ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LAB
gland, organ or other neurons.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Division of Nervous system
1.Central Nervous System - brain and spinal
cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System - nerves ( 12
cranial nerves, spinal nerves 31 spinal cord)
 Somatic Nervous Sytem ( Voluntary) –
impulses to skeletal muscles
 Autonomic Nervou system ( Involuntary )
– impulses to smooth muscle , cardiac
muscles.
 Sympathetic Division
 Parasympathetic division
Enteric Nervous system – chemical changes in
gatrontestinal tract as well as stretching.
Cells of NVS
1. Neurons
3 parts of Neurons
 Cell body – has single nucleus
 Dendrites – receive information
 Axon – action potential AWAY from
CNS
Types of Neurons
 Multipolar Neuron - many
dendrites ,1 axon
 Bipolar Neuron – 1 dendrite ,1
axon
 Psedo- unipolar – one single
process
2. Glial cells – supportive cells of the CNS and
PNS, cells do not conduct action.
3. Astrocyte – major supporting cells in CNS
3. Ependymal cells – immune cells in CNS.
4. Oligodendrocytes – insulating material that
surrounds axon.
5. Myelin Sheath – wrap around the axon
6. Nodes of Ranvier – Gaps in myelin sheath.
Synapses – where axon attach to a muscle
Neuronal Pathways
o Converging pathways – two or more
neurons converge on the same
neurons.
o Diverging Pathways – Axon from one
neurons divides and synapse more than
on neuron.
Neurotransmitter
Spinal Cord (pls seeyour modules) – extends
from foramen magnum to 2nd lumbar vertebra
White matter divides into 3 columns
DORSAL, VENTRAL, LATERAL
Gray matter
Posterior Dorsal Horns – contains axons which
synapse with interneurons
Anterior (Ventral) Horns – contains somatic
(motor) neurons.
SPINAL NERVE- Peripheral Nerve exiting from
spinal cord.
3 plexus - Cervicalplexus, Brachial plexus,
Lumbosacral Plexus
Brain
Branstem consist of
PONS
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
MIDBRAIN ( 2 INFERIOR CULLICULI – center
for auditory nere pathways in CNS , 2 SUPERIOR
CULICULI – Visual reflexes and receive touch
/auditory input.
CEREBELLUM – Provide communication
between cerebellum and other parts of CNS.
DIENCEPHALON
3 Main Components
o THALAMUS - Relay sensory
information.
o EPITHALAMUS – Penial gland
influence onset on puberty.
o HYPOTHALAMUS – maintain
homeostasis.

CEREBRUM – largest part.
4 LOBES
 FRONTAL LOBE- voluntary motor
function, motivation , aggression,
mood and smell.
 PARIETLA LOBE – sensory
information such as touch, pain,
temperature and balance.
 OCIPITAL LOBE – vision
 TEMPORAL LOBE – Hearing,
smell ,memory.
Motor Function
Involuntary Movements – occurs with
conscious though
Voluntary Movement – example walking and
typing.
Upper motor neurons – cell bodies in cerebral
cortex
Primary motor cortex located in posterior
portion of frontal lobe.
Premotor area- frontal lobe motor function .
Prefrontal area – initiate movement occur in
anterior portion of frontal lobe.
BASAL NUCLEI - group of functionaly related
nuclei.
2 nuclei
 CORPUS STRIATUM – deep within
cerebrum
 SUBSTANTIA NIGRA - darkly
pigmented cells in the midbrain
CEREBELLUM – involved in maintaining balance
and muscle tone and in coordinating fine motor
movement.
 Third ventricles
 Fourth ventricles
 Cerebral aqueduct
 Central canal
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID – providing protective
cushion around CNS.
CRANIAL NERVE
CN 1 – Smell
CN 2 – Vision
CN 3 – M- six extrinsic eye muscle and upper
eyelid
CN – 4 ,6 Motor on one extrinsic eye muscle
CN 3 – P- constrict pupils, thickens lens.
CN 5 – Sensory to face and teeth , motor to
muscle of mastification.
CN 7 – S – Motor to muscle muscles of facial
expression, P- salivary and tear glands
CN 8 – Hearing and Balance
CN 9 – S – Taste and touch to back of tongue .
M- pharyngeal muscle , P- salivary glands
CN 10 – S- pharynx,larynx, and viscera , M-
palate ,pharyx and larynx , P- viscera of thorax
and abdomen.
CN 11 – two neck and upper back muscle
CN 12 tongue muscle
DISEASE AND DSORDERS
IT IS – means inflammation

MENINGES – surround and protect the brain

and spinal cord.
 DURA MATER
 EPIDURAL SPACE
 ARACHNOID MATER
 SUBDURAL SPACE
 PIA MATER
 SUBARACHNOID SPACE
VETRICLES – fluid filled cavities
 Lateral ventrcles