FinalThesis CasalRei-DivinaSandagPaida

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Health becomes a major concern for all. In the Philippines, there are five
people who died in every one thousand population based on the Philippine Statistics
Data on Mortality in 2013. According to the Philippine Statistic Office, the preliminary
registered deaths from January to June 2020 reached almost 260 thousand. The ten
leading causes of deaths are 23% due to heart diseases, 13% from vascular system
diseases, 10% from malignant neoplasms, as well as pneumonia, 6% due to
diabetes, 4.5% from chronic respiratory diseases, 4% from tuberculosis, 3.5% due to
nephrosis and all forms of it, 14 from prenatal period and 16% from diseases other
than mentioned here. Which sums up that 78% of the mortality rate is caused by
diseases (PSA, 2021).
The Philippines has two sectors for its health care delivery system; the Public
which is largely financed through tax-based system. Under this are the National
(DOH) and Local Government Unit (LGU). The other sector is the Private wherein it
is largely market-oriented. The government continues to make progress towards
developing a universal health care system to ensure that every Filipino will have
easy access to every type of medical procedure.
Congress passed into law the Universal Health Coverage (UHC) program in
2017, which aims to provide insurance for all Filipinos and comprehensive health
care. The UHC is expected to give citizens all health services they need—disease
prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation. The Department of Health, for its role as
the government agency which is responsible for the health services in the Philippines
has formed different programs to create awareness on how to control and prevent
the spread of diseases.
In February 20, 2019, President Rodrigo Duterte signed into law the universal
healthcare act in the Philippines which states that Filipino citizens will automatically
be enrolled into the National Health Insurance Program and expanded PhilHealth
coverage to include free medical consultations and laboratory tests. It is a measure
that would provide health care coverage for all Filipinos to ensure that all are
guaranteed equitable access to quality and affordable health goods and services and
protection against financial risks (Kho, 2019).
The law covers all residents of the Philippines. Filipino citizens have the right
to be part of the government program especially with regards to health care.
However, based on the personal observation of the researchers and on the data
presented by the barangay health workers, only a few of the residents are aware of
these health programs of the government as per record there are a few who avail of
these programs.
The research study aimed to determine the level of awareness of local
residents on the different health care programs of the government and how they can
be benefitted from these programs. To come up with a concrete solution to the
health awareness issues, the researcher discussed and focused on the different
programs of the Department of Health and how it can help alleviate the health care
conditions of the local residents.

The researcher chose this topic to find ways and means on how to create
awareness of the health care program and how the local residents can avail them.
The study focused on a particular barangay in Zamboanga City which is home to
several families that belong to the different cultural groups, to know their current
health situation, and made them aware of their privileges in terms of medical and
health services.
Hence, the researcher would like to know how the local government reaches
out to the people and how the health care workers cater the health care needs of the
people.
Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to determine the level of awareness on the health care
programs of the government by the local residents in Sinunuc Zamboanga City.
Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 age
1.2 sex
1.3 educational attainment and
1.4 cultural group
2. What is the level of awareness of the respondents in terms of:
2.1 Expanded Program on Immunization
2.2 Mother and Child Health Care
2.3 Tuberculosis Program
2.4 Deworming Month

2.5 Schistosomiasis Awareness
2.6 Leprosy Awareness
2.7 Filariasis Awareness
2.8 Family Planning
2.9 Cancer Awareness
2.10 Operation Timbang
3. What recommendation can be formulated to create awareness on the health
care programs by the people in Sinunuc?
Objectives of the Study
The purpose of this study was to determine the level of awareness of the local
residents with regards to the health care programs of the government. The study
dealt with the following specific objectives:
1. To establish the level of awareness of the respondents on the different health
care programs available on the barangay.
2. To formulate a health care awareness program.

Significance of the Study
This study was conducted to provide important information about health care
programs of the government, specifically for the local residents of Barangay Sinunuc,
Zamboanga City. The result of this study will be beneficial to the following:
Health Institution.
The result of the study will give an idea to the health administrators on how to
assess and improve the Health Care programs that the government sets as
regulatory framework for health services including the people in charge for general
planning, monitoring care quality, and licensing health care professionals.
Health Care Workers.
The outcome of this study will give an idea to the management of the SHCC
on what program must be formulated and applied to create awareness to the people
on the different health care programs of the barangay understudy.
Barangay Officials
The result of the study will give a clear picture to the barangay officials of
Sinunuc on the different health care needs of the people in the community and
include these issues and concerns in the Barangay Plans and Programs as one of
the key areas to give utmost attention.

Local Residents
The result of the study will be beneficial to the local residents as they will be
informed of the different health care programs of the government and be aware of
the benefits they can get from these programs to improve their health condition.
Future Researcher
The result of this study will serve as basis for future researcher who may wish
to conduct similar study.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study focused on the level of awareness of the people in the community
of barangay Sinunuc, Zamboanga City on the different health care programs of the
government. The study was limited to the administering of survey and interview
schedule to the local residents of the barangay understudy. Moreover, the survey
were limited to 90 respondents. A follow up interview was conducted in order to
solicit additional information regarding the study.

Operational Definition of Terms
For a better understanding of the study, the following terms are operationally
defined.
Age. This refers to the length of time the respondents live in this world.
Cancer Awareness. This refers to the program of the government to spread
awareness on cancer, its symptoms and treatment.
Cultural Group. This refers to the social or cultural group where the
respondents belong, categorized as Chavacano, Visayan and Islam.
Deworming Month. This refers to the health care service where health
workers conducted deworming towards the goals of DOH to eliminate intestinal
parasitism among children. A synchronized schedule of mass drug administration is
done in schools and the community.
Educational attainment. This refers to the highest educational level that the
respondents have completed.
Expanded Program on Immunization. This refers to the different
immunization program of the Philippine government such as measles vaccine, polio,
tetanus toxoid, among others.
Family Planning. This refers to the program of the government with the
purpose of making sure that any couple, man, or woman who has a child has the
resources that are needed in order to have a well-planned family. This includes
educating and distribution of birth control methods especially to women who has a
high-risk pregnancy.
Filariasis Awareness. This refers to the program of the government to give
awareness to the people of the causes, symptoms and prevention of lymphatic
filariasis, an infection transmitted to humans by mosquitoes.
Leprosy Awareness. This refers to the program of the government which
through Presidential Proclamation 467, declared the third week of February of every
year as Leprosy Prevention and Control Week. The observance aims to deepen
public awareness on the disease, its prevention, and treatment.
Local Residents. This refers to the respondents of the study who are residing
in the barangay understudy.
Maternal and Child Care. This refers to the program of the government
provided for women in their child bearing age. Health services include ante-natal
and pre-natal for pregnant women where they can get checkups from a doctor,
nurse, or midwife throughout their pregnancy to help keep them and their future
baby healthy; Post-Partum Program, where health workers gives advice to the
mother after childbirth so she can cope up and adjust to changes both physically
and emotionally.
National Health Insurance Program (NHIP). This refers to the program of
the government where all the citizens of the Philippines will be enrolled for free
medical needs.
Operation Timbang Program. This refers to the program of the government
where it is done every first quarter of the year in communities nationwide. it provides
important information on the nutrition situation of the population useful for nutrition
program planning and policy formulation and important nutrition information about a
child for prevention or management of malnutrition.
Philippine Health Security Corporation (PHSC). This refers to the alternate
name of Philippine Health Insurance System (PhilHealth) under UHCL.
Schistosomiasis Awareness. This refers to the program of the government
through the Department of Health (DOH) which aims to educate the people on the
Schistosomiasis diseases which is cause by parasitic worms called trematodes or
blood flukes. It is transmitted through contact with fresh water infested with the
cercarial schistosome of the parasite that penetrates human skin.
Sex. This refers to the classification of the respondents which is male and
female.
Tuberculosis program. This refers to a program created to promote health
and quality of life by preventing, controlling, and eventually eliminating tuberculosis.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter will present the conceptual framework, related legal basis and
related literature and studies link to the research study.
Conceptual Framework
The study was conducted to assess the level of awareness of the local
residents on the different barangay health care programs in Barangay Sinunuc,
Zamboangga City.
Figure 1. Framework of the Study
Figure 1 shows the Framework of the study. The figure shows the
assessment on the awareness level of the respondents on the availability of
barangay health care program. The awareness level will be affected by the variables
in terms of age, sex, educational attainment and cultural group.

