Luke 1:37 "For with God nothing shall be impossible.

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS:

DEVELOPMENT OF TENSION
PEROFMANCE OF WORK THRU
SHORTENING
Angular motions
Complex maneuvers
ALTERATION OF PRESSURES OR
VOLUME
PRODUCTION OF HEAT (process of
muscle contraction, when there is
utilization, ATP is also utilized that’s why
there’s an increase of body heat)
MAINTENANCE OF POSTURE

TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

They are attached to the bone.

Note that: Contraction brings movement of bone

 VOLUNTARY CONTROL

SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE

They surrounds hollow organs and tubes
Contraction may produce:
Propulsion of contents
Regulation of flow of contents
 INVOLUNTARY CONTROL
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE
found in heart
Note that: Contraction propels (moves) blood in the
circulatory system
 INVOLUNTARY CONTROL

PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

Contractility - ability of the muscle to produce

force
Extensibility – ability to undergo stretching
Elasticity – ability to recoil
Excitability – ability to respond to stimuli

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Luke 1:37 "For with God nothing shall be impossible.”
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Muscle Fibers - skeletal muscles is a separate organ
composed of hundreds to thousands of cells
elongated shapes
Types of Coverings of skeletal muscle:
EPI-MY-SIUM
Outermost covering of skeletal muscle
MUSCLE FASCI-CULUS or fascicle
Bundle of muscle Fibers!!
Note that:
Muscle cell and muscle fiber are two terms for the same
structure.
Fascia (bandage) is a dense sheet or broad band of
irregular connective tissue that lines the body wall and
limbs and supports and surrounds muscles and other
organs of the body
Fxn: Allows free movement of muscles;
× carries nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels;
× fills spaces between muscles
PERI-MY-SIUM
Covers the individual muscle fasciculus
ENDO-MYSIUM
Covers the individual muscle fiber within the
fasciculus
IT HAS: Myofibrils and Myofilaments
Myofibril are independent cylindrical elements of
muscle fiber
Myofilaments are smaller structures composing the
myofibrils
Myofibrils are made up of myofilaments
SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER
1. SARCOLEMMA – plasma membrane of muscle
cell
2. SARCOPLASM- cytoplasm of muscle cell
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SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM – highly organized system
o sacs and tubules. It corresponds to the endoplasmic
reticulum.
Transverse Tubule (T- Tubule) are the folds of
sarcollema filled with extracellular fluid. It creates
channel to the endoplasmic reticulum
Terminal Cisternae (LAT sac) are sac-like
structure at the ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum. It
releases and sequesters calcium ions
THE SARCOMERE ARE THE UNTIONAL UNITS OF
SKELETAL MUSCLE!!!!!
Sarcomere: Compartmental arrangement of thick and
thin myofilaments
MYOSIN or THICK MYOFILAMENTS
Found at the central portion of the sarcomere
It resembles of minute golf clubs
Gives rise to dark bands
ACTIN or THIN MYOILAMENTS
Found at lateral portion of the sarcomere
Resembles 2Min strands of pearl twisted
together
Gives rise to light bands
Parts of sarcomere:
Z-LINE
Defines the boundary of sarcomere
Where thin myofilaments are attached
A-BAND
Dark central region of sarcomere
Extends the length of thick myofilaments
Also w/ portion of thin myofilament
I BAND
Light region of sarcomere
ONLY thin myofilaments
H ZONE
Found at the centre of A band
Only THICK myofilaments
M-line
Holds thick myofilaments parallel to each
other
Luke 1:37 "For with God nothing shall be impossible.”

INTERCOSTAL b/n ribs

FEMORIS Femur
BRACHII Arm
MUSCULAR POTEINS POLLICIS thumb
HALLUCIS Big toe
Contractile proteins
DIGITORUM Digits
- Proteins that participate in muscle contraction
CARPI Wrist
- Responsible of TENSION
GLUTEUS Buttocks
 ACTIN (thin myofilaments) Extends from Z disc to M line and
 MYOSIN (thick myofilaments) attaches to myosin
Stabilizes the Z disc during
2 REGIONS OF MYOSIN: contraction & relaxation
 MYOMESIN
HEAVY MEROMYOSIN (head) Forms the M-line
Hydrolysed / Breaking down ATP Stabilizes position of thick filament
LIGHT MEROMYOSIN (tail)  DYSTROPHIN
Makes myosin stable Links thin filaments to integral
Regulatory Proteins membrane protein
Control the activity of actin & myosin Transmit muscle tension to tendons
Help to regulate contraction process  NEBULIN
Attaches into Z disc
 TROMPOMYOSIN Helps maintain alignment of thin
Partially covers the active sites of actin Filaments
 Troponin
Complex of separate proteins
MOTOR UNIT
TROPONIN T (sub-unit)
- Binds troponin subunits to
1. Single Motor Neuron
tropomyosin
2. Muscle Fibers
TROPONIN C (sub-unit)
- calcium receptor
NUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
TROPONIN I (sub-unit)
- Connection of muscle cell & neuron
- helps tropomyosin mask the active
MOTOR NEURON
sites of actin
Structural proteins
Synaptic Knob/Bulb
THEY DO NOT participate in
Enlarge distal part of motor neuron
contraction!!
Synaptic Vesicles
Only provide support, and stabilized
Acetylcholine
other protein comp. of the muscle
Synaptic Cleft
Space between the synaptic bulb and motor
 TITIN
end plate

