CONTENT

SL NO TOPIC

01 Introduction
02 History
03 Issue in WPT
04 Types of WPT?
05 Why WPT?
06 Literature survey
07 Proposed system
08 Block diagram and working
09 Performance of WPT
10 Wireless communication
and power
11 Conclusion

1
 Abstract
We cannot imagine the world without electric power. Generally the
power is transmitted through wires. This paper describes an original
idea to eradicate the hazardous usage of electrical wires which involve
lot of confusion in particularly organizing them. Imagine a future in
which wireless power transfer is feasible: cell phones, household
robots, mp3 players, laptop computers and other portable electronics
capable of charging themselves without ever being plugged in, freeing
us from that final, ubiquitous power wire. Some of these devices
might not even need their bulky batteries to operate. This paper
includes the techniques of transmitting power without using wires
with an efficiency of about 95% with non-radioactive methods. Due
to which it does not affect the environment surrounding. These
techniques Includes resonating inductive coupling in sustainable
moderate range. The coupling consists of an inductor along with a
capacitor with its own resonating frequency. In any system of coupled
resonators there often exists a so-called “strongly coupled” regime of
operation. If one ensures to operate in that regime in a given system,
the energy transfer can be very efficient. Another technique includes
transfer of power through microwaves using retinas. This is
particularly suitable for long range distances ranging kilometres. With
this we can avoid the confusion and danger of having long, hazardous
and tangled wiring. This paper as a whole gives an effective, high
performance techniques which can efficiently transmit the power to
the required area varying in distances.

2
 INTRODUCTION
Wireless communication is the transmission of the energy over a
distance without, the usage wires or cables, where in distances
involved may be short or long. Wireless operations permits services,
such as long-range communications, that are merely unfeasible using
wires. Wireless energy transfer or wireless power transmission is the
transmittance of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical
load without interconnecting wires. Wireless transmission is useful in
cases where interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or
impossible. The problem of wireless power transmission differs from
that of wireless telecommunications, such as radio. In the latter, the
proportion of energy received becomes critical only if it is too low for
the signal to be distinguished from the background noise. With
wireless power, efficiency is the more significant parameter.A large
part Of the energy sent out by the generating plant must arrive at the
receiver or receivers to make the system economical. The most
common form of wireless power transmission is carried out using
direct induction followed by resonant magnetic induction. Other
methods under consideration include electromagnetic radiation in the
form of microwaves or laser beam technology. Wireless
communication is generally considered to be a branch of
telecommunications. It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile,
and portable two-way radios, cellular telephones, personal digital
assistance (PDAs), and wireless networking. Wireless operations
permits services, such as long-range communications, that are
impossible and impractical in conventional methods.

3
 HISTORY
Wireless power transfer (WPT) is the transmission of electrical power
from a power source to a consuming device without using discrete
man made conductors. Researchers have developed several techniques
for moving electricity over long distance without wires. Some exist
only as theories or prototypes but others are already in use. This paper
provides the techniques used for wireless power transmission. It is a
generic term that refers to a number of different power transmission
technologies that use time-varying electromagnetic fields. Wireless
transmission is useful to power electrical devices in case where
interconnecting wires are inconvenient, hazardous, or are not possible.
For example the life of WSN is its node which consists of several
device controllers, memory, sensors, actuators, transceivers and
battery and battery. The transceiver can operate in four states, i.e.
1) Transmit
2) Receive
3) Idle and
4) Sleep.
The major energy problem of a transmitter of a node is its receiving in
idle state, as in this state it is always being ready to receive,
consuming great amount of power. However, the batter has a very
short lifetime and moreover in some developments owing to both
practically and economically in feasible or may involve significant
resists to human life. That is why energy harvesting for WSN in
replacement of battery is the only and unique solution. In power by
electromagnetic fields across an intervening space to one or more
receiver devices, where it is converted back to electric power and
utilized. In communication the goal is the transmission of
information, so the amount of power reaching the receiver is
unimportant as long as it is enough that signal to noise ratio is high
4
 enough that the information can be received intelligibly. In wireless
communication technologies, generally, only tiny amounts of power
reach the receiver. By contrast, in wireless power, the amount of
power received is the important thing, so the efficiency (fraction of
transmitted power that is received) is the more significant parameter.
1.2 Field Regions:
Electric and magnetic fields are created by charge particles in matter
such as electrons. A stationary charge creates an electrostatic field in
the space around it. A steady current of charge (direct current, DC)
creates a static magnetic field around it. The above fields contain
energy, but cannot carry power because they are static. However time-
varying fields can carry power. Accelerating electric charge, such as
are found in an alternating current (AC) of electrons in a wire, create
time-varying electric and magnetic fields in the space around them.
These fields can exert oscillating force on the electrons in a receiving
"antenna", causing them to move back and forth. These represent
alternating current which can be used to power a load.

