Muscular System

MUSCULAR 4. Sarcoplasm
- Shortening & Contraction (actin & 5. Sarcomere
myosin) 6. Muscle Fasciculi
- Elongated 7. Epimysium/Fascia
- Made up of muscle fibers. 8. Perimysium
9. Myofibrils
TYPES
2 MAJOR PROTEIN FIBERS
1. Actin Myofilaments
2. Myosin Myofilaments

3 PHASES OF MUSCLE TWITCH

1. Lag phase
2. Contraction phase
3. Relaxation phase

2 WAYS IN INCREASING THE FORCE OF

1. Skeletal CONTRACTION:
o Striated, voluntary, CT. 1. Summation - force
o Skeletal fibers - cigar shaped, 2. Recruitment – number
multi nucleated, largest
muscle fibers. PROVIDING ENERGY FOR MUSCLE
2. Cardiac CONTRACTION
o Heart , striated, involuntary. 1. Direct Phosphorylation of ADP by
o Intercalated disks Creatine Phosphate
3. Smooth or Visceral 2. Aerobic Respiration
o Involuntary 3. Anaerobic Respiration
o Hollow organs
o Peristalsis TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
1. Isometric
FUNCTIONS (M2RPC3) 2. Concentric
- Movement 3. Eccentric
- Maintenance of posture
- Respiration
- Production of body heat
- Communication
- Constriction of organs and vessels
- Contraction of the heart]

SKELETAL MUSCLE (CEEE)

1. Contractility
2. Excitability
3. Extensibility
4. Elasticity

MUSCLE FIBER STRUCTURE

1. Sarcolemma
2. Transverse tubules
3. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
 3. Repolarization

NERVE SUPPLY
1. Motor neurons
- nerve cells w/c action potential
travels to S.M
- specialized nerve cells that
stimulate muscles to contract
 Neuromuscular junction/synapse
- cluster of enlarged axons resting
in sarcolemma
- branch that forms junction w/
muscle fiber
 Presynaptic Terminal
- enlarged axonal terminal.
 Synaptic Cleft
 Synaptic Vesicles

NOMENCLATURE (LONF2S2)
1. Location
2. Origin & Insertion
3. Number of Origin
4. Function
5. Size
TRUNK MUSCLES 6. Shape
A. Vertebral Column 7. Orientation of Fasciculi
1. Erector Spinae (longissimus,
spinalis, Iliocostalis) MASTICATION (4 PAIRS)
2. Deep back muscles 1. Temporalis
B. Thorax 2. Masseter
1. External Intercostal 3. Pterygoid
2. Internal Intercostal
3. Diaphragm TYPES OF MUSCLES ACCORDING TO
C. Abdominal Wall Muscles FUNCTION:
1. Linea Alba 1. Prime mover
2. Rectus Abdominis - MAJOR RESPONSIBILITY/ROLE
3. Tendinous Intersections for a particular movement
4. External/Internal Abdominal 2. Antagonist
Oblique and Transversus - muscles that OPPOSE/REVERSE
Abdominus (3 layers lateral to a movement.
R.A) 3. Synergist
D. Pelvic Floor/Diaphragm - help prime mover, reducing
1. Levator Ani undesirable/necessary
2. Perineum movement.
3. Perineum bulbospongiosus 4. Fixator
4. Perineum Ischiocavernosus - specialized synergist: hold the bone
5. Perineum External Anal Sphincter or stabilize origin of P.M

