ANATOMY 2 (Right lung has 3 lobes; Left

• Body Cavities lung has 2 lobes)

• Body movements 2. Abdominopelvic Cavity

- 5 golden rules of skeletal muscle
activity
- Body and Special movements
- Interactions of skeletal muscles •
General cell functions and structure -
Cell Parts
• Cell Diversity
• Tissues
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
BODY CAVITIES
- Provides protection to organs
Dorsal Body Cavities
2. main divisions:
1. Cranial Cavity
- space inside the skull
2. Spinal Cavity
- from the cranial cavity to the
end of the spinal cord.
- The spinal cord, which is
a continuation of the brain, is
protectedbythebony
vertebrae, which surround the
spinal cavity and form
the spine.
Ventral Body Cavities
- Contains the structures within
the chest and abdomen
(Visceral organs)
- Abdominal: stomach, liver,
intestines, etc.
- Pelvic: reproductive organs,
bladder, etc.
Other Body Cavities
1. Oral and Digestive Cavity
- Oral Cavity/mouth is
continuous to the digestive
organs until the anus
2. Nasal Cavity
- Posterior to the nose; part of
the respiratory system
3. Orbital Cavities
- Houses the eyes
4. Middle Ear Cavity
- Contains the tiny bones for
hearing
BODY MOVEMENTS
- skeletal muscles are attached to
bones, or to other connective
tissue, AT NO FEWER THAN
TWO POINTS
- Origin- attached to the
immovable or less movable
bone
- Insertion- attached to the
movable bone
5 Golden Rules of Skeletal muscle
activity

1. Thoracic cavity 1. All skeletal muscles cross at least

- Separated by the DOME one joint
SHAPED muscle, the
diaphragm 2. Bulk of the skeletal muscle lies
- Heart, lungs, etc. proximal to the joint crossed
- Mediastinum- divides the
lungs into right and left cavity 3. All have at least 2 attachments,
the origin and the insertion
4. They can only PULL
and never push

5. During contraction, the

insertion moves toward
the origin

Body and Special movements

1. Flexion
- Brings two bones
closer together 2. Extension
- Increases the distance
between two
bones
- Hyperextension:
extension
greater than 180
degrees
3. Rotation
- Movement of the
ball-and-socket
joints
- E.g. movement of
the atlas around the
dens (for shaking
head “no”)
4. Abduction
- Moving a limb away from the
median plane of the body
5. Adduction
- Moving a limb toward to
midline of the body
6. Circumduction
- Combination of flexion,
extension, abduction, and
adduction
7. Dorsiflexion flexion
- Point your toe towards
your head 8. Plantar flexion
- Point your toe away from your
head
9. Inversion
- Turn the sole medially
10. Eversion
- Turn the sole laterally
11. Supination
- “turning backward”
- palm faces anteriorly
12. Pronation
- “turning forward”
- palm faces posteriorly
 13. Opposition
- Action when you move
the thumb to tough tips of
the other fingers

