Influence of Social Media On Inequality and Gender Discrimination Issues On Perception of Nigerian Undergraduates

INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON INEQUALITY AND GENDER
DISCRIMINATION ISSUES ON PERCEPTION OF NIGERIAN UNDERGRADUATES
BY
BABATUNDE MICHAEL ADURAGBEMI

MC/HND/F21/3170
SUBMITTED TO:
DEPARTMENT OF MASS COMMUNICATION
SCHOOL OF COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY,
THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OFFA, KWARA STATE.
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN MASS COMMUNICATION
NOVEMBER, 2023
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CERTIFICATION
This project report titled INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON INEQUALITY AND

GENDER DISCRIMINATION ISSUES ON PERCEPTION OF NIGERIAN
UNDERGRADUATES , was prepared and submitted by Babatunde Michael Aduragbemi
(Matriculation number MC/HND/F21/3170) in partial fulfillment for the award of Higher
National Diploma (HND) of the Federal Polytechnic Offa, and is approved for its contribution to
knowledge and literary presentation.
__________________ ________________
DR. OKOJI C.T External Examiner
Project Supervisor
____________________
DR. T.O BANKOLE
Head of Department
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DEDICATION
This Research work is dedicated to Almighty GOD

To my beloved mother, Mrs Abosede Babatunde
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Let everything that has breath praise the lord (Psalm 150:6). I give thanks to Almighty
God, the Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, first and the last, the creator of all things.
My foremost appreciation goes to my parents Mr and Mrs Babatunde for their supports
and attention who inspired me to go on my own way. May God continue to be with you and
make you live long to eat the fruit of your labour.
My profound gratitude goes to my able supervisor Dr. OKOJI C.T for taking time going
through the manuscript of this research work. I remain ever grateful to you for the knowledge
impacted in me.
Also to my best of friends, Kazeem Emmanuel (Femzelee), Abioye Kemi, Oyegoke
Tolulope, Kilani Fikayomi, Oloso Bolanle, Salami oluwumi, Ajayi Juliana, Raimi Abiola, also
to my stubborn Sister Oduwale Dorcas and most supporting brother Osundeyi David, F&F
family and all the rest I couldn’t mention here, you are all one in a million, may your happiness
never cease by God’s grace.
Finally, thanks to all MC/HND/F21 set for being a wonderful family through the journey.
We all saw the challenges and stood firm to triumph over it. I love you so much
Without these amiable people my research is incomplete, they have shown me love, care, advice
also support me morally, financially, spiritually throughout my HIGHER NATIONAL
DIPLOMA program in Federal polytechnic Offa. I appreciate and love you all.
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ABSTRACT
Understanding gender inequality in social media is a challenging task due to the necessity of data
sources that can provide large-scale measurements across multiple countries. This study focused
on the influence of social media on gender inequality and gender discrimination issues. The
Objectives of the study were to: (i) examine the level of awareness of gender inequality and
discrimination on social media; (ii) investigate public perception on gender inequality and gender
discrimination issues; (iii) examine social media assessment on gender inequality and gender
discrimination; (iv) ascertain how social media have influence public perception on gender
inequality.
Survey research method was employed in this study. The population of the study were youths in
Offa, Kwara state Nigeria. A sample size of 400 respondents was drawn purposely from the
population using Taro Yamane formula.
Findings revealed that: (i) there is strong agreement on social media assessing gender inequality
and gender discrimination issues; (ii) there is high level of awareness on gender inequality and
gender discrimination on social media; (iii) the publics agree that social media influence public
perception on gender inequality; (iv) there is high usage of social media among youths
The study concluded that there is high usage of social media among the youths. The study
recommended that it will be a laudable effort if there is high level of awareness on gender
inequality and gender discrimination on social media; a lot still need to be done to make the
public understand their takes on these issues. It was recommended that not only social media
should influence gender inequality and gender discrimination; and there should be highly
sensitive campaign on gender inequality and gender discrimination.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
CERTIFICATION
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectivity of the Study
1.4 Research Question
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Scope of the Study
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conceptual Framework
2.2.1 The Concept Gender
2.2.2 The concept of gender inequality
2.2.3 Causes of Gender Inequality
2.2.4 Media and Gender Stereotyping
2.3 Social Media and Gender Inequality Issues
2.3.1 Gender Inequality and Discrimination among women in Nigeria
2.3.2 Socio-Cultural and Political Factors of Gender Discrimination
2.4 Empirical Review
2.5 Theoretical Review
2.6 Summary of the Literature Review
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CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Population of the Study
3.3 Sample Size
3.4 Sampling Techniques
3.4 Instrument for Data Collection
3.5 Method of Data Collection
3.6 Method of Data Analysis
3.7 Validity/Reliability of Instrument
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Data Presentation and Analysis base on Research Questions
4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
LIST OF TABLES
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA RESPONSES
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of The Study
In recent times, with the development of information communication technology, social

media, a way of information transmission, has experienced a dramatically increasing use in
recent years. The youth is one of the groups who regard social media as a way of living and a
way of organizing personal activities. There are many arguments on social media claiming
women contribute less than men in the workplace, or it is a bad thing for women to be educated
well.
Social media is defined as online platforms which provide users to create and share their
opinions with their friends or other individuals through pictures, videos or texts, including
Wechat, Weibo, and TikTok. It plays a more and more critical role in our world today, and the
number of its users has been increasing rapidly in recent years. It even becomes a daily routine
for many individuals who might spend most of their time a day using those social media apps.
Social media are Internet-based channels that allow users to opportunistically interact and
selectively self-present, either in real-time or asynchronously, with both broad and narrow
audiences who derive value from user generated content and the perception of interaction with
others.
However, Gender is "a concept used to point out the roles created socially for women and
men and learnt behavior expectations" (Ecevit, 2003: 83). When we look at the historical
background of the concept, we see that it has emerged due to the inequalities existing in the
societies and perception of woman as a secondary being. Gender covers the hierarchical
structuring between men and women in terms of utilization of power, wealth and other resources.
Therefore, the gender stratification, which is unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege,
has become one of the fields discussed in the social sciences in the recent years (Macionis, 2013.
p. 328). Meanwhile, it was accepted that the gender differences stem from biological difference,
and in the second approach, socialization and learnt gender roles were emphasized, and it was
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marked that gender has a central role in many fields from daily life such as family, law,
development and education in all class and patriarchal societies (Ecevit et al., 2011, p. 4).
Meanwhile the concept of gender inequality refers to woman's being at secondary

position in social life, social, economic, political fields, and having less place compared to men.
In the historical process, place of women has been restricted to the private sphere (home) in all
cultures, their presence in public sphere has become possible as a result of the challenges which
have lasted for many years, and which are still going on.
Also, gender inequality is not normal in the daily life and workplaces of individuals. In
terms of daily life, gender issues show their impact on their interactions with people’s
perceptions and behaviors. According to Lorber, gender is constructed by social interactions and
cultures in society, including gender signs and gender signals. Meanwhile, the social interactions.
individual behaviors and perceptions are also underpinned by the construction of gender issues
and media
An online social network can be defined as a type of virtual community that consists of
people who share a similar interest. These communities are able to interact with one another
almost instantaneously whether they are separated geographically or not (Johnston et al, 2013).
The growth and popularity of social media means that is has surpassed its original purpose of
being a personal connectivity channel between friends to becoming an essential strategic
business tool. Social media is a set of collective channels for online communications sources
dedicated to varieties of input, communication, sharing and collaboration. It is especially based
on Websites, applications, blogging, social networking, social bookmarking, and wikis are the
different types of social media.
Social media has huge influence on people, women's knowledge about media and access
to and control over the various forms of conventional and modern media is still limited in most
societies. The increase in the participation and access of women to self-expression and decision-
making through the media and new technologies of communication is in a way empowering
woman. The powerful and positive role that the media can play in the empowerment of women
and gender equality should be supported and further explored.
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Over the past decade, the media landscape has dramatically changed with social media
outlets such as blogs, online discussion forums, and online communities now supplementing
traditional media outlets such as newspapers, magazines, and television programs. Social media
are new information network and information technology using a form of communication
utilizing interactive and user-produced content, and interpersonal relationships are created and
maintained. Social media is becoming an agent of change. It is changing the way information is
communicated to and from people around the world. Its use is increasing day by day with high
rate in all over the world. Social media has proven potential for mobilizing attention and
Accountability to women's rights, and challenging discrimination and stereotypes. It has proved
to be a powerful vehicle for bringing women's rights issues to the attention of a wider public.
galvanizing action on the streets of cities around the world and encouraging policy makers to
step up commitments to gender equality.
The explosion of social media, Cyber feminism and unprecedented use by women of new
technologies represents important opportunities to bring gender equality and women's rights
issues to the forefront of both policy making and media attention, India ranks second in usage of
Facebook and third in Twitter. These social networking sites not only pave a way for
communicating across the globe but they have played a major role in empowering women.
encouraging the civic participation among women in Western, Middle East and Asian countries.
1.2 Statement of The Problem
According to a psychological study of gender discrimination of gender inequality

