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Overview - University of Wollongong Teaching &
Learning Journal
Volume 3 | Issue 1 Article 8
1996

'Time Management': a review of issues and

strategies for academic staff
Robert Cannon
University of Wollongong
Follow this and additional works at: http://ro.uow.edu.au/overview
Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library:
research-pubs@uow.edu.au
Recommended Citation
Cannon, Robert, 'Time Management': a review of issues and strategies for academic staff, Overview -
University of Wollongong Teaching & Learning Journal, 3(1), 1996, 37-44.
Available at:http://ro.uow.edu.au/overview/vol3/iss1/8
'Time Management': a review of issues and strategies for academic
staff
Abstract
The title of this paper perpetuates a major misconception, but at least it signals something about the nature of
a problem we all seem to face in academic life.
This journal article is available in Overview - University of Wollongong Teaching & Learning Journal: http://ro.uow.edu.au/overview/
vol3/iss1/8
There are many factors in the social and institutional environment which increase the sense of time pressures on us all.
Because of their tradition of se/fregulation, Academics may have a comparative advantage in managing these pressures if
their focus moves from time and things to relationships and results.

'Time
Management':
a review of
issues and
strategies for
academic staff
Robert Cannon
Background

T he title of this paper perpetuates a major misconception, but at

least it signals something about the nature of a problem we all

seem to face in academic life.
Time cannot be 'managed' in the same way that other resource can:
human, physical, capital, information. Time is a resource that must be
used the instant it is received. Time cannot be saved, you cannot get more
of it and it cannot be replaced. Wasted time is time gone for ever. Time
must be used at the same rate of 60 seconds per minute, 60 minutes per
hour, 24 hours a day and so on. Although philosophers and physicists may
disagree, for most academics time is a finite resource.
We cannot 'manage' time. What we can do is to learn to manage ourselves
and other resources in relation to time. It is my hope that this brief paper
can make a contribution to the development of satisfactory approaches to
using time to improve the quality of academic life in the very broadest
sense. If we accept Craig Mcinnes' assertion that "self-regulation in daily
work practices stands out - regardless of teaching or research orientation -
as the most distinctive feature of academic work" (Mcinnes, 1992, p.10)
then the better we are at the skills of self-regulation the better our academic
lives may be.
All this said, I will nevertheless revert to the conventional 'time management'
label to refer to those related attitudes, skills and abilities which contribute
to the development of 'self-regulation'.
An important assumption is, of course, that we are not simply passive
observers of the institutional contexts we are in but active participants with
the capacity to manage ourselves as well as to influence (if not change) the
events around us in our universities. This is, however, a difficult task.
Berquist (1993, p.26) argues that we are faced with a highly segmented
world, with diversity, unpredictably and 'chaotic' social systems in which it
is becoming increasingly difficult to say much that has generally validity.
In such a world, developing practical advice on time management is
fraught with difficulty.
This paper is an attempt to integrate some ideas in the hope that readers
may derive some ideas and strategies to guide them through their academic
careers, to assist their colleagues and students, and to participate in the
shaping of institutional cultures and practices in ways that address the
concerns many of us share. The paper takes the view that issues and
OVERVIEW 37
38 OVERVIEW
strategies can be structured into three levels of concern:
those that operate at the broad social and economic
level, institutional issues, and finally personal issues
and strategies. The approach that follows draws on
work from many disciplines but is integrated around
the major issues.
Issues and strategies
1. Social and economic issues and strategies
There are various 'levels' at which one can enter the
discussion of the issues that are shaping our perception
and use of time. At the broad social and economic
level, Schor's book, The Overworked American, The
Unexpected Decline of Leisure, suggests the following
reasons for the squeeze on time perceived by most
professional groups in American society. Most, if not
all of these reasons appear to be applicable to the
Australian academic.
•
•
Our work is more complex and demanding and
therefore requires more time.
~, and our employers, have become more demanding
in terms of expectations and achievements.
Employers find it easier to demand more of employees
than to employ more staff largely because (a) the
high costs of employment (e.g. time required to do
this, salary and benefits, taxes, training,
accommodation, equipment) and (b) because of the
commitment they can expect from a workforce that
is in need of higher incomes to support its consumption
level.
• Many people seem to have a preference for money
over free time, especially when they have heavy
financial commitments.
• More people are now in the workforce, average
working hours are up and vacation time is shrinking.
•
Our perception of time is changing. Many things
are now valued for their speed - air travel computers,
delivery schedules, etc. Fast is somehow 'better'.
There are more options and attractions in the market:
a greater range of leisure activities (many of which
are available only at a monetary cost) and a greater
range of books, magazines and professional periodicals.
We tend to convert increases in income to
comumption. Comumption takes time in (a) shopping
(an end in itself for many) and (b) in enjoying the
terms purchased - each of which competes with
other items for attention (i. e.) time spent listening
to a new CD is time that is not available for
walking, theatre, reading, or talking to one's children}.
Schor outlines the following strategies to deal with
the situation she describes.
• Break the work-and-spend-cycle:
Every salaried job should be tied to a formal standard
schedule of hours. Overtime should be paid back
with time; part-time work, should be made more
feasible, and productivity should be raised to enable
a reduction in working hours (see Fuller, 1985 for
a strategy to achieve productivity gaim by eliminating
complexity and waste). Schor (p.154) cites studies
reporting that reducing hours can lead to productivity
gains.
• Overcome comumerism:
•
This strategy rests on fundamentally changing
personal values and attitudes to income and
consumption and the priority accorded to particular
goals in life. It is a strategy that may take some
years to work through, involving as it does the
reduction of economic expectations and the
elimination of debt.
Learn to use 'free' time comtructively:
The work ethic is very powerful. 'Free' time is often
devoted to a second paid job or to unpaid work at
home for the profession or for the community. Many
people admit to not knowing how to relax and
enjoy the 'free' time they have. Leisure skills may
need to be developed, particularly among those
who have let them atrophy through their commitment
to work. In doing this, however, a conscious effort
must be made to avoid those forms of leisure which
have become commodities and are therefore available
only at monetary cost (and which thus feed the
work-and-spend cycle).
2. University issues and strategies
There is not an abundance of research on time
management in universities but somewhat more in
the closely related profession of school teaching and
administration were studies of time management and
stress have been popular see Tanner, et aI, 1991).
Mcinnes (1192, p.9) summarises some of the findings
on the allocation of time to academic work. These
point to steadily increasing workloads in 'spare' time
and significant changes to the annual pattern of work

