EFFECTS OF ORGANIZED CRIMINAL GANGS ON THE LIVELIHOODS OF THE

NAKURU RESIDENTS: A CASE STUDY OF KAPTEMBWO WITHIN NAKURU

MASSC/2023/61959

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER DEGREE IN CRIMINOLOGY AND

SECURITY STUDIES OF

MOUNT KENYA UNIVERSITY

MARCH 2024
 DECLARATION
This proposal is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University
or for any other award.

Name: STANLEY CHEGE NJOROGE

Reg No: MASSC/2023/61959

Signature……………………………………… Date………………………………………..
 RECOMMENDATION
I confirm that the work reported in this project was carried out by the candidate under my
supervision.

Dr………………………….

Signature………………………………………
Date…………………………………………..
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am thankful to God Almighty for enabling me get to this far and sustaining me throughout my
studies. Secondly, my sincere appreciation to my supervisor Dr. ……………. for his invaluable
contribution and willingness to support me at all times. Without him this research project would
have been very difficult. I would like to thank my wife Ruth Wambui for her unwavering support
and encouragement throughout my study period without her I would have given up long time
ago. My little children for their sacrifice to enable me pay for my fees. Hiedie, Hailey and Joe I
appreciate your tolerance. I would also want to acknowledge my mother and siblings for
encouraging me to soldier on when the situation got difficult. Thanks to my colleagues Meshack,
Mary and Obadiah for your contribution towards producing a quality proposal. Madam Dorcas
Mungai and my coordinator Dr. Ruth Nyambura for your support throughout my proposal. God
bless.
DECLARATION………………………………………………………………………...ii

DEDICATION………………………………………………………………………...…iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………….….iv

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………

TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………..vi

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………….

LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS………………………………………..

TABLES FIGURES PLATES…………………………………………………………….

REFRENCES……………………………………………………………………………….

APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………………
CHAPTER ONE: …………………………………………………………………
1.0 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................
1.1 Background to the study.........................................................................................
1.2 Statement of the problem.........................................................................................
1.3 Purpose of the study.........................................................................................
1.4 Objectives of the study.........................................................................................
1.5 Research questions or hypotheses.................................................................................
1.6 Significance/Rationale/Justification of the study.....................................................
1.7 Scope of the study.........................................................................................
1.8 Study limitations.........................................................................................
1.9 Delimitations.........................................................................................
1.10 Assumptions of the study...............................................................................
1.11 Operational definition of key terms- explaining how certain terms have been used in a
special way in the context of the research proposal
CHAPTER TWO: ……………………………………………………………
2.0 Literature Review………………………………………................................................ 6
2.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................
2.2 Empirical literature (literature should clearly identify the research gap)….. ...................
2.3 Theoretical literature/Theoretical framework..............................................................
2.4 Conceptual framework.............................................................................................
2.5 Recap of literature review..........................................................................................
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Motivating Factors that Compel Youth in Joining Gangs"...................................... 6
2.2.1 Social factors ................................................................................................... 6
2.2.2 Psychological factors ...................................................................................... 7
2.2.3 Influence from other gang groups ................................................................... 8
2.3 Characteristics of organized crime in society.......................................................9
2.4How Organized Criminal Gangs Fund their Activities............................................ 9
2.5Causes and Effects of Organized Criminal Gang in Society ................................... 10
2.6 Recruitment of Membership .................................................................................. 13
2.7 Categories of Organized Criminal Gangs .............................................................. 14
2.7.1 Type E: Structured Criminal Organization ................................................. …….15
2.8 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................... 16
2.8.1 Biological Theory .......................................................................................... …...17
2.8.2 Sociological Theory ............................................................................................... 18
2.9. Conceptual Frame Work ......................................................................................... 19

CHAPTER THREE:…………………………………………………………………
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................24
3.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................
3.2 Research methodology...............................................................................................
3.3 Research design (Discuss the Variables)…………………………………………………..
3.4 Location of the study....................................................................................................
3.5 Target population........................................................................................................
3.6 Sampling procedures and techniques...........................................................................
3.7 Sample population....................................................................................................
3.8 Construction of research instruments...........................................................................
3.9 Testing for validity and reliability/trustworthiness.......................................................
3.10 Data collection methods and procedures....................................................................
3.11 Proposed data analysis techniques and procedures....................................................
3.12 Ethical considerations....................................................................................................
3.1 Introduction" .......................................................................................................... 24
3.2 Location of study" .................................................................................................... 24
3.3 Research design" .................................................................................................... 24
3.3.1 Unit of Analysis ................................................................................................ 25
3.3.2 Unit of Observation.......................................................................................... 25
3.4 Target Population ................................................................................................... 25
3.5 Sample size and Sampling technique ..................................................................... 25
3.6. Methods of Data Collection’ ................................................................................. 26
3.6.1 Survey .......................................................................................................... 26
3.6.2 Focus Group Discussions (FGD) ................................................................ 26
3.6.3 Key Informant Interview ............................................................................. 26
3.6.4 Document Review ....................................................................................... 27
3.6.5 Observation" ................................................................................................ 27
3.6.6 Data Collection tools" ................................................................................. 27
3.7 Ethical Consideration ............................................................................................. 27
3.8 Data Analysis Techniques...................................................................................... 28
3.9 limitations of the Study ......................................................................................... 28

LIST OF ABBREVIATION
AU- Africa Union
CID-Criminal Investigation Department
FATF-Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundry
FBI-Federal Bureau of Investigation
FGD-Focus Group Discussion
KHRC-Kenya Human Right Commission.
KNYISS-Kenya National Youth Alliance, Institute of Security Studies
PSC- Peace and Security Council
UN- United Nation
UNODC- United Nation on Drug and Crime
NCRC – National Crime Research Center

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of organized criminal gangs in everyday
life of residents of Kaptembwo. The specific objective of this study is; to establish the
motivating factors that compel youth to join the criminal gang, to determine the effects of the
organized criminal gangs in the daily lives of the residents of Kaptembwo, to find out how the
gang recruits and maintain its membership and to establish the avenues through which the gang
generate money to fund their activities as well as identify the nature and characteristics of this
criminal gangs. The research design to be used in this study is descriptive survey method, this
design will involve triangulation where by the qualitative and quantitative data to be collected
will be checked for validity by observing the shortcomings and success of each method. The
target population is adult family members (both male and female). They will involve victims
both affected directly and indirectly by this gangs. Other respondents will be business people,
government officials and civil society. The quantitative and qualitative techniques will be used to
analyses the data. The study will give findings of how the residence of Kaptembwo are affected
by the gangs in going about their businesses and the role played by the Police in fight against
criminal gangs.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Crime is present not only in the majority of societies of one particular class but in all societies in
the world. There is no society where criminality is not a major challenge. It forms changes; the
acts thus characterized are not the same everywhere and always, there have been men who have
behaved in such a way to draw upon themselves penal repression Edward (1970).

