoktkgh dh rqyuk esa ”;knk rst vkSj
bl ifj?kVuk esa D;k oqQN u;h ckr O;kid gksxhA
gS\ vxj bu pkj rjg osQ çokgksa cgjgky] lapkj&lk/uksa dh rjDdh
dh gh ckr gS rks fiQj oS'ohdj.k vkSj mudh miyC/rk ek=k ls oS'ohdj.k
ekuo&bfrgkl osQ vf/dka'k le; vfLrRo esa vk;k gks µ ,slh ckr ughaA ;gk¡
tkjh jgk gSA cgjgky] tks yksx roZQ ”k:jh ckr ;g gS fd fo'o osQ fofHkUu
nsrs gSa fd ledkyhu oS'ohdj.k osQ Hkkxksa osQ yksx vc le> jgs gSa fd os vkil
,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu
lkFk oqQN [+kkl ckr gS os è;ku esa tqM+s gq, gSaA vkt ge bl ckr dks ysdj
fnykrs gSa fd u;h ckr gS bu çokgksa ltx gSa fd fo'o osQ ,d fgLls esa ?kVus
dh xfr vkSj buosQ çlkj dk /jkryA okyh ?kVuk dk çHkko fo'o osQ nwljs fgLls
;s nksuksa ckrsa ekStwnk oS'ohdj.k dks esa Hkh iM+xs kA cMZ Ýyww vFkok ^lqukeh* fdlh
fMthVy vFkZO;oLFkk dk egkpØ vuwBk cukrh gSaA oS'ohdj.k dk ,d jk"Vª dh gnksa esa fleVs ugha jgrsA ;s
oS'ohdj.k 103
?kVuk,¡ jk"Vªh;&lhekvksa dk tksj ugha ekurhaA

Bhd blh rjg tc cM+h vkfFkZd ?kVuk,¡ 5
gksrh gSa rks mudk çHkko muosQ ekStwnk LFkku 5 oS'ohdj.k dh çrhd
cu pqdh oqQN oLrq,¡A
vFkok {ks=kh; ifjos'k rd gh lhfer ugha
jgrk] cfYd fo'o Hkj esa eglwl fd;k 6
tkrk gSA igyh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa esa
vkçoklh yksxksa osQ dke
djus dh fLFkfr dh
jktuhfrd çHkko >yd nsrk ,d fp=kA
oS'ohdj.k dh ledkyhu çfØ;kvksa osQ
7
çHkko osQ ckjs esa tkjh cglksa esa ,d ;g oS'ohdj.k osQ nkSj esa
6
gS fd bldk jktuhfrd vlj D;k gks csxkusiu dh fLFkfr dh
jgk gS\ jkT; dh laçHkqrk dh ijaijkxr vksj b'kkjk djrk ,d
fp=kA tks O;fDr viuh
/kj.kk ij oS'ohdj.k dk vlj oSQls gksrk tSosQV ls ^'kgj lkiQ
gS\ bl loky dk ”kokc nsrs le; gesa de j[kks* dk lans'k ns jgk
ls de rhu igyqvksa dk è;ku j[kuk gksxkA gS mls 'kk;n gh
lcls lh/k&ljy fopkj ;g gS fd dYiuk gks fd bl
tSosQV dks cukus okys
oS'ohdj.k osQ dkj.k jkT; dh {kerk ;kuh fdl gkyr esa jgrs gSaA
ljdkjksa dks tks djuk gS mls djus dh rkdr 7
esa deh vkrh gSA iwjh nqfu;k esa dY;k.kdkjh 8
teZuh esa laLÑfr
jkT; dh /kj.kk vc iqjkuh iM+ xbZ gS vkSj dykdkjksa dks ikjaifjd
bldh txg U;wure gLr{ksidkjh jkT; us ys os'kHkw"kk esa ^çLrqr*
yh gSA jkT; vc oqQNsd eq[; dkeksa rd gh fd;k tk jgk gSA
vius dks lhfer j[krk gS] tSls dkuwu vkSj
O;oLFkk dks cuk;s j[kuk rFkk vius ukxfjdksa
dh lqj{kk djukA bl rjg osQ jkT; us vius
dks igys osQ dbZ ,sls yksd&dY;k.kdkjh
dkeksa ls [khap fy;k gS ftudk y{; vkfFkZd 8
vkSj lkekftd&dY;k.k gksrk FkkA yksd
dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh txg vc ck”kkj
vkfFkZd vkSj lkekftd çkFkfedrkvksa dk
çeq[k fu/kZjd gSA iwjs fo'o esa cgqjk"Vªh;
fuxe vius iSj ilkj pqosQ gSa vkSj mudh
Hkwfedk c<+h gSA blls ljdkjksa osQ vius ne
ij I+kQS lyk djus dh {kerk esa deh vkrh gSA
blh osQ lkFk ,d ckr vkSj Hkh gSA
oS'ohdj.k ls ges'kk jkT; dh rkdr esa deh
vkrh gks& ,slh ckr ughaA jktuhfrd leqnk; vkfFkZd çHkko