Related Legal Basis
On December 1, 2018. The Philippine Congress passed into law Republic Act
No. 11223 known as an act instituting Universal Health Care for all Filipinos,
prescribing reforms in the Health Care system, and appropriating funds therefore
that automatically enrols all Filipino citizens in the National Health Insurance
Program and prescribes complementary reforms in the health system. This gives
citizens access to the full continuum of health services they need, while protecting
them from enduring financial hardship as a result (The LawPhil Project, 2018)
According to Domingo (2016) the Universal Health Care (UHC), also referred
to as Kalusugan Pangkalahatan (KP), is the “provision to every Filipino of the highest
possible quality of health care that is accessible, efficient, equitably distributed,
adequately funded, fairly financed, and appropriately used by an informed and
empowered public. It aims to ensure that every Filipino shall receive affordable and
quality health benefits. This involves providing adequate resources – health human
resources, health facilities, and health financing. Protection from the financial
impacts of health care is attained by making any Filipino eligible to enroll, to know
their entitlements and responsibilities, to avail of health services, and to be
reimbursed by PhilHealth with regard to health care expenditures. PhilHealth
operations are to be redirected towards enhancing national and regional health
insurance system. The NHIP enrolment shall be rapidly expanded to improve
population coverage. The ailment of outpatient and inpatient services shall be
intensively promoted. Moreover, the use of information technology shall be
maximized to speed up PhilHealth claims processing.

Related Literature
The World Health Organization (2021) explains the need for a universal
Healthcare coverage, which means that all people have access to the health
services they need, when and where they need them, without financial hardship. It
includes the full range of essential health services, from health promotion to
prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care. It states that at least half of
the people in the world do not receive the health services they need. About 100
million people are pushed into extreme poverty each year because of out-of-pocket
spending on health. One of the best way to make health for all a reality, is to have
policy-makers committed to investing in universal health coverage. Universal health
coverage should be based on strong, people-centred primary health care. Good
health systems are rooted in the communities they serve. They focus not only on
preventing and treating disease and illness, but also on helping to improve well-
being and quality of life.
Also, Berry (2018) points out that the fundamental purpose of health care is to
enhance quality of life by enhancing health. According to him, based on his personal
observation, commercial businesses focus on creating financial profit to support their
valuation and remain viable. Health care must focus on creating social profit to fulfil
its promise to society. It needs to be efficient and productive and earn a sufficient
margin to continue to serve and to improve. According to him when financial metrics
rule the day in health care, its fundamental purpose has been sacrificed.
On the other hand, Berwick, (2017) in his powerful plenary session speech at
the 2017 IHI National Forum, mentioned that even with the present health system,
the following condition is still prevalent: untamed chronic illness, inadequate patient
safety, insufficient investment in disease prevention and the social determinants of
health, high costs, over-emphasis on technology, and too little joy in work. He
concluded that there is a need for a fundamentally different system. Accordingly,
several elements which are essential for creating a fundamentally different health
care system are proximity, humility, shared purpose, trust, transparency, inclusion,
empowered execution, and joy.
The statements above was further elaborated by Domingo (2016). According to
him, a huge disparity of health outcomes persists between a rich minority and a poor
majority in the Philippines. Because of this, the current government made a
commitment to reduce these inequities through a universal healthcare scheme called
Kalusugan Pangkalahatan, which involves addressing problems in the “six building
blocks” of UHC: information systems, regulation, services delivery, human
resources, financing, and governance, though many challenges remain. Universal
Health Care addresses the problem of health inequity by improving access to
services and financial protection. However, gaps in the six building blocks of health
care must be addressed if the Philippines is to truly achieve universal healthcare.
The Philippines is one of the countries that aim to develop a health care
system that provides access to health for all its citizens. Several researchers’ studies
on the present status of health reforms in the Philippines, particularly those relating
to the attainment of Universal Health Care (UHC). In describing and analysing the
present state of health care in the Philippines, yhe development of the health care
system will be realized (Romualdez, 2010).

Moreover, Cabalfin (2016) points out the reason why the government of the
Philippines embarked upon an ambitious Universal Health Care program,
underpinned by the rapid scale-up of subsidized insurance coverage for poor and
vulnerable populations. The program aims at reducing the stubbornly high maternal
mortality rates in the country, the program has a strong focus on maternal health
services and is supported by a national policy of universal facility-based delivery.
Expanded Program on Immunization
According to Ridad (2019), the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)
was developed to ensure access of infant and children to recommended vaccines. In
the Philippines, nurses are deployed in the community to ensure that children in their
assigned units are fully immunized before they reach 1 year old. However, despite
the various immunization campaigns, many children still remain unprotected and at-
risk to life-threatening vaccine-preventable diseases. Thus, identifying the barriers
that have averted parents from adhering to complete and timely immunization is
important, most especially to nurses who are the primary program implementers in
the community.
The CDC (2019) explained that Immunization programs should provide a set
of services that ensure immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases, including
documenting evidence of immunity, administering immunizations and re-
immunizations, and record-keeping and reporting to state or local immunization
information systems (IIS), also known as vaccine registries.. Effective programs can:
prevent vaccine-preventable diseases
Maternal and Child Healthcare

