Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

Local Literature Reviews or Studies

The best time of year for bougainvillea blooms is in the summer. It is among the

most well-known plants in gardening in the Philippines. You may usually find this fast-

growing vine in parks, streets, and residential areas. Many people confuse the plant's

bracts, or clusters, for its actual flowers. They are often magenta in color, although they

may also be seen in many colors of orange, pink, purple, white, red, and yellow. Certain

bougainvilleas, commonly known as bougies, also give rise to distinctive bracts in a

single tree that exhibit a variety of colors. The current version, which runs from May to

June, features three successful producers of bougainvillea. One thing they have in

common when they do horticulture is making a stress-free atmosphere for themselves.

Alcala, Pangasinan resident Josefina Bunquin is an avid grower of bougainvilleas. She

waters her plants twice a day and fertilizes them once a month using well-decomposed

cow manure. Any plant that wants to grow needs a healthy medium. Bunquin advises

against using soil since it contains a lot of germs that might cause root rot. Instead, she

would rather utilize carbonized rice husk (CRH) and sand. According to Shirley Villamor,

a part-time gardener and consultant for enterprise resource planning (ERP) software,

bougies thrive best when watered sparingly. Slow-release fertilizer (SRF) is used in

conjunction with this, roughly every two weeks. Former teacher turned agripreneur

Norma Durado Palay stated, "Bougainvillea plants are not sensitive and easy to care
for." All you need to do is give them regular watering, administer flowering fertilizer twice

a month, and give them at least six to eight hours of sun exposure (Medenilla, 2021).

The Philippines' paper industry is a major contributor to the nation's

industrialization efforts, helping thousands of people find jobs and fostering economic

progress. Unfortunately, it also adds to the nation's garbage production. The majority of

the nation's paper mills use waste paper and cardboard-based goods to create pulp.

There are solid, liquid, and gaseous waste products from the re-pulping process.

According to a Development Bank of the Philippines assessment, 61% of the country's

total paper consumption comes from domestic pulp and paper producers; the remaining

39% is imported (Tenorio et al., 2001). In actuality, the Philippines' yearly per capita

paper usage of 13 kg is still far less than that of industrialized nations (DBP, 2005). The

Philippines' most densely populated areas, including Metro Manila, have the highest

paper consumption rates. This may go up, producing waste paper that would might

supply paper mills with adequate raw resources. Therefore, recycling used paper has a

lot of guarantees. Nonetheless, the nation still does relatively little recycling.

Approximately 720 tons of the 6,700 tons of garbage that are produced daily in Metro

Manila are recycled or composted (ADB, 2004). Just 60% of the 100 tons of waste

paper produced each year are recycled; the remaining 40% are disposed of in landfills.

In the Philippines, waste paper ranks second in terms of the production of solid trash,

making up about 19% of all municipal solid waste produced (Environmental Studies

Institute, n.d.).
 This experimental investigation was carried out to see whether it is feasible to

create new paper from used paper and whether it contributes to reducing the amount of

paper waste generated within the academy. Here at MAAP, a sizable amount of paper

trash is gathered daily. The researchers tested an effective method of recycling paper

trash to create new paper in an effort to reduce the amount of paper waste generated.

The process of recycling paper waste into new paper goods is known as recycling. In

addition to preventing the removal of trees, it offers several other significant

advantages. Compared to paper created from wood pulp, it uses more water and

requires less energy. It prevents a large amount of waste paper from ending up in

landfills and releasing methane during its decomposition. The purpose of this study is to

educate academics, staff, and students on the value of recycling paper trash. At the

IMMAJ Dormitory, the experiment was carried out by the researchers. As test subjects,

the researchers combined several paper waste mixes with varied volumes of water. The

discarded paper was combined with water to create a slurry that would be used to

create new paper. As a consequence, the findings show that paper waste may be

recycled and used to create new paper within the parameters of the research (De La

Cruz, 2019).

