Neuroanatomy

of
Central and Peripheral
Nervous System
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Oleh
I Nyoman Mangku Karmaya
Why nerve cell
All living organisms
• Defens and Its need:
continuing life •Highest
• Adaptation to specialized cells
environtment •Continous supply
• Record many information
times/repeatedly •Selected/meaning
• Behaviour ful information
(individual/group) (desirable/dangero
• Dayly life us)
•Integral responses
FUNGSI SUSUNAN SARAF
• 1. mendeteksi dan menerima rangsangan

• 2. mengintegrasikan rangsangan

• 3. memberi respons yang integral dan sepadan yang dilakukan oleh

otot dan atau kelenjar
Untuk apa Susunan Saraf itu
• Menentukan situasi aman/nyaman/membahayakan
• Beradaptasi
• Mempertahankan/melanjutkan hidup
• Mencari makan
• Mencari pasangan
• Melanjutkan keturunan
What is the type of nerve cell
SUSUNAN SARAF PUSAT
• A. Encephalon/Otak: di cranium.
• B. Medulla spinalis: di Canalis verteb.

• A). Encephalon: Prosencephalon,me-

sencephalon,rhombencephalon.
• B). Medulla spinalis: Pars cervicalis,
thoracalis, lumbalis, sacralis,
dan coccygeus.

SUSUNAN SARAF TEPI

•Nervi Craniales.

•Nervi Spinales/Nervi
Segmentales.

•SS Visceral/ ANS=

Autonomic Nervous
System: Sympathicus dan
Parasympathicus.
Afferent Efferent
 BRAIN

SPINAL CORD/
MEDULLA
SPINALIS
 BRAIN

SPINAL CORD/
MEDULLA
SPINALIS
AFEREN/SENSORIS EFEREN/MOTORIS
somatik visceral somatik Visceral

Umum: Umum: Umum: Umum

Dari Dari organ Ke otot (SSO)
reseptor visceral skelet Ke otot
kulit dan organ
otot visceral
Khusus: Khusus: Khusus: Khusus:
Dari mata, Olfaktorik Ke otot Ke otot
telinga, dan branchial branchial
keseimban pengecap (otot
gan mimik)
Neurotransmitter

A synapse that uses acetylcholine (ACh)

Synapsis Synapsis
The Five Major Divisions of the
Brain
Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Udayana
16
University
CENTRAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
• Brain
• Spinal cord/
Medulla spinalis
Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Udayana
17
University
Supplementary motor area Somatosensory cortex
Primary motor cortex (Somesthetic sensation and
(programming of complex movement)
(Voluntary movement) proprioception)

Premotor cortex
(coordination of complex Central Posterior parietal cortex
movements) sulcus (integration of somatosensory and
visual input)

Prefrontal association
cortex Parietal lobe
(planning for voluntary activity;
decision making; Wernicke’s area
personality traits) (speech
understanding)
Frontal lobe
Parietal-temporal-occipital
Broca’s area association cortex
(speech formation) (integraton of all sensory input-
imp in language)
Primary auditory cortex

Occipital lobe
Limbic association cortex
(motivation, emotion, memory)
Temporal lobe Primary visual cortex
Gambar 70:

Brodmann
Area
Struktur Subkortikal (Di Bawah Cotex
Cerebri)
• Forebrain
• Basal ganglia
(Cortex cerebri)
• Limbic system
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Midbrain
• Tectum
• Tegmentum
• Hindbrain
• Cerebellum
• Formatio reticularis
• Pons
• Medolla oblongata
 Limbic
System
involved in

emotion
motivation
memory
Terdiri dari struktur cerebral cortex and sub-
cortex
• AMYGDALA: motivation: rewards and fear
• HIPPOCAMPUS: longterm memories
• PARAHIPPOCAMPUS GYRUS: spatial memory
• CINGULATE GYRUS: autonomic functions (heart rate, blood pressure),
cognitive and attentional processing
• HYPOTHALAMUS:hunger, thirst, sexual arousal, and the
sleep/wake cycle
Terdiri dari struktur cerebral cortex and sub-
cortex
• MAMMILARY BODY: Important for the formation of memory
• NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS: Involved in reward, pleasure, and addiction
• ORBITO FRONTAL CORTEX: Required for decision making
• THALAMUS: The "relay station" to the cerebral cortex
• OLFACTORY BULB: Olfactory sensory input
 Thalamus
1. Nuclei penghubung
(relay) spesifik
2. Nuclei asosiasi
3. Nuclei dengan proyeksi
Fungsi
1. Pusat mekanisme integrasi
subcortical
sensorik utama
2. Mempertahankan dan
pengaturan kesadaran dan
kewaspadaan
3. Berkaitan dengan aspek
emosi
4. Pusat integratif motorik
Hypothalamus
3 bagian:
1. Pars supraoptica
1. Nucleus
paravetricularis
oksitosin
2. Nukleus
supraoptica
vasopressin (ADH)
2. Pars tuberalis
Releasing Hormone
3. Pars mamilaris
Tectum Consist of
The superior colliculus is involved
in preliminary visual processing and
Tectum and Tegmentum
control of eye movements
The inferior colliculus is involved in
auditory processing. It receives
input from various brain stem
nuclei and projects to the medial
geniculate nucleus of the thalamus,
which relays auditory information
to the primary auditory cortex.