osQ vk/kj osQ :i esa jkT; dh ç/kurk dks oS'ohdj.k osQ vkfFkZd igyw osQ ckjs esa lc
dksbZ pqukSrh ugha feyh gS vkSj jkT; bl vFkZ oqQN Hkys gh ugha tkuk tk losQ ysfdu] ;g
esa vkt Hkh çeq[k gSA fo'o dh jktuhfr esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd oS'ohdj.k dks ysdj
vc Hkh fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ chp ekStwn iqjkuh tkjh cglksa dk cM+k fgLlk vkSj bl cgl
bZ";kZ vkSj çfr}af}rk dh n[ky gSA jkT; dh fn'kk blh igyw ls lacaf/r gSA
dkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk] jk"Vªh; lqj{kk tSls vius bl leL;k dk ,d i{k rks ;gh gS fd
vfuok;Z dk;ks± dks iwjk dj jgs gSa vkSj cgqr vkfFkZd oS'ohdj.k dks oSQls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k
lksp&le>dj vius dne mUgha nk;jksa ls tk,A tSls gh vkfFkZd oS'ohdj.k dk mYys[k
[khap jgs gSa tgk¡ mudh ethZ gksA jkT; vHkh gksrk gS] gekjk è;ku varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k
Hkh egÙoiw.kZ cus gq, gSaA vkSj fo'o O;kikj laxBu tSlh varjkZ"Vªh;
oLrqr% oqQN ek;uksa esa oS'ohdj.k osQ laLFkkvksa rFkk fo'o Hkj esa vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa
iQyLo:i jkT; dh rkdr esa btkiQk osQ fu/kZj.k esa buosQ }kjk fuHkk;h xbZ Hkwfedk
gqvk gSA vc jkT;ksa osQ gkFk esa vR;k/qfud ij tkrk gSA gkyk¡fd oS'ohdj.k dks brus
çkS|ksfxdh ekStwn gS ftlosQ cwrs jkT; ladh.kZ u”kfj, ls ugha ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A
vius ukxfjdksa osQ ckjs esa lwpuk,¡ tqVk vkfFkZd oS'ohdj.k esa bu varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa
ldrs gSaA bl lwpuk osQ ne ij jkT; ”;knk osQ vykok Hkh dbZ f[kykM+h 'kkfey gSaA
dkjxj <ax ls dke dj ldrs gSaA mudh vkfFkZd oS'ohdj.k dks vf/d O;kid u”kj
{kerk c<+h gS_ de ugha gqbZA bl çdkj ubZ ls le>us osQ fy, gesa blls gksus okys
çkS|ksfxdh osQ ifj.kkeLo:i jkT; vc igys vkfFkZd iQk;nksa osQ c¡Vokjs osQ vFkZ esa lkspuk
ls ”;knk rkdroj gSaA pkfg, ;kuh bl lanHkZ esa fd fdls oS'ohdj.k
ls lcls ”;knk iQk;nk gqvk vkSj fdls lcls
deA ;g Hkh ns[kus dh ”k:jr gS fd
dy vkt oS'ohdj.k osQ dkj.k fdlus uqdlku mBk;kA
viuk gkseooZQ tYnh veweu ftl çfØ;k dks vkfFkZd
viuk [kkuk tYnh [kRe
iwjk djksA phu vkSj oS'ohdj.k dgk tkrk gS mlesa nqfu;k osQ
djksA phu vkSj Hkkjr
osQ Hkw[ks yksx rqEgkjk Hkkjr osQ yksx rqEgkjh fofHkUu ns'kksa osQ chp vkfFkZd çokg rst
[kkuk [kk tk,axs--- ukSdjh [kk tk,¡xsa--- gks tkrk gSA oqQN vkfFkZd çokg LosPNk ls
gksrs gSa tcfd oqQN varjkZ"Vªh; laLFkkvksa
feYV çkbxs] osQxYl dkVZwu
vkSj rkdroj ns'kksa }kjk tcju ykns tkrs

gSAa tSlk fd geus bl vè;k; dh 'kq#vkr esa
ns[kk] ;s çokg dbZ fdLe osQ gks ldrs gS]a
tSls oLrqvks]a iwt
a h] turk vFkok fopkjksa dk
çokgA oS'ohdj.k osQ pyrs iwjh nqfu;k esa
oLrqvksa osQ O;kikj esa btkiQk gqvk gS_
oS'ohdj.k osQ [krjs\
oS'ohdj.k 105
vyx&vyx ns'k vius ;gk¡ gksus okys vk;kr