l
in universities, particularly during the long summer
break. Fry (1981) identified significant differences
among the average work loads of staff in different
disciplines and different academic ranks at the University
of Queensland. Harman and Wood (1990) report on
changes in academic work post-Dawkins and found,
among other things, a sense of confusion and
dissatisfaction related to change. There has been
relatively more work that has researched student's use
of time and this has been helpful in the development
of strategies to assist students (Macan, et aI., 1990;
Noble, 1994).
Little of this kind of work points us in firm directions
about strategies for time management. Some of it
contradictory but some of it reveals useful outcomes
such as Lewis' and Dahl's finding (1976) that academic
leaders had a very poor idea of how they were actually
spending their time, thus lending weight to the
exhortation to keep a time log as a first step in any
time management plan.
In this situation, our institutions would be well advised
to heed the expressed needs and advice that can be
provided to them free-of-charge by the best experts
available - their members! On several occasions the
University of Adelaide, for example, has been alerted
to time management problems but this information
has been largely ignored by senior management.
From an internal professional development consultancy
in 1990 the University was alerted to widespread
concern about apparent dwindling amounts of time
available for academic and other forms of professional
work and the wide range of different tasks that had to
be carried out. (The consultancy has been a major
stimulus for the organisation of the conference which
this paper supports).
The consultancy revealed the following major needs
with respect to time among academics:
• More time to keep up with reading, new information,
researching writing
• More time for academic tasks - less administration/
teaching (e.g. questionnaires)
• More hours in the day - time to do 3 jobs - research/
teaching/administration and keep up to date
• Time/fewer tasks for time available/more people
• Extra time to carry out teaching/research - less
administration
• More time/more effective use of time
• Managed time to enable staff to meet prime objectives
particularly research
• Time for curriculum development
• Time to maintain professional skills knowledge
standards etc, i.e. scholarship
• More time to improve teaching
• Research (time for it)
• Time to complete projects already on hand.
These kinds of needs were so frequently and so strongly
expressed* that a major section of the advice given to
the University focused on time-related issues. This
advice is reproduced here in full because it reflects
issues and strategies that have relevance today.
"Workloads and the Matter of Time"
"During the consultancy process it became apparent
that many staff members perceive themselves to be
under considerable stress in their working lives. They
also believe that there is insufficient time to achieve
the standards they would wish. Moreover, there was
widespread concern about where they would find
the time for professional development. The frequency
with which this concern was expressed is as significant
as it is prevalent across diffirent employment categories.
This report has no 'magic answers'. It is a common
problem in modern organisations. But the problem
cannot be dismissed and it demands further
investigation within the University. Resolution of
the problem is critical to the long-term success of the
proposals in this Report. There are ways, however,
in which it might be approached.
Basic to our definition of professional development
is the idea that conditions are created which "optimise
the quality of working life'~ This implies a reasonable
balance between a range of factors operating at
work: the work itself, resources available, desired
outcomes, personal health, and so on. Staff may
need assistance to achieve this balance. A mechanism
for this to occur is the review-planning process.
Planning assists in focusing resources and energy
towards desired outcomes, rather than having these
dissipated. Planning can further assist in removing
blockages to performance outcomes such as unnecessary
committees.
*In 1989 very similar needs were expressed during a
staff development consultation for (then) South
Australian College of Advanced Education.
OVERVIEW 39
40 OVERVIEW
Some further suggestions are identified, some of which
are derived from the advice provided by staffconsulted.
One way is to reconsider the sensitive matter of the
distribution of staff resources in relation to the principal
objectives of the University and of areas. The fact
that 64 % of staff are general staff and that academics
complain about lack of support for teaching and
research warrants investigation.
The matter of time management could also be
examined. This can be done at various levels.
First, individuals may benefit from formal time
management courses or from study of any of the
numerous manuals available on the subject to improve
their personal effectiveness. A difficulty with this
material is that it is unsuitable for application in
academic environments. Perhaps, in the context of
its new responsibilities for institutional research, the
ACUE might examine this matter and report on
examples of best practice in the use of time in academic
environments, as well as the scale and dimensions of
the time problem. Support from the Evaluations
and Investigations Program should be sought.
Second, those responsible for staff supervision and
the work of committees might benefit by reviewing
their own practices with their staff, particularly
where these practices impinge on the time of others.
Strategies might include: delegation and abolishing
some local committees or restricting their meeting
times to strictly confined limits.
Third, recognising that sometimes the most underutilised
resource in the University is the student,
may be the key to more productive use of time for
teaching staff. Excellent programmes of teaching based
on principles of self-directed learning and selfassessment
are now in wide use in Australia and
bear critical examination for their applicability in
a wide range of courses. For such development to
occur, however, additional short-term resources from
internally controlled schemes for example, the Teaching
Development Grants Scheme or from funds managed
by DEET will be necessary.
This leads naturally to the fourth proposal. This is
to foster more flexible schemes of time allocation by
arranging work assignments or by seeking external
support to release staff members for extended periods
of time to develop, for example, new office procedures,
research management strategies, or teaching
arrangements that will lead to longer-term benefits.
Creative use of area funds could be a strategy to
achieve this.
It is expected that better planning in the longer term
and appropriate training in time management will
contribute to resolving the problem"- (The University
of Adelaide, 1990)
From a more recent consultancy on quality in teaching
and learning time emerged as an important theme
that required attention from both a staff and student
perspective.
Drucker (1993, p.86) notes the phenomenon of
'splintering' in service organisations, including
universities and hospitals, which is seriously damaging
their effectiveness through the twin effects of a loss of
professionals' time in doing a range of sub-professional
and administrative tasks and the costs of meeting
professional and academic salaries.
Dealing with the avalanche of paperwork and attending
meetings are common complaints in both organisations.
The cure, according to Drucker, is simple: take the
non-professional work away to allow the professionals
to their professional work. He suggests that two
questions need to be asked. First, 'What do we pay
for?' and second 'What value is this job supposed to
add?' (p.87)
3. Personal time management issues and strategies
Many academics complain that they cannot manage
their time effectively. Could it be that their skills of
'expert performance' in time management involving
personal insight and self-regulation (a critical component
of academic life as noted previously) are lacking in
some important ways?
Might it be possible that the dominant forms of
education we have experienced, and continue to provide
for many of our students, have not given us the
appropriate skills and attitudes to manage the difficulties
we are confronted with? It is also possible that the
current wave of teaching and learning innovations in
our universities such as peer teaching, problem-based
learning, self-assessment may be very relevant changes
in educational practice in the present context?
Jacobs and Paris (1987) describe the separate but
related aspects of expert performance as self-appraisal
and self-management.