Research studies conducted across the world shows that United States gangs have been the main
focus. Youth gangs may have first developed in Europe (Klein, 1996) or Mexico (Redfield, 1941;
Rubel, 1965). No one knows the period and the reason they emerged in the United States. The
earliest record of their appearance in the United States may have been as early as 1783, after the
end of American revolution (Sante, 1991; Sheldon, 1898). They may have emerged
spontaneously from adolescent play groups or as a collective response to urban conditions in this
country (Thrasher, 1927). People presume they first emerged following the migration in Mexico
to the Southwest after the Mexican Revolution in 1813 (Redfield, 1941; Rubel, 1965). They may
have grown out of difficulties Mexican youth encountered with social and cultural adjustment to
the American way of life under extremely poor conditions in the Southwest (Moore, 1978; Vigil,
1988).

Gangs appear to have spread in New England in the early 1800's as the Industrial Revolution
gained momentum in the first large cities in the United States: New York, Boston, and
Philadelphia (Finestone, 1976; Sante, 1991; Spergel, 1995). Gangs began to flourish in Chicago
and other large cities during the industrial era, when immigration and population shifts reached
peak levels (Finestone, 1976). In American history during the early days gangs are seen to appear
more and become more violent during the periods of rapid population. Their evolution has been
characterized by an ebb and flow pattern that "at any given time more closely resembles that of,
say, influenza rather than blindness," as Miller (1992:51) has observed. The United States has
seen four distinct periods of gang growth and peak activity: the late 1800's, the 1920's, the 1960's,
and the 1990's (Curry and Decker, 1998). Gang proliferation, in other words, is not a constant.

In the modern era, youth gangs have been influenced by several trends. In the 1970's and 1980's,
because of increased mobility and access to more lethal weapons, many gangs became more
dangerous (Klein, 1995; Klein and Maxson, 1989; Miller, 1974, 1992; Spergel, 1995). Gang
fights previously involving fists or brass knuckles increasingly involved guns. The growing
availability of automobiles, coupled with the use of more lethal weapons, fuelled the growth of
drive-by shootings, a tactic that previously took the form of on-foot hit-and-run forays (Miller,
1966). Gangs of the 1980's and 1990's seem to have both more younger and more older members
than before (Miller, 1992; Spergel, 1995), more members with prison records or ties to prison
inmates (Hagedorn, 1988; Miller, 1992; Moore, 1990; Vigil, 1988), and more weapons of greater
lethality (Block and Block, 1993; Miller, 1992; National Drug Intelligence Center, 1995). They
are less concerned with territorial affiliations (Fagan, 1990; Klein, 1995), use alcohol and drugs
more extensively (Decker and Van Winkle, 1996; Fagan, 1990; Thornberry, 1998), and are more
involved in drug trafficking (Battin et al., 1998; Fagan, 1990; Miller, 1992; Taylor, 1989;
Thornberry, 1998).

Some youth gangs appear to have been transformed into entrepreneurial organizations by the
crack cocaine epidemic that began in the mid-1980's (Sanchez-Jankowski, 1991; Skolnick et al.,
1988; Taylor, 1989). However, the extent to which they have become drug-trafficking
organizations is unclear (Howell and Decker, in press). Some youth groups, many of which are
not considered bona fide gangs, are not seriously involved in illegal activities and provide mainly
social opportunities for their membership (Fagan, 1989; Vigil, 1988). Some gangs seldom use
drugs and alcohol, and some have close community ties (Fagan, 1989; Sanchez-Jankowski, 1991;
Vigil, 1988).

In the recent years, insecurity and crime rates have increased among youth in Douala Cameroon
which is an informal settlement accompanied by hardships lifestyle. The increased crimes can
be attribute to these white collar criminals who get away with offence without being prosecuted
and has created a major concern among the youth due to ‘Feyman’ (Nwankwo 2006).

Youth gangs have persistently used violence, theft, intimidation and threat in Dakar Senegal since
the last decade. Urban areas have become a hub to insecurity which is attributed to the increasing
number of people being attacked by robbers in streets forcing people to resort to private
protection (Nwankwo 2006).

A gazette was published in 2010 on prevention of crimes by the minister in charge of internal
security then Prof. George Saitoti. The gazette outlined the laws and focused on investigating,
preventing and punishing the organizers of criminal activities in Kenya. The law itself provides
tight rules to any gangs operating within the country and ensures that the culprits are sentenced to
a jail term of not less than 14 years or a lifetime if found guilty and fundraisers of criminal gangs
were not left out either. The law stipulates a harsh penalty to organizers and gangs as well as
those who commit serious offence including a lifetime incarceration if convicted of the crime.
According to permanent secretary in charge of internal security……. Mungiki as a sect is the
most brutal gang which has been feared in Kenya. Organized criminal Act (2010) in conjunction
with the persons Act 2010 states that the ways to stop gangs is by counter trafficking. The Bill
was assented by president Mwai Kibaki and the government produced a list in appendix which
highlights the most active gangs and who committed crimes like extortion, robbery and terror
attacks. The government in collaboration with leaders are on the forefront to help combat these
criminal activities.

Criminal gangs in Nakuru becomes more active during electioneering period because they are
funded by politicians to advance their political agenda. Residents of Nakuru Town have raised
concerns over the organised criminal gangs that terrorise them. Rhonda, Kaptembwo, Kivumbini,
Mawanga, Flamingo, Lake view, Bondeni and Pondamali are some of the areas largely affected
by the surge in criminal attacks at night and in broad day light. The residents lamented that the
incidents have become rampant without any tangible action against the suspects citing lenient
bonds, bails and fines in court. It is stated that many youths are from poor families and even from
middle and upper class and are being drawn into these lifestyles. The rate of unemployment is
high as well. This results in the formation of youth groups which may develop into gangs as a
means of economic survival. The most commonly known criminal gangs in Nakuru include;
Confirmed, Gaza, Watz, Mauki, Eastlando, Msafi Kwanza, five figures and Dragon.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The security of a nation's residents and enterprises is critical to its development and success.
According to studies, organized criminal gangs have victimized a substantial percentage of urban
people in both developed and developing nations (UN-Habitat, 2007).