1. Nucleus
- Control center of the cell
- Contains the genetic material
or DNA
3 regions of nucleus:
1. Nuclear Membrane
- a double phospholipid
membrane that allows the
exchange of materials with the
Interactions of skeletal muscles
rest of the cells
1. Prime movers 2. Nucleoli
- Has the major responsibility for - Nucleus contains one or more
causing a movement nucleoli which are sites for
2. Antagonists ribosome production
- Opposes the action of the 3. Chromatin
prime mover - Condenses to form
3. Synergists chromosomes during cell
- Produces the same movement division
by the prime mover or reduces
undesirable movements 2. Plasma membrane
4. Fixators - Double phospholipid layer with
- Stabilizes the origin of the HYDROPHILIC (water loving)
prime mover heads and HYDROPHOBIC
(water fearing) tails
Cell Parts - Microvilli- finger like
projections that increase area
for absorption
3. Membrane Junctions
- Binds different types of cells
3Types of Junctions:
1. Tight Junctions
- Binds junctions into leakproof
sheets; acts like zipper
 - Small intestines
2. Desmosomes
- Prevent cells subjected to
mechanical stress not to be
pulled apart
3. Gap Junctions
- Are communicating junctions -
Heart
3. Cytoplasm
- Material outside the nucleus
where the other organelles are
located
4. Ribosomes
- Sites of protein synthesis
- Made of RNA
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Rough ER: studded with
ribosomes; where materials of
membrane are formed
- Smooth ER: cholesterol
synthesis, fat metabolism,
detoxification of drugs
6. Golgi Apparatus
- Modifies and packages
proteins
7. Lysosomes
- Digest non-usable materials -
Suicide “bags” of the cell
8. Peroxisomes
- Sacs of oxidase enzymes
- Break down free radicals
9. Mitochondria
- “powerhouse of the cell”
- Provides ATP (Adenosine
Triphosphate) for cellular
energy
10. Cytoskeleton
- Provides cell with an internal
framework
3Types of Cytoskeleton:
1. Microfilaments
- Cell motility
2. Intermediate Filaments
- Help desmosomes so that the
cell will not be pulled apart
3. Microtubules
- Determine the overall shape of
the shape of cell
11. Centrioles
- Generation of microtubules;
formation of mitotic spindle
during cell division
12.Cilia
- Whiplike extensions that move
substances along cell surface
13.Flagella
- Projections that are basically
longer
- ONLY FLAGELLATED CELL IN
THE HUMAN BODY IS THE
SPERM
CELL DIVERSITY
1. Cells that connect body parts -
Fibroblast: makes and
secretes protein building blocks
- Erythrocyte/RBC: carries
oxygen in the blood
2. Cells that cover and line body organs
- Epithelial Cells: resist tearing when
epithelium is rubbed or
pulled because of the presence
of desmosomes
3. Cells that move organs and body
parts
- Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
Muscle Cells: shorten
forcefully and move the bones
and pump blood
4. Cell that stores nutrients
- Fat: produced by a large lipid
droplet in its cytoplasm
5. Cell that fights disease
- WBC such as macrophage:
crawls to tissues to reach
infection sites
6. Cell that gather information and
controls body function
- Nerve Cell/Neuron: receives
and transmits messages
7. Cells of reproduction
- Oocyte: largest cell in the body -
 Sperm: has tail built for Fiber
swimming to the egg for Found in:
fertilization 1. Tendons- attach muscle to
bone
TISSUES 2. Ligaments- attach bone to
- Group of cells with similar bone at joints
3. Dermis- lower layers of the
skin
4. Loose Connective Tissue
1. Areolar Tissue- most widely
distributed connective tissue
2. Adipose Tissue- for
insulation, protection, and site for
fuel storage
5. Reticular Connective Tissue - Forms
stroma of of lymphoid organs
structure and function
6. Blood (Vascular Tissue)
- Transport vehicle for
cardiovascular system for
carrying nutrients and wastes
- Blood plasma: blood cells
surrounded by fluid matrix

https://www.google.com/search?
Muscle Tissues
biw=1440&bih=691&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=2GVBXYsGZOWr7wPs_eUqAo&q=connective
%2C+muscular%2C+nervous+tissues&oq=connective%2C+muscular%2C+nervous+tissue - Function: CONTRACT
s&gs_l=img.3...67220.80973..81104...16.0..1.214.5945.1j47j1......0....1..gws-wiz
img.....
0..0j0i67j0i30j0i5i30j0i8i30j0i24.P6ITbeYHS2U&ved=0ahUKEwiPKWi8t7jAhUTy4sBHb
M7BaUQ4dUDCAY&uact=5#imgdii=yfKLsoWAIJ3mXM:&imgrc=e0HbpqxndrR7NM:

Connective Tissues
- Function: Binds tissues
together, protection, and
support
- Some are vascular, some are
avascular https://www.google.com/search?
q=smooth+muscle+cells&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ah
6Types of Connective Tissues UKEwj82Yjw7t7jAhXaad4KHUwsCAUQ_AUIESgB&biw=1440&
1. Bone bih=740#imgrc=eiZM04XHy815_M:

- Composed of osteocytes or 3Types of Muscles:

bone cells located in lacunae 1. Skeletal Muscle
or cavities, calcium salts, and - Voluntary
collagen fibers - Produce gross movements
2. Cartilage - Striated (striped)
- Composed of chondrocyte or - Multinucleate
cartilage cell 2. Cardiac Muscle
- less hard and is more flexible - Involuntary
than bone - ONLY in the heart; pumping -
3. Dense Connective Tissue Striated
- Main Matrix Element: Collagen - Uninucleate
3. Smooth/Visceral Muscle - Non-striated
- Involuntary - Uninucleate
- Found on visceral organs
Nervous Tissue
- Function: receive and
transmit messages
- Neuroglia: support
cells that protect
neurons

Hyperplasia: increase in size

of tissues or organs
Atrophy: decrease in size of
tissues or organs