Wood is the primary source of cellulosic fiber used in the manufacturing of pulp

and paper, with a smaller amount coming from non-wood sources. However, because

non-woody raw materials are abundant as a source of inexpensive fibers and

occasionally the only exploitable supply of fiber in specific geographic locations, mostly

in developing nations, there is a revived interest in their utilization. Furthermore, these

substitute raw materials have a great deal of potential for producing a wide range of

paper types due to their diverse qualities, fiber diameters, and chemical makeup.

However, since it has the infrastructure, technology, and vast expertise to convert

lignocellulosic biomass, the pulp and paper sector is a great place to start when

developing lignocellulosic biorefineries. Since its inception, the pulp and paper industry

has been implementing some aspects of the bio refinery concept. These include

recovering the chemical reagents used, producing high-value products (like tall oil)

alongside cellulosic pulp, and producing the energy required for the production of

cellulosic pulp from the combustion of lignocellulosic waste and black liquors. But in

order to transform the pulp and paper sector into a lignocellulosic bio refinery, new

technologies are needed to enable the sale of bioenergy and other novel bio products in

addition to conventional goods (Eugenio, 2019).

Numerous findings point to an increase in the need for toilet paper, particularly

during the current epidemic when panic buying is on the rise, especially in developed

nations. But in addition to the growing need for tissue paper, the manufacture of paper

is also contributing to an increase in pollution incidents and illicit tree-cutting. The

experts recommend using banana peels instead of softwood for creating paper since

they are more environmentally friendly. According to research, there are benefits to

using them, including: (1) their similarity to trees, making them a good alternative for

wood; (2) their high fiber concentration, making them a better ingredient for paper

production; and (3) their superiority over softwood, making them able to be easily used.

Six distinct trials have been tested by the researchers. The introduction of many factors
has resulted in a wide range of changes in the ultimate outcome. For example, various

techniques for preparing, spreading, and drying the paper. The tissue paper's thickness,

tensile strength, color, texture, and odor were all tested and examined to determine the

results. Data was collected after the testing to determine the best trial to use as an eco-

friendly tissue paper. Following the studies, it was determined that banana peels

provide an excellent substitute for producing tissue sheets that are less harmful to the

environment. Future studies should assess a range of factors that may affect the final

tissue paper product. This might help create a far better final result. Additionally, the

researchers recommend utilizing banana peels as a substitute ingredient in the

production of tissue paper since it has advantages for businesses aiming to produce

ecologically friendly goods (Abutal, 2022).

Foreign Literature Reviews or Studies

The genus Bougainvillea was named for its French sailor and explorer

countryman Louis Antoine de Bougainville by Philibert Commerson, a French naturalist

and explorer who made the initial discovery of the plant in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in

1768. The Nyctaginaceae family includes the climbing plant commonly referred to as

bougainvillea, or Bougainvillea glabra, which is endemic to South America. Given the

color of its bracts, which are sometimes referred to as "flowers" and are composed of

bracts, which are the stunning portions, and the genuine flowers, which are little and

white, the bougainvillea is well acknowledged for its significance in horticulture. In

traditional medicine, bougainvillea is commonly used to treat gastrointestinal disorders,

respiratory conditions like bronchitis, asthma, and cough, as well as insecticidal and
antibacterial properties. The involucre of this plant has not been investigated for its

antibacterial properties; however, studies have indicated a significant phytochemical

presence of secondary metabolites such as phenols, betalains, terpenes, and alkanes.

This analysis gathers data regarding the customary applications of B. glabra, including

its phytochemical makeup, ecological significance, antibacterial and antibiofilm

properties, and the toxicological effects of its blooms and bracts (Garcia, 2023).