problems caused by the separate reports women could produce the feeling of isolation, while
women spontaneously form a discussion group on Weibo, to discuss, which can attract a
common experience of women to join, produce the feeling of attention, and improve women
happy and well-being. It's a plausible result, but when compared to discrimination on social
media, fleeting happiness isn't enough. Because, more rooted in a patriarchal society,
discrimination is also unimpeded on social media. The open Internet has shattered the traditional
"celebrity image" of people like professors as knowledgeable, open-minded and forward-
thinking people. These idealized images are disintegrating, with occasional jaw-dropping
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remarks by some professors. It is precise because social media has infiltrated our social lives
with such ferocity that we should pay attention to it.
Meanwhile, a repetitive use of notorious gender stereotypes (such as showing women

only as careers of the family or as sexual objects) affects the public's perception of reality. The
stereotypes are everywhere. It is a problem that individuals, non-governmental organizations,
mass media and governments at all levels have given a great deal of attention to Many people
and groups have put forward what constitutes gender disparity. For Musami (2010), gender
disparity or inequality could be equated to the violations of certain rights or privileges of persons
because of their sex. She further states that it connotes the capacity to deny or deprive any person
the essence of fair judgment, violation of the principle of sagacity by reason of arbitrary
concession to the other sex. This means that gender disparity is the obvious or hidden bias,
disproportion or imbalance due to sex. Put differently, it is the discrimination of whatever sort
melted out against a particular person or group of persons based on their sexual category.
Gender Inequality or disparity occurs in education, in the workplace where there are
income disparities finked to job stratification and at home where there are gender roles in
parenting and marriage. In the latter, it can be said that gender roles develop through
internalization and identification during childhood. It also manifests in politics and other facets
of life due largely or embedded in the over-bearing patriarchal system of existence.
However, social media is emerging as an alternative media as a platform to share and

raise the voice of women when their voice is restricted. People are joining Cyber hands to help
women and share their voices in each and every protest against gender inequality. The subject of
empowering women is now being linked to social media as it is emerging as a powerful tool for
awareness and action. Empowerment of women is necessary for a bright future of the women,
family, society and country so as to make them take their own decisions for personal growth. For
a long time, voice of women is restricted and it can be made loud by way of social media Online
presence in social media is providing women with new freedom, independence and control,
liberty, and empowerment like never before. It helps them to try things that were impossible in
the real scenario, Social networking offers more of an opportunity to network and get to know
people and places. Women can no more be lost. Nor does she have to depend on others to carry
out her requirements. Social Media is posing questions and answering questions that could raise
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and suggests solutions for every search of hers. It can really turnout to be a friend indeed that
gives her both intellectual and emotional company without having to lose her identity. The more
women use social media, the more she will benefit from it as well.
1.3 Objective of The Study
This research will be guided by the following objectives:
1. To examine the level of awareness of gender inequality and gender discrimination on

social media
2. To investigate public perception on gender inequality and gender discrimination issues
3. To examine social media assessment on gender inequality and gender discrimination
4. To ascertain how social media have influence public perception on gender inequality.
5. To investigate public assessment on gender inequality and gender discrimination issues
1.4 Research Question
1. What is the level of awareness of gender inequality and gender discrimination on social
media?
2. What is the perception of the public on gender inequality and gender discrimination
issues?
3. What is the assessment of social media on gender inequality and gender discrimination?
4. How do social media influence public perception on gender inequality?
5. 3. What is the assessment of the public on gender inequality and gender discrimination
issues?
1.5 Significance of The Study
A dictum for this study as highlighted above in the study objectives is aimed at
examining "gender inequality and gender discrimination issues on social media: a study of public
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perception and assessment" It identified and measured the views and general impression of the
public on their perception base on gender discrimination.
This study tends to influence how both genders will have say in their professional lives
which will leverage to building a framework for the policy that will translate into reducing
gender inequality and gender discrimination.
Meanwhile, the government will get the opportunity with this finding to make policies or
decisions that will further help both genders and will create a well divine empowerment for
females
Also, this study will help to identify how social media have either influence gender
inequality positively or negative and how it entire public perceive the influence to be
Lastly, it will contribute greatly to the academic community by providing insight on how
male and female gender are being treated to some certain ends and how they get access to
different opportunities, interested scholars can thus, build on findings of this study.
1.6 Scope of the study
This study sought to investigate the perception of audience on gender inequality and
gender discrimination issues on social media. However, the public in focus for this study will be
youths in Offa, Kwara State
1.7 Operational definition of terms
Assessment: the action of assessing someone or something
Discrimination: the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people,

especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability
Gender inequality: discrimination on the basis of sex or gender causing one sex, or gender to
be routinely privileged or prioritized over another
Issues: an important topic or problem for debate or discussion
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Public perception: the type of information obtained from a public opinion survey
Social media: websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or
to participate in social networking.
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CHAPTER TWO
LITRATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Literature review, according to Oyewole and Olorede (2014:39) is basically a summary of what
the academic literature reveals about the subject under investigation. Researchers are to know
that literatures are many but they are to review only those that are available and closely related to
their studies alone.
This chapter positions the study within existing researches and provides a framework for
understanding gender inequality and gender discrimination issues on social media: a study of
public perception and assessment. This chapter reviews the relevant literatures that are pertinent
to the topic of this study.
It is important to review literature because it shows what previous researchers have

discovered. It is usually quite long and primarily depending upon how much research has
previously been done in the area you are planning to investigate (Oyewole and
Olorede,2014:39).
2.2 Conceptual Framework
For better understanding of our discussion, we begin this section with conceptual clarifications
2.2.1 The Concept of Gender
Gender is "a concept used to point out the roles created socially for women and men and
learnt behavior expectations" (Ecevit, 2003: 83). When we look at the historical background of
the concept, we see that it has emerged due to the inequalities existing in the societies and
perception of woman as a secondary being. Gender covers the hierarchical structuring between
men and women in terms of utilization of power, wealth and other resources. Therefore, the
gender stratification, which is unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege, has become
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one of the fields discussed in the social sciences in the recent years. The gender perspective
looks at the impact of gender on people's opportunities, social roles and interactions. Successful
implementation of the policy, programme and project goals of international and national
organizations is directly affected by the impact of gender and, in turn, influences the process of
social development. Gender is an integral component of every aspect of the economic, social,
daily and private lives of individuals and societies, and of the different roles ascribed by society
to men and women.
Sex refers to the permanent and immutable biological characteristics common to