MUSCLE FIBER

Motor Endplate
Depression, one who accommodate
synaptic bulb
We can see the:
Receptors

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Luke 1:37 "For with God nothing shall be impossible.”
Enzyme (acetylcholonesterase) STIMULUS
(Responsible for degradation of acetylcholine) Tends to disturb the state of body temp

A. EXTERNAL STIMULUS
SKELETAL SYSTEM a. Heat
b. Cold
Naming according to location c. O2 depletion
d. noise
Abductor Moves limbs away from B. INTERNAL STIMULUS
midline Changes in blood pressure
Adductor Towards the lmidline Changes in blood sugar level
Flexor Bends a limb in a joint (hypoglycema)
Extensor Straighten a limb a joint Acidity and alkalinity of ECF
Levator Moves upward
Depressor Moves a part downward REGULATIONS OF HOMEOSTASTIS

Naming according to fiber direction NERVOUS SYSEM

Rectus Straight  Detects deviation from equilibrium
Transverse Across
Oblique diagonal Sensed by: SENSORY RECEPTORS and converts
into ELECTICAL IMPULSES that works rapidly!
Naming according to the action type
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
 Regulates endocrine glands
HORMONES  BLOODSTREAM
Naming according to shape or size Works slowly
Trapezius Four sided
Maximus largest Homeostatic Mechanism
Minima smallest
Longus Longest Sensory receptors
Brevis Shortest - Specialized cells/parts w/c detects
Rhomboid Quadrilateral and receive stimulus
- Translate any form of energy into
Naming according to points of attachment an electrical signal that can be sent
Sternocleidomastoid Points of attachment into the center
are; sternum , clavicle, - RESOPONSIBLE FOR INPUT
mastoid process PROPOGATION
Styloglossus Points of attachment
are; styloid process & Integrator (center)
tongue - Determine the appropriate course
of action
EVENTS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION - receive the information coming from
the receptor
Electrical Events watch the video - CNS
CHEMICAL EVENT Effector Organs
- Receive the info from the center –
OUTPUT
HOMEOSTATSIS
- Responsible or the performance of
State of equilibrium with respect to BODY
the ACTION
FUNCTIONS and COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS
- MUSCLe & GLANDS

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Luke 1:37 "For with God nothing shall be impossible.”
Homeostatic mechanism: STIMULUS  SENSORY
RECEPTORS  CENTER EFFECTOR ORGANS 
RESPOSSE EITHER MUSCLE OR GLANDS SECRETION

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Function to maintain homeostasis

“Negative” means any deviation from a normal value is

resisted.

Example!!
INCREASE BP (sense by stimulus)  impulses 
medulla oblongata (try to analyse , det. The course o
action)  brain will send electrical impulses to the
effector organs (smooth muscle of b. vessel & cardiac
muscle of the heart)  so, there will be a decrease in
heart contraction to decrease Heart Rate  there will
be vasodilation in blood vessels

INCREASE TEMP  THERMORECEPTORS of the skin 

became impulses 9 send impulses to the
HYPOTHALAMUS (controls body temp)  blood vessels
will increase blood low to skin  SWEEAT

Positive Feedback Mechanism

‘’Positive “means when a deviation from a

normal value occurs, response is to make it LARGER.

