MID BRAIN (ANTERIOR VIEW)

Iter / Cerebral Aqueduct/

Aqueduct of sylvius

CRURA CEREBRI OR
CEREBRAL PEDUNCLE - TO
CONTROL LIMBS MUSCLE

Anterior part of midbrain contains two longitudinal bands of myelinated nerve

fibres called cerebral Peduncles (Tract) or crus cerebri or Crura cerebri.
 MID BRAIN (POSTERIOR VIEW)

On posterior part of mid brain, Four solid

Mid brain spherical projections are present also
called colliculi or optic lobe (Mammalian
character)

SUPERIOR COLLICULI
(VISUL REFLEX , PUPILLARY LIGHT RFLEX)

INFERIOR COLLICULI
(ACOUSTIC OR SOUND RFLEX ACTION)
PONS

Medulla
oblongata

Corpora quadrigemina
 MID BRAIN (SUPERIOR VIEW)

Cut section ( T.S.) of mid brain

Optic lobe or colliculi or corpora quadrigemina (posterior)

IterCerebral aqueduct /Aqueduct of sylvius

Crura cerebri or crus cerebri or cerebral peduncle (anterior)

 MID BRAIN – CRANIAL NERVES

NAME DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

III. Oculomotor Nerve Muscle of Eyes Movements of eyeball

IV. Trochlear (Pathetic) Muscle of Eyes Movements of eyeball

Nerve
 BEGINNERS BOX- 3

1. Which brain structure in human is vision related

(1) Corpus albicans
(2) Hippocampal lobe
(3) Corpus callosum
(4) Corpora quadrigemina
 3.HIND BRAIN

It consist of Pons, Medulla oblongata and Cerebellum.

a. Pons varolli

b. Cerebellum

c. Medulla oblongata
 3.HIND BRAIN – a. PONS

a. Pons varolli

 Pons consists of fibre tracts that interconnect different regions of the brain
 Function :- pneumotaxic centre (It regulates breathing mechanism)
 CRANIAL NERVES RELATED TO PONS

NAME DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

V. Trigeminal
(Dentist nerve
a. Ophthalmic Conjunctiva, Lacrimal gland Sensory supply To
concerning part

b. Maxillary Mucous membrane of

cheeks

c. Mandibular Lower Jaw Muscle of

Mastication
 CRANIAL NERVES RELATED TO PONS

NAME DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

VI. Abducens Muscle of Eyes Movements of
eyeball

Face, Neck, Taste buds, Anterior 2/3 part

VII. Facial Salivary glands Of tongue, Facial
Expression,
Saliva secretion
 HIND BRAIN – b. CEREBELLUM

CEREBELLUM

CEREBELLUM : It is made up of three lobes.

2 LATERAL LOBES

1 vermis
HIND BRAIN – b. CEREBELLUM

CEREBELLUM

cerebellum
White matter - Inner
(Arbor vitae)
Cerebellar cortex
(Gray matter - Outer)

Longitudinal section of cerebellum

 HIND BRAIN (CEREBELLUM FUNCTIONS)

It is 3 lobed structure

 Cerebellum receive impulses from different voluntary
muscles and joints and then controlling of the the
movements and their regulation and coordination
accordingly is the main function of this part of brain

 i.e. cerebellum maintains the body balance / equilibrium

and posture with the help of internal ear.
 It is related with fine and skillful voluntary movement.