9 vkSj 10
ij çfrca/ yxkrs Fks ysfdu vc ;s çfrca/ nqfu;k osQ fofHkUu
de gks x, gSAa Bhd blh rjg nqfu;k Hkj esa 9
fgLlksa esa cuh phtsa
iwt
a h dh vkoktkgh ij vc dgha de çfrca/ igyh nqfu;k osQ ck”kkjksa
esa Hkh fcdrh gSaA igys
gSAa O;kogkfjd /jkry ij bldk vFkZ ;g nks fp=k ckaXykns'k vkSj
gqvk fd /uh ns'k osQ fuos'kdrkZ viuk /u cYxkfj;k esa cuh phtksa
vius ns'k dh txg dgha vkSj fuos'k dj dks n'kkZrs gSaA
ldrs gS]a [kkldj fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa tgk¡
11 vkSj 12
mUgsa ”;knk equkiQk gksxkA oS'ohdj.k osQ pyrs oS'ohdj.k osQ fojks/ esa
vc fopkjksa osQ lkeus jk"Vª dh lhekvksa dh vk;ksftr fofHkUu
ck/k ugha jgh] mudk çokg vck/ gks mBk 10 lkaLÑfrd vkSj
jktuhfrd vk;kstuA
gSA baVjusV vkSj oaQI;wVj ls tqMh+ lsokvksa dk
foLrkj bldk ,d mnkgj.k gSA ysfdu
oS'ohdj.k osQ dkj.k ftl lhek rd
oLrqvksa vkSj iwt a h dk çokg c<+k gS ml
lhek rd yksxksa dh vkoktkgh ugha c<+
ldh gSA fodflr ns'k viuh ohtk&uhfr
osQ tfj, viuh jk"Vªh; lhekvksa dks cM+h
lroZQrk ls vHks| cuk, j[krs gSa rkfd nwljs
ns'kksa osQ ukxfjd fodflr ns'kksa esa vkdj dgha 11
muosQ ukxfjdksa osQ ukSdjh&/a/s u gfFk;k ysAa
oS'ohdj.k osQ ifj.kkeksa ij lksprs gq,
gesa bl ckr dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd gj
txg ,d leku uhfr viuk ysus dk eryc
;g ugha gksrk fd gj txg ifj.kke Hkh
leku gksaxsA oS'ohdj.k osQ dkj.k nqfu;k osQ
vyx&vyx fgLlksa esa ljdkjksa us ,dlkj
vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dks viuk;k gS] ysfdu 12
fo'o osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa blosQ ifj.kke
cgqr vyx&vyx gq, gSaA ;gk¡ Hkh gesa
loZ&lkekU; fu"d"kZ fudkyus osQ ctk;
lanHkZ&fo'ks"k ij è;ku nsuk gksxkA
vkfFkZd oS'ohdj.k osQ dkj.k iwjs fo'o
esas tuer cM+h xgjkbZ ls c¡V x;k gSA
vkfFkZd oS'ohdj.k osQ dkj.k ljdkjsa oqQN
ftEenkfj;ksa ls vius gkFk [khap jgh gSa vkSj gSa vkSj ltx&lpsr gksdj iwjh cqf¼eÙkk ls
blls lkekftd U;k; ls ljksdkj j[kus okys bldk lkeuk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A cgjgky]
yksx fpafrr gSaA budk dguk gS fd vkfFkZd bl ckr ls budkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS
oS'ohdj.k ls vkcknh osQ ,d cM+s NksVs fd îkjLifjd fuHkZjrk* dh jÝrkj vc rst
rcosQ dks iQk;nk gksxk tcfd ukSdjh vkSj gks pyh gSA oS'ohdj.k osQ iQyLo:i fo'o
tu&dY;k.k (f'k{kk] LokLF;] lkiQ&liQkbZ osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa ljdkj] O;olk; rFkk
dh lqfo/k vkfn) osQ fy, ljdkj ij yksxksa osQ chp tqM+ko c<+ jgk gSA
vkfJr jgus okys yksx cngky gks tk,¡xsA
lkekftd U;k; osQ i{k/j bl ckr ij tksj lkaLÑfrd çHkko
nsrs gSa fd oqQN lkaLFkkfud mik; fd, tkus oS'ohdj.k osQ ifj.kke fliQZ vkfFkZd vkSj
pkfg, ;k dgsa fd ^lkekftd lqj{kk dop* jktuhfrd nk;jksa esa gh u”kj ugha vkrs_
rS;kj fd;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd tks yksx ge ?kj esa cSBs gksa rc Hkh bldh pisV esa
vkfFkZd :i ls detksj gSa mu ij oS'ohdj.k gksrs gSaA ge tks oqQN [kkrs&ihrs&igurs gSa
osQ nq"çHkkoksa dks de fd;k tk losQA nqfu;k vFkok lksprs gSa& lc ij bldk vlj
vki ;k vkidk
osQ vusd vkanksyuksa dh ekU;rk gS fd ^lkekftd u”kj vkrk gSA ge ftu ckrksa dks viuh
ifjokj cgqjk"Vªh; lqj{kk&dop* dh ckr vO;kogkfjd gS vkSj ilan dgrs gSa os ckrssa Hkh oS'ohdj.k osQ
oaQifu;ksa osQ ftu bruk Hkj mik; i;kZIr ugha gksxkA ,sls vkanksyuksa vlj esa r; gksrh gSaA oS'ohdj.k osQ
mRiknksa dks bLrseky us cyiwoZd fd, tk jgs oS'ohdj.k dks lkaLÑfrd çHkkoksa dks ns[krs gq, bl
djrk gS mldh ,d jksdus dh vkok”k yxkbZ gS D;ksafd blls Hk; dks cy feyk gS fd ;g çfØ;k
lwph rS;kj djsaA
X+kjhc ns'k vkfFkZd&:i ls cckZnh dh dxkj fo'o dh laLÑfr;ksa dks [krjk igq¡pk,xhA
ij igq¡p tk,¡xs_ [kkldj bu ns'kksa osQ oS'ohdj.k ls ;g gksrk gS D;ksafd
xjhc yksx ,dne cngky gks tk,¡xsA oqQN oS'ohdj.k lkaLÑfrd le:irk ys vkrk
vFkZ'kkfL=k;ksa us vkfFkZd oS'ohdj.k dks fo'o
dk iqu%mifuos'khdj.k dgk gSA
vkfFkZd oS'ohdj.k dh çfØ;kvksa osQ
leFkZdksa dk roZQ gS fd blls le`f¼ c<+rh
gS vkSj ^[kqysiu* osQ dkj.k ”;knk ls ”;knk
vkcknh dh [kq'kgkyh c<+rh gSA O;kikj dh
c<+rh ls gj ns'k dks viuk csgrj dj
tc ge lkekftd fn[kkus dk ekSdk feyrk gSA blls iwjh nqfu;k
lqj{kk&dop dh ckr
dks iQk;nk gksxkA bu yksxksa dk dguk gS fd
,aMh flaxj] osQxYl dkVZwu
djrs gSa rks bldk

