Mahesika Yolindri Putri (Ming) - 12576616

1. What are the independent and dependent variables in this study?

The text (Schindler, 2021) defines a dependent variable as one that is affected
by the manipulation of an independent variable. In the GEM study, economic well-being
is the dependent variable, while the independent variables are entrepreneurial
framework conditions, entrepreneurial capacity, entrepreneurial opportunities, and
general national framework conditions. The conceptual framework outlined in EXHIBIT
C-GEM 1–1 identifies these variables. Davidsson & Wiklund (2007) argue that good
entrepreneurship research should deal explicitly with new enterprises. The GEM study's
research methodology is too large to effectively gauge entrepreneurship, and while the
model is encouraging, it is far from conclusive. The study's findings suggest that studies
on established small businesses and their owner-managers do not qualify as
entrepreneurship research.

3. Can you do a causal study without controlling intervening, extraneous, and

moderating variables?
The study of intervening, moderating, and extraneous variables is crucial for accurate
research results. The schema for controlling variables is crucial in designing
experiments and other domains involving multiple causality, such as correlational
relationships and historical causality. Failure to recognize the interconnectedness of
relationships increases the risk of incorrect assumptions and findings. Implementing
protocols that limit the impact of these variables can increase the confidence and
reliability of the research.
4. What is the impact on study results of using national experts (key informants) to
identify and weigh entrepreneurial framework conditions?
Key informants are crucial in community-based research, providing valuable information
about the community and enabling researchers to make additional contacts. However,
the number of key informants can vary, ranging from four to thirty-nine, potentially
skewing results based on collection methods. Additionally, the skillset, background, and
historical makeup of national experts may generate bias. Despite these challenges, key
informants play a vital role in understanding and applying information, making them
essential in community-based research.