Kenya is no exception to rising youth violence as a result of increased economic hardship and
unemployment in many cities. The most common crimes committed by youth gangs include theft,
assault, drug trafficking, mugging, and murder (UN-Habitat 2007). Poor upbringing, peer
pressure, economic hardship, political influence, and geographical location are all motivating
factors for joining criminal gangs.
Criminal gangs have increased in Nakuru West Constituency, particularly in Kaptembwo,
affecting the livelihoods of residents in the area. It has resulted in fatalities, widespread fear, and
economic consequences. Youths are the primary perpetrators in this epidemic. Some solutions to
addressing criminal gangs include the sharing of information between community members and
the government in order to raise awareness among youths about the consequences of joining
gangs. Furthermore, the government can impose penalties on members convicted of involvement
in criminal gangs.
1.3 Purpose of the study
The purpose of this study is to look into the effects of organized criminal gangs on the livelihoods
of Kaptembwo residents in Nakuru County.

1.4 Objectives of the study

The study centered on the following research objectives:

1) To identify the motivating factors that lead youth to join criminal gangs.
2) Determine the impact of organized criminal gangs on the daily lives of Kaptembwo residents.
3) Discover how criminal gangs recruit and maintain membership.
4) To investigate how organized criminal gangs generate money to fund their criminal activities.
5) Conduct a quick analysis of the tactics, command structure, and network of the top criminal
gangs in Kaptembwo.
6) Prepare and submit a report detailing findings and practical solutions to the problems posed by
organized criminal gangs in Kaptembwo.

1.5 Research Questions

1) Who are the criminal gangs
2) What are the motivating factors that lead youth to join criminal gangs?
3) What are the characteristics and modes of operation of organized criminal gangs?
4) How do organized criminal gangs recruit and retain their members?

5) How do organized criminal gangs raise money to fund their operations?

6) How do organized criminal gangs affect the lives of Kaptembwo residents?

1.6 Significance of the Study

Organized criminal gangs have terrorized and disrupted the lives of many Kaptembwo residents.
Organized crime undermines development, instills fear, and certainly negates efforts to achieve
Vision 2030. It must be understood and appropriate strategies developed to eradicate organized
crime. As a result, providing law enforcement agencies with current information will aid in crime
prevention. Indeed, organized criminal gangs pose a significant challenge to police crime
prevention efforts in Kaptembwo and throughout Kenya.
The rise in the number of organized gangs, and also the genetic mutations that result from some
of them, is enough reason for society to take action. According to Kenya Gazette Notice
No.10427 from 2016, Nakuru County is one of 90 violent organized criminal gangs operating in
Kenya's major towns and cities. As a result, this study sought to determine the causes, problems,
and solutions to this threat.

1.7 Scope of the Study

The study focused on the impact of criminal gangs on the livelihoods of Kaptembwo village
residents.

1.8 Study Limitations

Time
Time has become a major challenge since there is a lot that needs to be unveiled under the short
period of time that the institution has offered.

1.9 Delimitations
Support
The institution has really supported in providing guidelines on how we should go about the
research.
Colleagues have also played part in this research by developing ideas on how to make the
research a success.
1.10 Assumptions of the study
All the assumptions to this research study is that all the respondents will be accessed easily and
will give fairly accurate information. The researcher also took into assumption that data analysis
tools and techniques will give accurate findings which will guide to positive conclusions. Further,
the researcher assumed that he will get a chance of interviewing one of the gang / reformed gang
member to give factual information about the gang activities.

1.11 Operational definition of

Key terms are:
A crime is an act or omission that constitutes an offence punishable by a court of law.
Criminal gangs are ongoing organizations, associations, or groups of three or more people whose
sole purpose is to commit crimes.
A case study is the collection and presentation of detailed information about a single participant
or small group.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides a summarized information comparing studies that have been undertaken by
different researchers in similar field. Some of the areas to be discussed include the Empirical
literature, Theoretical Literature/framework, Conceptual framework and recap of literature
review.

2.2 Empirical Literature

Motivating Factors that Compel Youth in Joining Gangs

Many studies have been under taken to look for answers why youths resort to join criminal gangs
to no avail. Mathews (1999) argued that there existed two factors “push and pull factors “that
drive youths to join criminal activities. The push are individual reasons like desire to get
identified by engaging in criminal activities while pull are the factors brought about by the
surrounding environment and can involve joining gangs to acquire more money or private
protection.

Social Factors

Criminal gangs originate as a result of youth unemployment and poverty (Rizzo 2003), The
presence of gangs operating in neighbouring (Spergel,1995); and crimes committed by youths
(Hawkins,2001). There are other factors like poor up bringing (Sharp et al2006), ancestral (Sharp
et al 2006), and relatives who were originals (Spergel,1995) supporting the youth people in the
family to engage in gang activities (Thornberry et al.,2003).

Peer pressure has also been associated with harmful traits (Cauffman 2009) and affiliation
(Thornberry et al 2003). Nonetheless, history of persistent crimes (Steinberg, 2006), it is not
possible to establish a specific factor associated with gang affiliation. Developing countries have
continued to face inflation and decline in economy. Therefore, emergence of political and
religious thought has worsened the conditions forcing the people to result to criminal activities
(World Bank 2006). A research undertaken by IIPOA (2014) reveals that unequal distribution of
resources, high population growth and increased rate of poverty due to youth unemployment has
contributed to rising number of criminal gang activities in Kenya.