lh/k&lknk eryc gksrk vkfFkZd oS'ohdj.k vifjgk;Z gS vkSj bfrgkl
gS fd oqQN yksx rks dh /kjk dks vo#¼ djuk dksbZ cqf¼ekuh
oS'ohdj.k osQ pyrs
cngky gksaxs gh! rHkh ughaA oS'ohdj.k osQ eè;ekxhZ leFkZdksa dk
rks lkekftd dguk gS fd oS'ohdj.k us pqukSfr;k¡ is'k dh
lqj{kk&dop dh ckr
dh tkrh gSA gS u\
u, ck”kkjksa ij dCtk
oS'ohdj.k 107
gSA lkaLÑfrd le:irk dk ;g vFkZ

ugha fd fdlh fo'o&laLÑfr dk mn; 13
gks jgk gSA fo'o&laLÑfr osQ uke ij
njvly 'ks"k fo'o ij if'peh laLÑfr
yknh tk jgh gSA ge yksx vejhdh
opZLo okys vè;k; rhu esa opZLo osQ
lkaLÑfrd vFkZ osQ varxZr bl ckr dks
ge if'peh laLÑfr ls
i<+ pqosQ gSaA oqQN yksxksa dk roZQ gS fd
D;ksa Mjrs gSa\ D;k gesa
cxZj vFkok uhyh thUl dh yksdfç;rk viuh laLÑfr ij
dk utnhdh fj'rk vejhdh thou'kSyh fo'okl ugha gS\
osQ xgjs çHkko ls gS D;ksafd jktuhfrd 14
vkSj vkfFkZd :i ls çHkqRo'kkyh laLÑfr
de rkdroj lektksa ij viuh Nki 13 vkSj 14
eqca bZ vkSj iksVksZ ,Yxsjs esa
NksM+rh gS vkSj lalkj oSlk gh nh[krk laiUu oYMZ lks'ky iQksje
gS tSlk rkdroj laLÑfr bls cukuk osQ nks lEesyuksa esa oS'ohdj.k
pkgrh gSA tks ;g roZQ nsrs gSa os osQ fojks/ esa çn'kZuA
vDlj nqfu;k osQ êSDMksukWYMhdj.k* 15
dh rjiQ b'kkjk djrs gSaA mudk ekuuk vkçokfl;ksa osQ leFkZu esa
gS fd fofHkUu laLÑfr;k¡ vc vius ,d vkanksyu esa f'kjdr
dks çHkqRo'kkyh vejhdh <jsZ ij <kyus djrh gqbZ ,d f'kf{kdkA
15
yxh gSaA pw¡fd blls iwjs fo'o dh le`¼ 16
lkaLÑfrd /jksgj /hjs&/hjs [kRe gksrh gS ekWy es >ydrh ubZ ck”kkj
blfy, ;g osQoy xjhc ns'kksa osQ fy, laLÑfrA
gh ugha cfYd lewph ekuork osQ fy,
[krjukd gSA
blosQ lkFk&lkFk ;g eku ysuk ,d
Hkwy gS fd oS'ohdj.k osQ lkaLÑfrd 16
çHkko fliQZ udkjkRed gSaA laLÑfr dksbZ

viuh Hkk"kk dh
tM+ oLrq ugha gksrhA gj laLÑfr gj
lHkh tkuh&igpkuh
le; ckgjh çHkkoksa dks Lohdkj djrs cksfy;ksa dh lwph
jgrh gSA oqQN ckgjh çHkko udkjkRed cuk,¡A vius nknk
gksrs gSa D;ksafd blls gekjh ilanksa esa deh dh ih<+h osQ yksxksa
vkrh gSA dHkh&dHkh ckgjh çHkkoksa ls ls bl ckjs esa
gekjh ilan&ukilan dk nk;jk c<+rk gS lykg yhft,A
fdrus yksx vkt
rks dHkh buls ijaijkxr lkaLÑfrd ewY;ksa bu cksfy;ksa dks
cksyrs gSa\
dks NksM+s fcuk laLÑfr dk ifj"dkj gksrk lkaLÑfrd le#irk oS'ohdj.k dk