individuals in all societies and cultures, while gender defines traits forged throughout the history
of social relations. Gender, although it originates in objective biological divergences, goes far
beyond the physiological and biological specifics of the two sexes in terms of the roles each is
expected to play. Gender differences ate social constructs, inculcated on the basis of a specific
society's particular perceptions of the physical differences and the assumed tastes, tendencies and
capabilities of men and women. Gender differences, unlike the immutable characteristics of sex,
are universally conceded in historical and comparative social analyses to be variants that are
transformed over time and from one culture to the next, as societies change and evolve
Gender relations are accordingly defined as the specific mechanisms whereby different
cultures determine the functions and responsibilities of each sex. They also determine access to
material resources, such as land, credit and training, and more ephemeral resources, such as
power. The implications for everyday life are many, and include the division of labour, the
responsibilities of family members inside and outside the home, education and opportunities for
professional advancement and a voice in policy-making.
Men were considered to be noble, decisive, independent, dignified, generous, and able to
protect others; able to face difficulties, ready to take risks and to conquer, thirsty for freedom and
willing to sacrifice. Interviewees said that men have broader knowledge and understanding than
women that they are often successful and hold important positions in society, and that men
represent all that is beautiful and strong. Contrary to men, women are defined by their role in the
household
Men are encouraged to pay attention to what they consider "great" or "important"
matters, while women should manage such "trivial" matters as keeping the home and clothes
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clean, the household fed, the children taken care of, and so on Neither men nor women
considered the societal contributions of women through their daily household tasks important
Men are expected to persist in the face of failure, but the idea that men cannot acknowledge
failure would suggest the importance of involving women in decision-making.
After all, strength is only part of what is needed in making good decisions, and women's
ability to compromise and reflect on their errors would presumably balance well with men's
assertiveness. Men are considered generous in behaviour and social relations, and even in
wasting money and time. When a man does not have a generous character, he is considered not
only a narrow-minded person, but also a dangerous one. While it is good for a woman to be
frugal, it is considered unacceptable in men, men have the right to waste money partly because
they have the ability to earn it. Naturally the very different expectations of men and women in
this regard, and women's concerns about maintaining the family on the husband's income, cause
much conflict.
Many men consider freedom to be a male prerogative. Men are considered to be clumsy.
to not know how to care for others, and to have no knowledge of cooking. They are thus
exempted from domestic duties. At the same time, women are given little credit for possessing
these skills. Just as there is great peer pressure on men to go out drinking and gambling, so there
is great pressure on women not to object to those characteristically male activities Peer pressure
also means that men who actually wish to stay home and help their wives find it very difficult to
do so. Gender training starts young with boys learning, among other things, to be independent
and generous/extravagant, and girls to be family-oriented, eager to sacrifice, and careful with
money.
2.2.2 The concept of gender inequality
Gender inequality refers to woman's being at secondary position in social lite, social,
economic, political fields, and having less place compared to men. In the historical process, place
of women has been restricted to the private sphere (home) in all cultures, their presence in public
sphere has become possible as a result of the challenges which have lasted for many years, and
which are still going on. In the studies conducted after 1980, gender is evaluated together with
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the "gender roles". Media has an important role in both visibility and reproduction of gender
discrimination. In our age named as the communication age, we confront the social sharing sites,
where gender roles and stereotype judgments are discussed with all their aspects, and which are
designated also as new public sphere and new media, as the spaces where increasingly more
participants share their opinions and comments within the framework of their own lifestyles and
worldview.
Due to the reasons that access is available at every hour of the day, people are allowed to
freely express their real identities besides their idealized personalities, data and information flow
is very fast, new media has reached a more advantageous position compared to other mass media
2.2.3 Causes of Gender Inequality
Gender inequality describes the perception or treatment of individuals on the basis of

their sex. In other words, it manifests hierarchically because it regards women as inferior or of
lesser value compared men from early centuries, men have been considered to dominate over
women, an act that has slowly changed over time but it is still widespread Although women are
predominantly the main focus of gender inequality, men from less developed countries have also
become victims of this act. On the contrary, gender equality expresses beliefs, attitudes,
behaviors and policies that display equity in provision and valuing of opportunities for both men
and women Gender inequality results from differences in socially constructed gender roles,
cultural and political beliefs, and religious beliefs,
The first reason that regards men and women as unequal is tradition and culture Both
men and women are tied to the structure of the society with beliefs that a woman should embrace
their role as mothers and wives hence excludes them from highly paid employments and
leadership opportunities. Also, the traditional division of labor excludes men from home making
and child caring, roles they consider to belong to a woman, it is worth nothing that most
traditional based societies prefer having a son over a daughter, In Korea, India and China, at least
9 girls considered missing for every 100 that are born. Couples that have two or three daughters
are more likely to have another child compared to couples with the same number of sons.
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Consequently, this leads to an imbalanced society that considers men to be more important than
women
Secondly, women have less legal rights and power to make decisions compared to men in
all social areas. For instance, the case of developing countries that inheritance and ownership
laws favor men more compared to women and this in turn affects the financial resources they
own, Politically, a century ago women had no rights to vote for their preferred leaders hence they
had less voice in polices and this lead to an imbalance in women representation. However, the
trend is dying as more developed countries have embraced the aspect of women representation in
politics so that they are able to voice their opinions. In some countries, there are laws and
customs that restrict the number of children a woman can have hence this takes control away
from the woman. Therefore, women have less voice even on matters that concern their bodies
and politics compared to men.
Additionally, the workforce mostly favors men over women. It is worth nothing that
women take time off their work to be the primary caregiver of children hence this causes
employment lapses as they start over when they re-enter the workforce. Furthermore, they tend
have less continuity in their work because on average they retire earlier than men (Gayle,
Golan.2008), Women also tend to earn less because the traditional women roles tend to pass
lesser than the men roles (Babcock, Laschever, 2003) Women are also less likely to be promoted
than men because the it is socially acceptable to move families for the sake of the man's job plus
men tend to have more willingness to move compared to women.
In developing countries, women get fewer chances to education compared to men

Majorly, this is because the return investment from educating a girl is considered to be of low
value compared to educating a boy. Although social returns from an educated boy and girl are
equal, more social returns are expected from the boy than the girl, hence, parents prefer to
educate the boy over the girl. Biased education curriculum makes girls less competitive in
science subjects while they excel in economics and home-based subjects, in brief, the education
system fails to cater for both genders equally hence, brings gender inequality
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2.2.4 Media and Gender Stereotyping
Gender stereotype are not inflexible like a barometer, stereotype change to reflect both
societal and culture values this research set out to study current gender stereotype in four popular
magazines (Marie Claire, go, shape and men's health). The advertising was categorized into
gender specific and gender-neutral adverts
According to Wood, (2005) gender roles in the media from the moment they are born and
wrapped in a pink and blue blanket, a child's gender is unmistaken from this point on, they will
continuously be bombarded with the socialization into their gender by many source One of the
main sources of this socialization is media, more specifically television. Images of gender in the
media, finding a simple or concrete definition of gender may be near impossible gender roles are
what men and women learn and internalize as the way they are supposed to act. These roles are
commonly thought of natural rather than a construction of culture. The male gender as
performance in beer Advertising Aaron Devor in becoming members of society fearing the social
meaning of gender argues that gender is a performance. He supports his argument by recognizing
how society rewards, tolerate, or punishes conformity to or divergence from social norms widely
accepted behavior set by society. If a male fell into the expected characterization of dominance
and aggression or female fails to act out passivity and submission, they are at high risk of society
punishment. Michael Messner and jittery Montex explain that contemporary beer advert
represents a desirable male life style to reaffirm masculinity in a time when men are insecure.
A recent UNSECO report (2009) states "all the current state of progress in stereotyping
women, it takes time for women to achieve gender equality in the Nigeria Television Authority".
Advertising on female sexually to sell their products they tend to under value men and young
girls. The research centre organized a workshop on gender Nigerian Television Authority (NTA)
and development in Vietnam (2003) whereby the role of the Nigeria Television Authority in
propagating gender equality and explored models and experience that promote the active
participation of communities in their own development and also in promoting gender equality in
Akpugo community in Nkanu West Local Government Area Enugu State. The director of
(CGFED), Dr. Le Thinham Tuyet gave empowering women, Cheaphalline, vice director of the
national radio of Cambodia do not reflect the contribution of women to overall development of
the country, rather than continue to be stereotyped as objects for entertainment and adornment
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equally the Cambodia media have failed to fulfill their potential reducing poverty and
contributing to the rural poor, by giving them programmes that promote sustainable development
and poverty alleviation, nor da the media work towards eradicating violence against women
Most recently in Cambodia the media has an opportunity to mitigate domestic violence
by giving wide publicity to the law against domestic violence enacted by the government, yet
they failed to do so. UNSECO's global action to promote gender action to promote gender
equality in the media (women try to make the news, 2008) writes on the result of the global
media monitoring project conducted in 1995, 2000 and 2005 which found little positive change
in selected indicator of gender bias in news media in the context of news making, in news
content and in journalistic practice, gender bias and negative gender stereotyping have persistent
throughout the ten years’ period. The GMMP of 2005 in particular found that worsen are
dramatically underrepresented in the news, only 20% of news subjects are female and women's
voice are rarely heard in topics that dominate the and agenda. UNESCO (2008) global action to
promote gender equality in the media campaign according to UNSECO campaign (2008) choose
women's untold stories are as the theme due 26 to the fact that in most countries the way women
are portrayed in the number of women working in the Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) us
editor, journalist, correspondents, news readers and presenter, Three international media
monitoring action on women in the media coordinated by the world association for Christian
communication 1995, 2000, and 2005 respectively, revealed that perspective on women as
unrealistically glamorous or as a victims of abuse, notably of sexual abuse. Female journalists
are best placed to show case the work day challenges and successes of women and UNESCO is
inviting the world's media organization to help them to do this in their coverage on 8th march
2008.9 women make the news (2008) is a challenging opportunity to promote gender equality in
newsroom by applying the principles of equal opportunity while maintaining the highest
journalist standard
Cultural stereotype
Cultural stereotypes are engrained in both men and women and these stereotypes are
possible explanation for gender equality and resulting gendered age disparity. Women have
traditionally been viewed as being caring and nurturing and are designated to occupation which
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require such skills. While these skills are culturally valued. They were typically associated with
domesticity, so occupation requesting these skills are economically valued men have
traditionally been viewed as the bread winner or the workers, so jobs held by men have been
historically economically valued and occupation predominated by men continue to be
economically valued and pay higher wages.
2.3 Social media and gender inequality issues
Nowadays, various social media such as Weibo, wechat, twitter and facebook give many
women a very good platform to express their views and opinions. You can see that many
websites and accounts dedicated to promoting women's rights are maturing. It is worth noting
that some media will greatly reduce the living space of women if they focus on women's private
parts and external images and origin in their creation. To be sure, social media is a big deal. On
the one hand, social media plays a strong role in breaking female stereotypes, which is conducive
to improving women's status. On the other hand, if improper promotion is carried out through the
current controversial topic, it will have a great negative impact. Therefore, good use of social
media, a strong voice of positive energy, truly speaks for women, and help citizens to establish
gender equality awareness
However, the more relaxed the environment we face, the more vigilant they need to be
When "media" and public accounts frequently publish articles defending women's rights, the
public needs to raise their vigilance. Also be wary of social networks that directly advise women
on how to stand up for their rights. Because in the age of social media, people can't accurately
determine whether they really care about women's rights. Maybe media are more interested in
how many clicks they get, how many rewards they get and how many emotions they stir up. A
lot of sexism is blatantly posted on social media, which reinforces gender inequality m society.
According to a psychological study of gender discrimination of gender inequality