Psychological Factors
Caspi (2005) argues that character traits of gang members are associated with lack of self-esteem,
crimes, selfish acts and hostility. Other researchers said that lack of self-confidence and antisocial
behavior has led to the increase in gang membership (Martine & Stein 1997). Self-esteem dictates
choices made by the youth. Low self-esteem would lead an individual either join gangs or seek
their approval in order to acquire a sense of belonging. A high self-esteemed individual has a
sense of dignity and direction and would never yearn for such approval. In the event where
someone is involved in a criminal gang and opts to leave, a high self-esteem would be a
prerequisite so as to withstand the pressure from the gang (Duke et. (Et al (1997).
Emotional factors have been associated with youths joining gangs (Esbensen &Weerman 2005).
In addition, the gangsters manage their behaviour by defusing the undesirable outcomes of their
acts (Taylor & Freg 2009), and most distressingly, they care less about their violent acts.
(Esbensen et al., 2001, Esbensen et al., 2009). According to Thornberry (2003) discusses the
psychological developments that motivates gang membership. In their study they feature the
criminal beliefs (defined by the belief that it is acceptable to be delinquent) which includes its
causes, factors motivating the criminals, gang affiliation and consequences of bad behaviours.
The beliefs discussed are the same compared to self-esteem and acts a major role in criminal
gang. These beliefs are ought to stimulate delinquent peers and their behaviours. (Frawnworth &
Jang 1994). Browne & Palmer (2002) argue that more research needs to be done on these beliefs.
Some studies have revealed that the enthusiasm and the acceptance given to the youth have been
a driving force to join the criminal gang, (Anderson 1999, Klein 2006). Knox (1994) refers to
gang as applying two kinds of social control which entice youths. According to Klein (2006), the
coercive power is a form of bullying, violence or force which is used by gangs to make them
maintain a company and a state of identity.
When youths desire to be members of the gang, they become more eager to learn their deeds and
copy their form of characters (Hungnes &Short 2005) from films where characters are rewarded
from acting as gangsters (Prezemienieck2005). Therefore, it becomes so easy for the youths to
gain gang membership. The criminals are characterized to be coercive (South & Wood 2006)
which associates them with gang membership (Wood, Moir & James 2009).
It is therefore tempting for a youth to easily join a gang. The offenders are known to be more
bully. (South &Wood 2006) and this much inclined and associated with gang membership
(Wood, Moir & James2009) the gang members will adhere to the status of being bullies as they
consider it crucial other than non-gang members. A research conducted in Kenya by Musumba
Denzil (2014), indicate that the Muslim youth in Kenya like in other parts of the world have been
made to believe that the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan and Palestinian- Israel are part of the broad
global campaigns against Islam. In Kenya, the youth viewed the situations in Somalia and
Palestine as problem affecting all Muslim worldwide hence they should be involved.

Influence from other Gang Groups

“Some gang members alias ‘reluctant gangsters ‘where neighborhoods peppered with gangs and
crime make youth fearful of victimization leading to perceptions that their world is a dangerous
place (Pitts 2007). In such cases, threats can be witnessed taking place majorly on the roles
played, within and between gangs. These threats from neighbourhood gangs can force certain
youth groups in to joining a gang, which can also reinforce the collective identity and group
cohesion. Again it can lead to increased gang violence (Van Winkle 1996).
Therefore, it is experienced that different gang members experience threats from other groups of
youths, and thus sees gang membership as offering them protection. In 1995 Klein made the
following observations;
 In the gangs one can find protection from attack.
 A gang can provide what he has not obtained from his family, school or elsewhere in the
community. It can therefore be considered that the youth that who involve themselves in gangs
are the ones that experience most threats from others.

Characteristics of Organized Crime in the Society

Characteristics of Organized Criminal Gangs According to the United Nations Office on Drugs
and Crime (UNODC), organized crime is a multi-faceted phenomenon and has manifested itself
in different activities, among others, drug trafficking, trafficking in human beings; trafficking in
firearms; smuggling of migrants and money laundering. In particular drug trafficking is one of
the main activities of organized criminal groups, generating enormous profits.
Organized crime is a dynamic force whose every day focus may change and adapt according to
the counter measures taken by the government against them. A major characteristic of organized
crime is that many of its activities are not predatory (such as robbery which takes from its
victims). Instead, organized crime generally seeks to provide the public desired goods and
services that cannot be obtained legally (drugs, gambling, prostitution and so on). For its success,
organized crime relies on public demand for illegal services. Organized criminal groups have
become well organized and sophisticated leaving the traditional patterns of committing crimes
and use of violence. The groups for example have garages where stolen cars can be renumbered
and disguised or even established a business office where miscellaneous loot is held. Overall,
organized criminal groups have continuously changed and the emerging groups are becoming an
even more serious threat than in the past.
In other parts of the world, organized criminal gangs have been characterized by violence.
Organized criminal gangs are violent; they live violently and expect violence. This is because
tough, hardened criminals compose these gangs and they do not hesitate to use violence in order
to accomplish their purpose. The groups use criminal and violent force like shootings, beatings
and threats of violence to settle disputes brought to their attention. They are mobile and equipped
with the latest deadly weapons, are well disciplined, efficient and dangerous.
The characteristics of organized crime, which are common to all societies, are as follows:
i) It is an association of criminals for the purpose of gaining profit, may be permanent or
lasting for a period of time.
ii) Authority is centralized and is in the hands of one or few individuals.
iii) Collection of funds to serve as capital for the gang criminal enterprises.
iv) It is an organization of group, involving division of labour, delegation of duties and
responsibilities and specialization of functions. Some groups specialize in one type or a few
types of crime but others, especially the more powerful ones, are multipurpose in character,
engaging in any activity in which quick money can be made.
v) Criminal gangs seek to expand their activities beyond their borders to secure monopoly
throughout the area in which they operate. They do not hesitate to use violence to eliminate
competition, silence informers, persuade potential victims, or enforce their edicts. Often the
large gangs import gunmen from other areas to do this work for them and to make detection
of their crimes more difficult.
vi) Adopt measures to protect the group and to guard against the interruption of its activities.
These include maintenance of arrangements with doctors, lawyers, politicians, judges,
policemen and other influential persona and use of bribery and other forms of corruption to
secure political favors and to avoid arrest and punishment.
vii) Organized crime requires discipline, efficiency, obedience, loyalty and mutual
confidence. Establishment of policies of administration, rules of conduct and methods of
 operation is strictly enforced and severe penalties are imposed upon the violators.
viii) Careful plans to minimize risks and to ensure greatest possible success in the group’s
enterprises.

How organized criminal gangs fund their activities

The organized criminal groups generate large amounts of money by involving themselves in
illegal activities such as: drug trafficking, arms smuggling and financial crime, Salter, F (2002).
This is of little use to them unless they can disguise it and convert it into funds that are available
for investment into legitimate enterprise. The methods the gang use for converting its ‘dirty’
money into ‘clean’ assets encourage corruption. The organized criminal groups need to hide their
money’s illegal origin, Salter, F (2002). It allows for the expansion of organized criminal groups,
as a ‘laundry’ or ‘wash cycle’ operates to cover the money trail and convert proceeds of crime
into usable assets.