gSA cxZj elkyk&Mkslk dk fodYi ugha gS ,d igyw gS rks oS'ohdj.k ls bldk
blfy, cxZj ls oLrqr% dksbZ [krjk ugha myVk çHkko Hkh iSnk gqvk gSA oS'ohdj.k
gSA blls gqvk ek=k bruk gS fd gekjs ls gj laLÑfr dgha ”;knk vyx vkSj
Hkkstu dh ilan esa ,d ph”k vkSj 'kkfey fof'k"V gksrs tk jgh gSA bl çfØ;k dks
gks xbZ gSA nwljh rjiQ] uhyh thUl Hkh lkaLÑfrd oSfHkUuhdj.k dgrs gSaA bldk
gFkdj?kk ij cqus [kknh osQ oqQrsZ osQ lkFk eryc ;g ugha fd laLÑfr;ksa osQ esytksy
[kwc pyrh gSA ;gk¡ ge ckgjh çHkko ls esa mudh rkdr dk loky xkS.k gS ijarq
;g ckr rks lgh gS fd
dHkh&dHkh eq>s u, xhr
,d vuwBh ckr ns[krs gSa fd uhyh bl ckr ij Hkh è;ku nsuk pkfg, fd
vPNs yxrs gSaA D;k ge thUl osQ Åij [kknh dk oqQrkZ iguk tk lkaLÑfrd çHkko ,drjiQk ugha gksrkA
lcdks FkksM+k u`R; djuk jgk gSA e”ksnkj ckr rks ;g gS fd bl
vPNk ugha yxrk Hkys vuwBs igjkos dks vc mlh ns'k dks Hkkjr vkSj oS'ohdj.k
gh ctk;h tk jgh /qu fu;kZr fd;k tk jgk gS ftlus gesa uhyh geus igys b'kkjk fd;k Fkk fd nqfu;k
ij if'peh laxhr dk
vlj gks\
thUl nh gSA thUl osQ Åij oqQrkZ igus osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa oS'ohdj.k bfrgkl
vejhfd;ksa dks ns[kuk vc laHko gSA dh fofHkUu dkykof/;ksa esa igys Hkh gks
pqdk gSA iw¡th] oLrq] fopkj vkSj yksxksa
dh vkoktkgh dk Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dbZ
lfn;ksa dk gSA
miQ! fiQj ls ,d fganqLrkuhA vkSifuosf'kd nkSj esa fczVus osQ lkezkT;oknh
dkWy lsUVj dh dgkuh ,d deZpkjh dh ”kckuh ealwcksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i Hkkjr vk/kjHkwr
dkWy&lsUVj esa dke djuk vius vki esa vk¡[k [kksy nsus okyk lkfcr gks oLrqvksa vkSj dPps eky dk fu;kZrd rFkk
ldrk gSA vki vejhfd;ksa osQ iQksu&dkWy fucVkrs gSa vkSj vkidks vlyh cus&cuk;s lkekuksa dk vk;krd ns'k FkkA
vejhdh laLÑfr dh ,d >yd feyrh gSA ,d vkSlr vejhdh gekjh vk”kknh gkfly djus osQ ckn] fczVus osQ lkFk
vis{kk ls dgha ”;knk thoar vkSj bZekunkj gksrk gS--- vius bu vuqHkoksa ls lcd ysrs gq, geus
cgjgky] gj iQksu dkWy ;k ckrphr [kq'kxokj ugha gksrhA vkiosQ ikl I+kSQlyk fd;k fd nwljs ij fuHkZj jgus osQ
vfoosdh vkSj cn”kcku yksxksa osQ Hkh iQksudkWy vkrs gSaA ^dkWy* fgUnqLrku ctk; [kqn lkeku cuk;k tk,A geus ;g Hkh
esa ^vVsUM* dh tk jgh gS] ;g tkudj iQksu djus okys dk ygtk I+kSQlyk fd;k fd nwljksa ns'kksa dks fu;kZr dh
dHkh&dHkh uI+kQjr ls Hkj mBrk gS vkSj mlls fucVuk cgqr ruko dk dke vuqefr ugha gksxh rkfd gekjs vius mRiknd
gksrk gSA vejhdh gj Hkkjrh; dks bl :i esa ns[kus yxs gSa ekuks og mudh phtksa dks cukuk lh[k losQa A bl ^laj{k.kokn*
ukSdjh Nhuus okyk gks--- ls oqQN u;h fnDdrsa iSnk gqbZaA oqQN {ks=kksa esa
vkidks oqQN iQksu ,sls Hkh vVsaM djus gksrs gSa ftudh 'kq#vkr bl iafDr rjDdh gqbZ rks oqQN ”k:jh {ks=kksa tSls LokLF;]
ls gksrh gS & ¶pan feuV igys eSaus ,d nf{k.k vçQhdh ls ckr dh vkSj vkokl vkSj çkFkfed f'k{kk ij mruk è;ku
vc ,d fgUnqLrkuh ls eq[kkfrc gw¡¸ ;k ¶vkg jh fdLer! fiQj ,d ugha fn;k x;k ftrus osQ os gdnkj FksA Hkkjr
fgUnqLrkuh! Iyht fdlh vejhdh ls ckr djkb,---!¸ ,slh fLFkfr esa lkeus
esa vkfFkZd&o`f¼ dh nj /heh jghA
okys ls iVjh cSBkuk eqf'dy gksrk gSA
1991 esa] foÙkh; ladV ls mcjus vkSj
lzksr µ 10 tuojh 2005 osQ n fganw esa jathrk mlZ dh fjiksVZA
vkfFkZd o`f¼ dh Å¡ph nj gkfly djus dh
oS'ohdj.k 109
bPNk ls Hkkjr esas vkfFkZd&lq/kjksa dh ;kstuk