-
Self-appraisal involves:
•
knowledge of the self as a performer, such as
knowing Athat one is a competent tutor or a
time waster, etc;
knowing how to perform the skills required;
knowing when, why and how to use the selfknowledge
and performance skills. This is vital
because it distinguishes mechanical performance
from the capacity to use knowledge flexibly. Covey
(1989, p.4l) describes these kinds of
understandings and patterns of behaviour as
'habits'.
Self-management refers to the use of self-appraisal
knowledge in the normal course of our work. Selfmanagement
involves:
•
•
•
planning and goal setting and the selection of
appropriate strategies to achieve goals;
regulation of strategies and techniques required
to achieve goals;
evaluation of progress and success.
The time management literature is replete with strategies
and techniques that fit into this framework. The
trouble is that much of the presentation of these
ideas is neither intellectually coherent nor obviously
relevant to academic contexts. A good example of
this problem is in the popular and practical book by
Edwin Bliss titled Getting Things Done, The ABCs of
Time Management (Macmillan, 1976). Between the
covers there is much useful guidance on topics as
diverse as alcohol, indecision and the workaholic, but
little to bring it all together in a coherent fashion. On
the other hand, the more recent Getting Things Done
by Roger Black Qoseph, 1991) structures strategies
and techniques around five major themes: Planning:
Directions and Goals; Your Time; Knowing, motivating
and improving yourself; Dealing with others; Results.
Black's is a much more coherent book, and is generally
recommended.
How can we achieve 'expert performance' in time
management? The answer is that we need a 'strategy'.
The thesaurus embedded in my word processor, provides
these synonyms for strategy: method, plan, procedure,
system, scheme and modus operandi. Whatever term
one prefers, there are ways of achieving expert
performance in time management involving the skills
of insight and self-regulation canvassed above.
One of the most helpful presentations on this theme
in the recent past is in the book by Stephen Covey,
tided The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People
(Simon and Schuster, 1989). There are two reasons
why I believe that the book will be helpful to many
academics. The first is that Covey's approach has an
attractive coherence built on principles on human
effectiveness such as equity and justice, integrity, honesty,
dignity, excellence, service and personal growth. The
principles are reflected in the seven habits he describes
and explains. These are:
• Be proactive
• Begin with the end in mind
• Put first things first
• Think win/win
• Seek to understand, then be understood
Synergise
• Self-renewal
The second reason why I believe Covey's book will
appeal to academics is that it recognises and gives
prominence to the quality of relationships among
people that are at the core of many of the important
roles that academics assume: teacher, researcher, mentor,
counsellor, coordinator, head and dean.
The habit of 'putting first things first' is at the heart
of Covey's presentation on time management. For
Covey "the essence of the best thinking about time
management can be captured in a single phrase: organise
and execute around priorities" (p.149)
Covey distinguishes between four generations of time
management thinking. The first generation centred
on notes and checklists to recognise the demands
placed on our time. The second generation was
characterised by calendars and appointment books in
an attempt to schedule into the future; the third and
current generation of thinking emphasises prioritisation,
clarifying values and comparing the worth of activities
based on their relationship to those values. It also
involves goal setting and daily planning to ensure
progress is made towards the goals.
The trouble with the third generation approach,
according to Covey, is that efficient scheduling and
control of time can be counterproductive to the
development of relationships with people and to taking
OVERVIEW 41
42 OVERVIEW
advantage of spontaneity in daily
encounters. Could it be that these
are the very reasons why many
academics often find time
management principles unworkable?
Effective teaching and counselling
roles are surely based on the
development of high quality
relationships with others,
particularly with students. Research
not only requires large blocks of
time for its execution but also
benefits from the possibility of
spontaneous reaction to
developments as they unfold. There
is also a strong emphasis on
achieving research 'results'.
THE TIME MANAGEMENT MATRIX
Urgent Not Urgent
I II
Activities Activities
Relationship building I- Crises Z
Prevention
4(
Pressing problems Iali:
Deadline-driven tasks 'Production capability' 0a.