According to Addisse (2003) Maternal and child health (MCH) care is the
health service provided to mothers (women in their child bearing age) and children.
The targets for MCH are all women in their reproductive age groups, i.e., 15 - 49
years of age, children, school age population and adolescents. Throughout the
world, especially in the developing countries, there is an increasing concern and
interest in maternal and child health care. This commitment towards MCH care gains
further strength after the World Summit for Children, 1991, which gave serious
consideration and outlined major areas to be addressed in the provision of Maternal
and Child Health Care services.
Moreover, the National Conference of State Legislature (2020) explained the
objectives of the Maternal and child health (MCH) programs in the United States.
This program focus on health issues concerning women, children and families, such
as access to recommended prenatal and well-child care, infant and maternal
mortality prevention, maternal and child mental health, newborn screening, child
immunizations, child nutrition and services for children with special health care
needs. States invest in healthy children and families to strengthen communities and
avoid unnecessary health care costs.
Tuberculosis Program
According to the Department of Health (2021), The National TB Control Program,
organized in 1978 and operating within a devolved health care delivery system, is
one of the public health programs being managed and coordinated by the Infectious
Diseases for Prevention and Control Division (IDPCD) of the Disease Prevention and
Control Bureau (DPCB) of the Department of Health (DOH). Headed by a program
manager and supported by 20 technical and administrative staff, it has the following
mandate: (1) develop policies, standards and national strategic plan, (2) manage
program logistics, (3) provide leadership and technical assistance to the lower health
offices/units, (4) manage data, and (5) conduct monitoring and evaluation. The
programs TB diagnostic and treatment protocols and strategies, issued through the
Manual of Procedures, are in accordance with the policies of World Health
Organization (WHO) and the International Standards for TB Care (ISTC). The NTP
closely works with various offices of the DOH, such as the National Center for Health
Promotion (NCHP) for advocacy, communication, and social mobilization; the
Epidemiology Bureau (EB), and the Knowledge and Management Information and
Technology Services (KMITS) for data management; Health Policy Development and
Planning Bureau (HPDPB) for policy and strategic plan formulation; Material
Management Division (MMD), Central Office Bids and Awards Committee (COBAC)
and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for drug and supplies management; the
National TB Reference Laboratory of the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine
(NTRL-RITM) for laboratory network management; Lung Center of the Philippines
(LCP) for PMDT-related researches and training activities and the 17 regional offices
(ROs) for technical support to the provincial health offices (PHO) and implementing
units; and the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation(PhilHealth) for the TB-DOTS
accreditation and utilization of the TB-DOTS outpatient benefit package.
Deworming Month
The Department of Health (2021) continues its nationwide drive to eliminate
intestinal parasitism in children. The Department in partnership with schools and
local government units (LGUs) are distributing anti-helminthic drugs during the
National Deworming Month (NDM), a twice a year campaign held during the months
of January and July. The NDM is done by synchronizing the schedules of Mass Drug
Administration for Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) in the schools and the
community. NDM is being done because STH is a public health problem that has
detrimental impact on children’s growth and development. STH can cause anemia,
malnutrition, weakness, impaired physical and cognitive development resulting to
poor growth and school performance in children.The two components of NDM are
National School-Deworming Month (NSDM) and Community Based Deworming
Month (CBDM). The NSDM is a massive and simultaneous school-based effort to
deworm 17,813,379 school-aged children ages 5-18 y/o enrolled in public schools
this July 2017, while the CBDM is deworming of 10,572,404 pre-school children ages
1-4 y/o and 15,471,889 school-aged children not enrolled in public schools in various
health centers and rural health units under the Local Government all over the
country.The magnitude of the problem of STH showed that 6 out of 10 pre-school
children ages 1-5 years old (baseline prevalence of 66%) (2004, DOH-UP-UNICEF)
and 5 out of 10 children (54%) aged 6-14 years old (2003, UP-CPH) were affected
with STH. Recent data also showed that the overall prevalence of STH among
school-age children is 28.4% with 13 Regions still having prevalence of more than
20% (DOH-RITM National Parasite Survey, 2013-2015.
Schistosomiasis Control Program
According to the DOH (2021) Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic disease
caused by parasitic worms called trematodes or blood flukes. It is endemic in the
Philippines affecting 1,599 barangays (villages), in 189 municipalities (towns) and 15
cities, in 28 endemic provinces, in 12 regions. The total population at risk is
approximately 12 million with 2.5 million individuals directly exposed to the disease.
It is transmitted through contact with fresh water infested with the cercarial
schistosome of the parasite that penetrates human skin. Given the magnitude of the
problem of schistosomiasis in the country, the Department of Health (DOH)
strengthened the Schistosomiasis Control and Elimination Program by adopting a
multi- pronged multi-stakeholders’ approach and fueling additional funding. The
Schistosomiasis Control Program
envisioned to be a Schistosomiasis Free Philippines. The program mission is to
synchronized and harmonized public and private stakeholders’ efforts in the
elimination of schistosomiasis in the Philippines. The program objectives include:
Interruption of transmission of Schistosomiasis Infection by 2025.1. All high endemic
barangays will reach the target of criteria for Morbidity/Infection Control (<5%
prevalence of heavy intensity infection for 5 years). 2. All moderate endemic
barangays will reach the target of criteria of Transmission Control (Elimination as a
Public Health Problem with <1% prevalence of heavy intensity infection for 5 years)
and 3. All low endemic barangays will reach the target criteria of Transmission
Interruption (no local infection in man and animals, no infection in snail for 5 years).
Lymphatic Filariasis
WHO (2021) points out the key facts on lymphatic Filariasis, as follows: 1.
Lymphatic filariasis impairs the lymphatic system and can lead to the abnormal
enlargement of body parts, causing pain, severe disability and social stigma. 2. 859
million people in 50 countries worldwide remain threatened by lymphatic filariasis
and require preventive chemotherapy to stop the spread of this parasitic infection. 3.
Lymphatic filariasis can be eliminated by stopping the spread of infection through
preventive chemotherapy with safe medicine combinations repeated annually. More
than 7.7 billion treatments have been delivered to stop the spread of infection since
2000. 4. 51 million people were infected as of 2018, a 74% decline since the start of
WHO’s Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis in 2000. 5. 648 million
people no longer require preventive chemotherapy due to successful implementation
of WHO strategies and 6. An essential, recommended package of care can alleviate
suffering and prevent further disability among people living with disease caused by
lymphatic filariasis.
Family Planning Program
Ali (2013) conducted a study with the objective to develop a global research
agenda that will guide investment in effective interventions to satisfy the large
unmet need for modern methods of family planning. Methods In a global
survey, experts on contraception were invited to identify and rank the types of
research that would be needed – and the knowledge gaps that would have to
be filled – to reduce the unmet need for family planning in the next decade.
The experts were then asked to score the research on a given topic in terms
of the likelihood of its leading to an intervention that would: (i) be deliverable,
affordable and sustainable; (ii) substantially reduce the unmet need for
contraceptives; (iii) be effective and efficient in improving health systems; (iv)
be ethically implemented; and (v) improve equity in the target population. The
overall scores were then ranked. Findings Most of the topics that received the
15 highest scores fell into three categories: implementation of policies in
family planning; the integration of services to address barriers to contraceptive
use; and interventions targeted at underserved groups, such as adolescents.
Conclusion Experts on contraception gave top priority ranking to research on
improving the implementation and integration of health services and on
strengthening the health systems supporting family planning services. The
results of the exercise may help decision-makers, researchers and funding
agencies to develop a clear and focused approach to satisfying the global
need for family planning and reach the target set by the Family Planning 2020
initiative.
Miller and Babiarz (2015) reviews empirical evidence on the micro-level
consequences of family planning programs in middle- and low-income countries. In
doing so, it focuses on fertility outcomes (the number and timing of births), women’s
health and socio-economic outcomes (mortality, human capital, and labor force
participation), and children’s health and socio-economic outcomes throughout the life
cycle. Although effect sizes are heterogeneous, long-term studies imply that in
practice, family planning programs may only explain a modest share of fertility
decline in real-world settings (explaining 4-20% of fertility decline among studies
finding significant effects). Family planning programs may also have quantitatively
modest - but practically meaningful - effects on the socio-economic welfare of
individuals and families.
Cancer Prevention Month
Roberts (2017) , conducted a study which aimed to evaluate the efficacy of
Talk Cancer among CHWs. The methods employed, CHWs were recruited during
registration at the Talk Cancer workshops, which were held between September,
2014, and February, 2015. Their awareness of cancer risk factors and screening
programmes, beliefs about cancer, and confidence in discussing cancer, was
assessed immediately before and after workshop attendance with paper-based
questionnaires. These views were also assessed at a 2 month follow-up by
telephone questionnaire. Linked data were analysed with McNemar's tests.
Application of training was assessed at follow-up. The findings are: Talk Cancer led
to statistically significant improvements in CHWs' beliefs about and confidence in
discussing cancer, which were sustained at the 2 month follow-up. There was a
statistically significant improvement in awareness of risk factors and screening

programmes from before to after workshop attendance. At follow-up, this
improvement was only sustained for some risk factors (eg, sunburn) and screening
programmes (eg, bowel screening). For risk factors and screening programmes for
which awareness was not sustained, awareness remained statistically significantly
higher than before attendance. 152 participants (86%) reported applying their
learning in their role and 105 (59%) reported having had more conversations about
cancer and lifestyle changes than before workshop attendance. Of the 152 CHWs
who reported applying their learning in their role, 27 (18%) gave examples regarding
prevention and lifestyle (eg, discussing lifestyle changes during medication reviews)
and 27 (18%) discussed screening programmes (eg, recommending the bowel
screening programme with service users and patients aged over 60).
Moreover, Connor (2020) explained that cancer is the second leading cause of
death globally, causing an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018. Low cancer
symptom awareness has been associated with poor cancer survival for all cancers
combined. The Cancer Awareness Measure (CAM) is a validated, face-to-face
survey used since 2008 to measure the UK public’s awareness of the symptoms and
risk factors of cancer as well as the barriers to seeking help.
Operation Timbang Program
According to Ramirez (2019), malnutrition among Filipino children persists;
underscoring the value of nutritional assessment procedures. In the Philippines, this
is carried out at the local level in its annual Operation Timbang [weigh] (OPT or OPT
Plus). Local government unit officials observed higher malnutrition prevalence rates
in nutrition survey reports of the Department of Science and Technology’s Food and
Nutrition Research Institute (DOST-FNRI) compared with its OPT. A revisit of the
OPT provided evidence on the comparability of the two data sets and sources of
variance analyzed. Objectives: 1) describe municipal level assessment of OPT in 10
barangays of Abra de Ilog municipality; 2) identify facilitating and hindering factors in
OPT; and 3) compare OPT results with DOST-FNRI local nutrition survey in Abra de
Ilog and identify potential sources of variance therefrom. Methods: Primary data
were collected using focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Height
and weight data were collected using standard methods of anthropometry. Results:
The OPT/OPT Plus is the mass weighing of 0-71 months old children, including
height measurements conducted during the first and fourth quarter of the year in
Abra de Ilog. It was found that facilitating factors were availability of calibrated
equipment, latest master list, local government support and budget. Lack of
manpower, work overload, low honoraria, low work commitment, uncooperative
mothers and high turnover of barangay [village] nutrition scholars hindered OPT
implementation. The Abra de Ilog 2016 OPT Plus and the 4th quarter “OPT” reported
lower malnutrition prevalence rates than the DOST-FNRI local survey. Conclusions:
Significant differences in the two data sets could misguide program implementation.
As an outcome of Sustainable Development Goal No. 2 of Zero Hunger, potential
misclassification of nutritional status and misreporting of malnutrition prevalence
rates have implications for the mapping of malnutrition, hence delivery of targeted
nutrition intervention packages.