Money laundering is bad for international and domestic trade, banking reputations and for
governments and rule of law. Accurate figures for the amount of criminal proceeds laundered are
almost impossible to calculate and the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering
(FATF) an international body set up to combat money laundering has stated that overall it is
impossible to produce a reliable estimate for the amount of money laundered and therefore the
FATF does not publish any figures in this regard FSA.gov.uk (2013). However, in the US
estimated figures of money laundering has been put between $200-$600 billion per year
throughout the1990s (US Congress Office 1995.Robinson 1996), and in 2002 this was estimated
between $500 billion to $1 trillion per year (UN 2002). This would make organized crime the
third largest business in the world after foreign exchange and oil Robinson (1996)

Human trafficking is also a way for the gang to fund their activities. Human trafficking for the
purpose of sexual exploitation is a major cause of contemporary sexual slavery and is primary for
prostituting women and children into sex industries as a way of criminal gangs to fund their
activities Siegel & Nelen (2008). In 2001 International Organization for Migration estimated
400,000, the Federal Bureau of investigation estimated 700,000 and UNICEF estimated 1.7
million (UNDOC, 2006). The most common destinations for victims of human trafficking are
Japan, Israel, Italy, Thailand, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Turkey and United States
according to the report by UNODC. In Nigeria for example The Black Axe a Nigerian criminal
network that rules by fear is involved in drug dealing, prostitution and the fraudulent transfer of
money between Europe and Nigeria to fund their activities

In the world Kenyan case is not so different and most criminal gangs get their funds from
different dimensions research done by professor Maupeu (2013) noted that most of organized
criminal gangs in Kenya are mostly active during election period since that is the time they get
funds and protection from influential people who use them to create havoc and intimidation to
their opponents. Also the report released by government of Kenya (2009) revealed that criminal
organized gangs extort money from public vehicles operating major routes in major towns as
well as operating illegal activities such as robbery, in fact the government of Kenya (2009)
through ministry of internal security gave warning to those behind funding and protecting
organized criminal gangs. In Kenya, challenges faced by organized criminal gangs include;
terrorism, human/arms and drug trafficking and cybercrime. The crime situation in Kenya is not
unique within itself – many of the problems that face Kenya on criminal and development levels
are for the most part identical to those facing the surrounding countries in East Africa (UNODC,
2002). The organized criminal gangs in Kenya have been associated with the native communities
thus gaining protection and making them complicated.

In East Africa one of the threatening attacks is by pirates on the coast of Kenya. Young adults
who are generally poor and uneducated are recruited by crime lords in Somalia and Kenya in
attempts to extort money from commercial and private ships in the Indian Ocean. The immense
coast line and the porous borders of Kenya make it a prime location in trafficking in humans,
weapons and drugs. It’s however not clear whether there are pirates in Kenya or their activities
are coordinated in Somalia. United Nation on Drug and Crime (2002)

Causes And Effects Of Organized Crimes

a) Social Factors and crime
Social factors has to do with family structures and relationships, peer group relations, education,
and occupational status related to social factors of crime. There may be institutional arrangements
that facilitate the increase of the probability or even cause of crime. The explanation borrows
from Cloward and Ohlin’s assertion that societal structures, as they now exist, block the
opportunity of many individuals to achieve “success”. Some individuals, who are identifiable by
their socioeconomic characteristics, cannot achieve success by means generally accepted by
society: they are blocked from legal success and reach for success by criminal means.
Institutional arrangements may also have effects on groups of people and thus on individuals
within groups. Political structure of society divides people into competitive groups and that crime
is a product of this competition. Crime becomes a symptom of a struggle between the people in
power and those not in power.

b) Geographical factors and crime:

For a variety of reasons, cities seem to produce and nurture considerably more crime than rural
areas. Suburb crime rates are higher than rural rates but still considerably below urban rates. One
reason for the high urban crime rate is the presence of slum or ghetto areas with huge number of
the population being poor, unemployed and overcrowded resulting to crime (Gordon, 1967).

c) Economic factors and crime

Unbearable costs of living and financial crisis has been categorized as a cause of crime. This is
justifiable by Karl Marx’s theory of economic determination which leads to conflict. Karl Marx’s
argued that ownership of private property leads to poverty and distinguishes the ones who own
means of production from labourers. Poverty makes the latter to engaging criminal acts. Marx
predicted that capitalism would eventually destroy itself as more people become relegated to
working-class status, inequality rises, and competition drives corporate profits to zero.

d) Demographic Factors and crime

As a result of increased population people are bound to relocate. Demographic factor is mainly
affected by fertility of the population, the mortality rates, migration of people from one place to
another and ethnicity. In the recent generation crime rate can also be determined in relation to
population of male to female determined by age, sex and race.

e) Opportunity factors and crime

Crime is related to some other factors which include socio demographic and socio economic
factors. Criminal acts in normal cases involve an individual and an identified opportunity. Where
there exists a chance or a loophole the individual will take advantage of it to commit the crime.

f) Ecology and crime:

Ecology is concerned with the system. Human ecology is concerned with effect of position in the
ecosystem, time, institutions and behavior. The ecosystem comprises of environment, people,
mental factors, social factors and technological factors.
Organized crimes have caused many losses to the people and the economy in general. Some of
the reasons why lives are lost and traumatization is associated with gambling and drug
trafficking. Poor use of land and illegal trading has given rise to increased food prices, rising
monopolistic companies, declining businesses, youth unemployment and misuse of public funds
and high tariff and taxes. Unethical business dealings like scams counterfeit products and
blackmail are also organized crimes.

Law enforcers in East Africa region have faced challenges in curbing the increased crime rates
due to advanced technology used by criminals. These can be evident here in Kenya where there
exist terrorist attacks in malls and other designated places where people are busy, maritime
privacy, drug trafficking and cybercrimes. Native communities have been associated with
organized crimes in Kenya, (UNODC 2002).