(PC activities) :!
Recreation
Planning
III IV IActivities
Activities Z
Covey suggests that a fourth
generation approach is emerging
which recognises that the challenge
is to manage ourselves, not time.
Instead of focusing on time and
things (note the emphasis on things

Interruptions and callers ~ Trivia and busy work

0
Some meetings Time wasters: a.

:! unnecessary socialising
ICoffee,
telephone
0
Some mail (including e-mail) Z
Reacting to things
in the titles of time management (Source: Covey, 1989, p.15l)
books!) the focus is on relationships
and results; a focus that is also implicit in the strategies
suggested by Schor and listed above on page 3.
Effectiveness lies in the balance of the results achieved
and the continuing capacity to achieve results, or to
use Covey's shorthand "the PI PC Balance (where) P
stands for production of desired results (and) PC stands
for production capability . . ." (p.54). Both of these
functions depend on the maintenance and enhancement
of relationships with others. Thus, for the academic,
these suggestions can be interpreted to mean that
teaching, research and service are carried out together
with a balanced programme of continuing professional
development in order to maintain and enhance
'production capability'.
The essence of Covey's self-management approach is
captured in the now-familiar time management matrix
where activities can be defined by their degree of
urgency and importance. Urgent matters require
immediate attention. Important matters have to do
with results and they are linked to personal goals and
values. Quadrant II is the core of effective personal
management; quadrants III and IV are the antithesis.
Moving to Quadrant II involves scheduling priorities
according to a personal mission statement and creating
a balance betwee~ production and production
capability. It also requires a 'people dimension' that
reflects the diversity of roles one may have with respect
to partners, children, students and professional
colleagues. Covey elaborates on a strategy to do this
that is much too detailed to summarise here (Covey,
p.158-182).
In another popular book, The Fifth Discipline, Peter
Senge uses the comparable concept of 'personal mastery'
as a 'discipline' embodying clarifYing what is important
to us and continually learning to understand current
reality. To Senge, learning is truly 'lifelong learning'
which "does not mean acquiring more information, but
expanding the ability to produce the results we really
want in life . . . And learning organisations are not
possible unless we have people at every level who practice
it" (Senge, p.142)
4. Life plans and careers: a longer-term perspective
It is helpful to distinguish between short and longterm
personal strategies for managing time. Certainly,
the hour-by-hour, day-by-day and week-by-week

