You are on page 1of 7

10 ĐIỂM

Convergent of Sequences
Theorem 3.1 ( Monotone Convergence Theorem ):
(a) Xm
increasing &
Xn is convergent increasing : Xn +1 7 XnYnEN
XR is bounded above liveXn = supXn
n+ 0

(b) decreasing decreasing XXnn


is convergent
Xn >
:

Xn is bounded below
n- 0

Theorem (Sandwich Theorem)

and F2Y n 70
-
(x) is set
convergentan

limzn
n 12
-
=
linxn = limy
n +

Example : Consider the sequence (Xn) With Xu : = (1 +


1) &, REN .
Show that

lim x

Note that
12Xn(l E) +
,
n N
let In := 1 neN and let 1 Clearly
,
, yn : = +
↑ ineN .

liveran
n D
+
=
limy .

By the sandwich theorem , limn +0xn = 1

Assume that the sequence (xn) satisfies the following conditions


O(X11 neN ; Cl-Xu)
a
Show that
,

(Xn)
Xn +

convergent and nlimxn


<fineN
is
-
1x =
By the assumption (Xn) . We show that (x)
bounded
,
is is
increasing
Note that
XR + Xi
-

We have
The IN
7 Axa)
xn +

So
1-xn(1-x
Xn +-Xn
<y
=
-xn
4(1 -

Xn)
=
GX -

4xn + 1

4) (1 -

Xn)
=
(2xn 1)2 -

70 neIN
4(1 -

Xn)
Thus Xn + 1 <, Xo #neN
Xn is
so
increasing
Hence , Xn is convergent
Set a = limi >
-
0m. It follows from (1) that
Xnn(1-Xn) 7 NEIN

lim
n
-

1
[xn +1
(1-xn)] is 14
lim Xn + 1 him (1-xn)
n 70
-
n -
>0 T1*
a . (1 -

a)w1

a -
a
-
On ad -

a + 11410
(a -

1)20
= a =
G
b) = 1 , an + 1
=, n= 2 ..

a
We first show that ↓ =
D , 4)
an HreIN(Can)n is founded above by )296
95(11218.
=

Clearly ,
we have a :
1 & bas gi
:
54
cham toidel 5

&for
,

Assume that ak I some <11

Then akte = @
4
+
3
By the mathematical induction,
an ?
& , reIN

Next that
,
we prove ant > , an , REIN (increasing)
Clearly,
any-an = Cat-an = 3 am 710 ,
REIN
4 4

Therefore ,
(an) n is
increasing and bounded above
So Canin is convergent .

Settiman-
Since ant
Lantz ,
ne I , We get
& liman + 3
liman +=
N+ 2 lin ( = n+
D

This gives l 21 3
.
e
Thus 1
+
= =

I
al = Ch5
3) an = 2
, ant
= (an + ) in = +2 ...
&L 2114,
az =
E(1142)
It is seem that, if the then its limit would be
sequence converges ,

al = 2 +
92 70 By induction an 70 #neIN
By the
Cauchy inquality

Can
Thus
an
= (an :He
Then akt =<2 : 2

By induction ,
an < 2 you all neIN

(2) We have
ant-an
= -an 7,0 ,
He IN
Thus , anty , an
So (anin is increasing and bounded above .
Thus, (an)m
is convergent Set liman.
L :
a 18 -

Itfollows from and =th , new that

Ta (2 Are IN

= an + 24 neIN

liman
n
+ 2 4

2 + 214
2(2
-

=> 2 =
2
92 = 2 = (975)
8) an : 1 and any1 =

ant for n1 as = (C)


z
95 =(2 87.) ,

47
(i) (an) n
isbounded above by 3 :
26 :
TG
(2193)
an3 AreIN az = 95 (2196)
When n 1 1 < 3 52 191
=
an ,
=
583 af =

ag =
T4
Assume that ak < 3 for some k1 KEIN

G
Then ak 3 (2198)
+=
=

By induction , an 13 AneIN

(2) We have
a
M+ 1- an =
@t3-an ==O
So ant 21 am

Therefore (an)n bounded above


,
is
increasing and
Thus , (an) n is convergent
Set liman = L
n D
-

Itfollows from that


an
=, neN
limant
n+ D
=
lim
Thus =
L =
+
9) Let X1712 & Xn += 1 + Fin-1 forIN ne .
Show that (XN)
is bounded below
by 2 and monotone finds its limit
&

You might also like