5
 Issues in WPT
One of the major issue in power system is the losses occurs during the
transmission and distribution of electrical power. As the demand
increases day by day, the power generation increases and the power
loss is also increased. The major amount of power loss occurs during
transmission and distribution. The percentage of loss of power during
the transmission and distribution is approximated as 26%.
The main reason for power loss during transmission and distribution
is the resistance of wires used for grid. The efficiency of power
transmission can be improved to certain level by using high strength
composite over head conductors and underground cables that use high
temperature super conductor. But, the transmission is still inefficient.
According to World Resources Institution (WRI), India's electricity
grid has the highest transmission and distribution losses in the world a
whopping 27%. Numbers published by various Indian government
agencies put that number at 30%, 40% and greater than 40%. This is
attributed to technical losses (grid's inefficiencies) and theft. The
above discussed problem can be solved by choose an alternative
option for power transmission which could provide much higher
efficiency, low transmission cost and avoid power theft. Microwave
Power Transmission is one of the promising technologies and may be
the righteous alternative for efficient power transmission.

6
 TYPES OF WPT?
Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) encompasses various techniques
and methods, each suited for different applications and ranges. Here
are some of the primary types of WPT:
1. Inductive Coupling:
 Short-Range Inductive Coupling: This type of WPT
involves the use of coils in close proximity to transfer
power through magnetic fields. It's commonly used in
devices like electric toothbrushes, smartphones, and
wearable devices. The efficiency decreases with distance,
typically suitable for distances up to a few millimeters to
centimeters.
 Resonant Inductive Coupling: By tuning the coils to
resonate at the same frequency, resonant inductive
coupling enhances power transfer efficiency over slightly
longer distances compared to standard inductive coupling.
This technique is utilized in wireless charging pads for
consumer electronics and electric vehicle charging.
2. Radio Frequency (RF) WPT:
 Microwave Power Transmission: Microwave
transmission involves converting electrical energy into
microwave radiation, which is then beamed to a receiver
and converted back into electrical energy. Microwave
WPT can achieve longer ranges compared to inductive
coupling but requires line-of-sight and careful power
management due to safety concerns.
 Far-Field RF WPT: This method utilizes electromagnetic
waves at radio frequencies to transfer power over longer
distances, typically several meters to kilometers. It's often

7
 used in applications like wireless power beaming for
remote sensors, drones, or even space-based solar power
systems.
3. Laser Power Transmission:
 Optical Power Transmission: Laser beams are used to
transmit power wirelessly over relatively short distances.
Photovoltaic cells or other energy converters at the
receiving end capture the laser energy and convert it into
electrical energy. Laser WPT offers high efficiency over
shorter ranges but requires precise alignment between the
transmitter and receiver.
4. Ultrasonic WPT:
 Ultrasonic Power Transmission: Ultrasonic waves are
utilized to transfer power wirelessly over short distances,
typically within a few meters. This method is suitable for
applications where safety, low electromagnetic
interference, and precise control are essential, such as
medical devices or underwater applications.
5. Magnetic Resonance Coupling:
 Magnetic Resonance Inductive Coupling: Magnetic
resonance coupling allows for efficient power transfer over
moderate distances by establishing resonance between
coils tuned to the same frequency. This technique is
suitable for applications like wireless charging of electric
vehicles or industrial automation.
Each type of WPT has its advantages and limitations, depending on
factors such as distance, efficiency, safety, and application
requirements. Researchers and engineers continue to explore and