1
-
approaches can have significant utility, but I suspect
that not enough thought is given to the life-span or to
personal career plans. Covey's notion of 'production
capability' is very relevant here and deserves our close
consideration.
Chickering and Havighurst (1981) proposed that
throughout the adult years we are confronted by
qualitatively different 'developmental tasks' which have
important implications for our personal and professional
lives. Moreover, it is as equally important to consider
our students in a similar life-span perspective and to
consider appropriate ways of responding to them both
as teachers and in the courses we devised for them.
There has been considerable attention to career stages
in the literature, and two works are strongly
recommended: Robert Boice The New Faculty Member
and Jack Schuster, Dan Wheeler and Associates,
Enhancing Faculty Careers.
Baldwin (in Wheeler, 1990) argues that attention to
these career stages can help universities develop flexible
policies and working arrangements in light of differing
needs and circumstances rather than against rigid
standards (of the kind now found in the Academic
Award). Both individual members of academic staff
and the university as a whole stand to benefit if attention
is given to differences and to individual needs at different
stages. Boice's study of new academic staff suggests that
new staff who are able to quickly achieve comfort and
acceptance in teaching (through professional
development support, for example) also achieve higher
levels of scholarly productivity, greater satisfaction and
greater success in their careers (Boice, p.78).
Summary and conclusion
There are many factors in the social and institutional
environment which increase the sense of time pressures
on us all. Because of their tradition of self-regulation,
academics may have a comparative advantage in
managing these pressures if their focus moves from
time and things to relationships and results.
At a personal level, the individual academic needs to
consider the balance between the work that is actually
done now ('production') and the capacity to perform
high quality work in the future ('production capability').
Universities actively encourage and support the
attainment of this balance through their research and
outside studies/study leave policies.
Because much academic work is related to the needs
and interests of other people, especially students,
particular attention needs to be given to the quality of
relationships in the overall management of self.
Moreover, the focus needs to shift from simply the
here-and-now to the longer term and to consider the
balance between career-related goals and other relevant
life goals.
Responsibility for these matters rests with individuals,
academic departments, universities and unions.
Universities and unions have a special responsibility to
ensure opportunities for professional development and
to encourage the development of patterns of work that
reflect different stages of career development in the life
span. Individuals have a responsibility to exercise their
obligations to both 'produce' results in the variety of
roles they assume and to ensure that they take a
advantage of the opportunities provided to them for
continuing professional growth.
References
Baldwin, RG. "Faculty career stages and implications
for professional development", in Schuster, J .H.,
Wheeler, D.W and Associates (1990) Enhancing Faculty
Careeers; Strategies for Development and Renewal. San
Francisco: Josset-Bass, pp.20-40.
Black, R (1987) Getting Things Done. London: Joseph.
Bergquist, W (1993) The Postmodern Organisation.
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bliss, E.C. Getting Things Done; The ABC's of Time
Management. Melbourne, Macmillan.
Boice, R. (1992) (The New Faculty Member. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
HANDY HINTS, TIPS,
POINTERS AND OTHER
ADVICE
In the next edition of Overview we hope to include a
column with the above title. We picture it as a list of
short (20 -50 words long'} items of practical teaching
advice. Perhaps you hove found something worth
shoring. Send your contribution to Richard Caladine
at Academic Development Services
OVERVIEW 43
44 OVERVIEW
Chickering, A.W and Havighurst, R.]. "The Life
Cycle", in A.W Chickering and Associates, (1981)
The Modern American College. San Francisco: JosseyBass.
Covey, S.R. (1989) The Seven Habits of Highly Effective
People. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Drucker, P.F. (1992) Managingfor the Future. Oxford:
Butterworth.
Fuller, F.T. (1985) Eliminating complexity from work:
improving productivity by enhancing quality. National
Productivity Review, Autumn, 327-344.
Harman, G. and Wood, F. (1990) Academics and
their work under Dawkins: A study of five New
South Wales universities. Australian Educational
Researcher, 17,2,53-74.
Jacobs, J. and Paris, S. (1987) Children's metacognition
about reading. Educational Psychologist, 22, 255-278.
Lewis, D.R. and Dahl, T. (1976) Time management
in higher education administration: a case study. Higher
Education, 5, 49-66.
Macan, T.H. et aI., (1990) College students' time
management. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82,
760-768.
McInnis, C. (1992) Changes in the nature of academic
work. The Australian Universities Review, 35, 9-12.
Noble, A. (1994) Enhancing the Quality of Academic
Life: Working with Students. Adelaide, ACUE, The
University of Adelaide.
Schor, ].B. (1991) The Overworked American, The
Unexpected Decline of Leisure. New York: Basic Books.
Tanner, c.K. et al, (1991) Effects of the use of
management strategies on stress levels of high school
principals in the United States. Educational
Administration Quarterly, 27, 203-224.
Schuster,J.H., Wheeler, D.W. and Associates (1990)
Enhancing Faculty Careers; Strategies for Development
and Renewal. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Senge, P.M. (1992) The Fifth Discipline: The Art and
Practice of the Learning Organisation. London: Century
Business.
The University of Adelaide (1990) Professional
Development at the University of Adelaide.

TEACHING AND
LEARNING I N HIGHER
EDUCATION RES"EARCH
GROUP
The Teaching and learning in Higher Education Research
Group isa mulJ:i-disciplinary group which aims to promote
action research in teaching and learning. Current
members are from the Faculties of Law, Health and
Engineering, the Departments of Chemistry, Management
and Applied Statistics, and units within the University
(Academic Development Services, Educational Media
Services, Library, Aboriginal Education Centre, learning
SuppartServices).
Key aim for 1997: the launching of a proiectto
trial different approaches to implementing
change in learning and teaching at the
University of WoIlongong and to evaluate the
effectiveness of these approaches.
Members of the group have reached agreement on this
project to include:
• designingapprooches to educational change
• identifying obstacles to such change
• developing strolegies for overcoming theseobstocles
• using a set of evaluation methods to assess the impact of
theseapprooches
In the first meeting of the year, members will decide on a
particluar project in which they would like to be involved
during the year. Examples of educational innavations for
projects include group learning, peer assessment and
flexible deiivery. Members will form cross-faculty groups
and together design the project and specify methods of
evaluation. Plans will be discussed at group meetings and
reports will be given at suitable intervals. Group funds will
target the administrative supportofthis project.
Guest speakers wiU be invited to present on issues relev~nt
to the pro[ects and to provide guidance and support from
their own experience. Short papers on the project will be
submitted to the editors of Overview for dissemination of
ideas throughout the university community. The aim of
these activities is to foster reflective practices. This means
encouraging critical and systematic thinking on the
leaching and learning process, with a goal of improving
teaching practices. Research students will be encour~
to present on their work and discuss relevant issues.
Members will also be encouraged to write for publication,
seek research funds and present at conferences wherever
passible.
Meetings are held on a regular basis to share ideas and
experiences across traditional boundaries. The 1997
schedule of meetings will appear in the next edition of
Overview.
Contoctperson: Orlinda Tapsell
linda_tapsell@uow.edu.au

l
II. JURNAL 2
Judul
'Time Management': a review of issues and strategies for academic
staff
Jurnal Overview - University of Wollongong Teaching & Learning Journal
Volume & Halaman Volume 3 & halaman 37-44
Tahun 1996
Penulis Robert Cannon
Reviewer Arfan Rifqi Fauzi
Tanggal 26 Oktober 2016