Mungiki sect has been one of the violent and widely talked about organized criminal gang in
Kenya. It is a political religious group that was outlawed by the government of Kenya following
the atrocities committed against its victims. The members of Mungiki claim that it is a ‘home
grown ‘religious organized committed to upholding the traditional African way of worship,
culture and life style. It began as a local militia to protect Kikuyu farmers in disputes over land
with the Kalenjin and draws its inspiration from the bloody Mau Mau rebellion of the 1950s
against the British colonial rule. In recent years it has associated with the political group known
as the Kenya National Youth Alliance, Institute of security studies (2006).
In addition, the successive encounters with the police and assassinations committed by the sect,
Mungiki is identified to have been in other anti-social behaviours such as undressing women in
public for wearing miniskirts and trousers, forcing women to undergo female genital mutilation
and invading police stations to set free their fellow supporters who were under arrest. The sect
has also been assuming a contemporary face using AK- 47 assault rifles instead of clubs, machete
and swords. Other organized criminal gangs in Kenya such as Sungu Sungu, Chinkororo and
Taliban have followed in the footsteps of Mungiki in unleashing their terror.

Recruitment of Membership

The recruitment category describes how youths are brought into the gang and how adolescents
gain asses into the gangs. The recruitment process varies differently depending on the type of
gang one joins. Recruitment practices range from friends coming together because of shared
interest to formal recruitment through the sponsorship of youth by existing gang members or
recruitment in correctional facilities Esbensen & Carsen (2009). In many cases youth have
indicated that there was no formal recruitment, pressure or coercion for them to join a gang by
existing members. Instead joining a gang is seen as a natural process whereby new members
gradually increase their level of involvement as they are integrated into the gang by family
members or friends who are already members of the gang. Mathews (1993:23) refers to this
process as “drifting “rather than planned progression. “Drifting” can occur for a number of
reasons: because of challenges from other groups of youths who see the assemblage as a gang;
the perception of gang membership as a natural phenomenon where gang involvement is part of a
neighbourhood’s culture; labelling by outsiders (e.g., police, media etc.); escalating levels of
collective criminal behaviour and violence when the gang gets into altercations with other groups
of youth. “Drifting” in gangs may also be more prevalent among youths who have no access to,
or are not encouraged to join, prosocial, legitimate types of gangs such as sports teams or
community groups (Gordon 2002; 43) In other instances, organized crime syndicates require
youth to perform specific tasks in order to carry out their criminal activity. In such cases active
recruitment takes place. Youths are required to prove themselves as worthy of being taken into
the gang by committing criminal or sexual acts as directed by the gang leaders. The recruitment
test can range from theft, assaults, armed robberies, murders, drug dealing and prostitution
(Criminal Intelligence Service Saskatchewan 2005; 4). Sometimes the recruits are required to
produce papers showing police records with multiple offences. In many cases there is an
established protocol for being recruited and inducted into these types of gangs.
Categories of Organised Criminal Gangs

Categories of youth groups/gangs is developed from reviewing and synthesizing relevant

literature, these categories supports and builds on previous explanatory models of youth
gangs/groups Mathews, (1990); Hebert; Hamel & Savoie, 1997; Gordon 2000). Based on the
unique situational factors of distinct regions, communities and individuals (Mathews 1993; 72),
the typographic categories are intended to provide a general description of what appears to be the
most prominent features of the various types of gangs. The typographic categories provide a five-
part multidimensional model that highlights the different types of gangs that seem to exist in the
world. Although there can be progressions and movements between groups, this framework does
not assume a gang model where youths progress from petty-crime gangs to criminal organization-
type gangs since there is little evidence to support this. However, we do recognize that youth
become more entrenched and committed within their individual gang types if their criminal
activities go unchallenged (Mathews, 1999; 10). The five categories of criminal gangs according
to Mathews (1999) include:
Type A: Group of friends: These peer groups consist of collections of youth who spend time
together on regular and ongoing basis. They engage on little to no criminal activities as they build
healthy and positive social relationships.
Type B: Spontaneous Group/ Gang Activity: This group of youths is largely social in nature as
they congregate to spend time together and “hang out”. The purpose of spending time together is
generally not crime focused, although sometimes criminal activities might occur spontaneously
and is situation motivated (Gordon, 2000; 48).
Type C: Purposive Group/Gang Activity: These groups are relatively smaller in size than Type B
groups/gangs and the size is contingent on the size of activity that is being conducted or the
purpose of the gang.
Type D: Youth Street Gang: These is the category of gang that the Sixty-Four gang fit into, it is
usually made up of groups of young adults that come together as a semi-structured organization
to engage in profit-driven criminal activities or organized violence against other gangs (Gordon,
2000: 48). Street gangs identify themselves as such through the adoption of a gang name;
common brands, styles, colours of clothing or jewellery; and tattoos to openly display gang
membership to other gangs. These gangs are not part of a larger criminal organization and often
have a definite territory that they claim and defend as their own (Hebert et al., 1997). Graffiti is
often used as a form of marking a gang’s territory and as a means of communication. Type D
gang include; the Jane-Finch Posse, the Asian Assassins and the Black Dragons, all of Toronto,
Ontario. There exist multiple levels of involvement (Winniped Police Service; 2005; Public
Safety Branch of Manitoba Justice, 2001)
Affiliate/associate members: These are people who hang out with the group/gang but are not
fully initiated or considered as main or central members. They do not know about all the gang
activities, but receive some gang benefits, i.e., protection and access to drugs and weapons.
Hardcore/Made members: These individuals have full membership in the gang and offer their
complete loyalty and devotion. Their daily activities involve furthering the interests of the gang.
They have significant influence within the gang and are privy to all information and benefits of
the gang.

Type E: Structured Criminal Organization. Organized criminal gangs are criminal business
organizations that are highly structured and sophisticated. These groups tend to be led by
criminally experienced adults for the purpose of economic and financial gain.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

Crime is a highly complex phenomenon that changes across cultures and across time. Theoretical
framework provides an overview of some of the key criminological theories that seek to explain
the causes of crime; it is by no means an exhaustive list. Each of the theories covered has its own
strengths and weaknesses, has gaps and may only be applicable to certain types of crime, and not
others.