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research type and discusses the method that the
researcher employed in the study. It identified the research design, research locale,
respondents of the study, research instrument, validity and reliability of the research
instrument, and data gathering procedure.
Research Design
The researcher utilized the quantitative research design employing the descriptive
method. The study is descriptive because assessed the level of awareness on the
health care programs of the government by the local residents in Barangay Sinunuc
in terms of Expanded Program on Immunization, Maternal Child Care, Tuberculosis
Program, Deworming Month, Schistosomiasis Awareness, Leprosy Awareness,

Filariasis Awareness, Family Planning, Cancer Awareness and Operation Timbang
Program
. According to Go and Warren (2016), descriptive studies focus on describing the
process and impact of health care services and implementation of the health care
awareness program. The study evaluated and assessed the level of awareness on
the different health care services through a survey that will be administered to the
local residents in the barangay understudy.
The study is quantitative because it presented the level of awareness of the
health care services using numerical data. Ainsworth (2021) explains that
quantitative methods use objective measurements and the statistical,
mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls,
questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data
using computational techniques. Moreover, quantitative research focuses on
gathering numerical data and generalizing it across groups of people or to
explain a particular phenomenon.
Research Locale
The study was conducted in Barangay Sinunuc, Zamboanga City.
Barangay Sinunuc is located along the coastal area, 9 kilometers away from the city
proper. The residents of this barangay are of mixed races, namely: Chavacano,
Visayan, and Islam.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were local residents of Barangay Sinunuc,
Zamboanga City. There were 90 respondents whose data were used to further the
objectives of the study.
Table 1
Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Cultural Group No. of Respondents
Chavacano 26
Visayan 30
Islam 34
TOTAL 90
There were a total of 90 respondents of the study, which were distributed as
follows: Chavacano 26, Visayan 30 and Islam 34. The respondents were chosen
using the purposive sampling technique, particularly the convenience methods.
Research Instrument
The instrument used to gather data for the study was a Self - Made
Questionnaire composed of two parts: I. Personal Profile and; II. Survey Checklist
Question.
Part I indicated the basic information of the respondents which include sex,
age, educational attainment and cultural group.
Part II of the instrument was a checklist on the level of awareness of the
respondents in terms of the availability of the barangay healthcare programs. Each
indicator had four statements with five options numbered and described: 5-Very
High, 4- High, 3- Average, 2- Low and 1- Very Low.
Reliability and Validity of the Instrument
The survey-questionnaire was developed based on the research problems.
The instrument was referred to the adviser for comments and suggestions, then, the
survey questionnaire was submitted to the panel expert who evaluated the relevance
and suitability of the items to the research problem. The suggestion and remarks of
the panels were then incorporated in the final draft. For the reliability of the survey-
questionnaire, twenty-five copies were pilot tested to non-respondents.
Sampling Technique
The purposive sampling design was used to determine the sample size. The
allocation of 90 respondents was established for the reason that the researcher finds
it difficult to search out other target because of the pandemic. In the selection of the
respondents, the convenience sampling was employed. Local residents who could
easily be reached were selected as respondents of the study. As mentioned, there
were ninety (90) respondents who were randomly picked based on their status,
availability, and willingness to be part in the study.
Data Gathering Procedure
A letter of permission to conduct the study to selected residents was
forwarded to the Office of the Punong Barangay of Sinunuc. Upon approval, the
researchers started with the conduct of the survey.
In the gathering of data, the researchers asked the assistance of purok
leaders to administer the survey-questionnaires to the target respondents. The
survey questionnaires were then distributed to the target respondents, the same
were retrieved right after the respondents finished answering them. All the data
obtained were analyzed, computed and interpreted.
Ethical Consideration
Proper decorum was observed during the gathering of data. The researchers
sought the willingness and cooperation of the respondents to be part of the survey.
The researchers made sure that the respondents were fully aware of the purpose of
the study. The researchers came up with an agreement to remain all data that were
gathered confidential. Respondents were given the privilege to refuse participating
and answering the survey. On the process, the researchers explained to the
respondents the benefits they will get from the result of the study.
Statistical Treatment of Data
To facilitate the analysis of data, the following statistical measures were
utilized:
Frequency and Percentage. This statistical tool was used to determine the tallied
number of respondents’ profile for each item.
Weighted Mean. This measure was used to determine the level of awareness on the
availability of the health care services by the respondents.
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents, analyzes and interprets the result of data gathered
based on the problems and hypotheses posited in this study. Below are the
tabulated results, discussion and interpretations of the collected data of the study.
Problem 1: What is the profile of the respondents in terms of age, sex,

educational attainment and cultural group?
Table 2
Profile of the Respondents
Variables Frequency Percentage

(n) %
Age
18 yrs old and below 10 11.11%
19-25 yrs old 23 25.55%
26 to 35 yrs old 30 33.33%
36 yrs old and above 27 30.00%
Total 90 100%
Sex
Male 31 34.4%
Female 59 65.6%
Total 90 100%
Educational Attainment
Elementary 13 14.44%
High School 39 43.33%
College 34 37.8%
Vocational 4 4.44%
Total 90 100%
Ethnicity
Islam 34 37.80%
Chavacano 26 28.90%
Visayan 30 33.30%
Total 90 100%
The profile of the respondents is shown in Table 2. In terms of age level, the
highest number of respondents, 30 or 33.33% were within the age range from 26 to
35 yrs old. On the other hand, the lowest number of respondents with 10 or 11.11%,
belonged to the age range of 18 and below. This means that during the conduct of
the survey, majority of the residents available belonged to the 26 to 35 yrs old age
range.
In terms of sex, there were a total of 31 or 34.4% males who participated in
the study and 59 or 65.6 % female. The result can be attributed to the fact that
females were more patient and approachable than their male counterpart. Females
made themselves readily available when asked to answer the survey.

In terms of educational attainment, the result shows that the highest
educational attainment of respondents was high school with a total of 39 or 43.33%.
Moreover, the lowest educational attainment among the respondents was vocational
program with 4 or 4.44% . As observed by the researchers, ordinary people or those
who do not have a high education were approachable and willingly to answer the
survey, compared to the residents with higher educational attainment. This may be
attributed to the fact that most of the women respondents are plain housewife and
were not busy during the time the survey was conducted.
Moreover, in terms of cultural group, Islam has the highest number of
respondents with 34 or 37.80%, this is followed by the Visayan with 30 or 33.30%
and Islam with 26 or 28.90%. This indicated that Islam were cooperative during the
conduct of the study as they willingly participated in the survey.
Problem 2: What is the level of awareness of the respondents in terms

of: Expanded Program on Immunization, Mother and Child Health Care.
Tuberculosis Program, Deworming Month, Schistosomiasis Awareness,
Leprosy Awareness, Filariasis Awareness, Family Planning, Cancer
Awareness and Operation Timbang Program?
Table 3
Level of Awareness of the Respondents in Terms of

Expanded Program on Immunization
Weighted Verbal
Statement Mean Description
1 Vaccine is provided by the 4.14 High
Barangay Health Center.
2 Flu vaccine is administered to 3.55 High
those who want to avail it.
3 There is proper information when 3.58 High
vaccine will be administered.
4 Anti-tetanus vaccine is readily 3.80 High
available.
Average Weighted Mean 3.76 High
Legend: 4.50-5.00 – Very High 3.50-4.49 – High 2.50-3.49 – Average 1.50-2.49 – Low
1.00-1.49 – Very Low
Table 3 presents the level of awareness of the respondents in terms of
expanded program on immunization. As reflected on the table, the statement:
Vaccine is provided by the barangay health center got the highest weighted mean of
4.14, interpreted, High. This means that the people of the barangay are aware of the
availability of vaccine at the barangay health center. According to some of the
respondents, who are mothers, their children had availed of vaccine from the health
facility, like the measles and DPT vaccine.
Similarly, a rating with in the interval of 3.50-4.49, interpreted, high was rated
to the statements: There is proper information when vaccine will be administered.
(3.58) and Anti-tetanus vaccine is readily available (3.80). This means that the health
care providers gave proper information before the administering of vaccine and Anti
tetanus vaccine is administered. In a casual conversation with some of the
respondents they made mentioned that health care personnel explained to them the
side effector what to be done after the administering of the vaccine. The
administering of tetanus toxoid vaccine to pregnant women is for free. However, for
other purposes, patients should provide their own medicine for the administered of
the vaccine.
Moreover, the lowest weighted mean of 3.55, interpreted as High was rated to
the statement; Flu vaccine is administered to those who want to avail it. This means
that majority of the respondents are aware that the barangay health centre is
administering flu vaccine to the people of the barangay.
Overall result shows that the grand mean of 3.76 interpreted High was rated
by the respondents on the expanded program on immunization. The results imply
that the people of the barangay were aware of the programs on immunization by the
government. Although the grand mean which is interpreted as high was rated to this
particular program, based on the ratings given by the respondents, it implies that
there is still a need for the health providers to campaign more to attain the very high
level of awareness on the expanded among the people in the barangay.
The findings of the study is supported by Ridad (2019), she conducted a study
to determine the respondents’ perceived barriers along the aspects of Personal,
Geographical and Social Barriers, Beliefs and Myths on Immunization, and
Knowledge and Awareness on EPI and their relationship to the respondents’ level of
adherence to immunization. The result showed that most of the respondents
considered only geographical factors as barrier along with social factors. Moreover, it
has been found out that respondents lacked knowledge and awareness on the
benefits of immunization, the number of vaccines their child needs to receive, site
and schedule, side-effects, and contraindications. However, with mean above 2.34
indicated that respondents were informed on the appropriate interventions for side-
effects of vaccines, as well as their right to refuse vaccination. The respondents’
over-all level of adherence was moderate. The identified barriers geographical,
social, personal, beliefs and myths on immunization and respondents’ level of