Abstrak Jurnal yang berjudul “'Time Management': a review of issues and

strategies for academic staff” ini berisi tentang waktu strategi
managemen dalam akedemik.
Abstrak yang disajikan penulis hanya menggunakan Bahasa inggris
(Bahasa Internasional). Secara keseluruhan isi dari abstrak ini hanya
menjelaskan garis besar topic yang dibahas dalam jurnal, yang
menurut saya pembaca perlu waktu untuk membaca lebih dalam isi
jurnal dalam memahami jurnal ini.
Pengantar Didalam Paragraf pertama, penulis menjelaskan bahwa tampak
setidaknya gelar untuk tulisan ini melanggengkan sinyal sesuatu
tentang wajah dalam kehidupan akademikdapat kesalahpahaman
besar, tetapi pada sifat masalah kita semua.
Paragraf selanjutnya, penulis menjelaskan waktu tidak dapat
'dikelola' dengan cara yang sama bahwa sumber daya lainnya
manusia, fisik, modal, informasi. Waktu adalah sumber daya yang
harus digunakan instan itu diterima. Waktu tidak dapat disimpan,
Anda tidak bisa mendapatkan lebih dari itu dan tidak dapat diganti.
Waktu yang terbuang adalah waktu pergi untuk selama-lamanya.
Waktu harus digunakan pada tingkat yang sama dari 60 detik per
menit, 60 menit per jam, 24 jam sehari dan sebagainya. Meskipun
filsuf dan fisikawan mungkin tidak setuju, untuk waktu yang paling
akademisi adalah sumber daya terbatas.

Paragraf selanjutnya, penulis menjelaskan Kita tidak bisa

'mengelola' waktu. Apa yang bisa kita lakukan adalah belajar untuk
mengelola diri kita sendiri dan sumber daya lainnya dalam
kaitannya dengan waktu. Ini adalah harapan saya bahwa makalah
singkat ini dapat memberikan kontribusi bagi pengembangan
pendekatan yang memuaskan untuk menggunakan waktu untuk
meningkatkan kualitas kehidupan akademik dalam arti yang sangat
luas. Jika kita menerima pernyataan Craig McInnes 'yang "self-
regulation dalam praktek pekerjaan sehari-hari menonjol - terlepas
dari mengajar atau orientasi penelitian - sebagai fitur yang paling
khas dari karya akademis" (McInnes, 1992, hal.10) maka lebih baik
kita berada di keterampilan pengaturan diri yang lebih baik
kehidupan akademik kami mungkin.

Paragraf selanjutnya, penulis menjelaskan Semua ini mengatakan,

saya tetap akan kembali ke label 'manajemen waktu' konvensional
untuk merujuk kepada mereka sikap terkait, keterampilan dan
kemampuan yang memberikan kontribusi pada pengembangan 'self-
regulation '. Sebuah asumsi penting adalah, tentu saja, bahwa kita
 tidak pengamat pasif dari konteks kelembagaan kita berada di tetapi
peserta aktif dengan kapasitas untuk mengelola diri kita sendiri serta
untuk mempengaruhi (jika tidak berubah) kejadian di sekitar kita di
universitas kami . Hal ini, bagaimanapun, tugas yang sulit. Berquist
(1993, p.26) berpendapat bahwa kita dihadapkan dengan dunia yang
sangat tersegmentasi, dengan keragaman, tak terduga dan 'kacau'
sistem sosial di mana hal ini menjadi semakin sulit untuk
mengatakan banyak yang memiliki umumnya validitas. Dalam
dunia seperti itu, mengembangkan saran praktis tentang manajemen
waktu adalah penuh dengan kesulitan.