The theories covered can be categorised into two main approaches: Biological theories and
Sociological theories

Biological theories

Biological explanations of crime assume that some people are ‘born criminals’, who are
physiologically distinct from non-criminals. The most famous proponent of this approach is
Cesare Lombroso. Forensic biology first became a science in itself in Italy in the 19th century,
with Cesare Lombroso as its founding father. Lombroso developed the concept of the “born
criminal” under the influence of both phrenology and Darwin’s theory of evolution. Lombroso
suggested that criminal’s brains were mal-developed or not fully developed. In his review of
prisoners, he found that they shared a number of common physical attributes, such as sloping
foreheads and receding chins. In so doing, Lombroso concluded that involvement in crime was a
product of biology and biological characteristics. Biological theories have continued to develop.
Rather than measuring physical features of the body, contemporary approaches focus on:
Biochemical conditions like poor diet or hormone imbalance, Neurophysiological conditions for
instance learning disabilities caused by brain damage, Genetic inheritance and Intelligence

Sociological Theories
Sociological approaches suggest that crime is shaped by factors external to the individual: their
experiences within the neighbourhood, the peer group, and the family. Sociological theories are;

a) Strain theory

Why do people engage in crime according to strain theory'? They experience strain or stress, they
become upset, and they sometimes engage in crime as a result. They may engage in crime to
reduce or escape from the strain they are experiencing. American sociologist Robert Merton
(1957) drew on this idea to explain criminality and deviance in the USA. His theory argues that
crime occurs when there is a gap between the cultural goals of a society (material wealth, status)
and the structural means to achieve these (education, employment) People want to be positively
regarded by others and they want to be treated respectfully by others, which at a minimum
involves being treated in a just or fair manner. While people have a general desire for status and
respect, theorists such as Messerschmitt (2007), argue that the desire for "masculine status" is
especially relevant to crime. There are class and race differences in views about what it means to
be a "man," although most such views emphasize traits like independence, dominance, toughness,
competitiveness, and heterosexuality. Many males, especially those who are young, lower-class,
and members of minority groups, experience difficulties in satisfying their desire to be viewed
and treated as men. These people may attempt to "accomplish masculinity" through crime. They
may attempt to coerce others into giving them the respect they believe they deserve as "real
men." In this connection, they may adopt a tough demeanour, respond to even minor shows of
disrespect with violence, and occasionally assault and rob others in an effort to establish a tough
reputation. There have been no large scale tests of this idea, although several studies such as that
of Anderson (1988.) provide support for it. Finally, a major goal of most adolescents is autonomy
from adults. Autonomy may be defined as power over oneself: the ability to resist the demands of
others and engage in action without the permission of others. Adolescents are often encouraged to
be autonomous, but they are frequently denied autonomy by adults. The denial of autonomy may
lead to delinquency for several reasons: delinquency may be a means of asserting autonomy (e.g.,
sexual intercourse or disorderly behaviour), achieving autonomy (e.g., stealing money to gain
financial independence from parents), or venting frustration against those who deny. This strain
between means and goals results in frustration and resentment, and encourages some people to
use illegitimate or illegal means to secure success.

b) Subcultural Theory

A subculture is a subdivision within the dominant culture that has its own norms, beliefs, and
values. Subcultures typically emerge when people in similar circumstances find themselves
isolated from the mainstream and band together for mutual support. Subcultures may form among
members of racial and ethnic minorities, prisoners, occupational groups, and ghetto dwellers.
Subcultures exist within a larger society, not apart from it. They therefore share some of its
values. Nevertheless, the lifestyles of their members are significantly different from those of
individuals in the dominant culture.

Status frustration is associated with the work of Albert Cohen (1955), who conducted research
into group offending by young, lower-class men. Cohen argued that lower-class youths could not
aspire to middle-class cultural goals.
c) Social Disorganization Theory

2.4 Conceptual Framework

According to Block and Chambliss (1983), organized crime is both a social system and a social
 world. The system is composed of relationships binding professional criminals, politicians, law
enforcers, and various entrepreneurs. Organized crime is part of a social system in which
reciprocal services are performed by criminals, their clients and politicians. Organized crime is
understood to be the large-scale and complex criminal activity carried out by groups of persons,
however loosely or tightly organized, for the enrichment of those participating and at the expense
of the community and its members. Vuahghan (2008) described a conceptual framework that
illustrates the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. As displayed in
figure 1 below the independent variables consist of robbery, drug trafficking, terrorism, money
laundering, smuggling and violence while dependent variables is the effects of criminal gangs on
live hoods of the residents for instance loss of lives, create fear among the residents and forced
closure of some business due to monopoly of those business by criminal gangs hence lead to low
quality of product at a higher price. The figure also conceptualizes the factors motivating youth to
join criminal gang which include; individual factors, physiological factor, social factors and
psychological factors. Captured is intervening variable which include the rule of law, political
instability, lack of strong established institutions, the state of social turmoil and unstable
economy.

2.5 Recap of Literature Review

Figure 1
Independent Intervening Effects Dependent
Variables Factors Variables

Individual Factors
 Personal safety Robbery
 Respect and
status
Drug trafficking
Psychological
Factors
Law  Loss of Lives
 Low self esteem
Terrorism  Fear amongst
 Unemployment Religion
 Impulsivity Residents
Council of  Loss of
 School drop out
elders Money laundering Businesses
Social Factors
Nyumba kumi
 Poor parental
upbringing
 Peer pressure
 Family
Smuggling

Violence
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the research methodology that will be used collect data. It is divided
into two broad sections. The first part deals with the area under study, the study design
and data collection techniques. The second section deals with data collection tools and
finally ethical considerations in conducting the research.

3.2 Research Methodology

i. Questionnaire. This will be the main quantitative tool. It will be administered face to face
to youths and adult members of the public. The questionnaire will be divided into
subsections touching on different topics of the study.
ii. FGD guide. The researcher will formulate a range of topics which will be used to guide
the discussion. Findings will be recorded
iii. Key Informant Guide. This will be a list of topic of discussion for an in-depth interview
and discussion with the key informants on various aspects of organised crime in
Kaptembwo.

3.3 Research Design

The study will adopt descriptive research design. The aim will be to capture the dynamics of
organized criminal gangs as they operate especially after the government outlawed them in 2010.
Descriptive design is a scientific method which involves the description of a subject without
influencing it in any way. This design will involve triangulation methodological approach of
combining quantitative and qualitative approaches to ensure complementarity in data capture.
The strength in triangulation is that both the weaknesses and strengths of each method are
combined to provide valid data. The social survey method will be used in determining the attitude
and perceptions of members of the public (male and female above the age of 18 years) about their
encounter or experiences of stage managed criminal gangs and resultant effect on their everyday
life. In order to obtain quantitative information under survey research adult members of
households will be randomly sampled to take part in the study.

Key informants to be interviewed will comprise of senior government officers from Kenya
Police, CID, Provincial Administration and entrepreneurs or business persons. Ordinary members
of the public will be invited to participate in the focused group discussion in order to obtain
qualitative data. The interview will attempt to reach out to the passive and active organized
criminal group’s members together with their relatives and victims.