knowledge and awareness have influenced respondents’ level of adherence to a
moderate level only.
Table 4

Mother and Child Health Care
Weighted Verbal
1 Ante natal and pre-natal care service. are 4.23 High
provided to pregnant women.
2 Mothers are provided with lectures or 3.80 High
seminars on maternal child care
3 Mothers are provided with counseling on 3.51 High
how to deal with postpartum depression
4 Close monitoring are done to prevent high 3.51 High
risk pregnancies.
1.00-1.49 – Very Low
Table 4 presents the level of awareness of the respondents in terms of mother
and child health care. As can be gleaned from the table, the statement, ante natal
and pre-natal care services are provided to pregnant women, got the highest
weighted mean of 4.23, interpreted, very high. This means that the people of the
barangay, are much aware of the availability of pre-natal service at the barangay
health center. Based on the records of the Barangay Health Center on Pre-Natal
checkup, it is evident of high turnout of pregnant women who availed of the pre-natal
services, which is scheduled every Wednesday.
On the other hand, a rating with in the interval of 3.50-4.49, interpreted, high
was rated to the statement: Mothers are provided with lectures or seminars on
maternal child care. (3.80). however, during a casual conversation with some of the
mothers-respondents, seminars were not conducted on maternal care, instead they
read on the posters posted at the health facility some tips on maternal care.
Also, the lowest weighted mean of 3.51, interpreted as High was rated to the
statements; close monitoring are done to prevent high risk pregnancies and mothers
are provided with counselling on how to deal with postpartum depression. However,
according to the married women who are respondents of the study, they were aware
of the pre-natal services but they are not aware of the post partum program of the
barangay health care services.
Overall result shows that the grand mean of 3.76 interpreted, High was rated
by the respondents on the level of awareness in terms of mother and child care.
Mothers availed of the mother and child health care, nonetheless, they were not
provided with proper lectures and seminars on maternal and child care, much more
on how to deal with postpartum depression. This implies that the people of the
barangay especially mothers and pregnant women were not fully aware of the
different programs on maternal and child health care.
The findings of the study is supported by Mishra (2015), she explained that
the maternal and child health services should create awareness on universal access
to its services for children from birth to school age and their families. Moreover, the
maternal and child health services promote optimal health and development
outcomes for children from birth to school age through a focus on the child, mother
and family. Furthermore, maternal and child health services builds partnership with
families and communities and collaborates and integrates with other services and
organizations.
Table 5

Tuberculosis Program
Weighted Verbal
1 The BHC conducted information drive on TB 4.18 High
control.
2 TB patients are given a briefing on what must 4.16 High
be done during the 6 months medication.
3 There is a close monitoring on TB patients. 3.90 High
4 Medicines are provided for TB cure. 4.25 High
1.00-1.49 – Very Low
Tuberculosis program. As indicated on the table, the statement: medicines are
provided for TB cure, got the highest weighted mean of 4.25, interpreted, high. In an
interview with the barangay health worker, he explained that TB patients are
provided with free medicines for 6 months and many availed of this health services.
Likewise, a rating with in the interval of 3.50-4.49, interpreted, high was rated
to the statement: the BHC conducted information drive on TB control (4.18) and TB
patients are given a briefing on what must be done during the 6 months medication
(4.16). The awareness of the TB Prevention program is done informally by barangay
health workers especially for people with symptoms. The barangay health workers
informed of the government TB Dots program by advising the possible TB patient on
how he/she can avail of the free medications.
statement; There is a close monitoring on TB patients (4.15). In an interview with the
barangay health workers, they mentioned that to be able to closely monitored the TB
patient, one barangay health worker is assigned to monitor TB patients within her
area of assignments.
by the respondents on the level of awareness in terms of Tuberculosis Program.
Although, the barangay health workers were able to create awareness to the people
on the government’s TB Prevention Program, based on the result of the study, it
implies that, not all of the respondents were aware of the TB Dots program of the
government and how they could avail the free medication.
The findings of the study is supported by Samal (2017) on his study, he
explained the different methods of disease prevention, health education and
awareness programmes. According to her, awareness can empower people
regarding several aspects of disease management and thereby enabling them in
accessing the right treatment, in right time, at right place. A TB awareness
intervention can be implemented in terms of informing the houses of marginalized
and vulnerable communities about TB, its symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment.
Table 6
Deworming Month
Weighted Verbal
1 Deworming is done to keep children safe and 4.25 High
healthy.
2 An info drive is undertaken before the actual 3.96 High
deworming for children.
3 Parents are informed before oral medicine for 3.82 High
deworming is administered to their children
4 Monitoring is done to children who 3.65 High
participated in the. deworming
1.00-1.49 – Very Low
Deworming Month program. As reflected on the table, the statement, Deworming is

done to keep children safe and healthy, got the highest weighted mean of 4.25,
interpreted, High. This means that the people of the barangay are aware of the
purpose of the Deworming program.
was rated to the statements: An info drive is undertaken before the actual deworming
for children (3.96) and Parents are informed before oral medicine for deworming is
administered to their children (3. 82). This can be attributed to the fact that before the
administering of the deworming to the school children, a waiver is sent to the
parents/guardians which indicate they allow their children to be administered with the
deworming medicine.
statement; Monitoring is done to children who participated in the. deworming.
Although this statement got a high rating, but based on some respondents, there
were no monitoring that took place after the deworming were administered.
by the respondents on the level of awareness in terms of Deworming Month
Program. While the barangay health workers were able to create awareness to the
people on the government’s Deworming Program, yet, based on the result of the
study, not all the respondents were aware of this program as this was basically
introduced in schools especially in elementary level, where health workers personally
administer the deworming to pupils.

The findings of the study is supported by the World Health Organization
(2021) Preventive chemotherapy (deworming), using annual or biannuala single-dose
albendazole (400 mg) or mebendazole (500 mg)b is recommended as a public health
intervention for all young children 12–23 months of age, preschool children 1–4
years of age, and school-age children 5–12 years of age (in some settings up to 14
years of age) living in areas where the baseline prevalence of any soil-transmitted
infection is 20% or more among children, in order to reduce the worm burden of soil-
transmitted helminth infection. a Biannual administration is recommended where the
baseline prevalence is more than 50%. b A half-dose of albendazole (i.e. 200 mg) is
recommended for children younger than 24 months of age.
Table 7

Schistosomiasis Program Awareness
Weighted Verbal
1 The BHC personnel conduct an 2.93 Average
info drive on the Schistosomiasis
diseases
2 The BHC personnel inform the 2.90 Average
people of the barangay how
Schistosomiasis. Is transmitted
Schistosomiasis can be
diagnosed.
Schistosomiasis can be treated.
Average Weighted Mean 2.90 Average
1.00-1.49 – Very Low
Schistosomiasis program. As shown on the table, the statement, The BHC personnel
conduct an info drive on the Schistosomiasis diseases, got the highest weighted
mean of 2. 93, interpreted, Average. Based on the responses, most of the
respondents were not aware of this program, they did not even know what kind of
diseases it is or if this kind of disease existed.
Also, a rating with in the interval of 2.50-3.49, interpreted, Average was rated
to the statements: The BHC personnel inform the people of the barangay how
Schistosomiasis can be treated (2.91) and the BHC personnel inform the people of
the barangay how Schistosomiasis. Is transmitted (2.90). For some respondents,
they were aware of this program based on the news on the television or they read
articles about it. Unless there was presence of the disease and they consulted to the
health workers, that was the only time, it was explained to them.
Moreover, the lowest weighted mean of 2.86, interpreted as Average was
rated to the statement; The BHC personnel inform the people of the barangay how
Schistosomiasis can be diagnosed.
Overall result shows that the grand mean of 2.90 interpreted, Average was
rated by the respondents on the level of awareness in terms of Schistosomiasis
Program. The results imply that this program was not known to some of the
respondents. Based on the result, it was found out that the barangay health workers
were not able to create awareness to the people of the barangay on the
government’s Schistosomiasis Program.
The findings of the study is supported by the Department of Health (2021), in
its campaign for the control and elimination of Schistosomiasis, it created a