Tegmentum
contains the medullary reticular
formation, together with cranial
nerve nuclei and ascending
tracts. It also includes a number
of ‘vital centres’ which subserve
cardiorespiratory functions and
airway-protective reflexes (e.g.
cough, sneeze, gag).
The Cerebellum
• attached to the brainstem
by three pairs of
cerebellar peduncles. The
cerebellum consists of
three lobes; the right
hemisphere, left
hemisphere, and a central
portion called the vermis.
• Coordination of
movement
Reticular Formation
Merupakan kumplan sel-
sel syaraf kecil dan
tersebar dalam batang
otak (sampai medulla
spinalis) mengisi ruang-
ruang diantara nuclei
specific
Terlibat dalam fungsi
pengaturan pernafasan,
kardiovaskuler, batuk,
muntah, fungsi-fungsi
vegetatif, kesadaran dan
tidur
Pons
Bridging
between various
parts of the
nervous system,
including the
cerebellum and
cerebrum,
which are both
parts of the
brain.
Medula Oblongata
Fungsi-fungsi
tak sadar
meliputi regulasi
denyut jantung,
tekanan darah,
pernapasan,
dan
pencernaan.
 Motor
association
areas

Decision
in frontal
lobes Basal
nuclei

Cerebellum
 Primary
Motor motor
association cortex
areas

Basal
nuclei

Cerebellum

Lower
motor
neurons
Descending Spinal Tracts
Terdiri dari
1. Pyramidal tract= cortico
spinal tract
2. Extrapyramidal system
1. Extrapyramidal cortex
(Brodmann 4, 5,6,7,8)
2. Nuclei thalami
3. Corpus striatum (nucl.
Caudatus, putamen, globus
pallidus)
4. Nucl. Subtalamicus
5. Nucl. Ruber
6. Substantia Nigra
7. Formatio reticularis brain
stem
 (Motor tract)

Tract

Nervous
Projection fibres
Corticofugal and corticopetal
Corona radiata
Internal capsul
1.Anterior limb
2.Genu
3.Posterior limb
4.Retrolentiform
5.sublentiform
Upper Motor Lesion Lower Motor
Lesion
• Muscle weakness.[2] known as 'pyramidal weakness' • Muscle weakness (flaccid)
• Decreased control of active movement, particularly
slowness
• Spasticity, a velocity-dependent change in muscle • Atoni
tone
• Clasp-knife response where initial higher resistance
to movement is followed by a lesser resistance
• Babinski sign is present, Physiologically, it is • Atrophy
normally present in infants from birth to 12
months. The presence of the Babinski sign after 12
months is the sign of a non-specific upper motor
neuron lesion. • Areflexy
• Increased deep tendon reflex (DTR)
• Pronator drift [3]
Central
Nervous
System

Myeline
sheath =
Amoeboid n Schwann Cell
Fagocytic = Blood brain
Macrophage barrier
Afferent Efferent
The Spinal Cord
 (Motor tract)
(Sensory tract)

Nucleus

Ganglia
Ascending Descending
The Spinal Cord
 The Spinal Nerve
Dorsal

Ventral
 The Spinal Nerve
Dorsal

4 2 1

Ventral
Spinal nerve
  A group of muscles innervated by the motor fibres of a single nerve root is known as a myotome.