Secondary data was obtained through review of police and judicial records about arrests and
convictions of members of organized criminal gangs respectively.

3.4 Location of the Study

The research will conducted in Kaptembwo area situated in Nakuru Town West Constituency,
within Nakuru County. The neighboring environs are; Rhonda, Ponda Mali and Kivumbini. The
area is considered to be the largest slum within Nakuru County with a high population density of
over 79,480 according to (Nakuru CIDP 2013). The huge number being youths who are
unemployed.

3.5 Target Population

The primary population in this study are adult male and female community members. They will
consist of victims both affected directly and indirectly and also perpetrators of organized crime.
Other secondary sources will be business people, government officials and civil society.

3.6 Sampling Procedures and techniques

Sampling is the act, process or technique of selecting a suitable sample or a representative part of
a population for the purpose of determining parameters or characteristics of the whole population.
Patton (1990). A sample is a finite part of a statistical population whose properties are studied to
gain information about the whole (Webster 1985). When dealing with people, it can be defined as
a set of respondents (people) selected from a larger population for the purpose of a survey.
In this study, two sampling procedures will be applied. First is the purposive sampling which will
be used in identifying key informants and members of focus group discussion. Also systematic
sampling procedure will be used to identify survey respondents.
At Central Police Station the researcher had identified there are on average 100 crime cases
reported. For the key informant interview the researcher selected Central Police Station because it
is the largest station and receives reports from all the outposts as well as cases reported at the
CID Department. At the police station there are 10 officers attached to the crime department and
the researcher purposively selected the Crime Officer In Charge, this is because the Crime
Officer has all the information availed to him by his junior officers.
The sample size of this study is as indicated below:

3.7 Sample Population

Target Population Sample Size
Police officers 5 5
Religious leaders 5 5
Chiefs 2 2
Kaptembwo residents 79,480(Nakuru CIDP 2013)

3.8 Construction of research Instruments

3.9 Testing for validity and reliability / trustworthiness

3.10 Data collection methods and procedures

This research study will use both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection and
analysis. The study will use one of the quantitative method and also use key informants and
focussed group discussion as the qualitative approach

Survey
Adult residents of Kaptembwo both male and female will be interviewed on various facets of
organized criminal gangs. They will be interviewed at their homes, places of business operations
and their work stations. A questionnaire will be used during interviews.

Questionnaires are frequently used in quantitative marketing research and social research. They
are a valuable method of collecting a wide range of information from a large number of
individuals, often referred to as respondents McDaniel, el al. (1984). Thus the researcher will use
questionnaires for they are considered appropriate and interview schedules for key informants.
The questionnaire will have five (5) broad sections: Personal information (gender, age and level
of education), Employment (employment status, unemployment and how needs were met), Crime
(reasons for confinement, types of crime committed, place and time) Nature of families (i.e. if
living with parents, conditions of living and weapons (type of weapons used and source).

Focus group discussions (FGD)

A focus group discussion involves gathering people from similar backgrounds or experiences
together to discuss a specific topic of interest. It is a form of qualitative research where questions
are asked about their perceptions attitudes, beliefs, opinion or ideas. In focus group discussion
participants are free to talk with other group members; unlike other research methods it
encourages discussions with other participants. It generally involves group interviewing in which
a small group of usually 8 to 12 people. It is led by a moderator (interviewer) in a loosely
structured discussion of various topics of interest (Dr Shishil Baral, 2010).

FGD was used in this study and involved four (4) groups, comprising of twelve (12) members
each. The FGD was further divided into two (2) groups for youths and two (2) groups for adult
men and women. The group discussions lasted for 30 minutes and the researcher noted down
what was discussed.

Key informants interview

According to Kumar and Krisna (1989) Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) are one method used in
rapid assessment and evaluation for gathering information from partner communities. A “key
informant” is someone who can provide detailed information and a unique perspective of a
particular issue based on his or her expert knowledge. These in-depth interviews are used to
gather qualitative information that can provide an enhanced understanding of the quantitative
data gathered for regular program monitoring. Additionally, these in depth interviews are often
rewarding for both the interviewer and the participant. For the participants it is an opportunity for
them to discuss their opinions and work with someone who will listen with genuine interest. For
the interviewers it can be a rewarding experience to have someone, whom they likely have never
met, discuss interesting topics with them and entrust them with information they can then bring to
light through the research report.

The key informants will be those people who have skilled knowledge of organized criminal
gangs in Kaptembwo and its environs. They will consist of police officers (both Administration
Police and General Duty), youths, religious leaders, business persons, government and
community administrative units (county commissioner, county police commander, chiefs,
assistant chiefs and nyumba kumi)

Document review

A document review is a process that entails the collection and interpretation of relevant
documents for research purposes. There are various documents that may be reviewed using this
method and may vary in format, type, purpose, and its initial development. How document
reviews are defined, and its purpose will depend on the industry. Document reviews used for
research purposes can aid the discovery or help to determine effective approaches to resolve
related challenges or issues (Bowen, G.A, 2009)
Records from police were among the documents reviewed by the researcher alongside already
existing documentaries on organized criminal gangs.

Observation
Observation method is a data collection method in which a person observes subjects of
phenomena and records information about characteristics of the phenomena. {Sproull, 1988}
Science begins with observation and also uses observation for final validation of findings.
Observation is used quite often in social sciences and is supplemented by interviews and study of
records. Observation is considered as a classic method of scientific inquiry. Observation involves
the investigation watching the subjects or research situation. Observation method of collecting
the data is one of the oldest and this technique is used by both the scientists and social scientists.
The researcher used observation as one of instruments to gather data.

3.11 Proposed Data analysis techniques and procedures

3.12 Ethical Consideration

Given the sensitivity of the matter the researcher will obtain an introductory letter to the
respondents from the Mount Kenya University. It is the duty of the researcher to safeguard the
anecdote of the respondents by maintaining the purpose of the study (Creswell, 2002). He also
points out that the relationship should be based on trust and respect for the research site,
reciprocity, using ethical interview practices, maintaining privacy and cooperating with the
participants.
The researcher will exercise utmost caution while administering the questionnaires. Permission
will be sought from the respondents before the interview commences. The respondents will be
assured of confidentiality and no promises or incentives will be offered to coerce them give
feedback.