problems caused by the separate reports women could produce the feeling of isolation, while
women spontaneously form a discussion group on Weiho, to discuss, which can attract a
common experience of women to join, produce the feeling of attention, and improve women
happy and well-being. It's a plausible result, but when compared to discrimination on social
22
media, fleeting happiness isn't enough. Because, more rooted in a patriarchal society,
discrimination is also unimpeded on social media. The open Internet has shattered the traditional
celebrity image of people like professors as knowledgeable, open-minded and forwardthinking
people. These idealized images are disintegrating, with occasional jaw-dropping remarks by
some professors. It is precise because social media has infiltrated our social lives with such
ferocity that we should pay attention to it.
Also, social media have been dominated by men since its inception and even today the
apparatus of bias and gender inequality is written all over the establishment. Anyanwu, (2001)
expressed the view that very little attention is given to real life issues that shape the quality of
living, things that dominate the minds and hearts of the populace. Women issues belong to a
genre of information considered light weight she concluded. This is an indictment of the
Nigerian media. Thus, publications that feature women in large numbers are easily branded
women's publication note Anyanwu, (2001). The media continues to be selective in the nature of
news carried and covered relegating and obscuring women issues. The visibility of women in
elected offices observed Anyanwu, (2001) is relatively low in spite of the number of women in
prominent capacities. The media is eager to put women's picture on the cover page of the
newspaper for her beauty and elegance to sell newspapers but always short of substance where
the women voices are to be heard.
Anyanwu (2001) lamented that the silence of women on national issues gives an
impression that women do not care about things happening around them. She went on to say that
some females' assembly members have complained the press has always short changed them
even when they grant interviews. The end result is that; these prominent women are either
grossly misquoted or they are not reported. This one-sided view of media seriously undermines
and cast doubts on whether Nigerian media practitioners take into considerations, the functions
of the media within the structure of society.
It must be noted that the media serve as a watchdog and serve as the eyes and ears of
those that are not where news event occur. The media in Nigeria failed to call a spade a spade
and thus failed woefully in the marginalization of women issues in the press. By all account the
media must be fair, accurate, balanced and objective Women should not have to go out of their
way to engage with the news media for adequate coverage. It is the duty and obligation of the
23
media to cover all issues without reservation. If the media continues to engage in this selective
coverage and reporting, then the trust placed in the media could very well go into oblivion.
Media coverage of women issues in Nigeria has been unimpressive. The growing criticism of the
media is borne out of the need to improve on news coverage and reporting hence to be fair and
accurate. The question of whether Nigerian media practitioners are fulfilling their roles as the
mouth piece of the people dedicated to looking at all issues without predetermined notion of
relegating one gender in preference to the other is questionable. Thus, it will be wrong to say that
the work of journalist unimportant in a democratic society. The fact remains that the Nigerian
media practitioners are not living up to par and will seriously be ineffective if a segment of the
Nigerian society is unheard
2.3.1 Gender Inequality and Discrimination Among Women in Nigeria Women and
Education
Education is said to be a vehicle that break the shackles of poverty thereby leading to
transformation, development and progress (Ikoni,2009). With the 2005 MDGs first deadline for
attainment of gender parity in primary and secondary schools' enrolment already missed, the
ability of women and girls to empower themselves economically and socially by going to school,
or by engaging in productive and civic activities is still being constrained by their responsibility
for everyday tasks in the household division of labour (CEC Report 2007).
Flowever, Omolewa (2002) shows that this inequality has its root in the colonial system
of education which was primarily geared toward meeting the manpower need of the colonial
government that obviously alienated women from educational and economic opportunities.
Women in Nigeria are harder-hit than men by poverty due to the nonchalant emphasis placed on
female education, and the prevalence of early marriage which tend to further impoverish the
womenfolk, and subject them to statutory discrimination (Ojo 2002).
Lack of education has been a strong visible barrier to female participation in the formal
sector. The social pressures on females such as early marriages, and other extraneous factors as
well as consideration of female education as secondary to that of boys and certain inhibitive
religious practices in some parts of Nigeria are the major causes of the high illiteracy rate
24
amongst women. As the impact of teenage pregnancy and early marriage makes abundantly
clear, girls are at a double disadvantage in educational access, especially in the north, where
these practices are most widespread (NDHS,2003).
Education gives women the opportunity to be less dependent on men and to have more
control over their sexual and reproductive health, often resulting in fewer births and a greater
spacing between births, which is both healthier for mother and child. Where women lack
education and information about family planning and have a low social status, there is a much
higher prevalence of unintended pregnancies; the biggest risk factor associated with this being
unsafe abortions
Generally, the girl child educational opportunities tend to be circumscribed by patriarchal

attitudes about gender roles, which result in some parents attaching greater importance to the
education of boys than girls. This is always the likelihood when the parents lack resources to
enroll all children in school in some families, investing in girls’ education is regarded as
investing for the benefit of the family she will eventually marry into, unlike in the case of boys
This argument holds in particular for higher education, which involves greater expenditure and is
seen to be less necessary for females whose main role will be in home keeping and child bearing
Women and Politics
The Nigerian constitutions guaranteed the rights of women to participate in active