ACTION POTENTIAL POINTS OF ATTACHMENT

1. Resting membrane 1. Origin
2. Depolarization 2. Insertion

 TRUNK/NECK
1. Platysma
- single sheetlike; covers
anterolateral neck.
2. Sternocleidomastoid
- paired muscle; PRAYER MUSCLE
3. Pectoralis Major
- large fan-shaped covering upper
part of chest; shoulder girder ->
1st six ribs proximal end of
humerus; adduct & medially
rotates the shoulder.
4. Intercostal muscles
- involved in almost all process of
breathing.
a. External Intercostal –
elevate ribs,
INSPIRATION.
b. Internal Intercostal –
contract, depressing
ribs; EXPIRATION
 ABDOMINAL MUSCLES
1. Rectus Abdominis / Tendinous
Intersections
- most superficial muscle of
abdomen; pubis -> rib cage; FLEX
V.C; used during defecation,
childbearing, forced breathing.
2. Linea Alba
- tendinous area, consist of WHITE
C.T
3. Tendinous Intersections
- causes abdominal wall to appear
SEGMENTED; vertical
indentation; sternum (navel) ->
pubis.
4. External Abdominal Oblique
- paired superficial muscles =
LATERAL WALLS; flex V.C, rotate
trunk, bend it laterally.
5. Internal Abdominal Oblique
- paired muscles deep to EAO.
Arises iliac crest and insert into
last 3 ribs.
6. Transversus Abdominus
- deepest muscle of abdominal
wall; horizontally across
abdomen (3 layers lateral to R.A)
 FACIAL MUSCLES
1. Frontalis
- covers frontal bone; raise
eyebrows, wrinkles forehead.
2. Temporalis
3. Orbicularis Oculi
- run in circles around the eye;
allows closure/blinking of the
eyes.
4. Orbicularis Oris
- circular muscle of lips; “KISSING
MUSCLE”
5. Zygomaticus
- extend corner of mouth to cheek;
raises corner; “SMILING
MUSCLE”
6. Levator Labii Superioris
- elevation of one side of upper lip
“SNEERING MUSCLE”
7. Buccinator
- runs horizontally across cheek;
“BLOWING MUSCLE”
8. Depressor Anguli Oris
- depress corner of mouth
“FROWNING/POUTING MUSCLE”
9. Masseter
 - zygomatic process -> mandible; - large, flat muscles cover lower
closes jaw by elevating back.
4. Erector Spinae
- prime mover of back extension;
keeping back straight
3 Muscles:
 Longissimus
 Iliocostalis
 Spinalis
I. MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMBS
1. Deltoid
- fleshy, triangle shaped; provides
round shape of shoulder;
INJECTION SITE
- prime mover for arm abduction

A. HUMERUS MUSCLES that act on

mandible. forearm
1. Biceps Brachii
 POSTERIOR TRUNK MUSCLES - bulge when elbow is flexed; 2
heads from S.G -> radial
tuberosity; forearm flexion.
2. Triceps Brachii
- only muscle fleshing out the
humerus; 3 heads ->
olecranon process; elbow
extension.

B. FOREARM MUSCLES
1. Brachialis
- primary flexor of arm with
biceps
2. Brachioradialis
- flexes forearm in neutral
position; supracondylar ridge
> styloid
3. Supinator
- supinates forearm.
4. Pronator
- pronates forearm.
1. Trapezius
- most superficial of posterior C. WRIST & FINGER MUSCLES
neck & upper trunk;  Retinaculum
diamond/kite-shaped; extend - strong band of fibrous C.T
head, adducts/stabilize scapula. that covers flexor/extensor
2. Rhomboids tendons.
- 2 muscles, from 1st thoracic 1. Flexor Carpi
vertebra -> medial border of - flexes wrist
scapula; retracts and fixes 2. Extensor Carpi
scapula. - extends wrist.
3. Latissimus Dorsi 3. Flexor Digitorum
 - flexes fingers  P
4. Extensor Digitorum O
- extend fingers. S
5. Interossel T
- located in metacarpals; E
abduction/adduction of R
I
O
R

1. Gluteus Maximus
- superficial; forms most of the
flesh of buttocks; hip
extension
2. Gluteus Minimus
fingers. - steadying the hip during
walking; Intramuscular
II. MUSCLES OF LOWER LIMB Injection; hip abductor.
A. THIGH MUSCLES 3. Hamstring Muscles
 ANTERIOR - ischial > proximal tibia; knee
1. Quadriceps Femoris flexion
- femur > tibial tuberosity; 3 Muscles
knee extensors, flex hips  Biceps femoris
3 Vasti (and Rectus  Semi membrane
Femoris)  MEDIAL
o Vastus Lateralis 1. Adductor Longus
o Vastus Intermedius - adducts thigh.
o Vastus Medialis 2. Gracilis
2. Sartorius
- thin straplike; anterior;
LONGEST; “TAILOR’S
MUSCLE”; ASIS > tibial
tuberosity; CROSS SITTING
3. Iliopsoas
- hip flexion; keep upper body
from falling backward.
4. Tensor Fascia Latae
- asis > lateral condyle of tibia;
abducts thigh.
 - pubis > proximo-lateral end
of tibia

B. LEG MUSCLES
 ANTERIOR
1. Tibialis Anterior
- most superficial part of leg
dorsiflex/inversion; upper
tibia > tarsal.
2. Peroneus Longus
- plantar/flexor; eversion; tibia
> metatarsal.
 POSTERIOR
1. Gastrocnemius
- 2-bellied muscle, curved part
of posterior leg; “TOE
DANCER’S MUSCLE”.
 Sartorius
- “TAILOR’S MUSCLE”

C. MUSCLES OF FOOT
1. Intrinsic
2. Gastrocnemius & Soleus
3. Calcaneal Tendon
4. Fibularis muscles
5. Extensor Digitorum Longus
6. Extensor Digitorum Longus
7. Extensor Halluces Longus
8. Tibialis anterior/posterior
9. Fibularis brevis
10. Fibularis longus