Paragraf selanjutnya, penulis menjelaskan Makalah ini merupakan

upaya untuk mengintegrasikan beberapa ide dengan harapan
pembaca dapat memperoleh beberapa ide dan strategi untuk
membimbing mereka melalui karir akademis mereka, untuk
membantu rekan-rekan dan siswa mereka , dan untuk berpartisipasi
dalam membentuk budaya dan praktik institusional dengan cara
yang mengatasi masalah banyak dari kita berbagi. Makalah ini
mengambil pandangan bahwa isu-isu dan Strategi dapat disusun
menjadi tiga tingkat perhatian: yang beroperasi pada tingkat sosial
dan ekonomi yang luas, masalah kelembagaan, dan isu-isu dan
strategi akhirnya pribadi. Pendekatan yang mengikuti mengacu pada
pekerjaan dari berbagai disiplin ilmu, tetapi terintegrasi di sekitar
isu-isu utama.
Pembahasan Pada bagian pembahasan, penulis membagi sub pokok bahasan
menjadi beberapa bagian, yaitu :
Masalah dan strategi :
Masalah sosial ekonomi dan strategi, Ada berbagai 'tingkatan' di
mana seseorang dapat memasuki pembahasan isu-isu yang
membentuk persepsi dan penggunaan waktu kita.
Masalah universitas dan strategi, Tidak ada kelimpahan penelitian
 tentang manajemen waktu di universitas tapi agak lebih dalam
profesi terkait erat mengajar dan administrasi sekolah yang studi
manajemen waktu dan stres
Masalah manajemen waktu pribadi dan strategi, Banyak
akademisi mengeluh bahwa mereka tidak dapat mengelola waktu
mereka secara efektif.
Rencana kehidupan dan karir, jangka panjang nilai; Hal ini
membantu untuk membedakan antara manajemen pendek dan
panjang, strategi personal jangka untuk mengelola waktu.
Dalam sub pokok bahasan diatas penulis menjelaskan dengan sangat
rinci bagaimana penelitian tersebut dilaksanakan. Pembahasan yang
dilakukan oleh penulis mudah dipahami maksud dan tujuannya oleh
pembaca .
Simpulan Pada bagian kesimpulan, penulis membuktikan dan menjelaskan
bahwa Ada banyak faktor dalam lingkungan sosial dan kelembagaan
yang meningkatkan rasa tekanan waktu pada kita semua. Karena
tradisi mereka self-regulation, akademisi mungkin memiliki
keunggulan komparatif dalam mengelola tekanan ini jika fokus
mereka bergerak dari waktu dan hal-hal untuk hubungan dan hasil.

Pada tingkat pribadi, kebutuhan akademis individu untuk

mempertimbangkan keseimbangan antara pekerjaan yang
sebenarnya dilakukan sekarang ( 'produksi') dan kapasitas untuk
melakukan pekerjaan yang berkualitas tinggi di masa depan
( 'kemampuan produksi'). Universitas aktif mendorong dan
mendukung pencapaian keseimbangan ini melalui studi penelitian
dan luar kebijakan mereka / cuti studi.

Karena banyak karya akademis terkait dengan kebutuhan dan

kepentingan orang lain, terutama siswa, perhatian khusus perlu
diberikan kepada kualitas hubungan dalam pengelolaan keseluruhan
diri. Selain itu, fokus perlu bergeser dari hanya di sini-dan-sekarang
 untuk jangka panjang dan mempertimbangkan keseimbangan antara
tujuan-tujuan dalam karir dan tujuan hidup lain yang relevan.

Tanggung jawab untuk masalah ini terletak pada individu,

departemen akademik, universitas dan serikat pekerja. Universitas
dan serikat memiliki tanggung jawab khusus untuk memastikan
peluang untuk pengembangan profesional dan mendorong
pengembangan pola kerja yang mencerminkan berbagai tahap
pengembangan karir dalam rentang kehidupan. Individu memiliki
tanggung jawab untuk melaksanakan kewajiban mereka untuk
kedua 'menghasilkan' hasil dalam berbagai peran mereka
menganggap dan untuk memastikan bahwa mereka mengambil
keuntungan yang dari kesempatan yang diberikan kepada mereka
untuk melanjutkan pertumbuhan profesional.

Kekuatan Penelitian 1. Teori dan model analisis yang diguakan tepat

2. Penulis lengkap dalam menyimpulkan keseluruhan isi dari jurnal
ini.
3. penulis sangat detail dalam memberikan hasil yang didapat dalam
melakukan penelitiannya.
Kelemahan Penelitian 1. abstrak yang ditulis kurang menyeluruh.
2. Bahasa yang digunakan oleh penulis kurang dapat dipahami
maksud dan tujuannya oleh pembaca