politics, however, the last decade has witnessed a relative increase in women's participation.
This is only when we measure increase in participation with certain standards like the
number of women who vote in elections, the member of public officers held by one of on related
passes implemented by government etc.
Over the years, there has been a remarkable increase in women's participation in politics
in Nigeria considering these standards, yet there is inherently a pronounced level of under
representation of women in politics when compared with their male counterparts (Nkechi, 1996).
Women's aspiration to participate in governance is premised on the following ground, that
women in Nigeria represent half of the population and hence should be allowed a fair share in
25
decision-making and the governance of the country. Secondly that all human beings are equal
and women possess the same rights as men to participate in governance and public life
2.3.2 Socio-cultural and political factors of gender discrimination
Since the advent of colonialism in Africa, women have always been exposed to varying
forms of discrimination due to the sample fact of their 'femaleness', which ought to have been
understood on the bases of its mutual usefulness (Obbo 2005). It is observed that most African
countries have not had specific laws or policies to stem the tide of gender disparity. However, the
colonial hegemonic philosophy, dependent political ideology and identifiable socio-economic
exigencies are seen as factors aiding the prevailing distinctions between men and women in our
society (Adeniran 2006).
Socio-Cultural Factors
Indeed, to a considerable extent, gender has been a subsidiary issue in Nigerian society.
The traditional social structures have been offering limited incentives for amending the existing
distribution of power between men and women. As observed by Nmadu (2000), the Nigerian
society (pre-modern and contemporary) has been significantly dotted with peculiar cultural
practices that are potently inimical to women's emancipation, such as curly/forced marriage,
wife-inheritance and widowhood practices.
Moreover, to Bhavani et al (2003) such unequal social and gender relations needs to be
transformed in order to take women out of want and poverty. As daughter’s self-identity as
females with their mother and sisters, and sorts as mules with their father and brothers, gender
stereotyping becomes institutionalized within the family unit (Haraway 1991). Also, the
dominant narratives of religion in both colonial and post-colonial Nigerian societies indeed
privileges men at the detriment of women, even in educational accessibility. As such, our society
remains entrapped in "history of analogy whereby it is either eroticized, or simply represented as
part of European history (Mamdani 1996). CEDAW articles (1979), therefore, acknowledge that
26
whatever sociocultural norms that deny women equal rights with men will also render women
more vulnerable to physical, sexual and mental abuse.
The subordinate status of women vis-à-vis men is a universal phenomenon, though with a
difference in the nature and extent of subordination across countries, Gender role ideology does
not only create duality of femininity and masculinity, it also places them in hierarchal fashion in
which female sex is generally valued less than male sex because of their socially ascribed roles
in reproductive sphere
The gender status quo is maintained through low resource allocation to women's human
development by the state, society and the family. This is reflected in the social indicators which
reflect varying degrees of gender disparities in education, health, employment, ownership of
productive resources and polities in all countries.
Additionally, gender is mediated through class, caste and ethnicity that structure access to
resources and opportunities. The socio-cultural dependence of women is one of the key
detrimental factors to their political participation in public political domain. Women also find it
hard to participate in politics due to limited time available to them because of their dual roles in
the productive and reproductive spheres. With their primary roles as mothers and wives and
competing domestic responsibilities and care work, they are left with little time to participate in
politics.
Political Factors
The nature of politics is an important factor for the inclusion of exclusion of women in
politics. Vicky Randall defines politics as an "articulation, or working out of relationship within
an already given power structure", which is in contrast with the traditional view of politics that
defines it as an activity, a conscious, deliberate participation in the process by which resources
are allocated among citizens. This conception of politics restricts political activity only in public
arena and the private sphere of family life is rendered as apolitical. This public-private
dichotomy in traditional definition of polities is used to exclude women from public political
sphere and even when women are brought into politics they are entered as mothers and wives.
Male domination of politics, political parties and culture of formal political structures is another
27
factor that hinders women's political participation. Often male dominated political parties have a
male perspective on issues of national importance that disillusions women as their perspective is
often ignored and not reflected in the politics of their parties.
Also, women are usually not elected at the position of power within party structures
because of gender biases of male leadership. The society frowns at women keeping late at night,
most political meetings and gathering usually ran into the mid-nights, especially when one is
actively involved and wants to vie for a political post. As a mother, with children and husband at
home, it is usually not easy. It important to also mention that most successful women in politics
are those with supportive husbands, those who have become husbands, those without husbands,
and those who are through with childbearing, those who have mingled with the military.
daughters of past politicians/leaders. Specific names were mentioned, including: Dora Akunyili
(supportive husband) lyabo Obasanjo (divorcee and daughter of the past president), Condoleezza
Rice, (single lady), Sara Jubril (widowed), Hillary Clinton (wife of former president). These
names were mentioned by the majority of the respondents sampled. It goes a long a way in
showing that women are actually in the known about the trend of women participation in politics
irrespective of the odds against them.
Politics in Nigeria has been described as a terrain meant for the hardened (Akinola,
2009), and where candidates cannot fund elections themselves without recourse to godfatherism
(Soyinka, 2004) Godfatherism involves a patron-client or servant-master relationship which
cannot be free of violence, especially in the area of controversies where a candidate fails to
comply with earlier agreed negotiations and contracts. Politics of godfatherism hardly favours
women. No women, can stand the resultant consequence of not yielding to the godfathers’
demands, as we have seen in Oyo and Anambra states Electioneering in Nigeria has been
characterized by violence, electoral irregularities and various criminal activities. However, the
continuous campaign for women to be actively involved in the democratic process has yielded
little compare to the increasing member of women heading key positions in another domain. The
larger democratic framework and level of democratization also impact women's political
participation Secular democracies in Europe and also in some of the developing countries have
created relatively more space for women's participation in politics as compared to countries
where religious orthodoxy has been shaping politics and democracy. Ake (1996) claims that the
28
surrogate post-independence political elite deliberately weakened women organizations hitherto
involved in active agitation for liberation by enhancing the militarization of the policy, and
increasing the statist of the economy. As observed by Mama (1997), gender blindness has meant.
that until recently the differential impact of colonialism on African men and women has not been
taken into consideration
2.4 Empirical Review
In a study titled "Media (Mis) Representation of the Nigerian Woman as a Product of the
Society" carried out by Floribert P. &Obonganwan, E, it argues that the misrepresentation of
women in the Nigerian mass media is more a product of gender-relation among other dynamics
in the Nigerian society. Media contents are most often fine-tuned according to societal beliefs
and realities so as to appear realistic/believable, appealing to audiences’ emotions and ultimately
to win audiences consensus. The paper argues and concludes that a more promising approach to
the eradication of women stereotyping and misrepresentations in the Nigerian media should
therefore not only consider media's androcentric configurations and predispositions but start
from revolutionary social changes in favor of women's emancipation in the other ideological
state apparatuses (family, education, religion, law among others) which, to a great extent,
seriously control the media of mass communication and determine their output:
Andrey Shastri (2022) conducted a study on the topic "Gender Inequality and Women
Discrimination" He identified that men and Women are two wheels of a cart. Female of our
country have faced the discrimination throughout the ages now and still to be continued till today
and still exist in various forms. Usually, discrimination is influenced by cultural norms and
tradition, religion region etc. Biologically and sociologically both are assigned different role.
Physically a female role is to look after house, children, family, and relatives and on the other
hand men are made for bread earner, for hardship and for struggle for earning. Well, all these
thinking made out women weaker and deprived from basic things. Both are equal in human right.
Women are discriminated in this male dominating society. As a result, most of women are
unable to understand their own right and freedom. They are not free in this so called
"SOCIETY", Thus discrimination not only hamper women future but also impedes the country
growth.
29
Also contributing to the body of the study Dr. K. Darmodaran (2022) identified that the
issues faced by the women. Discrimination starts for women from birth itself Female focticide is
high in India among other countries due to preference for mate kids, and the people are reluctant
to have female kids due to dowry. Most of the girls are dropped at the school level and could not
bring education to all despite various government schemes. Currently, the Government has raised
the age of women to 21 as eligible for marriage. This change aims to avoid early marriage, allow
girls to go for higher education, and make them independent. In terms of health, 70 per cent of
females could not take care of their health in India compared to males. The Nigeria Constitution
has the principle of 'equal pay for equal work, but the issue is too severe in the informal sector.
Violence against women is a significant threat, but they bear all the pain to safeguard their fives
and kids. They must put forward their issue before legislation and violence can end. The
Government must create broad awareness about the bill, reservation and educating the women
alone can bring an end to the gender discrimination
Furthermore, Desmond Ekeh (2021) illustrate in his study titled "Media and Gender Inequality in
Nigerian" r investigates the role of the media in promoting gender discrimination and inequality
in Nigerian politics. It argues that the male domination of Nigerian politics, which reproduces
gender inequality, is anchored on societal patriarchy as a cultural logic, but. orchestrated and
reinforced by media stereotypical portrayal of female politicians as unequal with their male
counterparts in the Nigerian political sphere. The study uses a corpus of sociological and media
communication theories to advance the argument that the media reinforce the cultural-patriarchal
social structure which narratives" women as subordinates, weak, inferior and subservient to their
male counterparts; and this engenders gender inequality and affects how the society perceives
women and their participation in polities. It examines media coverage of the 2015 presidential
election in Nigeria, with the aim to compare the level of coverage given to the female
presidential candidate in contradistinction to the male candidates. It content analyzed two
purposively selected national newspapers in Nigeria (HISDAY and The Guardian. The study
examined data generated from news mentions in these two newspapers for a specific period of 28
days in proximity to the election. It concludes that media role affected how the electorate
perceives the female candidate in the election.
30
Also, a research on the topic Dr. Himashree Patowary (2022) investigated that Gender and Media
share a relationship of strong dependency as the Representation, Participation and Portrayal of
women in media itself are becoming the central themes for the researchers especially, the
feminist The feminists criticize the role of media towards women as being patriarchal in which
women are thought of as secondary and inferior being to men which also leads to gender
discrimination and marginalization of women. According to them with the inception of the
women genre in media women become the durable commodity for the consumers of mass
entertainment. The society has become termed as 'mediated' society Much of what audiences
know and care about is basically based on the stories, narratives, discussions, shows in media, in
other words media imprint different ideas and thoughts upon the consumers thinking. So, the
relationship between media and women are becoming the concern for the feminists over the
globe
2.5 Theoretical Review
Theoretical Framework refers to a systematic guide on the school of thought used by