8
innovate within these various WPT methods to overcome challenges
and expand the range of possible applications.
WHY IS (WPT)
Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) has emerged as a
transformative technology with the potential to address several
key challenges and unlock new opportunities across various
industries. There are several reasons why WPT is increasingly
being explored and adopted:
1. Convenience: One of the primary drivers behind WPT is the
convenience it offers. By eliminating the need for physical wires
and connectors, WPT enables seamless and hassle-free charging
or powering of devices. This convenience is particularly
valuable in consumer electronics, where users demand easy and
efficient charging solutions.
2. Flexibility: WPT provides greater flexibility in device design
and usage. Devices can be designed without the constraints
imposed by wired connections, allowing for sleeker and more
compact designs. Moreover, wireless power transfer enables
devices to be charged or powered in situations where wired
connections are impractical or inconvenient.
3. Safety: WPT can enhance safety by reducing the risk of
electrical hazards associated with traditional wired connections.
In applications such as medical devices or industrial automation,
where wired connections may pose risks of electrical shock or
interference, WPT offers a safer alternative.
4. Efficiency: While there are challenges to overcome, WPT
technologies have the potential to be highly efficient. Resonant
inductive coupling and other techniques can achieve efficient
energy transfer over short to moderate distances. Moreover,
advancements in WPT technology may lead to further
improvements in efficiency, making it a viable alternative to
traditional wired power transmission.
9
 5. Scalability and Sustainability: WPT has the potential to
contribute to a more sustainable future by reducing the reliance
on disposable batteries and minimizing the need for physical
infrastructure. In applications such as electric vehicle charging
or renewable energy harvesting, WPT can play a crucial role in
scaling up adoption and reducing environmental impact.
6. Innovation and Future Applications: WPT continues to drive
innovation across various industries, spurring the development
of new devices, systems, and applications. From wireless
charging pads for consumer electronics to long-range power
transmission for remote sensors or drones, the possibilities for
WPT are vast and evolving.
Overall, Wireless Power Transmission addresses the growing
demand for convenient, flexible, and efficient energy transfer
solutions in an increasingly interconnected and mobile world.
As technology advances and adoption grows, WPT is poised to
play a significant role in shaping the future of power delivery
and consumption.

10
 LITERATURE SURVEY
The idea of transmitting power wirelessly is not new. In fact it is
widely popular since 19th century, when this technique was
implemented conduction based wireless power transmission
system instead of using a resonance based magnetic field to
transmit electrical power without wires. As the method was
radiative, large amount of electrical power was getting wasted
[2]. Nikola Tesla was successful to light an electric bulb without
using wires at his Colorado Springs Lab by using electro-
dynamic induction (resonant inductive coupling).

An image depicting Nikola Tesla's patent for an "apparatus for

transmitting electrical power", 1907
Three electric bulbs were lit by a power source kept 60 feet
(18metres) away from the bulbs, and the complete demonstration was
properly documented. Tesla had planned to transmit power without
using wires i.e. wirelessly across the Atlantic Ocean with his Long
Island based Warden clyffe Tower. This never happened due to
several problems, including timing and funding.
Wireless power transmission technique makes use of time-varying
magnetic, electric, or electro-magnetic fields. This technique can be
used to power electrical and electronic devices where wires cannot be
11
 used or at the places where wired interconnection is impossible or
inefficient. • In 1826, Andre-Marie Ampere developed ampere’s
circuital law that shows that the electric current flowing through a
conductor will produces a magnetic field.
• In 1831, Michael Faraday developed Faraday’s law of induction,
describing the E.M.F. gets induced in a conductor when it comes in
contact with a time varying magnetic field.
• In 1862, James Clerk Maxwell done some modifications in these
laws along with some other observations, experiments as well as
equations of electricity, magnetism and optics into a consistent theory,
deriving equations called as Maxwell’s equations.