'kq: gqbZA blosQ varxZr fofHkUu {ks=kksa ij 17
foKkiu dks csvlj
vk;n ck/k,¡ gVk;h xb±A bu {ks=kksa esa O;kikj djrk ,d vke vknehA
vkSj fons'kh fuos'k Hkh 'kkfey FksA ;g dguk
tYnckth gksxh fd Hkkjr osQ fy, ;g lc 18
fdruk vPNk lkfcr gqvk gS D;ksafd vafre phuh eky ls v¡Vk
tkikuh cktkjA
dlkSVh Å¡ph o`f¼&nj ugha cfYd bl ckr
dks lqfuf'pr djuk gS fd vkfFkZd c<+okj 19
osQ iQk;nksa esa lcdk lk>k gks rkfd gj dksbZ 18 Xykscy cktkj dk
yksdy psgjk& if'pe
[kq'kgky cusA ,f'k;k esa cM+h oaQifu;ksa
oQk ns'khdj.kA
oS'ohdj.k dk çfrjks/
ge ns[k pqosQ gSa fd oS'ohdj.k cM+k
cglryc eqík gS vkSj iwjh nqfu;k esa
bldh vkykspuk gks jgh gSA oS'ohdj.k
osQ vkykspd dbZ roZQ nsrs gSaA okeiaFkh
jktuhfrd #>ku j[kus okyksa dk roZQ gS
fd ekStwnk oS'ohdj.k fo'oO;kih iwathokn
dh ,d [+kkl voLFkk gS tks /fudksa dks
vkSj ”;knk /uh (rFkk budh la[;k esa
deh) vkSj xjhc dks vkSj ”;knk X+kjhc 19
cukrh gSA jkT; osQ detksj gksus ls xjhcksa osQ
fgr dh j{kk djus dh mldh {kerk esa deh
vkrh gSA oS'ohdj.k osQ nf{k.kiaFkh vkykspd
blosQ jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd vkSj lkaLÑfrd
çHkkoksa dks ysdj fpafrr gSAa jktuhfrd vFkksaZ
esa mUgsa jkT; osQ detksj gksus dh fpark gSA
os pkgrs gSa fd de ls de oqQN {ks=kksa esa
vkfFkZd vkRefuHkZjrk vkSj ^laj{k.kokn* dk
nkSj fiQj dk;e gksA lkaLÑfrd lanHkZ esa
budh fpark gS fd ijaijkxr laLÑfr dh
gkfu gksxh vkSj yksx vius lfn;ksa iqjkus
thou&ewY; rFkk rkSj&rjhdksa ls gkFk /ks nsxa As
;gk¡ ge xkSj djsa fd oS'ohdj.k&fojks/h
vkanksyu Hkh fo'oO;kih usVooZQ esa Hkkxhnkjh
pj.k
,slh xfrfof/;ksa ls Nk=kksa dks ;g le>us esa enn feysxh fd oS'ohdj.k us oSQls gekjs
thou esa ços'k fd;k gS vkSj oS'ohdj.k dk loZO;kih çHkko O;fDr] leqnk; rFkk jk"Vªksa
ij fdl rjg iM+k gSA
© oqQN mRiknksa dh lwph cuk,¡] elyu & [kk|&mRikn] fctyh ls pyus okys ?kjsyw
bLrseky osQ midj.k vkSj lq[k&lqfo/k osQ ,sls lkeku ftuls vki ifjfpr gSaA
© vius ilanhnk Vh-oh- dk;ZØeksa osQ uke fy[ksaA
© vè;kid bl lwph dks ,d=k djsa vkSj ,d lkFk feyk;saA
© d{kk dks NksVs&NksVs lewg esa ck¡Vsa vkSj çR;sd lewg dks oLrqvksa rFkk Vh-oh- dk;ZØeksa
dh oqQN lwph nsaA vxj lwph ”;knk yach gks rks lewg esa Nk=kksa dh la[;k ”;knk j[ksaA
© Nk=kksa ls jkstejkZ osQ mi;ksx dh bu oLrqvksa osQ fuekZrkvksa vkSj vius ilanhnk Vhoh
dk;ZØeksa osQ çk;kstdksa osQ uke crkus dks dgsaA
© vè;kid (Nk=kksa dh enn ls) bu mRiknksa osQ fuekZrkvksa dks rhu oxksaZ esa lwphc¼ djs%a
(1) iw.kZr;k fons'kh oaQiuh (2) iw.kZr;k Hkkjrh; vkSj (3) lk>snkjh esa dke djus
okyh oaQifu;k¡A bl oxhZdj.k ls ;g rF; lkeus vk,xk fd Nk=kksa }kjk bLrseky fd,
tkus okys vf/dka'k mRiknksa dh fofuekZrk oaQaifu;k¡ fons'kh gSa tks LFkkuh; oaQiuh osQ
lkFk feydj bu oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djrh gSaA 'ks"k nks dksfV;ksa osQ varxZr vkusokys
mRikn vis{kr;k de gSaA
vè;kidksa osQ fy,