 Usually creates a vicious cycle

 Can result to death

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Luke 1:37 "For with God nothing shall be impossible.”
Cerebrum – cerebral cortex, cerebral white
NERVOUS SYSTEM matter, basal ganglia, limbic system
Diencephalon- thalamus, hypothalamus,
epithalamus, subthalamus, pineal body
Fxn: Cerebellum
Brainstem – midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
1) SENSORY
a. RECEPTORS- detection/reception of stimulus PNS:
b. SENSORY NEURON – transmission of
AFFERENT DIVISION/ SENSORY DIVISION
information to the CNS
TRANSMIT INFORMATION FROM SENSORY
2.) INTEGRATIVE ORGANS TO THE CNS
Interpretation and integration of information
Storage of Information *memory* List of receptors:
Lies entirely within the CNS 1. Somatic special sensory
receptors
3.) RESPONSIVE 2. Autonomic special sensory
Performance of action receptors
3. Somatic sensory neurons
4. Autonomic sensory neurons
Motor neuron – transmission of
EFFERENT DIVISION
information from CNS Transmit info from CNS to the effector organs
Effector Organ- carry out responses.
*not really a part but a helper* o SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Voluntary> skeletal
DIVISIONS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM o AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Involuntary > smooth & cardiac
CNS- CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (brain & spinal cord) muscle, glands
Integration of information
CELLS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
PNS – PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Transmission of information
NEURONS: excitable cells
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Structural unit of neuron!
Made up of nerves!!
Cranial nerves: nerves that exit from the brain
A. SOMA (CELL BODY) – control center of the neuron
Spinal Nerves: nerves that exit from the spine
and forms the gray matter
Group of cell body in CNS: Nucleus
ORGANIZATION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
Group of cell body in PNS: Ganglion
CNS:
Peripherally gray matter:
Centrally gray matter:
SPINAL CORD SEGMENTS
Cervival segments 8 A. CYTOPLASMIC INCLUSIONS: glycogen
Thoracic segements 12 granules, lipid droplets, melanin,
Lumbar 5 lipofusion (pigment, product of neuronal lysosomes
Sacral 5 that accumulate as the neuron ages)
coccygeal 1 B. NISSEL BODIES
Granular masses, responsible or protein
BRAIN: synthesis in neurons

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Luke 1:37 "For with God nothing shall be impossible.”
B. NEURONAL POCESS - produces white matter (Tract,
Nerve)
- Extensions of cell body
Dendrites- receptive processes, they will
receive the stimulus and transmits impulses
towards the body
Axon- discharging process, they will transmit
impulses away from the cell body toward
another neuron, muscle fiber, gland
Part of the Axon!
a) Axon Hillock – enlarge proximal part of axon
b) Initial Segment – first part of axon
c) Trigger Zone- jxn b/n the axon hillock and initial
segment
Origin of electrical impulses
d) Axoplasm – Cytoplasm of axon
e) Axolemma – covers of the axon
f) Myelin Sheath – compacted membrane made
up of Schwan cells. It is an insulating material.
IMPOTANT or increase conuction velocity of the
axon
g) Neurolemma – outer membrane that caovers
myelin sheath
h) Nodes of Ranvier- interruption of m. Sheath
and neuro
i) Axon telodendria – terminal end…..
a. Axon Terminal
b. Axon synaptic end valves
CLASSIICATION OF NEURON
STRUCTURAL DIVERSITY ACCORDANCE
A. Unipolar neuron- have AXON and DENDRITE
that exit from a single process rom soma
 Sensory neurons
B. Bipolar neuron – 1 main axon and 1 dendrite
that exit from the soma in opposite direction
 Specail senses (retina of the
eye, inner ear, olfactory area of
brain)
C. Multipolar Neuron – several dendrite and
single axon
 CNS: brain & s. cord
ACCORDING TO FUNTION
AFFERENT NEURON
o specialized to receive stimuli
o transmit impulses from receptors to the
CNS
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EFFERENT NEURON
o Transmit impulses from CNS to Effector
organ
ASSOCIATION NEURON-
o transmit impulses w/in CNS to another
PROPERTIES OF NEURON
A. Excitability – initiation of electrical
impulses in response to a stimulus
B. Conductivity – transmission of e. impulses
C. Secretion – releases of neurotransmitter &
other chemical messenger
CELLS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. NEURO-GLIA (GLIAL CELLS)
Structural support of the neurons
Non excitable cells
ASTROCYETS – star shape, msjor supporting cell
in CNS, participate in blood-brain barrier
formation
o PROTOPLASMIC ASTROCYTE
Covers the entire brain & most of
the nonsynaptic regions of neurons
o FIBROUS ASTROCYTE
Form a physical supportive
framework of CNS
Form hardened masses of scar
tissue when neurons are damaged
2. EPEN-DMAL CELLS – responsible of secretions of CSF
3. MICRO- GLIA- small mobile macrophage that
develops from monocytes, helps remove bacteria from
cns
4. OLIGODENDROCYTES – form myelin sheath in CNS
GLIAL CELLS FOUND IN PNS
1. SCHWANN CELL – form myelin sheath in PNS
2. SATELLITE CELLS- surrounds the nerve cell body in
PNS