Schistosomiasis awareness online where it explained the causes and how this
disease is acquired, how it is transmitted and it health risk. According to the DOH,
long term infections can result to severe development of lesions, which can lead to
blockage of blood flow. The infection can also cause portal hypertension, which can
make collateral circulation, hence, redirecting the eggs to other parts of the body.
Table 8

Leprosy Awareness
Weighted Verbal
1 An info drive for leprosy 2.95 Average
awareness is conducted during
the Leprosy Awareness Month
2 The BHC workers assist the 2.94 Average
government in finding ways and
means to reduce the spread of
the disease.
3 The Health Care workers explain 2.94 Average
to the people the causes and
control of the spread of leprosy.
4 The Health care workers refer to 2.93 Average
the proper agency for the
monitoring of the leprosy victim.
1.00-1.49 – Very Low
Leprosy Awareness program. As indicated on the table, the statement, an info drive
for leprosy awareness is conducted during the Leprosy Awareness Month, got the
highest weighted mean of 2.95, interpreted, Average. According to the respondents,
This implies that the info drive conducted by the barangay health workers was limited
as some of the people were not aware of this program.
Similarly, a rating with in the interval of 2.50-3.49, interpreted, Average, was
rated to the statements: The BHC workers assist the government in finding ways and
means to reduce the spread of the disease and The Health Care workers explain to
the people the causes and control of the spread of leprosy (2.94), respectively. An
average rating indicated that the barangay health workers were not able to fully
assist the government in the reduction of the leprosy disease.
Also, the lowest weighted mean of 2.93, interpreted as Average was rated to
the statement; The Health care workers refer to the proper agency for the monitoring
of the leprosy victim. The result implies that there is no proper monitoring of leprosy
victims in the barangay.
rated by the respondents on the level of awareness in terms of Leprosy Awareness
Month. Based on the overall result of the study, it implies that the people of the
barangay lack the awareness on the causes, symptoms and prevention of leprosy.
The findings of the study are supported by Steiman, et.al. (2020), accordingly,
several ways are done to reduce the spread of the disease. Major stakeholders
called for the development of an innovative and comprehensive leprosy strategy
aimed at reducing the incidence of leprosy, lowering the burden of disability and
discrimination, and interrupting transmission. This led to the establishment of the
Global Partnership for Zero Leprosy (GPZL) in 2018, with partners aligned around a
shared Action Framework committed to achieving the WHO targets by 2030 through
national leprosy program capacity-building, resource mobilisation and an enabling
research agenda.
Table 9
Filariasis Awareness
Weighted Verbal
1 An info drive for Filariasis 3.08 Average
awareness is conducted by the
BHC through tarpaulin and
banner.
2 The BHC Personnel has a plan 3.02 Average
on how Filariasis can be
controlled.
3 The BHC personnel conducted a 3.05 Average
house to house campaign for the
prevention of Filariasis disease. .
4 The BHC personnel has a plan 3.10 Average
and program in case of Filariasis
disease outbreak
1.00-1.49 – Very Low
Filariasis Awareness. As reflected on the table, the statement, The BHC personnel
has a plan and program in case of Filariasis disease outbreak, got the highest
weighted mean of 3.10, and interpreted, Average. The result of the study implies that
not all of the respondents were aware of the plan and programof the barangay health
services for the Filariasis outbreak.
Similarly, a rating with in the interval of 2.50-3.49, interpreted, Average was
rated to the statements: An info drive for Filariasis awareness is conducted by the
BHC through tarpaulin and banner. (3.08) and The BHC personnel conducted a
house to house campaign for the prevention of Filariasis disease. (3.05). Based on
the personal observation of the researchers, no tarpaulin or banner were on
displayed for Filariasis awareness. This observation supported the ratings given by
the respondents to these statements

the statement; The BHC Personnel has a plan on how Filariasis can be controlled.
According to the respondents, they were not aware of the barangay health workers
plans on how to control this disease and they had no idea what Filariasis is all about.
rated by the respondents on the level of awareness in terms of Filariasis Program.
The results suggest that the barangay health workers were not able to reached out
to all the people in the barangay and create awareness t on the government’s
Filariasis program.
The findings of the study are supported by Wynd, et. al, (2007), in the
research, they explained that Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) is endemic in approximately
80 tropical and subtropical countries, which infect 120 million people and a billion
are estimated to be at risk of infection. They point out the importance of formulating a
program to eliminate the endemic. A program on how to eliminate LF elimination is
formulated to interrupt transmission; this is done by means of annual community-
wide treatment campaigns with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole, or albendazole
and ivermectin, for a period of four to six years. According to the researchers, there
is insufficient understanding of the sociocultural factors associated with the presence
and treatment of the disease, and that appropriate social science methods should be
used to address this deficiency and ensure community partnership in delivering and
sustaining the success of LF elimination programmes.
Table 10

Family Planning
Weighted Verbal
1 The BHC is conducting an info 4.02 High
drive on Family planning.
2 The Family planning program is a 3.96 High
project of the National
government through the DOH for
child birth spacing.
3 The BHC personnel give lectures 3.88 High
on the proper way to plan the
family.
4 The BHC provides different 3.92 High
contraceptives for free.
1.00-1.49 – Very Low
Family Planning Program. As reflected on the table, the statement, The BHC is
conducting an info drive on Family Planning, got the highest weighted mean of 4.02,
interpreted, High. According to the respondents, the reason why they are aware of
the Family Planning is because, it is aa well-known program, being one of the oldest
health program introduced by the government.
In the same manner, a rating with in the interval of 3.50-4.49, interpreted, high
was rated to the statements: The Family planning program is a project of the
National government through the DOH for child birth spacing (3.96) and The BHC
provides different contraceptives for free. (3. 92). The ratings given by the
respondents to these statements indicated that majority of them were aware that
Family Planning program is a project by the government and that they were aware
thatfree contraceptives aregiven for free at the Helth Center.
statement; The BHC personnel give lectures on the proper way to plan the family.
Although this statement is rated high by the respondents but it was ranked the lowest
in terms of weighted mean for the reason that there is no formal lectures conducted
by the barangay health workers to mothers on the proper way to plan their family.
by the respondents on the level of awareness in terms of the Family Planning
Program. The results imply that, though the Family Program is a well-known program
but some of the respondents had no knowledge about it especially the male
respondents, for the reason that they do not avail of this program.
The findings of the study are supported by Mustafa, et.al. (2015), they
conducted a study aimed at exploring knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding
family planning and factors that influence the need for and use of modern
contraceptives. A descriptive exploratory study was conducted with married women
and men aged between 15 and 40. The findings reveal that the majority knew about
some modern contraceptive methods, but the overall contraceptive use was very
low. Knowledge and use of any contraceptive method were particularly low. Reasons
for not using family planning and modern contraception included incomplete family
size, negative perceptions, in-laws’ disapproval, religious concerns, side-effects, and
lack of access to quality services. The majority preferred private facilities over the
government health facilities as the later were cited as derided. The study concluded
the need for qualified female healthcare providers, especially for long term family
planning services at health facilities instead of camps arranged occasionally.
Addressing issues around access, affordability, availability, and sociocultural barriers
about modern contraception as well as involving men will help to meet the needs and
ensure that the women and couples fulfill their childbearing and reproductive health
goals.
Table 11