* vè;kid fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls ppkZ djsa fd oS'ohdj.k oSQls gekjs thou dks çHkkfor dj jgk gSA bl ppkZ
esa ”;knk tksj jks”kejkZ osQ bLrseky dh ph”kksa vkSj Vhoh osQ dk;ZØeksa ij nsaA
* Nk=kksa dks fdUgha pkj Hkkjrh; oaQifu;ksa osQ ckjs esa crk,¡ tks fofHkUu m|ksxksa esa fons'kh oaQifu;ksa osQ lkFk
lk>snkjh dj jgh gSa vkSj ftuosQ fBdkus nwljs ns'kksa esa Hkh gSaA
* Nk=kksa dk è;ku oS'ohdj.k osQ nwljs igyw ij Hkh [khapsaA fons'kh oLrqvksa dk bLrseky tSls&tSls c<+k
gS oSls&oSls gekjs NksVs Lons'kh m|ksxksa osQ xzkgd de gq, gSa vkSj ;s m|ksx can gks jgs gSaA
* bl xfrfof/ dk lekiu oS'ohdj.k dks ysdj tkjh cglksa ls Nk=kksa dk ifjp; djkdj gks ldrk gSA
[+kklrkSj ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ;g crk;sa fd fodkl'khy vkSj vfodflr ns'kksa ij oS'ohdj.k osQ çHkkoksa
dks ysdj D;k ckrsa dgh tk jgh gSaA fo'o&O;kikj laxBu ls tqM+s le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj gksus osQ ckn nqfu;k
Hkj esa blosQ fo#¼ /juk vkSj fojks/&çn'kZu gq,A Nk=kksa dks budh tkudkjh nsaA
oS'ohdj.k 111
djrs gSa vkSj vius ls feyrh&tqyrh lksp Hkkjr vkSj oS'ohdj.k dk çfrjks/
j[kus okys nwljs ns'kksa osQ yksxksa ls xBtksM+ oS'ohdj.k osQ çfrjks/ dks ysdj Hkkjr osQ
djrs gSAa oS'ohdj.k&fojks/h cgqr ls vkanksyu vuqHko D;k gSa\ lkekftd vkanksyuksa ls
oS'ohdj.k dh /kj.kk osQ fojks/h ugha cfYd yksxksa dks vius ikl&iM+ksl dh nqfu;k dks
oS'ohdj.k osQ fdlh [kkl dk;ZØe osQ le>us esa enn feyrh gSA yksxksa dks viuh
fojks/h gSa ftls os lkezkT;okn dk ,d :i leL;kvksa osQ gy ryk'kus esa Hkh lkekftd
ekurs gSaA vkanksyuksa ls enn feyrh gSA Hkkjr esa
1999 es]a fl,V~y esa fo'o O;kikj laxBu oS'ohdj.k dk fojks/ dbZ gydksa ls gks jgk
dh ea=kh&Lrjh; cSBd gqbAZ ;gk¡ cM+s iSekus ij gSA vkfFkZd oS'ohdj.k osQ f[+kykiQ okeiaFkh
fojks/&çn'kZu gq,A vkfFkZd :i ls rkdroj rsoj dh vkoktsa jktuhfrd nyksa dh rjiQ
ns'kksa }kjk O;kikj osQ vuqfpr rkSj&rjhdksa osQ ls mBh gSa rks bafM;u lks'ky iQksje tSls
viukus osQ fojks/ esa ;s çn'kZu gq, FksA fojksf/ eapksa ls HkhA vkS|ksfxd Jfed vkSj fdlkuksa
;ksa dk roZQ Fkk fd mnh;eku oSf'od osQ laxBuksa us cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa osQ ços'k
vkfFkZd&O;oLFkk esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fgrksa dk fojks/ fd;k gSA oqQN ouLifr;ksa elyu
dks leqfpr egÙo ugha fn;k x;k gSA ûhe* dks vejhdh vkSj ;wjksih; iQeksZa us
uo&mnkjoknh oS'ohdj.k osQ fojks/ isVsUV djkus osQ ç;kl fd,A bldk Hkh
dk ,d fo'o&O;kih eap ôYMZ lks'ky dM+k fojks/ gqvkA
iQksje* (WSF) gSA bl eap osQ rgr oS'ohdj.k dk fojks/ jktuhfr osQ
ekuokf/dkj& dk;ZdÙkkZ] i;kZoj.koknh] nf{k.kiaFkh [kseksa ls Hkh gqvk gSA ;g [ksek
etnwj] ;qok vkSj efgyk dk;ZdÙkkZ ,dtqV fofHkUu lkaLÑfrd çHkkoksa dk fojks/
gksdj uo&mnkjoknh oS'ohdj.k dk fojks/ dj jgk gS ftlesa osQcy usVooZQ osQ
djrs gSaA ôYMZ lks'ky iQksje* dh igyh tfj, miyC/ djk, tk jgs fons'kh
cSBd 2001 esa czkthy osQ iksVksZ vyxsjs esa Vh-oh- pSuyksa ls ysdj oSysUVkbZu&Ms eukus
gqbZA 2004 esa bldh pkSFkh cSBd eqacbZ esa rFkk LowQy&dkWyst osQ Nk=k&Nk=kkvksa dh
gqbZ FkhA bldh cSBd czkthy - esa ekpZ] if'peh iks'kkdksa osQ fy, c<+rh vfHk#fp
2018 esa gqbZ gSA rd dk fojks/ 'kkfey gSA
ç'ukoyh 1- oS'ohdj.k osQ ckjs esa dkSu&lk dFku lgh gS\

(d) oS'ohdj.k fliQZ vkfFkZd ifj?kVuk gSA
([k) oS'ohdj.k dh 'kq#vkr 1991 esa gqbZA
(x) oS'ohdj.k vkSj if'pehdj.k leku gSaA
(?k) oS'ohdj.k ,d cgqvk;keh ifj?kVuk gSA
2- oS'ohdj.k osQ çHkko osQ ckjs esa dkSu&lk dFku lgh gS\
(d) fofHkUu ns'kksa vkSj lektksa ij oS'ohdj.k dk çHkko fo"ke jgk gSA
([k) lHkh ns'kksa vkSj lektksa ij oS'ohdj.k dk çHkko leku jgk gSA
(x) oS'ohdj.k dk vlj fliQZ jktuhfrd nk;js rd lhfer gSA
(?k) oS'ohdj.k ls vfuok;Zr;k lkaLÑfrd le:irk vkrh gSA
3- oS'ohdj.k osQ dkj.kksa osQ ckjs esa dkSu&lk dFku lgh gS\
(d) oS'ohdj.k dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ dkj.k çkS|ksfxdh gSA
([k) turk dk ,d [kkl leqnk; oS'ohdj.k dk dkj.k gSA
(x) oS'ohdj.k dk tUe la;qDr jkT; vejhdk esa gqvkA
(?k) oS'ohdj.k dk ,dek=k dkj.k vkfFkZd /jkry ij ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk gSA
4- oS'ohdj.k osQ ckjs dkSu&lk dFku lgh gS\
(d) oS'ohdj.k dk laca/ fliQZ oLrqvksa dh vkoktkgh ls gSA
([k) oS'ohdj.k esa ewY;ksa dk la?k"kZ ugha gksrkA
(x) oS'ohdj.k osQ vax osQ :i esa lsokvksa dk egÙo xkS.k gSA
(?k) oS'ohdj.k dk laca/ fo'oO;kih ikjLifjd tqM+ko ls gSA
5- oS'ohdj.k osQ ckjs esa dkSu&lk dFku X+kyr gS\
(d) oS'ohdj.k osQ leFkZdksa dk roZQ gS fd blls vkfFkZd le`f¼ c<+sxhA
([k) oS'ohdj.k osQ vkykspdksa dk roZQ gS fd blls vkfFkZd vlekurk vkSj ”;knk c<+xs hA
(x) oS'ohdj.k osQ iSjksdkjksa dk roZQ gS fd blls lkaLÑfrd le:irk vk,xhA
(?k) oS'ohdj.k osQ vkykspdksa dk roZQ gS fd blls lkaLÑfrd le:irk vk,xhA
6- fo'oO;kih îkjLifjd tqM+ko* D;k gS\ blosQ dkSu&dkSu ls ?kVd gSa\
7- oS'ohdj.k esa çkS|ksfxdh dk D;k ;ksxnku gS\
8- oS'ohdj.k osQ lanHkZ esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa jkT; dh cnyrh Hkwfedk dk vkykspukRed
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9- oS'ohdj.k dh vkfFkZd ifj.kfr;k¡ D;k gqbZ gSa\ bl lanHkZ esa oS'ohdj.k us Hkkjr ij oSQls çHkko
Mkyk gSA\
10- D;k vki bl roZQ ls lger gSa fd oS'ohdj.k ls lkaLÑfrd fofHkUurk c<+ jgh gS\
11- oS'ohdj.k us Hkkjr dks oSQls çHkkfor fd;k gS vkSj Hkkjr oSQls oS'ohdj.k dks çHkkfor dj jgk gS\
jktuhfrd fo'o
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ledkyhu

