Islamic University ‫الجامعة اإلسالمية‬

Faculty of Engineering
Department of Mechanical
‫كليه الهندسة‬
Engineering ‫قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية‬

(LAB REPORT)
Theory of Machines Lab
Simple and Compound Gear Trains

Name of the student Omar Fahad AL-fahad

ID 392024623

GRADING TABLE
Content Grade Comments
Task given on Cut-away model /40
Problem Solution /30

Additional Assignment /30

Total /100
Aim: To understand the working principle of Simple and Compound Gear Trains.

Objectives:
• To recognize various elements required in simple and compound gear trains
• To understand the concepts of motion transmission using spur gear trains.
• To solve problems related to simple and compound gear trains.

Apparatus: GL 300.03 & GL 300.04 (Gear Train Cutaway Models, Make: GUNT)

Introduction

Simple Gear Train

A series of gears, capable of receiving and transmitting motion from one gear to
another is called a simple gear train. In it, all the gear axes remain fixed relative to
the frame and each gear is on a separate shaft (Fig. 1). In a simple gear train we can
observe the following:
1. Two external gears of a pair always move in opposite directions.
2. All odd-numbered gears move in one direction and all even numbered gears
in the opposite direction. For example, gears 1, 3, 5, etc. move in the
counterclockwise direction.
3. Speed ratio, the ratio of the speed of the driving to that of the driven shaft,
is negative when the input and the output gears rotate in the opposite
directions and it is positive when the two rotate in the same direction. The
reverse of the speed ratio is known as the train value of the gear train.
4. All the gears can be in a straight line or arranged in a zig-zag manner.
T = number of teeth on a gear
N = speed of a gear in rpm.

Figure 1
Thus, it is seen that the intermediate gears have no effect on the speed ratio and,
therefore, they are known as idlers.

Compound Gear Trains

When a series of gears are connected in such a way that two or more gears rotate
about an axis with the same angular velocity, it is known as compound gear train.
In this type, some of the intermediate shafts, i.e., other than the input and the
output shafts, carry more than one gear as shown in Fig. 2.

Figure 2

If the gear 1 is the driver then,

Cutaway Model: Two Stage Spur Gear Train

The spur gear is a type of gear characterized by parallel axes. The simplest design
is a single-stage spur gear, consisting of two shafts, each of which has a gear wheel
or pinion on it. Multi-stage gears can be created by adding further gear wheels and
intermediate shafts.

Figure 3
This cutaway model as shown in the fig. 3 shows a two-stage spur gear with helical
pinions and wheels. The helical gearing guarantees smooth running and a high load
capacity. The drive shaft has support on both sides from grooved ball bearings (10)
fitted in the drive bearing housing (2). Two grooved ball bearings (11) fitted in the
flat gear housing (1) support he output shaft. A further two grooved ball bearings
support the pinion shaft. The torque is transmitted via feather key connections. The
flow of forces occurs in the first stage from the drive shaft (3) via the drive pinion
(7) and the intermediate gear (8) to the pinion shaft. In the second stage, the force
is conveyed from the pinion shaft (5) via the output gear (9) to the output shaft (4).
The output gear (9) runs in an oil bath. In addition to good lubrication, this ensures
effective heat dissipation. The gap between the drive shaft and the drive bearing
housing is sealed using shaft sealing rings (13, 15, and 16). The output shaft is
similarly sealed. A motor gasket (31) is fitted between the housings.

Transmission:

The transmission ratio i is calculated from the number of teeth Z1 on the driving
gear and the number of teeth Z2 on the driven gear of the respective stage.

The total transmission i is the result of the product of the individual transmissions:

Technical Data:
Problem 1 (10 Points)

A compound gear train shown in Fig. 4 consists of compound gears B-C and D-E. All
gears are mounted on parallel shafts. The motor shaft rotating at 800 rpm is
connected to the gear A and the output shaft to the gear F The number of teeth on
gears A, B, C, D, E and Fare 24, 56, 30, 80, 32 and 72 respectively. Determine the
speed of the gear F.

Figure 4
Problem 2 (20 Points)

A reverted gear train shown in Fig. 11.4 is used to provide a speed ratio of 10. The
module of gears 1 and 2 is 3.2 mm and of gears 3 and 4 is 2 mm. Determine suitable
numbers of teeth of or each gear. No gear is to have less than 20 teeth. The center
distance between shafts is 160 mm.

Hint:
Additional Assignment (30 Points):

Explore the construction of a three speed manual transmission with reverse option
in automotive applications. Explain the function.

Cars moving mechanism need transmissions due to the nature of the gasoline
engine. At the beginning, any engine has a maximum rpm value in which the
engine cannot proceed without exploding. Moreover, with a little brief about
how horsepower function, therefore, we would know that engines have narrow
rpm ranges at the maximum horsepower and torque. For example, a maximum
horsepower for a specific engine at 5,500 rpm. The transmission process allows
the gear ratio between both engine and the drive wheels to allow the speed
variant as the car speeds up and slows down (velocity). As you shift gears, this
gives the engine the ability to stay below the redline and near the rpm band of its
best performance. In old days, sliding mesh transmission cars gears used to have
mounted shifter or a steering column, however, the gear handle is installed
downhill centrally, and linkage is used to relate the gear to the transmitting
system. For three speed manual transmitting systems uses two oil seals, gear
housing, reverse drive shaft bearing, synchronizer coupling of third gears, main
gear, 2nd and 3rd shifter, main shaft, main curve gear. The synchronizer ring helps
in matching the speed of the gear with that of the shaft. The synchronizer ring
has the ability of rotating along with the hub, however, it is free to slide axially.
The clutch pedal is pressed before moving the sleeve. This way power flow to the
gear is discontinued. Addition of one more gear will turn the output shaft gear in
the reverse direction. For engaging the reverse gear, the idle gear is pushed and
connected to the other 2 gears. Thus, the required output shaft rotation in the
reverse direction can be achieved. The reverse gear uses a 3-gear arrangement,
one of those is the idle gear, and reverse gear does not have a synchronizer ring
mechanism. Therefore, the gearbox rotation must stop completely before
applying the reverse gear. Here is a graph clarifies each part’s location in three
speed transmitting system.