These laws together form the base for wireless power

transmission
A. Radiative or Far-Field technique:
In radiative or far-field techniques, electro-magnetic radiation, like
laser beams power or microwaves is used to transmit power
wirelessly. These techniques are capable transfer energy over a longer
distance but the transmitted signal must be directed toward the
receiver. Familiar applications related to this type of technique are
wireless powered drone aircraft and solar power satellites.
B. Near-field (non radiative) technique: The near field components
of magnetic and electric fields are approximately same as quasi-static
oscillating dipole fields for large relative distance. These fields reduce
with the cube of distance: (Drange/Dcoil). As the power is
proportional to the square of the strength of the field the transferred
power reduces/decreases as (Drange / Dcoil) −6 or 60 dB per decade.
Therefore, in order to transfer power over a short range/distance only
capacitive and inductive coupling can be used within a few times the

12
 diameter of the antenna device Dcoil, Dissimilar the radiative type
systems in which maximum radiation occurs when the dipole
antennas are oriented transverse with respect to the direction of
propagation, with dipole fields the maximum coupling occurs when
the dipoles are oriented longitudinally. In near field techniques,
inductive coupling is used to transfer the power between two coils of
wire, or by electric fields using capacitive coupling between metal
electrodes. Inductive coupling is the most widely used technique for
wireless transmission of power. Its applications include charging
portable devices like phones and electric toothbrushes, RFID tags, and
chargers for cell phones.

13
 PROPOSED SYSTEM
The problems discussed as well as the efficiency of wireless power
transmission using conduction based technique can be increased by
using resonant inductive coupling technique. As we can see in fig. 1
the system uses the inductive coupling method to transfer the
electrical power by magnetic flux between any two resonant circuits
i.e. tuned circuits, one at the transmitter and another at receiver. Each
resonant circuit consists of a coil. The coil is made of enamelled
copper connected to a capacitor, or a self-resonant coil or other
resonator with internal capacitance. Both the coils are tuned such that
they resonate at the same frequency; this frequency is called as
resonant frequency. Tuning both the coils at same resonant frequency
results in increased coupling efficiency, similar to the vibrating tuning
fork induces vibration into any fork at a particular distance if they are
tuned at the same frequency (pitch).

The basic idea behind the resonant inductive technique for coupling is
that at high Q factor the resonant circuits tends to exchange energy at
a higher rate compared to what they lose due to damping internally.
This is why the resonance technique can be used to transfer maximum
amount of power to a greater distance, using the weaker magnetic flux
14
 (field).Therefore Resonant inductive coupling can be used to achieve
greater efficiency up to the ranges of 4 to 10 times the diameter of coil
(Dcoil).
Another important advantage is that resonant circuits strongly interact
with one another resulting in a negligible amount of power absorbed
by the nearby stray objects
. Is it possible to transmit power through the materials other than air?
Yes, it is possible to wirelessly transmit power through almost all non
metallic materials, including solids like plastics, wood, glass, textiles,
brick, liquids and gases.
BLOCK DIAGRAM AND WORKING
Wireless power transmission work on the principle of inductive
coupling between the coils. In this technique two copper coils are
arranged one at transmitting end and another at the receiving
end, the transmitting coil is connected to the power source
(230volts, 50Hz AC) while the receiving coil is connected to the
appliance/device at the receiving end. When the power is turned
on, the transmitting coil converts the supplied input power to
magnetic flux, which oscillates at specific frequency. This
magnetic flux gets induced into the coil at the receiver in the
proximity to the transmitting coil, which in turn induces E.M.F. in
the receiving coil. This induced E.M.F. can be used to supply
power to electrical and electronic devices.