The violet bract flower of Bougainvillea glabra was chosen to investigate natural

pigment. The pigments from the flowers were extracted using different combinations of

solvents. UV-Vis spectroscopy was utilized to look into the best portion ratio and

appropriate solvent for maceration-based pigment extraction. The mass of the flower

bracts, measured at λmax 548 nm, was determined to be 0.1 gm/20 ml in a constant

volume (20 ml) of ethanol solvent portion ratio. The maceration extraction time for

pigment extraction from violet bracts was 72 hours. The results of the pigment

extraction process vary between neutral, basic, and acidic organic solvent solutions

(ethanol, methanol, 2-propanol, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, 2-butanol, chloroform, and

acetone). The greatest results for protecting the violet color of the pigment in

Bougainvillea g were obtained using distilled water solvent, and a 1:1 methanol: water

ratio was determined to be an appropriate combination solvent for pigment extraction

benefits from conversion during a 15-day period (Ibrahim, 2019).

 The introduction of inexpensive and alternative raw materials for the handmade

paper production sector was the aim of this study. Paddy straw, recycled pulp, and

waste paper were the raw materials employed in this investigation. Two methods of

processing paddy straw were bio-pulping and bio-bleaching. The "handmade method,"

which is a highly straightforward and environmentally benign process, was used to

manufacture papers by mixing these basic components in varied ratios. It was

discovered that the sheets made from a blend of wastepaper and paddy straw

resembled "printer paper" standards. The handmade sheets that were generated had a

thickness ranging from 156 to 160 μm. The handmade sheets that were manufactured

had tensile index values ranging from 71 to 88 Nm/g, burst index values ranging from

4.15 to 4.95 kPam²/g, and grams per square meter (GSM) values between 170 and 185

g/m2. It was found that the raw materials employed in this study are highly cost-

effective, and that handmade paper in the A4 (8.27" x 11.69") size costs 0.63-0.71 BTD

(0.008-0.009 USD). Additionally, it was discovered that the handmade paper sample

with the lowest cost of all the samples created—0.63 BTD, or 0.008 USD—per A4 size

paper—was manufactured using a mixture of 80% wastepaper and 20% paddy straw

and had a rather acceptable quality. This study demonstrated that scrap paper and

paddy straw can serve as viable substitutes for the sectors that produce handmade

paper (Alam, 2018).

Given the scarcity of natural resources, recycling paper is becoming a pressing

necessity. Green tree wood is used in the production of new papers. The trees must be

chopped down in order to produce the necessary number of fresh papers. These papers
are produced by the paper companies that pollute the land, water, and air. Reusing and

recycling used paper products can reduce the need for new ones while also saving fuel,

power, and water. Additionally, it prevents the waste of forest and landfill space. The

economic and environmental analysis in this publication was made possible by waste

papers that were collected from Dehradun's hotels. It has been noted that the hotels in

Dehradun consume 8.755 tons of paper per day, all of which end up in the trash. The

waste management department has an issue as a result of this junk. The direct cost of

these waste papers is around Rs.1 lakh if they are not tossed in the trash. However, if

these sheets are recycled and turned into handmade papers, more than $1 million will

be generated in money, both directly and indirectly. The book under evaluation serves

as an example of how recycling may protect our forests, the environment, and our

economy. Therefore, we should encourage individuals to use fewer papers and raise

awareness of the need to recycle waste paper. Although recycling used paper is an

outdated method, several significant advancements have been made recently.

Manufacturing new paper is essential to our nation's economy, yet it is not good for our

natural resources. This paper demonstrates how recycling might support the

development of our nation's economy (Gupta, 2021).

PPE kits are becoming more and more necessary in this epidemic. The kits are

being used by medical professionals, including physicians, to safeguard themselves

from the infection. These kits become garbage after use. The municipal corporation has

significant difficulty when it comes to the usage of these kits. In a similar vein, office

paper products are discarded after usage. The use of these papers presents another
difficulty because waste papers make up the majority of a city's rubbish. After going

through a recycling process, the waste paper may be recycled to make handmade

paper. Handmade papers won't be as high-quality as conventional papers. The quality

of handmade papers can be improved by using pulp from old office papers and leftover

medical PPE kits. Reusing medical PPE kits and old paper products is beneficial for the

ecology and trees. The combined pulp of waste papers and medical PPE kits in different

ratios can change the handmade paper's moisture content, strength, and reflective

qualities (Kumar, 2021).