Dermatome
adalah:
area kulit di mana
saraf sensorik
berasal dari satu
radix dorsalis
  A group of muscles innervated by the motor fibres of a single nerve root is known as a myotome.
Actions of the spinal nerves edit
Level Motor function
C1–C6 Neck flexors
C1–T1 Neck extensors MYOTOME 
C3, C4, C5 Supply diaphragm (mostly C4)
A group of
C5, C6 Move shoulder, raise arm(deltoid); flex elbow (biceps)
C6 externally rotate (supinate) the arm
muscles
C6, C7 innervated by
Extend elbow and wrist(triceps and wrist extensors); pronate wrist
C7, C8 Flex wrist; supply small muscles of the hand
the motor fibres
T1–T6 Intercostals and trunk above the waist
T7–L1 Abdominal muscles
of a single nerve
L1–L4 Flex thigh root is known as
L2, L3, L4 Adduct thigh; Extend leg at the knee (quadriceps femoris) a myotome.
L4, L5, S1 abduct thigh; Flex leg at the knee (hamstrings); Dorsiflexfoot (tibialis anterior); Extend toes

L5, S1, S2 Extend leg at the hip (gluteus maximus); flex foot and flex toes
Myotome  A group of muscles innervated by the motor
fibres of a single nerve root is known as a myotome .
• Myotome distributions of the upper and lower extremity are as follows; [5][6]
• C1/C2: neck flexion/extension
• C3: neck lateral flexion
• C4: shoulder elevation
• C5: shoulder abduction
• C6: elbow flexion
• C7: elbow extension/wrist flexion/finger extension
• C8: finger flexion
• T1: finger abduction
• L2: hip flexion
• L3: knee extension
• L4: ankle dorsi-flexion
• L5: great toe extension
• S1: ankle plantar-flexion/ankle eversion/hip extension
 Plexus
Brachialis
 Stimulus
Components of a reflex arc
(neural path)
Skin

1 Receptor Interneuron

2 Sensory neuron

3 Integration center

4 Motor neuron

5 Effector

Spinal cord
(in cross section)
Muscle Spindle
• Muscle spindles are sensory structures in skeletal
muscles
• Detect stretch, tension in muscle
Origin of the Cranial Nerves
• Midbrain – the trochlear nerve (IV) comes from the posterior side of
the midbrain. It has the longest intracranial length of all the cranial
nerves.
• Midbrain-pontine junction – oculomotor (III).
• Pons – trigeminal (V).
• Pontine-medulla junction – abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear (VI-
VIII).
• Medulla Oblongata – posterior to the olive: glossopharyngeal, vagus,
accessory (IX-XI). Anterior to the olive: hypoglossal (XII).
The 12 pairs of Caranial Nerve
 Visceral motor nuclei in
hypothalamus

Autonomic nuclei in
brainstem
Visceral effector

Smooth muscle

glands
Autonomic ganglia
Cardiac muscle

Autonomic nuclei in
Adipocytes spinal cord

Autonomic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System Role
• regulates the body's internal environment.
• Through regulation of
• blood pressure,
• heart rate and strength,
• respiratory rate and depth,
• body temperature,
• and digestive processes,
• maintain homeostasis, (constant satisfactory conditions for the continuation of
life).
• motor portion of the reflexes that control the internal physiological
mechanisms vital for our continued existence.
ANS Subdivisions 
• Sympathetic branch, "fight or flight" branch of the ANS
in that it prepares the organism to fight or run effectively
from a dangerous or stressful situation.

• Parasympathetic branch, "relaxation response" branch

of the ANS in that it is activated when we eat, when we
are relaxed and when we put ourselves into a state that
is generally called a "meditative state.“

• Both work as complementary not opposition

Autonomic
Nervous
System
Sympathetic
System
Parasympathetic
System
Neurotransmitters
  Parasympathetic Response  Sympathetic Response
 Organ
"Rest and Digest" "Fight or Flight"

 Heart Decreased heart rate Increased rate and strength of contraction

(baroreceptor reflex) Cardiac output decreases Cardiac output increases

 Lung Bronchioles  Constriction Dilation

 Glycogen breakdown
 Liver Glycogen No effect
Blood glucose increases
Breakdown of fat
 Fat Tissue  No effect
Blood fatty acids increase
 Basal Metabolism  No effect  Increases ~ 2X

 Increased secretion of HCl & digestive

Decreased secretion
 Stomach enzymes
Decreased motility
Increased motility
 Increased secretion of HCl & digestive
 Decreased secretion
 Intestine enzymes
Decreased motility
Increased motility
 Relaxes sphincter Constricts sphincter
 Urinary bladder Detrusor muscle contracts Relaxes detrusor
Urination promoted Urination inhibited
 Relaxes sphincter  Constricts sphincter
 Rectum Contracts wall muscles Relaxes wall muscles
Defecation promoted Defecation inhibited
 Iris constricts Iris dilates
 Eye
Adjusts for near vision Adjusts for far vision

 Male Sex Organs  Promotes erection  Promotes ejaculation

Terimakasih