researcher as the foundation of work in expressing some levels of existing relevant knowledge
Therefore, this research adopts Media Framing theory, Gender and Development Theory as its
theoretical framework
Media Framing Theory
Media framing theory by Goffman Erving 1974 is closely related to Agenda Setting
theory, both focuses on how the media draw the public's eye to specific topics by setting agenda
for such issues. Framing shows the ways in which the news presented creates a frame for those
specific topics Arthur (2012) citing Nisbet (2007) opine that frames are, Schemata of
interpretation that allow individuals to locate, perceive, identify, and label" issues, events, and
topics" (p. 12) Arthur (2012) further states that "Framing helps the audience understands a topic
in the short term, and also gives them a way to think about the topic that they can draw on later
31
when thinking about the topic in the future". The media in framing stories, focus attention on
certain events and place them in order for the public to derive meaning and knowledge of those
issues, they identify information, classify them, and disseminate them to the public. The question
of how news or other broadcast programmes are presented is where the framing theory becomes
relevant.
Druckman (2021) notes that the framing theory states that the volume of coverage
devoted to a particular issue is not as important as the frame the media adopt" (p. 911. According
to the theory, people make sense of their experiences using interpretational packages called
frames. To frame means to slant a story towards a particular direction. Based on the framing
theory, audience members who are exposed to framed broadcast messages in favour of, or
against, a particular gender are likely to develop a perception about that gender, based on the
broadcast media frames. With this theory in mind one can argue that the broadcast media have a
great role to play in the march to gender balance.
The theory is relevant to this study because, if the media in Nigeria frame their messages
in a manner that is biased against a particular gender, there is the strong tendency that it will lend
to a corresponding effect on how people perceive the gender. If, for example, mass media
framings portray men as inferior to women, it will affect people's perception of men and vice
versa
Gender and Development Theory
The Gender and Development (GAD) approach focuses on the socially constructed
differences between men and women, the need to challenge existing gender roles and relations
and the creation and effects of class differences on development. This approach was majorly
influenced by the writings of academic scholars such as Oakley (1972) and Rubin (1975), who
argue the social relationship between men and women have systematically subordinated women,
along with economist scholars Lourdes Beneria and Amartya Sen (1981), who assess the impact
of colonialism on development and gender inequality. They state that colonialism imposed more
32
than a 'value system' upon developing nations, it introduced a system of economics 'designed to
promote capital accumulation which caused class differentiation.
The theory applies gender analysis to uncover the ways in which men and women work
together, presenting results in neutral terms of economics and efficiency. In an attempt to create
gender equality (denoting women having the same opportunities as men, including ability to
participate in the public sphere). Parpart (2002) noted that GAD policies aim to redefine
traditional gender role expectations. In the labor market, women tend to earn less than men. A
study by the Equality and Human Rights Commission found massive pay inequities in some
United Kingdom's top finance companies, women received around 80 percent less performance-
related pay than their male colleagues
2.5 Summary of the Literature Review
This study revealed that Gender inequality is a significant issue that has been discussed
by many studies, including political issues in our society, and other issues in the field of
academic and individual issues in our daily life.
However, in terms of daily life, gender issues show their impact on their interactions with
peoples' perceptions and behaviors. According to Lorber, gender is constructed by social
interactions and cultures in society, including gender signs and gender signals. Meanwhile, the
social interactions, individual behaviors and perceptions are also underpinned by the construction
of gender issues and media. In other words, the gender divisions in our daily lives, such as the
notion that girls should wear clothes in pink whereas boys in blue, are determined by society and
media rather than by nature.
The trend of gender inequality in work places can be reflected in a less rate of getting a job,
getting promoted or occupying a leadership position for female individuals than male ones.
which may cause a poorer working and living conditions, as well as gender inequality issues, of
women. In addition, individuals, especially female ones, would suffer from gender inequality,
33
gender discrimination or sexual harassment in their workplaces, indicating gender inequality in
workplaces.
34
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter is basically a description of the data gathering techniques that will be
employed in carrying out this assumptive quantitative research work. The study will adopt
survey method because it is considered most appropriate.
3.1 Research Methodology
Research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose to integrate with the
different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring you will
effectively address the research problem: it constitutes the blueprint for the collection,
measurement and analysis of data
The design that this study aims to adopt is descriptive design, a component of survey
method. It will adopt the descriptive design in order to collect the required data from youths in
Offa residence, Kwara State.
3.2 Population of the Study
According to Tarsi and Tuff (2019), Population can be referred to as living or non-living
things; it may be people, animals or things that the study is essentially carried out to investigate.
It worthy of note, that the total number of youths which this research work essentially
investigated is 47, 391 which are the youths in Offa residence.
3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
Sampling is the selection of some members or elements from the population for actual
investigation or study. This selection is necessitated by the impracticability of studying the entire
35
population in most cases. Bamidele (2018), as cited in Tarsi &Tuff (2019) defines sampling as
the selection of a part to represent a whole. This means the exact number of respondents which
the researcher studies out of the entire population. For the fact that it is practically impossible to
reach out to the whole youths in Offa, Kwara state and for time and money constraints among
others, 400 youths were selected as respondents (sample) for this study.
The sample of this research is calculated by using Taro Yamane formula with 95%
confidence level. The calculation formula of Taro Yamane is presented as follows.
Where:
n= sample size required
N = number of people in the population
e = allowable error (%)
Substitute numbers in formula:
n= 47391
1+ 47391 (0.05)2
47391
1+47391 (0.05) x (0.05)
47391
1+ 47391 (0.0025)
47391
118.48
Thus, n = 399.9 which is approximately = 400

Sampling Technique is the method used by the researcher to select his/her prospective
respondents. Simple Random Probability Sampling Technique and Purposive Sampling
Technique were used in selecting the 400 respondents as every member of the population has
equal chance of being selected for the study. The selection of respondents was by probability
only and no area was deliberately omitted.
3.4 Instrumentation (Data Collection Instrument)
36
Instrument for data collection is the tool which a researcher used in eliciting required
information from the sample selected. The type of instrument to use for a research depends on
the type of data to be collected and probable the method of research adopted.
A questionnaire is proposed to be used for this study and it will be of two parts. Part A
will ask questions on the demography of the respondents while the Part It will be structured in
line with the research objectives.
3.5 Method of Data Analysis
Data collected from the respondents will be presented, analyses and interpreted
statistically using tatiles. Each question on the questionnaire will be presented in a separate table
to analyze and interpret the response from the samples selected.
3.6 Data Collection Procedure
To collect data for this study, the researcher will personally administer a close-ended
questionnaire to prospective respondents which will be collected afterwards.
3.7 Reliability of Research Instrument
According to Reinard (2018), reliability is "a test of the stability of a measure", toward
confirming the "internal consistency of the measure (p. 233). The Questionnaire will be prepared
using simple language in order to ensure clarity of representation. Questions on the
Questionnaire will be structured and arranged sequentially, while they will also be made to be
mutually exclusive.
3.8 Validity of Research Instrument
37
Validity is the extent to which the research instrument appropriately measures what it sets
out to measure. Certain steps will be taken to ascertain the validity of the instrument for this
study. The researcher will develop the preliminary draft of the research instrument based on
concepts and inquiries which will be identified in the review of related literature. The draft will
be cross-checked to ensure that all items on the instrument are in correlation with the objectives
of the study.
The instrument (Questionnaire) will pass through the scrutiny of the researcher's
supervisor as well as other academics in the field of Communication who are believed to be
acquainted with research of this kind. Their observations and corrections will form the final draft
of the Questionnaire.
3.9 Ethical Consideration
According to Bryan and Bell (2017), ethical consideration is an accumulation of value

and principles that address questions of what is good or bad in human affairs. This research is
ethically concerned as it honors human voluntary participation without forcing them to treat the
research instrument (Questionnaire). The respondents are as well fully informed about the
research being conducted especially as with who and what group is funding it, how the findings
will be used, if there are any potential adverse impacts of their participation and who will have
access to the findings. The various work of authors consulted for this research undertaking was
accorded to them with several citations. Lastly, the questionnaire retrieved from the respondents
was treated with utmost confidentiality as promised.
CHAPTER FOUR
38
DATA PRESENTATION AND DATA ANALYSIS
4.0 INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the various data collected from the randomly selected population of study
sampled in The Federal Polytechnic Offa on the topic: perception of audience on gender
inequality and gender discrimination issues on social media. The demographic data are presented
first, and then followed by the presentation of findings based on research questions and finally
the discussion of findings.
4.1 DATA PRESENTATION (DEMOGRAPHIC DATA)