15
As shown in the block diagram in fig. 2, 230 volts, 50Hz AC power
is supplied to the input of step down transformer at primary
circuit which then gives output to rectifier which gives pulsating
DC and finally it is supplied to the oscillator circuit after purifying
it using filter and regulating it using the voltage regulator. The
oscillator used here is an astable multivibrator designed using
IC555.This oscillator is used to generate oscillations in primary
coil. Secondary coil at a distance resonates at the frequency
similar to as that of the primary coil due to which the power
transfer takes place. Signal received at the receiving end is
rectified and smoothened using rectifier and filter. Desired DC
voltage can be produced by using differed voltage regulator or a
single variable voltage regulator.

16
 Tesla's Experiment

Tesla was demonstrating wireless power transmission in a

lecture at Columbia College, New York, in 1891. The two metal
sheets are connected to his Tesla coil oscillator, which applies a
high frequency oscillating voltage. The oscillating electric fields
between the sheets ionizes the low pressure gas in the two long
Geissler tubes he is holding, causing them to glow by
fluorescence, similar to neon lights. Experiment in resonant
inductive transfer by Tesla at Colorado Springs 1899. The coil is
in resonance with Tesla's magnifying transmitter nearby,
powering the light bulb at bottom. Inventor Nikola Tesla
performed the first experiments in wireless power transmission
in wireless power transmission at the turn of the 20th century,
and may have done more to popularize the idea than any other
individual. In the period 1891 to 1904 he experimented with
transmitting power by inductive and capacitive coupling using
spark-excited radio frequency resonant transformer, now Called
Tesla coils, which generated high AC voltages. With these he
was able to transmit power for short distances without wires. In
demonstrations before the American Institute of Electrical
Engineers and the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago he lit
light bulbs from across a stage. He found he could increase the
distance by using a receiving LC circuit tuned to resonance with
the transmitter's LC circuit, using resonant inductive coupling.
At his Colorado springs laboratory during 1899-1900, by using
voltages of the order of 10 mega volts generated by an
enormous coil. He was able to light three incandescent lamps at
a distance of a about one hundred feet. The resonant inductive
coupling which Tesla pioneered is now a familiar technology
used throughout electronics and is currently being widely
applied to short-range wireless power systems.

17
 CONVENTIONAL POWER SYSTEM
One of the major issue in power system is that the loss occurring
during the transmission and allocation of electrical power. As the
demand drastically increases day by day, the power generation
increases and the power loss is also increased. The percentage of loss
of power during transmission and distribution is approximated as
26%. The main reason for power loss during transmission and
distribution is the resistance of wires used for grid. The efficiency of
power transmission can be improved to certain level by using high
strength composite over head conductors and underground cables that
use high temperature super conductor. But, the transmission is still
inefficient. According to the World Resources Institute (WRI), India’s
electricity grid has the highest transmission and distribution losses in
the world i.e. around 27%. Numbers published by various Indian
government agencies put that number at 30%, 40% and greater than
40%. This is attributed to technical losses (grid’s inefficiencies) and
theft [2]. It is indeed alarming to know the level of losses in Indian
electricity and transmission business. These losses not only eat the
revenues of the companies but also hinder the financing of future
projects, which require huge capital, because of increased risk.
However, it would be worth knowing the categorization of technical
and commercial losses that add up to the total losses. The theft comes
in the latter category. Majority of theft is happening because the line
is open to theft. The pole and the wires are bare and the voltage is at
lower level than transmission and thus useful to run the 240 V
equipment only. The theft always occurs at 400V and 240V level and
not on transmission levels. Not much of energy auditing is done in
most of the state utilities. Long low tension (LT) lines are being
pulled to reach villages under much publicized government schemes.
Low tension lines are many times over the High tension lines causing
more technical I2R losses. Transformer are running at less than
optimal efficiency when in fact they should have the efficiency rate

