An Introduction to Primary and Secondary Sources

What are primary sources? geography we’re used for trade routes,
structural buildings etc.
 Are materials produced by people or
groups directly involved in the event or 4. Cartoons for political/social expression.
topic being studied. These people are
5. Material evidences of the prehistoric past like
either participants or eyewitnesses to the
cave drawings, and ancient writings.
event.
 A primary source is a document or physical 6. Statistical tables, graphs and charts.
object which was written or created during
7. Oral history or recordings by electronic
the time under study. These sources were
means.
present during an experience or time
period and offer an inside view of a 8.Published or unpublished primary documents,
particular event. eyewitnesses accounts and other written
 Keep in mind that a primary source reflects sources.
only one point of view and may contain a
 Examples of primary sources include:
person’s bias (prejudice) toward an event.
 Books, magazines, newspapers
 Keep in mind that a primary source reflects
only one point of view and may contain a
person’s bias (prejudice) toward an event.

Formally there are 8 cluster of examples of

these primary sources:
1. Photographs that reflects social conditions of
historical realities and everyday life.
2. Old sketches and drawing that may indicate
conditions of life in the past.
3. Old maps that may reveal how space and
o Personal Records (Diaries, journals,
records)

o Oral Histories
 Chronicles, memoirs, myths, legends
passed down by word of mouth

o Visual Materials
 Paintings, drawings, sculpture o Songs and Poems

 photographs, film, maps

Sacromere
Actin myofilament
- basic structural and functional unit of skeletal
muscle. - thin filaments

Z disks - 3 components: actin, troponin, tropomyosin

- separate one sacromere from the next. myosin myofilaments

I bands - thick myofilaments

- light-staining band - bundles of tiny golf clubs

A band
- dark-staining band

 Excitability of muscle fibers

Resting membrane potential 2. Conc. Of Na+ is higher on the outside of
the cell membrane
- electrical charge difference across the cell
3. Negatively charged molecules inside
membrane of unstimulated cells.
the cell (protein)
- inside (-); outside (+)
4. Cell membrane is more permeable to
Reasons: K+ than it is to Na+
1. conc. of K+ is higher on the inside of the
cell membrane
 Nerve supply and muscle fiber stimulation
Motor neurons
 specialized nerve cells that stimulates muscles to contract

 Muscle contraction
 Occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another (Sliding filament model)
 sacromeres shorten
Energy requirements for muscle contraction  Fatigue
ATP is derived from 4 processes in skeletal Temporary state of reduced work capacity.
muscle:
Mechanisms:
1. Aerobic production
1. Acidosis and ATP depletion
2. Anaerobic production
2. Oxidative stress
3. Conversion of creatine phosphate to
ATP 3. Inflammation
4. Conversion of 2 ADP to one ATP and 1 Physiological contracture
AMP
-too little ATP to bind to myosin myofilaments
Psychological fatigue
-most common type of fatigue
Types of muscle contractions
-CNS than muscles
Isometric contractions
-increase tension in muscle w/o changing its length
Isotonic
-constant amount of tension while decreasing the length of the muscle
concentric- muscle tension increases as the muscle shortens
eccentric- tension is maintained but opposing resistance causes the muscle to lengthen.
SKELETAL MUSCLE ANATOMY
Aponeuroses
-broad, sheetlike tendons
Retinaculum
-holds down the tendons at each
wrist and ankle
Origin
-most stationary, or fixed, end of
the muscle
Insertion
-end of the muscle attached to the
bone undergoing the greatest
movement.
Belly
-part of the muscle between the
origin and the insertion
NOMENCLATURE
4. Orientation of fascicles
1. Location
5. Origin and insertion
2. Size
6. Number of heads
3. Shape
7. function
Muscles of head and neck
  Synovial joints
 freely movable joints that
contain fluid in a cavity.

Types of synovial joints

 Effects of Aging
 Brittle bone
 Likelihood of bone fractures
 Lubricating synovial fluid declines
 Ligaments and tendons shorten
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