Table 1: Age group of respondents
Age Group Number of Respondents Percentage
16 – 20years 141 35.3%
21 – 25years 203 50.7%
26 – 30 years 56 14%
Total 400 100%
Source: Field Work Survey (2023)
Table 1 shows that 141 respondents representing 35.3% are between 16-25 years, 50.7%
of the respondents are between the ages of 21 – 25 years while 56 respondents representing 14%
are in the age bracket of 26– 30 years.
Table 2: Distribution of respondents by sex

Sex Number of Respondent Percentage
Male 217 54.3%
Female 183 45.7%
Total 400 100%
Table 2 above presents the sex of the respondents. The number of female respondents is
217 representing 54.3%, while 183 respondents representing 45.7% are male.
Table 3: Distribution of respondents by level
39
Marital Status Number of Respondent Percentage
100 Level 98 24.5%
200 Level 102 25.5%
300 Level 121 30.2%
400 Level 79 19.8%
Total 400 100%
Table 3 above presents the level of the respondents. As shown in the table, 24.5% of the
respondents are in 100 Level, 102 respondents representing 25.5% are in 200 level and 121
respondents representing 30.2% are in 300 Level, while the remaining 19.8% of the study
population are in 400 Level.
Table 4: Distribution of respondents by Religion Status

Sex Number of Respondent Percentage
Muslim 183 45.7%
Christian 217 54.3%
Total 400 100%
Table 4 above presents the religion status of the respondents. The number of Muslim
respondents is 183 representing 45.7% while that of the Christians is 217 representing 54.3%.
4.2 Presentation of Findings

This part of the chapter four tends to analyze the response in the part B of the
questionnaire.
Table 5: Response on if they use social media platforms
Responses Number of Respondents Percentage
Yes 400 100%
No 0 0%
Total 400 100%
As shown in table 5 above, 100% of the respondents use social media platforms.
40
Table 6: Response on how frequent they use social media platform
Daily 176 44%
Weekly 125 31.2%
Monthly 99 24.8%
Total 400 100%
As shown in table 6 above, 44% of the respondents use social media platforms daily, 125
respondents representing 31.2% use social media platforms weekly, while 99 respondents
representing 24.8% use social media platforms monthly.
Table 7: Response on if they are aware of gender inequality and gender discrimination on
social media
Yes 400 100%
No 0 0%
Total 400 100%
Table 7 above, all respondents agree that aware of gender inequality and gender
discrimination on social media
Table 8: Response on the level of awareness on gender inequality and gender

High 227 56.8%
Moderate 98 24.5%
Low 75 18.7%
Total 400 100%
As shown in table 8 above, 227 respondents representing 56.8% agree that social media
highly influence the level of awareness on gender inequality and gender discrimination on social
41
media, 98 respondents representing 24.5% agree that social media moderately influence the level
of awareness on gender inequality and gender discrimination on social media, while 75
respondents representing 18.7% agree that social media have low influence on the level of
awareness on gender inequality and gender discrimination on social media.
Table 9: Respondents’ opinion on the issue of gender inequality and gender discrimination
Strongly Agree 163 40.7%
Agree 105 26.3%
Strongly Disagree 77 19.3%
Disagree 55 13.7%
Total 400 100%
As shown in table 9, 163 respondents representing 40.7% of the study population
strongly agree on the issue of gender inequality and gender discrimination; 105 respondents
representing 26.3% of the study population on the issue of gender inequality and gender
discrimination, 77 respondents representing 19.3% of the study population strongly disagree on
the issue of gender inequality and gender discrimination while the remaining 55 respondents
representing 13.7% of sampled population disagree on the issue of gender inequality and gender
discrimination.
Table 10: Response on if there is gender inequality and gender discrimination issues on
social media
Yes 400 100%
No 0 0%
Total 400 100%
Table 10 above, all respondents agrees that there is gender inequality and gender
discrimination issues on social media.
42
Positively 227 56.8%
Negatively 98 24.5%
Neutral 75 18.7%
Total 400 100%
As shown in table 11 above, 227 respondents representing 56.8% are positive on the level
of awareness on gender inequality and gender discrimination on social media, 98 respondents
representing 24.5% % are Negative on the level of awareness on gender inequality and gender
discrimination on social media, while 75 respondents representing 18.7% % are Neutral on the
on the level of awareness on gender inequality and gender discrimination on social media
direction does social media assess gender inequality and gender discrimination.
Positively 227 56.8%
Negatively 98 24.5%
Neutral 75 18.7%
Total 400 100%
As shown in table 12 above, 227 respondents representing 56.8% are positive on the level
of awareness on gender inequality and gender discrimination on social media, 98 respondents
43
Table 13: Respondents’ opinion on social media assessing gender inequality and gender
discrimination issues
Agree 105 26.3%
Disagree 55 13.7%
Total 400 100%
strongly agree on the social media assessing gender inequality and gender discrimination issues;
105 respondents representing 26.3% of the study population on the social media assessing gender
inequality and gender discrimination issues, 77 respondents representing 19.3% of the study
population strongly disagree on social media assessing gender inequality and gender
discrimination issues while the remaining 55 respondents representing 13.7% of sampled
population disagree on the social media assessing gender inequality and gender discrimination
issues.
Table 14: Respondents’ opinion on social media influencing public perception of gender
inequality
Agree 105 26.3%
Disagree 55 13.7%
Total 400 100%
strongly agree on social media influencing public perception of gender inequality; 105
respondents representing 26.3% of the study population on social media influencing public
perception of gender inequality, 77 respondents representing 19.3% of the study population
44
strongly disagree on social media influencing public perception of gender inequality while the
remaining 55 respondents representing 13.7% of sampled population disagree on social media
influencing public perception of gender inequality.
Table 15: Respondents’ opinion on social media influencing public perception of gender
inequality
Agree 121 30.3%
Disagree 23 5.8%
Total 400 100%
Table 16: Response Opinion on public assessment on gender inequality and gender
discrimination issues
High 227 56.8%
Moderate 98 24.5%
Low 75 18.7%
Total 400 100%
As shown in table 16 above, 227 respondents representing 56.8% identify their believe to
be high on the assessment of gender inequality and gender discrimination issues, 98 respondents
45
representing 24.5% their believe to be moderate on the assessment of gender inequality and
gender discrimination issues, while 75 respondents representing 18.7% their believe to be low on
the assessment of gender inequality and gender discrimination issues.
4.2 Discussion of Findings