18
 close to 99% since they do not have any moving part . It’s a vicious
circle. Theft is done when people are not willing to pay the high price
of electricity. Power companies, as per the regulatory framework, are
assured their 16% ROI in distribution business and hence, the most of
the losses are again put back to the consumer with increase in tariff.
It’s never the power companies which decide the tariff, it’s the
regulator. Very few people realize this fact. With wired power or
energy transfer, we can easily transmit energy of very low to extra
high value. But for some places it will be very useful if the energy
transfer occur without wire is required.
PERFORMANCE OF WPT TECHNOLOGIES
Wireless power transfer can be achieved using different technologies
operating in the near or far field according to the classification
reported in the previous section.
The power to be transferred and the distance between transmitter and
receiver are the most important parameters that lead to the choice of
the most appropriate WPT technology for a specific application. To
this aim, the performance of different WPT technologies in terms of
power level, airgap, frequency, and efficiency are summarized
in Table 1.1, while strengths and weaknesses for each technology are
highlighted in Table 1.2 (Triviño et al., 2021). From Table 1.1 it can
be noted that the range for inductive and capacitive WPT is lower
with respect to the microwave- and optical-based technologies. The
field of validity of the different WPT technologies is also summarized
in Fig. 1.12 (Niu et al., 2019). An overview of some WPT
applications, different in power and frequency, is schematically
shown in Fig. 1.13. Nowadays the MRC technology is the most
popular for the wireless charging of EV, due to the high level of
efficiency, almost comparable with plugged connection, and for the
good tolerance to possible coil misalignment. Furthermore, the

19
 problems related to the EMF safety can be controlled by adopting
adequate field mitigation techniques.

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION AND POWER

Wireless power transfer is the transmission of electrical energy
without wires as a physical connection. Wireless power uses the same
fields and waves as wireless communication devices. Various radio-
frequency (RF) technologies are used for wireless power
transmission. Especially, wireless power transfer using NFC is more
efficient than other RF power transfers by inductive coupling between
the coil in the device and the receiver coil [19,20]. Therefore, in
recent years, NFC technology is widely used in wireless charging
such as smartphones, smartwatches. Since they are already equipped
with NFC for functions such as smart payment, they can be easily

20
 charged using the same coil without additional modules. Wireless
communication using NFC generally provides communication only a
few centimeters away. This has the advantage of high security, but the
limited communication distance limits the expansion to broad
applications. As this will be discussed later, this communication
distance can be extended to 1 m by antenna design and input power

TRANSFORMER COUPLING
Energy transfer between two coil through magnetic fields but in this
method, distance between two coils should be too close.

RESONANT INDUCTION COUPLING (EVENESCENT WAVE

COUPLING)
Electromagnetic wave in a high angular waveguide is called as
evenescent waves which carry no energy, when if a proper resonant
waveguide is brought near the transmitter then a tunnel is formed to
the power drawing waveguide which can be converted in DC using
rectifier circuits. A prototype model is achieved with 5 meters of
ranges with this method.

RADIO AND MICROWAVE ENERGY TRANSFER

With this method a long range is possible. In this method microwave
is sent to the long distances and can be received through rectenna
which extract microwave energy back to electrical energy. But the
problem with this method is that the diameter of antenna should be
order of kilometer

21
 LASER BEAM TRANSFER
In this method, laser is beamed to the photo voltaic cells which extract
the electrical energy. This very difficult to implement and manage.

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION METHOD

In this method, during transfer energy through wires or conductors,
when the voltage reaches the breakdown voltage, the surrounding
medium start conducts, in this way the energy can be transferred
through air medium. Though there are several methods available, in
practical cases there is no device for transmitting power wirelessly
with high energy capacity. But at low power transfer there are so
many devices available in the market.

WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION

Nikola Tesla he is who invented radio and shown us he is indeed the
“Father of Wireless”. Nikola Tesla is the one who first conceived the
idea Wireless Power Transmission and demonstrated “the
transmission of electrical energy without wires" that depends upon
electrical conductivity as early as 1891. In 1893, Tesla demonstrated
the illumination of vacuum bulbs without using wires for power
transmission at the World Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The
Wardenclyffe tower shown in Figure 1 was designed and constructed
by Tesla mainly for wireless transmission of electrical power rather
than telegraphy. In 1904, an airship ship motor of 0.1 horsepower is
driven by transmitting power through space from a distance of least
100 feet. In 1961, Brown published the first paper proposing
microwave energy for power transmission, and in 1964 he
demonstrated a microwave-powered model helicopter that received all
the power needed for flight from a microwave beam at 2.45 GHz from

22
 the range of 2.4GHz – 2.5 GHz frequency band which is reserved for
Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) applications. Experiments in
power transmission without wires in the range of tens of kilowatts
have been performed at Goldstone in California in 1975 and at Grand
Basin on Reunion Island in 1997. The world’s first MPT experiment
in the ionosphere called the MINIX (Microwave Ionosphere Non-
linear Interaction Experiment) rocket experiment is demonstrated in
1983 at Japan. Similarly, the world’s first fuel free airplane powered
by microwave energy from ground was reported in 1987 at Canada.
This system is called SHARP (Stationary High – Altitude Relay
Platform) . In 2003, Dryden Flight Research Centre of NASA
demonstrated a laser powered model airplane indoors. Japan proposed
wireless charging of electric motor vehicles by Microwave Power
Transmission in 2004. Power cast, a new company introduced
wireless power transfer technology using RF energy at the 2007
Consumer Electronics Show. A physics research group, led by Prof.
Marin Soljačić, at the Massachusetts Institute of technology (MIT)
demonstrated wireless powering of a 60W light bulb with 40%
efficiency at a 2m (7ft) distance using two 60cm-diameter coils in
2007 . Recently in 2008, Intel reproduced the MIT group's experiment
by wirelessly powering a light bulb with 75% efficiency at a shorter
distance.

23
 BASIC DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF WIRELESS
POWER SYSTEM
The Figure 2a and 2b depicts high speed rectifier realizing high
transfer efficiency relating to transmitter and receiver.

William C. Brown, the pioneer in wireless power transmission

technology, has designed, developed a unit and demonstrated to show
how power can be transferred through free space by microwaves. In
the transmission side, the microwave power source generates
microwave power and the output power is controlled by electronic
control circuits. The wave guide ferrite circulator which protects the
microwave source from reflected power is connected with the
microwave power source through the Coax – Waveguide Adaptor.
The tuner matches the impedance between the transmitting antenna
and the microwave source. The attenuated signals will be then
separated based on the direction of signal propagation by Directional
Coupler. The transmitting antenna radiates the power uniformly

24
 through free space to the rectenna. In the receiving side, a rectenna
receives the transmitted power and converts the microwave power
into DC power. The impedance matching circuit and filter is provided
to setting the output impedance of a signal source equal to the
rectifying circuit. The rectifying circuit consists of Schottky barrier
diodes converts the received microwave power into DC power. The
Primary components of Wireless Power Transmission are Microwave
Generator, Transmitting antenna and Receiving antenna (Rectenna).
The key for the present world is to save energy and related recourses
in the organizations and as well as at home. Energy costs account for
a huge portion of most companies operating expenses, so monitoring,
controlling and conserving a building's lighting, heating and cooling,
and other energy-hungry systems can lead to substantial savings.
Several energy management vendors report that customers have
shrunk their power bills by at least 30 percent. Saving energy also
means lowering your carbon footprint, which could help reduce
carbon taxes and promote a green image, another plus for business.
The figure shows a typical energy wireless light controller device.