tuojh 2019] tuojh 2020] ekpZ 2021

ikB~;iqLrdksa esa ikB~; lkexzh dk iqul±;kstu

oQkafr cktisbZ ;ksxsUæ ;kno

ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr

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nks ckrsa vii

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o`Qi;k gesa bl irs ij fy[ksa

nks /kzqoh;rk dk var

lksfo;r la?k osQ fo?kVu dk ?kVuk&pØ

lksfo;r la?k osQ fofHkUu x.kjkT; bl mHkkj fo?kVu dh ifj.kfr;k¡

iwohZ] eè; ;wjksi vkSj ^Lora=k jkT;ksa osQ jk"VªoqQy* dk ekufp=k

Hkkjr vkSj lksfo;r la?k iwoZ&lkE;oknh ns'k vkSj Hkkjr

ç'ukoyh (x) fo'o&O;oLFkk osQ 'kfDr&larqyu esa cnyko

;wjksih; la?k eap cu x;k ftlosQ ekè;e ls if'peh

;wjksih; la?k dk ekufp=k

esa çHkkfor djuk bldk ,d mnkgj.k gSA

,jsl] osQxYl dkVZwu

iwoZ ,f'k;k vkSj iSflfiQd dk ekufp=k is'k djosQ vkfl;ku us

vkSj vkfFkZd ,dkarokl dks [kRe fd;kA

Msax dkW; ehy] flaxkiqj] osQxYl dkVZwu

rc vkSj eq[;Hkwfe ij jgus okys yksxksa osQ chp

gw dh vkSj rkboku bldh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ lkFk

vius vklikl osQ bykdksa ij Hkh dkiQh

osQ usrk rFkk vf/dkjh vc vDlj u;h

osQ laca/ esa ,d tSlh uhfr;k¡ viuk;h gSaA

ç'ukoyh 1- frfFk osQ fglkc ls bu lcdks Øe nsa &

ledkyhu nf{k.k ,f'k;k

ns'k ekynho 1968 rd lYrur gqvk djrk FkkA 1968 esa

fo'o 72.2 82.1 79 15,439 29.9 140.0 – –

lzksr % ;w,uMhih] ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ] 2018

ikfdLrku esa yksdra=k osQ LFkk;h u

;gk¡ nks fp=k fn, x, gSaA igys fp=k esa yksdra=k

dh gSA ysfdu 1987 esa Hkkjrh; ljdkj

ysfdu] nksuksa ns'kksa dh ljdkjsa yxkrkj

(vkbZ,lvkbZ) ij ckaXykns'k vkSj usiky osQ

ls uk[kq'k gks vkSj mls ekjk tk jgk gks rks ,sls

'kkafr vkSj lg;ksx

(SAARC) nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa }kjk

vaik;j dks r; djuk gS

Hkh ppkZ dh xbZ gSA

ihVj fiLesL=kksfop] osQxYl dkVZwu

varjkZ"Vªh; eqæk dks"k

tk,¡xs fd mudh bPNkvksa&vkdka{kkvksa ij

gksrsA ,d varjkZ"Vªh; laxBu lg;ksx djus

la;qDr jk"Vªla?k dh lajpuk

tyok;q esa cnyko] i;kZoj.k dh gkfu]

oSQls djk, tk,¡A felky osQ rkSj ij ;gh fd

dksbZ fo'o dks lH;rk ;k laLÑfr osQ

lnL;rk dk loky ,d xaHkhj loky gSA l VªLVhf'ki dkmafly (U;kflrk ifj"kn~)

oapuk dks ekud cukuk dgk¡ rd O;kogkfjd gS\

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Hkkjr us la;qDr jk"Vªla?k osQ <k¡ps esa cnyko

fo'o O;kikj laxBu

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dks ;g çLrko u t¡ps rks vius ^ohVks* ls

ekbd ysu] osQxYl dkVZwu

fy, vfHk;ku pykrk gS A ;g la x Bu

fl¼ dj jgh gS fd vkus okys fnuksa esa fo'o

ç'ukoyh 8- lqj{kk&ifj"kn~ osQ dk;Z D;k gSa\

ledkyhu fo'o esa lqj{kk

Lohdkj djuk pkfg, fd ^lqj{kk* vius

cnyrh jgrh gSaA fiQj ge ;g loky Hkh