Persons who take alcohol in excess, first cerebrum then their

cerebellum (mainly) gets affected, as a result of that they can
not maintain their balance and their walking is disturbed.
 CRANIAL NERVE RELATED TO INTERNAL EAR

NAME DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

VIII. Auditory nerve Internal ear
(Vestibular Cochlear nerve)
Two branches -

a. Cochlear nerve Internal ear Hearing – Temporal lobe

(Cochlea)

b. Vestibular nerve Internal ear Equilibrium (balancing) -

(Vestibular apparatus) Cerebellum
 BEGINNERS BOX- 4

9. Static and kinetic balance is controlled by :-

(1) Cerebrum
(2) Cerebellum
(3) Medulla oblongata
(4) Pons
 HIND BRAIN – C. MEDULLA OBLONGATA

2.Medulla oblongata

Tubular and cylindrical in shape

Medulla of the brain is connected to the spinal cord.
The medulla contains various vital centers
which control respiration, cardiovascular reflexe sand
gastric secretions.
It is also concerned with cranial reflex action like
sneezing reflex,
salivation reflex,
coughing reflex,
swallowing reflex,
vomiting reflex,
yawning reflex.

Medulla oblongata
 CRANIAL NERVES RELATED WITH M. OBLONGATA

NAME DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

IX. Glosso - pharyngeal Muscles and Mucous Posterior 1/3 part of tongue,
Membrane of Pharynx and Saliva secretion
tongue

X. Vagus Larynx, Lungs, Heart, Visceral sensations

Stomach, Intestine And movements

XI. Accessory Muscle of pharynx, Movements of

spinal larynx pharynx, larynx

XII. Hypoglossal Muscle of Tongue Shoulder & Neck.

Movements of tongue
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

 All the nerves arising from brain and spinal cord are included in peripheral
nervous system.

 Nerves arising from brain are called cranial nerves, and nerves coming out of
spinal cord are called spinal nerves.
Cranial nerve

Category of animals No. of cranial nerves

1. Fishes(Pisces) 10 pairs

2. Amphibians 10 pairs

3. Reptiles 12 pairs

4. Aves 12 pairs

12 pairs
5. Mammals
 BEGINNERS BOX- 4

7. Cranial nerves in frog and man is ________ pairs respectively.

(1) 10 and 12
(2) 12 and 10
(3) 10 and 8
(4) 8 and 10
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – CRANIAL NERVES

ORIGIN OF CRANIAL NERVES :-

I From Olfactory epithelium

II From Retina
III-IV From midbrain
V-VII From Pons
VIII From Internal ear
IX-XII From Medulla oblongata
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – CRANIAL NERVES

Name Distribution Function

I. Olfactory
Enters olfactory lobe Smell

II. Optic Leads to optic lobe Sight

III. Oculomotor Muscle of Eyes Movements of

eyeball

IV. Trochlear Muscle of Eyes Movements of

(Pathetic) eyeball

V. Trigeminal
(Dentist nerve)

a. Ophthalmic Conjunctiva, Lacrimal gland Sensory supply

To concerning part

b. Maxillary
Mucous membrane of cheeks

c. Mandibular Lower Jaw Muscle of

Mastication
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – CRANIAL NERVES

Name Distribution Function

VI. Abducens Muscle of Eyes Movements of

eyeball

VII. Facial Face, Neck, Taste buds, Anterior 2/3 part

Salivary glands Of tongue, Facial
Expression,
Saliva secretion

VIII. Auditory Internal ear Hearing,

(Vestibular Equilibrium
Cochlear nerve)
a. Cochlear
b. Vestibular

IX. Glosso - Muscles and Mucous Posterior 1/3 part of

pharyngeal Membrane of Pharynx and tongue,
tongue Saliva secretion
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – CRANIAL NERVES

Name Distribution Function

X. Vagus Larynx, Lungs, Heart, Visceral sensations

Stomach, Intestine And movements

XI. Accessory Muscle of pharynx, Movements of

spinal larynx pharynx, larynx

Shoulder & Neck.

XII. Hypoglossal Muscle of Tongue
Movements of
tongue
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Types of cranial nerves

Sensory Motor Mixed

I, II, VIII III, IV, VI, XI, XII V, VII, IX, X

Longest cranial nerve is Vagus nerve.

Largest cranial nerve is Trigeminal nerve.

Smallest cranial nerve is Abducens nerve.

Thinnest cranial nerve is Trochlear nerve.