This study sought to examine “perception of audience on gender inequality and gender
discrimination issues on social media”. The main instrument for data collection of this survey is
questionnaire, which was used to find out the perception of the sampled population. However,
after carefully analyzing the data collected using statistical table, the findings will be discussed
in the following order.
From the research conducted where we had a population size that constitutes males and
females, people from different age bracket ranging from less than 20 to 25 years and above with
different level, we were able to deduce that the entire population for this study have been
influence by social media on the disclosure of sexual harassment among undergraduate’s
students.
Table 5 illustrate, 100% of the respondents use social media platforms.
As shown in table 6, 44% of the respondents use social media platforms daily, 125
respondents representing 31.2% use social media platforms weekly, while 99 respondents
representing 24.8% use social media platforms monthly.
Table 7 identify that, all respondents agree that aware of gender inequality and gender
As shown in table 8, 227 respondents representing 56.8% agree that social media highly
influence the level of awareness on gender inequality and gender discrimination on social media,
98 respondents representing 24.5% agree that social media moderately influence the level of
awareness on gender inequality and gender discrimination on social media, while 75 respondents
representing 18.7% agree that social media have low influence on the level of awareness on
gender inequality and gender discrimination on social media.
Meanwhile table 9, 163 respondents representing 40.7% of the study population strongly
agree on the issue of gender inequality and gender discrimination; 105 respondents representing
26.3% of the study population on the issue of gender inequality and gender discrimination, 77
respondents representing 19.3% of the study population strongly disagree on the issue of gender
46
inequality and gender discrimination while the remaining 55 respondents representing 13.7% of
sampled population disagree on the issue of gender inequality and gender discrimination.
Table 10 shows that, all respondents agrees that there is gender inequality and gender
discrimination issues on social media.
As shown in table 11, 227 respondents representing 56.8% are positive on the level of
awareness on gender inequality and gender discrimination on social media, 98 respondents
As shown in table 12, 227 respondents representing 56.8% are positive on the level of
awareness on gender inequality and gender discrimination on social media, 98 respondents
Also table 13, 163 respondents representing 40.7% of the study population strongly agree
on the social media assessing gender inequality and gender discrimination issues; 105
respondents representing 26.3% of the study population on the social media assessing gender
inequality and gender discrimination issues, 77 respondents representing 19.3% of the study
population strongly disagree on social media assessing gender inequality and gender
discrimination issues while the remaining 55 respondents representing 13.7% of sampled
population disagree on the social media assessing gender inequality and gender discrimination
issues.
47
Table 15, 187 respondents representing 46.7% of the study population strongly agree on
social media influencing public perception of gender inequality; 121 respondents representing
30.3% of the study population on social media influencing public perception of gender
inequality, 69 respondents representing 17.2% of the study population strongly disagree on social
media influencing public perception of gender inequality while the remaining 23 respondents
representing 5.8% of sampled population disagree on social media influencing public perception
of gender inequality.
As shown in table 16 shows, 227 respondents representing 56.8% identify their believe to
be high on the assessment of gender inequality and gender discrimination issues, 98 respondents
representing 24.5% their believe to be moderate on the assessment of gender inequality and
gender discrimination issues, while 75 respondents representing 18.7% their believe to be low on
the assessment of gender inequality and gender discrimination issues.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
48
5.1 Summary
Social media is defined as online platforms which provide users to create and share their
opinions with their friends or other individuals through pictures, videos or texts, including
Wechat, Weibo, and TikTok. It plays a more and more critical role in our world today, and the
number of its users has been increasing rapidly in recent years. It even becomes a daily routine
for many individuals who might spend most of their time a day using those social media apps.
Social media are Internet-based channels that allow users to opportunistically interact and
selectively self-present, either in real-time or asynchronously, with both broad and narrow
audiences who derive value from user generated content and the perception of interaction with
others.
However, Gender is "a concept used to point out the roles created socially for women and
men and learnt behavior expectations" (Ecevit, 2003: 83). When we look at the historical
background of the concept, we see that it has emerged due to the inequalities existing in the
societies and perception of woman as a secondary being. Gender covers the hierarchical
structuring between men and women in terms of utilization of power, wealth and other resources.
Therefore, the gender stratification, which is unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege,
has become one of the fields discussed in the social sciences in the recent years (Macionis, 2013,
p. 328). Meanwhile, it was accepted that the gender differences stem from biological difference,
and in the second approach, socialization and learnt gender roles were emphasized, and it was
marked that gender has a central role in many fields from daily life such as family, law,
development and education in all class and patriarchal societies (Ecevit et al.. 2011, p. 4).
The specific objectives of the study are as follows:
This research will be guided by the following objectives;
1. To examine the level of awareness of gender inequality and gender discrimination on

social media
2. To investigate public perception on gender inequality and gender discrimination issues
3. To examine social media assessment on gender inequality and gender discrimination
4. To ascertain how social media have influence public perception on gender inequality.
5. To investigate public assessment on gender inequality and gender discrimination issues
49
In chapter tout this study The concept gender, the concept of gender inequality, causes of
gender inequality, media and gender stereotyping, social media and gender inequality issues,
gender inequality and discrimination among women in Nigeria amongst others was discussed
and the Media framing theory and Gender and Development Theory of the media was used
further drive this study. The chapter reviews various work of other scholars as regard gender
inequality and gender discrimination issues on social media: a study of public perception and
assessment
Chapter three discussed the methodology adopted for this study. The research design used in
this study is the quantitative relational research design, which allowed for the examination of
gender inequality and gender discrimination issues on social media: a study of public perception
and assessment. Questionnaires were administered to Four hundred respondents who were
selected through Taro Yamane model.
In the data analysis section, data on gender inequality and gender discrimination issues on
social media: a study of public perception and assessment, from the secondary sources and
review of relevant literature were extracted and subject to quantitative and qualitative analysis.
The result of the analysis revealed the following:
1. There is a strong agreement on social media assessing gender inequality and gender
discrimination Issues.
2. The publics agree that social media influence public perception on gender inequality
3. There is a high level of awareness on gender inequality and gender discrimination on
social media
4. There is a high usage of social media among the youths.
5.3 Recommendations
On completion of this research project and after the demographics obtained from the
respondents have been well examined and analyzed, the followings however are the
recommendations the researcher suggest to every concerned persons:
50
1. It was recommended that with the high level of awareness on gender inequality and
gender discrimination on social media, a lot still need to be done to make the public
understand their takes on these issues.
2. It was recommended that not only social media should influence gender inequality and
gender discrimination.
3. It will be of great impact if social media should influence gender inequality and gender
discrimination can reduce the high influence, they derive from social media
4. It was recommended that there should be highly sensitive campaign on gender inequality
and gender discrimination.
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INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON INEQUALITY AND GENDER

DISCRIMINATION ISSUES ON PERCEPTION OF NIGERIAN UNDERGRADUATES

BABATUNDE MICHAEL ADURAGBEMI

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

This project report titled INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON INEQUALITY AND

This Research work is dedicated to Almighty GOD

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1.0 Background of The Study

In recent times, with the development of information communication technology, social

Meanwhile the concept of gender inequality refers to woman's being at secondary

1.2 Statement of The Problem

According to a psychological study of gender discrimination of gender inequality

Meanwhile, a repetitive use of notorious gender stereotypes (such as showing women

However, social media is emerging as an alternative media as a platform to share and

1.3 Objective of The Study

This research will be guided by the following objectives:

1. To examine the level of awareness of gender inequality and gender discrimination on

1.4 Research Question

1.5 Significance of The Study

1.6 Scope of the study

1.7 Operational definition of terms

Assessment: the action of assessing someone or something

Discrimination: the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people,

Issues: an important topic or problem for debate or discussion

It is important to review literature because it shows what previous researchers have

2.2 Conceptual Framework

2.2.1 The Concept of Gender

Sex refers to the permanent and immutable biological characteristics common to

2.2.2 The concept of gender inequality

2.2.3 Causes of Gender Inequality

Gender inequality describes the perception or treatment of individuals on the basis of

In developing countries, women get fewer chances to education compared to men

2.3 Social media and gender inequality issues

According to a psychological study of gender discrimination of gender inequality

Generally, the girl child educational opportunities tend to be circumscribed by patriarchal

Women and Politics

The Nigerian constitutions guaranteed the rights of women to participate in active

2.3.2 Socio-cultural and political factors of gender discrimination

2.4 Empirical Review

2.5 Theoretical Review

Theoretical Framework refers to a systematic guide on the school of thought used by

Media Framing Theory

Gender and Development Theory

2.5 Summary of the Literature Review

3.1 Research Methodology

3.2 Population of the Study

3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Technique

1+47391 (0.05) x (0.05)

Thus, n = 399.9 which is approximately = 400

3.4 Instrumentation (Data Collection Instrument)

3.5 Method of Data Analysis

3.6 Data Collection Procedure

3.7 Reliability of Research Instrument

3.8 Validity of Research Instrument

3.9 Ethical Consideration

According to Bryan and Bell (2017), ethical consideration is an accumulation of value

4.1 DATA PRESENTATION (DEMOGRAPHIC DATA)

Table 2: Distribution of respondents by sex

Table 3: Distribution of respondents by level

Table 4: Distribution of respondents by Religion Status