Cancer Awareness
Weighted Verbal
1 The BHC is conducting an info 3.33 Average
drive for cancer awareness.
2 The BHC personnel gives 3.16 Average
counseling to cancer patients
3 There is a National Cancer 3.07 Average
Prevention and Control Action
Plan .formulated for the
prevention of cancer.
4 There is a program of the 3.13 Average
government that assist cancer
patients.
1.00-1.49 – Very Low
Cancer Awareness. As indicated on the table, the statement, The BHC is conducting
an info drive for cancer awareness, got the highest weighted mean of 3.33,
interpreted, Average. This means that the info drive of the barangay health workers
did not reached all the residents as evident by the rating of average given to this
particular statement.
Likewise, a rating with in the interval of 2.50-3.49, interpreted, Average was
rated to the statements: The BHC personnel give counselling to cancer patients
(3.16) and There is a program of the government that assist cancer patients. (3.13).
This suggest that the level of awareness of the respondents on the conduct of
counseling and the awareness on the program of the government to assist cancer
patients was within the average level. This implies that the respondents lack the
awareness on this aspects.
the statement; there is a National Cancer Prevention and Control Action
Plan .formulated for the prevention of cancer. In a follow up interview to the
respondents, they made mentioned that they did not even know that there is a
particular program for the cancer victims.
rated by the respondents on the level of awareness in terms of Cancer Awareness
Program. This means that the level of awareness of the respondents on the Cancer
Awareness Program is average. The results imply that majority of the people of the
barangay understudy did not avail of this program as reflected on the overall rating.
The findings of the study is supported by Kyle, Forbat and Hubbard (2012), in
their study on the adolescents’ cancer awareness and help-seeking behaviour in
Britain, it assessed adolescents’: awareness of cancer symptoms, common cancers,
and the relationship between cancer and age; anticipated delay and perceived
barriers to seeking medical advice; and examined variation by age, gender, ethnicity
and whether individuals knew someone with cancer. Adolescents’ cancer awareness
was low. Half of all adolescents did not know the most common childhood (51%) or
teenage (49%) cancers and most (69%) believed cancer was unrelated to age.
Awareness of cancer symptoms was significantly higher among older adolescents
and those who knew someone with cancer. Three-quarters (74%) of adolescents
indicated they would seek help for a symptom they thought might be cancer within 3
days, and half (48%) within 24 hours. The most endorsed barriers to help-seeking
were ‘worry about what the doctor might find’ (72%), being ‘too embarrassed’ (56%),
‘too scared’ (54%) and ‘not feeling confident to talk about symptoms’ (53%).
Endorsement of these emotional barriers was significantly higher among females.
Table 12

Operation Timbang Program
Weighted Verbal
1 An info drive for the Operation 4.12 High
Timbang program is conducted in
the barangay..
2 BHC personnel conduct a house 3.92 High
to house visit to weigh children
3 The BHC workers conducted 3.88 High
local nutrition action planning,
particularly in quantifying the
number of malnourished and
identifying who will be given
priority interventions in the
community
4 The BHC workers identify who 3.85 High
will be given priority interventions
in the community
Legend: 4.50-5.00 – Very High 3.50-4.49 – High 2.50-3.49 - Average 1.50-2.49 – Low
1.00-1.49 – Very Low
Operation Timbang program. As reflected on the table, the statement, an info drive
for the Operation Timbang program is conducted in the barangay, got the highest
weighted mean of 4.12, interpreted, High. According to the respondents, especially

those with children, their awareness on the operation timbang is not because of the
info drive but the fact that weighing is done every year to children 1-5 years of age.
was rated to the statements: BHC personnel conduct a house to house visit to weigh
children (3.92) and The BHC workers conducted local nutrition action planning,
particularly in quantifying the number of malnourished and identifying who will be
given priority interventions in the community (3. 88). Operation timbang is conducted
in the 2st quarter of the year. Barangay health workers are assigned by purok to
weight babies 0-71 weeks old. This was the reason why a high rating was given by
the respondents to this particular statements.
statement; The BHC workers identify who will be given priority interventions in the
community. In an interview with one of the barangay workers, she said that they
have a list of priorities in terms of the nutrition program of the health center.
However, this was known to some of the respondents.
by the respondents on the level of awareness in terms of Operation Timbang
Program. The results imply that the barangay health workers somehow create
awareness to the people of the barangay on the Operation Timbang Program of the
DOH.. However, based on the result of the study, not all the respondents were
aware of the purpose and benefits of this program.

The findings of the study is supported by NNC (2012) accordingly, increments
in weight and height or length at rates considered acceptable based on growth
standards thus indicate good nutrition and health well-being. The board explained
that In the Philippines, there are three major activities where growth assessment of
children ages 0-71 months is done. These include the: a) National Nutrition Survey
of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), b) the health center- or
facility based growth monitoring and promotion services provided by health workers,
and c) Operation Timbang Plus or OPT Plus done every first quarter of the year in
communities nationwide. While differing in many respects including objectives, they
provide important information on the nutrition situation of the population useful for
nutrition program planning and policy formulation and important nutrition information
about a child for prevention or management of malnutrition. A guideline referred to
as Operation Timbang Plus, was formulated which aims to provide specific
guideposts on what, why, when, who and how the new Operation Timbang Plus shall
be conducted, processed, analyzed and shared by the Nutrition Committees to help
generate timely, accurate and important nutrition information about children 0-71
months old in aid of local planning and policy formulation of and in support of the
local Plan of Action for Nutrition.

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and
recommendations of the research study.
Findings
The findings of the study revealed that:
1. Majority of the respondents were aged 26-35 years old (33.33%), most of them
were female. Majority 34 (37.8%) were Islam and whose 29 (43.33%) educational
attainment is high school.
2. The level of awareness of the respondents in terms of Expanded Immunization
Program is High, the level of awareness of the respondents in terms of Maternal and
Child Health care is High. The level of awareness of the respondents in terms of
Tuberculosis program is high. The level of awareness of the respondents in terms of
Deworming Month is High. On the other hand, the level of awareness of the
respondents in terms of Schistosomiasis Program Awareness is Average.The level
of awareness of the respondents in terms of Leprosy Awareness is Average. The
level of awareness of the respondents in terms of Filariasis Awareness is Average.
The level of awareness of the respondents in terms of Family Planning is High.The
level of awareness of the respondents in terms of Cancer Awareness is Average
and the level of awareness of the respondents in terms of Operation Timbang
Program is Average
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn.
1. The respondents who participate in the survey checklist are aged between
26-35 years old, females, who belonged to Islam tribe, and whose
educational attainment is high school.
2. Level of awareness of the respondents in the Expanded Program on
Immunization, Maternal and Child Health Care, Tuberculosis Program,
Deworming Month, Family Planning Program and Operation Timbang is
High. On the other hand, the level of awareness of the respondents in
terms of Schistosomiasis Awareness, Leprosy Awareness, Filariasis
Awareness and Cancer Awareness is Average.
Recommendations
On the basis of the findings and conclusions, the following recommendations
are presented:
1. The health administrators should assess different health services including the
people in charge for general planning, monitoring care quality, and licensing health
care professionals to be able to come up with a strategic plan on how to create
awareness on the different health programs of the government.
2. The Health Care Workers should think of an effective program to create
awareness to the people on the different health care programs of the barangay
understudy.
3. Barangay Officials should assist the barangay health workers in their campaign to
create awareness of the available barangay health programs. They should be aware
of the different health care needs of the people in the community and include these
issues and concerns in the Barangay Plans and Programs as one of the key areas to
give utmost attention.
4. Local Residents should know their rights in terms of health care services. They
should avail of the different health care programs of the government. They should
participate actively in the campaign of the barangay health center to improve their
health condition.
5. Future researchers who will conduct similar study should utilize this study as
literature and point of reference.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Koh (2019). Universal Healthcare Act in the Philippines Signed Into Law by President Duterte. Retrieved from https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/apac/universal-healthcare-
act-philippines-signed-law-president-duterte (January 2021)
Gavilan, J. (2018). Fast Facts: DOH's Expanded Program on Immunization . Retrieved