Synthesis

The use of bougainvillea as a raw material for the production of cellulose

decorative paper presents encouraging opportunities for the long-term growth of the

paper industry. To improve the characteristics of papers made from Bougainvillea

cellulose and increase their economic viability, more study and technological

developments in fiber extraction, processing, and finishing methods are required.

Manufacturers may help make the ornamental paper industry cleaner and greener by

using Bougainvillea cellulose as a raw material. This would lessen the sector's reliance

on wood pulp and increase environmental sustainability overall. Some research has

shown that cellulose-based papers made from bougainvillea provide advantageous

qualities for the manufacturing of beautiful papers. These characteristics include

outstanding printability, sufficient flexibility, and strong tensile strength. Furthermore, the

naturally occurring pigments in bougainvillea can offer aesthetic value by resulting in

distinctive and appealing color patterns on the finished paper goods.

Conceptual Framework

MODERATING VARIABLE

Size of the Cellulose Decorative

Paper

DEPENDENT VARIABLE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
Quality of the Cellulose Decorative
Bougainvillea Paper

CONTROL VARIABLE

MEDIATING VARIABLE Materials used and

Extract of Bougainvillea Processing conditions

References:

Parayno, P.P., Busmente, M.G. (n.d.). Paper Recycling Schemes in the Philippines.

https://www.wadef.com/projects/isteac/StudyReport__Paper_Recycling_Research_Phili

ppines.Work_Results.pdf

De la Cruz, Y., Eleazar, M.L., Gobres, J.M. (2019). Feasibility Study on Producing New

Paper from Used Paper. https://maaplibrary.files.wordpress.com/2020/08/feasibility-

study-on-producing-new-paper-from-used-paper.pdf.

Medenilla, V. (2021). Bougainvillea the flower of the Philippine summer.

https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/agriculture-9ggr/20210501/281998970316746.

Eugenio, M.E., Ibarra, D., Sampedro, R., Espinosa, E., Bascon, I., Rodriguez, A. (2019).

Alternative Raw Materials for Pulp and Paper Production in the Concept of a

Lignocellulosic Biorefinery. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/69880

Abutal, B.C., Ballesteros, J.E., Encapas, K.J., Gacita, N. (2022). Utilizing Musa

acuminata Peels as the Main Ingredient for Organic Tissue Paper Production.
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/technological-institute-of-the-philippines/

research-methods/group-1-final-manuscript-1/34387598

Ibrahim, M.K., Maher, K. (2019). Optimization Extraction Of Bougainvillea Glabra Violet

Bracts Pigment.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342761420_Optimization_Extraction_of_Boug

ainvillea_Glabra_Violet_Bracts_Pigment

Garcia, I.G., Barrera, A.L., Gonzales, F.J., Vela, N.A., Montiel, D.G. (2023).

Bougainvillea glabra Choisy (Nyctinaginacea): review of phytochemistry and

antimicrobial potential.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fchem.2023.1276514/full

Alam, M., Rikta, S.Y., Bahauddin, K., Hasnine, T., Kamal, A. (2018). Production of eco-

friendly handmade paper from wastepaper and other local biomass material.

https://www.academiapublishing.org/journals/ajes/pdf/2018/Jul/Alam%20et%20al.pdf

Gupta, S., Kumar, V., Negi, H.S. (2021). An Economic and Environment Study Of

Recycling Of Waste Papers Found From Hotels Of Dehradun City.

https://www.ilkogretim-online.org/fulltext/218-1663855389.pdf
Kumar, V., Gupta, S., Kalra, J.S., Patil, P.P. (2021). Improvement in quality of

handmade paper materials by recycling of waste papers and PPE kits.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214785321025724