Principles of Wireless Power Transmission

Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) operates on several
fundamental principles that enable the transfer of electrical

25
 energy without the need for physical wires. These principles
form the basis for various WPT technologies, each offering
unique advantages in different applications. In this document,
we explore the principles of electromagnetic induction, resonant
inductive coupling, and other techniques that underpin WPT
systems.
1. Electromagnetic Induction
One of the primary principles behind WPT is electromagnetic
induction, a phenomenon discovered by Michael Faraday in the
19th century. Electromagnetic induction occurs when a
changing magnetic field induces an electric current in a nearby
conductor. This principle is harnessed in WPT systems through
the use of coils or antennas.
In a typical setup, an alternating current (AC) passing through a
transmitter coil generates a fluctuating magnetic field around it.
When a receiver coil is placed within this magnetic field, the
changing flux induces an alternating current in the receiver coil,
which can then be used to power electronic devices or charge
batteries.
Inductive charging pads for smartphones and electric
toothbrushes are common examples of WPT systems based on
electromagnetic induction. These systems offer convenience and
simplicity by eliminating the need for physical connectors,
allowing for wireless charging of devices.
2. Resonant Inductive Coupling
Resonant inductive coupling is a technique used to enhance the
efficiency and range of wireless power transfer. It involves the
use of resonant circuits comprising capacitors and inductors that
are tuned to the same frequency. When the transmitter and
receiver coils are tuned to resonate at the same frequency,
energy transfer becomes more efficient, and longer distances can
be achieved with minimal energy loss.

26
 By tuning the resonant frequency of the coils, the
electromagnetic fields generated by the transmitter coil can be
effectively coupled to the receiver coil, even over distances of
several meters. This principle is employed in technologies like
wireless charging pads for electric vehicles, where efficient and
rapid charging is essential.
Resonant inductive coupling offers advantages such as increased
tolerance to misalignment between transmitter and receiver
coils, as well as the ability to transfer power through non-
metallic materials. These characteristics make it suitable for a
wide range of applications, including consumer electronics,
automotive, and industrial automation.
3. Microwave and Laser Transmission
In addition to electromagnetic induction and resonant inductive
coupling, other techniques such as microwave and laser
transmission are also utilized in WPT systems, particularly for
long-range applications.
Microwave transmission involves converting electrical energy
into microwave radiation using a microwave generator, which is
then transmitted through the air to a receiver antenna. At the
receiver end, the microwave energy is converted back into
electrical energy using a rectenna (rectifying antenna) or other
suitable devices.
Laser transmission utilizes laser beams to transfer power over
long distances with high precision. The transmitter converts
electrical energy into laser light, which is then directed towards
a photovoltaic receiver. The receiver converts the laser energy
back into electrical energy using photovoltaic cells, which can
then be used to power electronic devices or charge batteries.
While microwave and laser transmission offer advantages such
as long-range capabilities and high efficiency, they also present
challenges related to beam focusing, atmospheric attenuation,
and safety concerns. However, ongoing research and
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 development efforts aim to address these challenges and further
improve the feasibility and reliability of these technologies for
practical applications.

CONCLUSION
As per the survey done on Automatic Wireless Charger by using
an Inductive coupling method low power devices can be charged
at a short distance (few CM). There are various types of methods
to transfer power wirelessly that is Inductive coupling, Magnetic
resonance coupling and Microwave with rectenna. Among all
these methods Inductive coupling is one of the best methods to
transfer power safely and efficiently. Inductive coupling
emphasizes that by varying the magnetic flux between two
inductive coils to transfer energy from the source to load.
Inductive coupling is working under the principle of
Electromagnetism, where magnetic flux from one coil interlinks
the second coil. To transfer energy to moderate distance,
“Resonance” is added in the inductive coupling. Resonance is
where primary and secondary is operated at the same resonant
frequency to transfer energy to moderate distances. This is
achieved by the adding the resonant circuit in the primary and
secondary side. The energy transfer is based on the range
between primary and secondary coil, operating frequency and the
amount of transmitted power.

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