f r o m : https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/doh-expanded-program-immunization-philippines (March 2021).
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). Immunization Programs Infection Control in Healthcare Personnel: Infrastructure and Routine Practices for Occupational Infection
Prevention and Control Services. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/healthcarepersonnel/immunization.html (April 26, 2021).
Mishra, I. (2015) Maternal and Child Health Programme. Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/INDRAMANIMISHRA/maternal-and-child-health-programme-
46306252 (April 7, 2021)
World Health Organization (2019). Deworming In Children. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/elena/titles/deworming/en/ (May 2, 2021)
DOH (2021). Schistosomiasis Control and Elimination Program. Retrieved from https://ro9.doh.gov.ph/index.php/health-programs/infectious-disease-program/ schistosomiasis-
control-and-elimination-program (May 3, 2021).
DOH (2021).National Tuberculosis Program. Retrieved from http://www. ntp.doh.gov.ph/aboutNTP.php (May 3. 2021).
DOH (2021). DOH Conducts Deworming Month to Reinforce Prevention and Control of Soil-Transmitted Helminths. Retrieved from https://doh.gov.ph/node/10545 (May 13, 2021).
Steimann, P. (2020) A Comprehensive Research Agenda for Zero Leprosy. Retrieved from https://idpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40249-020-00774-4 (April 7, 2021)
Wynd, S. (2007). Understanding the Community Impact of Lymphatic Filariasis:a Review of the Socio Cultural Literature. Bull World Health Organ. 85(6): 493–498.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2636343/
World Health Organization (2021). Lymphatic Filariasis. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lymphatic-filariasis (May 01, 2021)
Specht, S. (2019). Elimination of lymphatic Filariasis in South East Asia. Retrieved from
https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.k5198 *May02, 2021)
Dickson, B. (2018) The Prevalence of Lymphatic Filariasis Infection and Disease Following Six Rounds of Mass Drug Administration in Mandalay Region, Myanmar . Retrieved from
https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/ journal.pntd. 0006944 (April 24, 2021).
Mustafa, G. (2015). Family Planning Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among Married Men and Women in Rural Areas of Pakistan: Findings from a Qualitative Need Assessment Study.
Retrieved from https://pubmed .ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26421316/ (May 30, 2021)
Ali, M. (2013). A global research agenda for family planning: results of an exercise for the setting of research. Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health
Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/bulletin/online_first/13-122242.pdf (April 26,2021).
Miller and Babiarz (2014). Family Planning: Program Effects. National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from: https://www.nber.org/system/files/working
_papers/w20586/w20586.pdf (March 29,2021).
Kyle, R., Forbat, L. and Hubbard G. (2012). Cancer awareness among adolescents in Britain: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 12 (580). Retrieved from:
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-12-580 (March 13, 2021)
Roberts, A.(2017). Impact of Cancer Awareness Training for Community Based Health Workers:a Cross Sectional Repeated Measures Survey. Retrieved from:
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)33013-1/fulltext (April 07, 2021).
Conor, K, Hudson, B.and Power, E. (2020). Awareness of the Signs, Symptoms, and Risk Factors of Cancer and the Barriers to Seeking Help in the UK: Comparison of Survey Data Collected
Online and Face-to-Face. JMIR Cancer. 2020 Jan-Jun; 6(1): e14539. Retrieved from : https://cancer.jmir.org/2020/1/e14539/ (May 13, 2021).
NNC Governing Board (2012). IMPLEMENTING GUIDELINES ON OPERATION TIMBANG Plus (OPT +), pursuant to NNC Governing Board Resolution No. 2, Series 2012 12 . Retrieved from
https://www.nnc.gov .ph/phocadownloadpap/userupload /elavapie/OPT%20Plus%20Guidelines.pdf (May 13, 2021).
Ramirez, M., Viajar, R. and Azana,G. (2019). Operationalizing local children nutrition surveillance system: The Philippines' Operation Timbang revisiited, the case of Abra de Ilog. World
Nutrition 10(4):86-98
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338260442Operationalizing_local_children_nutrition_surveillance_system_The_Philippines'_Operation_Timbang_revisiited_the_
case_of_Abra_de_Ilog
The LawPhil Project (2018), Proclamation 2018 Republic Act No. 11223. Retrieved from https://lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc2018/proc2018.html (April 3, 2021).
Domingo. E. (2016). Universal Health Care Five Years in the Making. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/2170/Downloads/EODomingo_Universal%20Health%20Care%20Five
%20Years%20in%20the%20Making.pdf (May 22, 2021).
Berry, L. (2018) Reclaiming Health Care’s Fundamental Purpose. Institute of Health Improvement. Retrieved from http://www.ihi.org/communities/blogs/reclaiming-health-care-s-
fundamental-purpose (April 24, 2021).
Berwick, D.(2017) IHI National Forum Keynote Addresses 2017. Retrieved from http://www.ihi.org/resources/Pages/AudioandVideo/Don-Berwick-Forum Keynotes.aspx
Romualdez, A. (2016) Universal Health Care in the Philippines. Universal Health Care
Study Group, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila.
Retrieved from https://www.asean-ndocrinejournal.org/index.php/JAFES
/article/view/34 (April 4, 2021).
Cabalfin, M. (1916) Health Financing for the Poor in the Philippines: Final Report DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES NO. 2016-37. Retrieved from https://dirp3.pids.
gov.ph/websitecms/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsdps1637.pdf (February 2, 2021).
Philippine Statistics Agency (2021) Causes of Deaths in the Philippines (Preliminary): January to December 2020. Retrieved from https://psa.gov.ph/content/causes-deaths-
philippines-preliminary-january-december-2020 (January 12, 2021).
Warren, J and Gu, Y. (2016). Handbook of eHealth Evaluation: An Evidence-based Approach [Internet]. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/ NBK481606/ (May 17,
2021).
Ainsworth, Q.(2021) Data Collection Methods. Retrieved from https://www.jotform. com/data-collection-methods/ (May 01, 2021).
Ridad, G.(2019). BARRIERS TO ADHERENCE TO EXPANDED PROGRAM ON IMMUNIZATION AMONG PARENTS IN LANAO DEL NORTE, PHILIPPINES. Belitung Nursing Journal, Indonesia .Vol
5, No 1 (2019). Retrieved from https://belitungraya.org/BRP/index.php/bnj/article/view/695/pdf (May 7, 2021).
National Conference of State Legislature (2020). Maternal Child Care. Retrieved from
https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/maternal-and-child-health-overview.aspx (May 08, 2021).
Addisse, M. (2003). Maternal and Child Health Care. University of Gondar In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of
Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Retrieved fromhttps://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/health/ephti/library/lecture_notes/health_science_students/
ln_maternal_care_final.pdf (May 16, 2021).

FinalThesis CasalRei-DivinaSandagPaida

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

FinalThesis CasalRei-DivinaSandagPaida

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 1

Background of the Study

diseases, 10% from malignant neoplasms, as well as pneumonia, 6% due to

diseases (PSA, 2021).

is largely market-oriented. The government continues to make progress towards

easy access to every type of medical procedure.

the spread of diseases.

coverage to include free medical consultations and laboratory tests. It is a measure

protection against financial risks (Kho, 2019).

to be part of the government program especially with regards to health care.

The research study aimed to determine the level of awareness of local

be benefitted from these programs. To come up with a concrete solution to the

conditions of the local residents.

The study focused on a particular barangay in Zamboanga City which is home to

Statement of the Problem

programs of the government by the local residents in Sinunuc Zamboanga City.

Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.3 educational attainment and

1.4 cultural group

2. What is the level of awareness of the respondents in terms of:

2.1 Expanded Program on Immunization

2.2 Mother and Child Health Care

2.3 Tuberculosis Program

2.4 Deworming Month

2.6 Leprosy Awareness

2.7 Filariasis Awareness

2.8 Family Planning

2.9 Cancer Awareness

2.10 Operation Timbang

3. What recommendation can be formulated to create awareness on the health

care programs by the people in Sinunuc?

Objectives of the Study

dealt with the following specific objectives:

1. To establish the level of awareness of the respondents on the different health

care programs available on the barangay.

2. To formulate a health care awareness program.

planning, monitoring care quality, and licensing health care professionals.

Health Care Workers.

on the different health care programs of the barangay understudy.

the key areas to give utmost attention.

to conduct similar study.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

were limited to 90 respondents. A follow up interview was conducted in order to

solicit additional information regarding the study.

Cancer Awareness. This refers to the program of the government to spread

awareness on cancer, its symptoms and treatment.

respondents belong, categorized as Chavacano, Visayan and Islam.

workers conducted deworming towards the goals of DOH to eliminate intestinal

parasitism among children. A synchronized schedule of mass drug administration is

done in schools and the community.

respondents have completed.

Expanded Program on Immunization. This refers to the different

immunization program of the Philippine government such as measles vaccine, polio,

tetanus toxoid, among others.

Filariasis Awareness. This refers to the program of the government to give

awareness to the people of the causes, symptoms and prevention of lymphatic

filariasis, an infection transmitted to humans by mosquitoes.

Leprosy Awareness. This refers to the program of the government which

public awareness on the disease, its prevention, and treatment.

in the barangay understudy.

National Health Insurance Program (NHIP). This refers to the program of

Operation Timbang Program. This refers to the program of the government