MUSCULAR SYSTEM  epimysium – covers the entire skeletal muscle

 fascia – on the outside of epimysium

3 BASIC MUSCLE TYPES
EPIMYSIUM BLENDS INTO A CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Skeletal muscle
ATTACHMENT
 Cardiac muscle
 Smooth muscle - tendon – cord-like structure
- aponeuroses – sheet – like structure
FUNCTIONS
SITES OF MUSCLE ATTACHMENT
1. Produce movement
2. Maintain posture and body position - bones
3. Stabilize joints - cartilages
4. Generate heat - connective tissue coverings
5. Communication
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
6. Constriction of organs and vessels
7. Contraction of hear 1. ORIGIN – non-movable end
2. INSERTION – movable end
CONNECTIVE TISSUE COVERINGS
3. Belly – middle
 Endomysium – around single muscle fiber 4. Synergists – muscle that work together
 Perimysium – around a fascicle (bundle) of 5. Antagonist – muscles that oppose each other
fibers

Characteristics Skeletal Cardiac smooth

Body location Attached to Walls of the In walls of hollow
bones or, for heart visceral organs
some facial
muscles, to
skin

Cell shapes an Single, very Branching Single, fusiform,

appearance long, chain of uninucleate; no
cylindrical, cells; striations
multinucleate uninucleate,
cells with striations;
very obvious intercalated
striations disc
Connective Epimysium, Endomysium endomysium
tissue perimysium, attached to
components and the fibrous
endomysium skeleton of
the heart
Regulation of Voluntary, via Involuntary, Involuntary; nervous
contraction nervous hearts have system controls;
system a hormones; chemicals,
controls pacemaker, stretch
also nervous
system
controls;
hormones
Rhythmic No Yes Yes, in some
contraction
EFFECTS OF INCREASED MUSCLE USE
• Increase in muscle size
• Increase in muscle strength
• Increase in muscle efficiency
• Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant
Functional characteristics
1. Contractility
2. Excitability
3. Extensibility
4. Elasticity
3 muscle groups used as sites for intramuscular
injections
- Deltoid muscle
- Thigh/vastus lateralis
- Gluteus Medius
MUSCLE FIBER STRUCTURE
 MYOFIBRIL – thread like proteins that make up
muscle fibers
 MYOFILAMENT - proteins that make up
myofibrils
 Sarcoplasm – cytoplasm of muscle fiber (cell)
 T- tubules (transverse) – wrap around
sarcomeres at A band (associated with SR)
 Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) – surround myosin
and also stores and releases Ca2+
Actin – thin myofilament and resemble 2 strands of
pearls
Myosin – thick myofilament and resemble golf
Troponin – attachment site on actin for Ca2+
Tropomyosin – filament on grooves of actin that serves
as an attachment site on actin for myosin
Myofibril – bundles of myofilaments
-myofibrils are aligned to give distinct bands
1. I band = light band
2. A band = dark band
SACROMERES
 Sarcomere – contractile unit. It contains actin &
myosin
 Z disk – protein fibers that form attachment site
for actin
 H zone – center of sarcomere. It contains only
myosin
 I band – contains only actin
 A band – where actin and myosin overlap
 M line – where myosin is anchored
ORGANIZATION OF THE SARCOMERE
1. THICK FILAMENTS = MYOSIN FILAMENTS
- Composed of the protein myosin
- Has ATPase enzymes
2. Thin filaments = actin filaments
- Composed of protein actin
 Myosin filaments have heads (extensions, or
cross bridges)
 Myosin and actin overlap somewhat
NERVE SUPPLY
MOTOR NEURON – nerve cells that carry action
potentials to muscle fibers
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (SYNAPSE) – the
region where a motor neuron comes into close
contact with a skeletal muscle cell.
PRESYNAPTIC MEMBRANE – muscle fiber
membrane
SYNAPTIC CLEFT – the fluid-filled space at a synapse
between neurons
SYNAPTIC VESICLE – store and release
neurotransmitters
NEUROTRANSMITTER – chemical released by
neurons that may, upon binding to receptors of
neurons or effector cells, stimulate or inhibit them
MOTOR UNIT – consist of one neuron and all the
skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates
MOTOR UNITS – each motor unit consists of a motor
neuron and all the muscle fiber it activates.
NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTIONS – association site of
nerve and muscle
  Direction of muscle fibers (rectus straight) Pronation occurs when the forearm rotates medially so
 Relative size of the muscle (maximus (largest) that the palm faces posteriorly (or down
 Location of the muscle (many muscles are
Opposition. In the palm of the hand, the saddle joint
named for bones is temporalis)
between metacarpal 1 and the carpals allows opposition
 Number of origins (triceps means three heads)
of the thumb
 Shape of the muscle (deltoid is triangular)
 Location of the muscle’s origin and insertion Flexion – decreases angle of joint and brings two bones
(cleidomastoid muscle) closer together
 Action of the muscle (flexor digitorum; flexes
Extension- opposite of flexion
the finger)
Rotation – movement of a bone in longitudinal axis,
TYPES OF BODY MOVEMENTS
shaking head “no”
Circumduction - is a combination of flexion, extension,
Abduction – moving limb away
abduction, and adduction commonly seen in ball-
andsocket joints, such as the shoulder. Adduction – opposite of abduction, limb toward the
body midline
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion - lifting the foot so that
its superior surface approaches the shin (pointing your
toe toward your head) is dorsiflexion, whereas pointing
the toes away from your head is plantar flexion

Inversion & Eversion - To invert the foot, turn the sole

medially, as if you were looking at the bottom of your
foot. To evert the foot, turn the sole laterally

Supination occurs when the forearm rotates laterally so

that the palm faces anteriorly (or up) and the radius and
ulna are parallel, as in anatomical position.